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with other terms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_other_terms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with other terms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Disaster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_and_vulnerability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_and_vulnerability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Risk and vulnerability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risk_and_vulnerability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_causing_actor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_causing_actor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By causing actor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_causing_actor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By causing actor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_causing_actor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Natural hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seismic_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seismic_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Seismic hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seismic_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volcanic_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Volcanic hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropogenic_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropogenic_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Anthropogenic hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropogenic_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technological_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technological_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Technological hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technological_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societal_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societal_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Societal hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societal_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste_disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste_disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Waste disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste_disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socionatural_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socionatural_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Socionatural hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socionatural_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Climate hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_physical_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_physical_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>By physical nature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_physical_nature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By physical nature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_physical_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biological hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chemical hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radioactive_or_electromagnetic_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radioactive_or_electromagnetic_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Radioactive or electromagnetic hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radioactive_or_electromagnetic_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_or_fire_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_or_fire_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Thermal or fire hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_or_fire_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fire_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Fire hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinetic_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinetic_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Kinetic hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinetic_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_type_of_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_type_of_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>By type of damage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_type_of_damage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By type of damage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_type_of_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Health hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ergonomic_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergonomic_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Ergonomic hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergonomic_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Occupational hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychosocial_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychosocial_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Psychosocial hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychosocial_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Environmental hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Cultural property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>By status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Analysis and management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis_and_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analysis and management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hazard_symbol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazard_symbol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Hazard symbol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hazard_symbol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hazard</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="خطورة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99hl%C3%BCk%C9%99" title="Təhlükə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təhlükə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="সম্ভাব্য বিপদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সম্ভাব্য বিপদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Небяспека – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Небяспека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Небясьпека – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Небясьпека" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hazard" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perill" title="Perill – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Perill" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohro%C5%BEen%C3%AD" title="Ohrožení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ohrožení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njodzi" title="Njodzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Njodzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gef%C3%A4hrdung" title="Gefährdung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gefährdung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oht" title="Oht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κίνδυνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κίνδυνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peligro" title="Peligro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peligro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan%C4%9Dero" title="Danĝero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Danĝero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrisku_(segurtasuna)" title="Arrisku (segurtasuna) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrisku (segurtasuna)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مخاطره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مخاطره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger" title="Danger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Danger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guais_(cont%C3%BAirt)" title="Guais (contúirt) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Guais (contúirt)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%97%98" title="위험 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="विपद् – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विपद्" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danjero" title="Danjero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Danjero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaya" title="Bahaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A2" title="מפגע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפגע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periculum" title="Periculum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Periculum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedreiging_(risico)" title="Bedreiging (risico) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedreiging (risico)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hazard_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hazard (disambiguation)">Hazard (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/220px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/330px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/440px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">hazard pictogram</a> to indicate a hazard from a flammable substance.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hazard</b> is a potential source of <a href="/wiki/Harm" title="Harm">harm</a>. Substances, events, or circumstances can constitute hazards when their nature would potentially allow them to cause damage to health, life, property, or any other interest of value. The probability of that harm being realized in a specific <i>incident</i>, combined with the magnitude of potential harm, make up its <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a>. This term is often used synonymously in colloquial speech. </p><p>Hazards can be classified in several ways which are not mutually exclusive. They can be classified by <i>causing actor</i> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Natural_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural hazard">natural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">anthropogenic</a>), by <i>physical nature</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">biological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">chemical</a>) or by <i>type of damage</i> (e.g., health hazard or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazard</a>). Examples of <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disasters</a> with highly harmful impacts on a <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> are <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning_strike" title="Lightning strike">lightning strikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanic activity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological and anthropogenic hazards include, for example, <a href="/wiki/Structural_integrity_and_failure" title="Structural integrity and failure">structural collapses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_accident" title="Transport accident">transport accidents</a>, accidental or intentional <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>, and release of toxic materials. </p><p> The term <i>climate hazard</i> is used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. These are hazards that stem from climate-related events and can be associated with <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, such as wildfires, floods, droughts, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1181">: 1181 </span></sup> Climate hazards can combine with other hazards and result in <i>compound event losses</i> (see also <a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">loss and damage</a>). For example, the climate hazard of heat can combine with the hazard of poor air quality. Or the climate hazard flooding can combine with poor water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 909">: 909 </span></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> terms, common theme across many forms of hazards is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> that can cause damage, as it can happen with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">mechanical energy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thermal_energy" title="Thermal energy">thermal energy</a>. This damage can affect different valuable interests, and the severity of the associated risk varies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hazard is defined as "the potential occurrence of a natural or human-induced physical event or trend that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts, as well as damage and loss to property, <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, livelihoods, service provision, <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and environmental resources."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2233">: 2233 </span></sup> </p><p>A hazard only exists if there is a pathway to exposure. As an example, the center of the Earth consists of molten material at very high temperatures which would be a severe hazard if contact was made with the core. However, there is no feasible way of making contact with the core, therefore the center of the Earth currently poses no hazard. </p><p>The frequency and severity of hazards are important aspects for <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>. Hazards may also be assessed in relation to the impact that they have. </p><p>In defining hazard Keith Smith argues that what may be defined as the hazard is only a hazard if there is the presence of humans to make it a hazard. In this regard, human sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazards</a> is a combination of both physical exposure (natural and/or technological events at a location related to their statistical variability) and human <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerability</a> (about social and economic tolerance of the same location).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_terms">Relationship with other terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relationship with other terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster">Disaster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">Disaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster#Terminology" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster § Terminology</a></div> <p>An example of the distinction between a natural hazard and a <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a> is that an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> is the hazard which caused the <a href="/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake" title="1906 San Francisco earthquake">1906 San Francisco earthquake</a> disaster. </p><p>A <i>natural disaster</i> is the highly harmful impact on a society or community following a natural hazard event. The term "<a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a>" itself is defined as follows: "Disasters are serious disruptions to the functioning of a community that exceed its capacity to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be caused by natural, man-made and technological hazards, as well as various factors that influence the exposure and <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerability</a> of a community."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a> (FEMA) explains the relationship between natural disasters and natural hazards as follows: "Natural hazards and natural disasters are related but are not the same. A natural hazard is the threat of an event that will likely have a negative impact. A natural disaster is the negative impact following an actual occurrence of natural hazard in the event that it significantly harms a community.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disaster can take various forms, including hurricane, <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>, tsunami, earthquake, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a>, disease, <a href="/wiki/Rail_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail crash">rail crash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Car_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Car crash">car crash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, flooding, toxic release, and spills (<a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical spill">chemicals</a>). </p><p>A disaster hazard is