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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Femme+fatale" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Femme+fatale" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> 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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Femme fatale</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 47 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muyer_fatal" title="Muyer fatal - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muyer fatal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCsunkar_xan%C4%B1m" title="Füsunkar xanım - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Füsunkar xanım" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%8E%DA%95" title="ژنی ئاژاوەگێڕ - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژنی ئاژاوەگێڕ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB" title="Φαμ φατάλ - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαμ φατάλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatala_virino" title="Fatala virino - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fatala virino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujer_fatal" title="Mujer fatal - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mujer fatal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A8" title="زن شهرآشوب - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زن شهرآشوب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8-bhuairidh" title="Tè-bhuairidh - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tè-bhuairidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muller_fatal" title="Muller fatal - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Muller fatal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C" title="פאם פאטאל - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאם פאטאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalna_%C5%BEena" title="Fatalna žena - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fatalna žena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ճակատագրական կին - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճակատագրական կին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perempuan_mematikan" title="Perempuan mematikan - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perempuan mematikan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ファム・ファタール - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファム・ファタール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%9C_%ED%8C%8C%ED%83%88" title="팜 파탈 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팜 파탈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femina_fatalis" title="Femina fatalis - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Femina fatalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulher_fatal" title="Mulher fatal - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mulher fatal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femeie_fatal%C4%83" title="Femeie fatală - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Femeie fatală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Роковая женщина - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роковая женщина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - escocès" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatalna_%C5%BEena" title="Fatalna žena - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fatalna žena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Фатална жена - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фатална жена" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фатальна жінка - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фатальна жінка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%81" title="قاتل حسینہ - urdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قاتل حسینہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Femme fatale" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%91%BD%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="致命女郎 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="致命女郎" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%91%BD%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E" title="致命女郎 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="致命女郎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q222573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Mata_Hari_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mata_Hari_6.jpg/220px-Mata_Hari_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mata_Hari_6.jpg/330px-Mata_Hari_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mata_Hari_6.jpg/440px-Mata_Hari_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mata_Hari" title="Mata Hari">Mata Hari</a>, ballarina exòtica i espia convicta el nom de la qual va arribar a ser sinònim de <i>femme fatale</i> durant la Primera Guerra Mundial.</figcaption></figure> <p>Una <b>femme fatale</b> (l'expressió <a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A8s" title="Francès">francesa</a> pot traduir-se al <a href="/wiki/Catal%C3%A0" title="Català">català</a> com a <i>dona fatal</i>) és un <a href="/wiki/Arquetip" title="Arquetip">arquetip</a>, normalment una <a href="/wiki/Dolent_(ficci%C3%B3)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolent (ficció)">malvada</a> que usa el poder maligne de la <a href="/wiki/Sexualitat" title="Sexualitat">sexualitat</a> per a atrapar el desventurat <a href="/wiki/Heroi" title="Heroi">heroi</a>. Sol representar-se com a sexualment insadollable. Tot i que sol ser malvada, també hi ha <i>femmes fatales</i> que en algunes històries fan d'<a href="/wiki/Antiheroi" title="Antiheroi">antiheroïnes</a> i fins i tot d'<a href="/wiki/Heroi" title="Heroi">heroïnes</a>. En l'actualitat l'arquetip sol ser vist com un personatge que constantment creua la línia entre la bondat i la maldat, actuant sense escrúpols sigui quina sigui la seva lleialtat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Femme_fatale&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les <i>femmes fatales</i> han existit, en una o altra forma, en la mitologia i el folklore en pràcticament totes les cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exemples mítics o llegendaris antics inclouen <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lilit" title="Lilit">Lilith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitemnestra" title="Clitemnestra">Clitemnestra</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lesbia" title="Lesbia">Lesbia</a>. Exemples històrics de l'època clàssica inclouen <a href="/wiki/Cle%C3%B2patra" title="Cleòpatra">Cleòpatra</a> i <a href="/wiki/Messalina" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Messalina">Messalina</a>, així com les figures bíbliques <a href="/wiki/Dalila" title="Dalila">Dalila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jezabel" title="Jezabel">Jezabel</a> i <a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_III" title="Salomé III">Salomé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Un exemple de la literatura xinesa i la història tradicional és <a href="/wiki/Daji" title="Daji">Daji</a>. </p><p>La <i>femme fatale</i> va ser una figura comuna a l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mitjana" class="mw-redirect" title="Edat Mitjana">Edat Mitjana</a> europea, que sovint representava els perills de la sexualitat femenina desenfrenada. La figura bíblica heretada premedieval d'<a href="/wiki/Eva" title="Eva">Eva</a> n'ofereix un exemple, igual que la malvada i seductora encantadora tipificada a <a href="/wiki/Morgana" title="Morgana">Morgan le Fay</a>. La reina de la nit a <i><a href="/wiki/La_flauta_m%C3%A0gica" class="mw-redirect" title="La flauta màgica">La flauta màgica</a></i> de Mozart mostra la seva presència més silenciada durant la <a href="/wiki/Il%C2%B7lustraci%C3%B3" title="Il·lustració">Il·lustració</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La <i>femme fatale</i> va florir en el període <a href="/wiki/Romanticisme" title="Romanticisme">Romàntic</a> a les obres de <a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">John Keats</a>, en particular als poemes "<a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Belle_Dame_sans_Merci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Belle Dame sans Merci (encara no existeix)">La Belle Dame sans Merci</a>" i "Lamia". Juntament amb ells, va sorgir la <a href="/wiki/Novel%C2%B7la_g%C3%B2tica" class="mw-redirect" title="Novel·la gòtica">novel·la gòtica</a> <i><a href="/wiki/El_monjo" title="El monjo">El monjo</a></i> amb Matilda, una femme fatal molt poderosa. Això la va portar a aparèixer a l'obra d'<a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>, i com a <a href="/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir">vampir</a>, sobretot a <i><a href="/wiki/Carmilla" title="Carmilla">Carmilla</a></i> i com les núvies de <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%A0cula" title="Dràcula">Dràcula</a>. <i>The Monk</i> va ser molt admirat pel <a href="/wiki/Marqu%C3%A8s_de_Sade" title="Marquès de Sade">marquès de Sade</a>, per a qui la femme fatale simbolitzava no el mal, sinó totes les millors qualitats de les dones; la seva novel·la <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_Juliette,_ou_les_Prosp%C3%A9rit%C3%A9s_du_vice" title="Histoire de Juliette, ou les Prospérités du vice">Juliette</a></i> és potser la més antiga en què triomfa la femme fatale. Els pintors <a href="/wiki/Prerafaelitisme" title="Prerafaelitisme">prerrafaelites</a> utilitzaven amb freqüència les personificacions clàssiques de la femme fatale com a tema. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg/170px-Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg/255px-Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg/340px-Franz_von_Stuck_010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1910" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_III" title="Salomé III">Salome</a> en una pintura de 1906 per <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck" title="Franz von Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <i>femme fatale</i> es va fer omnipresent en la cultura occidental a la fi del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span> i principis del <a href="/wiki/Segle_XX" title="Segle XX">segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span></a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i hi apareix, entre d'altres, en les pintures d'<a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Stuck" title="Franz von Stuck">Franz von Stuck</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moreau" title="Gustave Moreau">Gustave Moreau</a>. </p><p>El 1891, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, a la seva obra de teatre <i><a href="/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_(obra_de_teatre)" title="Salomé (obra de teatre)">Salomé</a></i>: ella manipula el seu oncle boig de luxúries, el rei Herodes, amb la seva seductora <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dansa_dels_set_vels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dansa dels set vels (encara no existeix)">Dansa dels set vels</a> (invent de Wilde) per acceptar la seva imperiosa demanda: "porta'm el cap de <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baptista" title="Joan Baptista">Joan Baptista</a>". Més tard, Salomé va ser el tema d'una òpera de Strauss, i es va popularitzar a l'escenari, la pantalla i les cabines de <a href="/wiki/Peep_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Peep show">peep show</a> en innombrables encarnacions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>També és vista com una figura destacada a l'òpera de finals del segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span> i <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span>, que apareix a <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Carmen" title="Carmen">Carmen</a> de <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Georges Bizet</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Samson_et_Dalila" title="Samson et Dalila">Samson et Dalila</a>" de <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a>" i "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulu_(%C3%B2pera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lulu (òpera) (encara no existeix)">Lulu</a>" d'<a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>" (basat en les obres de teatre "Erdgeist" i "Die Büchse der Pandora" de <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a>). En l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92pera" title="Òpera">òpera</a> i el <a href="/wiki/Teatre_musical" title="Teatre musical">teatre musical</a>, la <i>femme fatale</i> sol ser interpretada per una <a href="/wiki/Mezzosoprano" title="Mezzosoprano">mezzosoprano dramàtica</a> i sovint representa el contrast o bé és l'enemiga de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ing%C3%A8nua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingènua (encara no existeix)">ingènua</a> o la <a href="/wiki/Donzella_en_perill" title="Donzella en perill">donzella en perill</a>, habitualment una <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a>. </p><p>S'ha considerat aquesta popularització com una reacció als moviments feministes i al canvi del rol de la dona associat. Amb la introducció del <a href="/wiki/Cinema_negre" title="Cinema negre">cinema negre</a> en els <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1940" title="Dècada del 1940">anys 1940</a>, la <i>femme fatale</i> va començar a florir en la <a href="/wiki/Cultura_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultura pop">cultura pop</a>. N'hi ha exemples als <a href="/wiki/Thriller" title="Thriller">thrillers</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Espionatge" title="Espionatge">espionatge</a> i a alguns <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2mic" title="Còmic">còmics</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Aventura" title="Aventura">aventures</a>, com ara <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit" title="The Spirit">The Spirit</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a>, o <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_and_the_Pirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry and the Pirates (encara no existeix)">Terry and the Pirates</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Milton_Caniff" title="Milton Caniff">Milton Caniff</a>. </p><p>Al món <a href="/wiki/Anglosax%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglosaxó">anglosaxó</a>, la <i>femme fatale</i> és amb freqüència d'origen estranger. Hom la sol retratar sovint com una mena de <a href="/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir">vampir</a> sexual, els foscos apetits del qual es creia que eren capaços d'arrabassar la virilitat i la independència dels seus amants, convertint-los en una màscara buida d'ells mateixos. Només fugint dels seus braços, l'heroi podia tenir salvació. En aquest sentit, en l'antic <a href="/wiki/Argot" title="Argot">argot</a> <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s_dels_Estats_Units" title="Anglès dels Estats Units">estatunidenc</a> se solia anomenar <i><a href="/wiki/Vamp" title="Vamp">vamps</a></i> a les <i>femmes fatales</i>, un terme associat a les modes dels <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A8cada_del_1920" title="Dècada del 1920">anys 1920</a>. El terme <i>vamp</i> era una <a href="/wiki/Ap%C3%B2cope" title="Apòcope">apòcope</a> de <i>vampire</i>, ‘<a href="/wiki/Vampir" title="Vampir">vampir'</a>, perquè aquests personatges extreien la vida de les seves víctimes no necessàriament bevent la seva sang sinó mitjançant l'explotació sexual i econòmica. Un retrat clàssic de <i>femme fatale</i> va ser el personatge de <i>Justine</i> en <i><a href="/wiki/El_quartet_d%27Alexandria" title="El quartet d'Alexandria">El quartet d'Alexandria</a></i> de <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Durrell" title="Lawrence Durrell">Lawrence Durrell</a>. </p><p>Alguns argumenten que aquest personatge té la seua contrapartida masculina. Alguns exemples podrien ser el Heathcliff de <i><a href="/wiki/Cims_borrascosos" title="Cims borrascosos">Cims borrascosos</a></i> o molts dels herois dels llibres de <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>. </p><p>Les <a href="/wiki/Ninja" title="Ninja">ninges</a> femenines, anomenades <i><a href="/wiki/Kunoichi" title="Kunoichi">Kunoichi</a></i>, representades en innombrables ocasions, són famoses i llegendàries per ser entrenades amb mètodes propis de les <i>femmes fatales</i>, usant la seua sexualitat amb la mateixa fluïdesa que les seues mortíferes habilitats per a assassinar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Femme_fatale&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Praz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Praz (encara no existeix)">Mario Praz</a>, <i>The Romantic Agony</i>, cap. IV, p. 199: La Belle Dame sans Merci (The Beautiful Lady without Mercy). Londres/Nova York, 1933–1951–1970 (Oxford University Press).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mario Praz (1970). <i>The Romantic Agony</i>. Oxford University Press: 199, 213–216, 222, 250, 258, 259, 272, 277, 282, 377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. G. Jung ed, <i>Man and his Symbols</i> (1978) p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jill Scott, <i>Electra after Freud</i> (2005) p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Toni Bentley (2002) <i>Sisters of Salome</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Femme_fatale&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bram_Dijkstra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bram Dijkstra (encara no existeix)">Dijkstra, Bram</a>. <i>Ídolos de perversidad: la imagen de la mujer en la cultura de fin de siglo</i>, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7444-648-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7444-648-1">ISBN 84-7444-648-1</a></li> <li>Dijkstra, Bram. <i>Evil Sisters: The Threat of Female Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Culture</i>, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-8050-5549-5" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-8050-5549-5">ISBN 0-8050-5549-5</a></li> <li>Belluscio, Marta. <i>Las fatales ¡Bang! ¡Bang! Una mirada de mujer al mundo femenino del género negro</i>. Valencia: Editorial La Máscara, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-7974-151-1" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-7974-151-1">ISBN 84-7974-151-1</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erika_Bornay" class="mw-redirect" title="Erika Bornay">Bornay, Erika</a>. <i>Las hijas de Lilith</i>. Madrid: Ediciones Cátedra, 1990. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-376-0868-6" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-376-0868-6">ISBN 84-376-0868-6</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Control_d%27autoritats" title="Control d'autoritats">Registres d'autoritat</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4209638-8">1</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCCN" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN">LCCN</a> <span class="uid"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85047762">1</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Femme_fatale&oldid=32851768">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Femme_fatale&oldid=32851768</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Arquetips" title="Categoria:Arquetips">Arquetips</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Estereotips_de_dona" title="Categoria:Estereotips de dona">Estereotips de dona</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria oculta: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Control_d%27autoritats" title="Categoria:Control d'autoritats">Control d'autoritats</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 25 des 2023 a les 23:46.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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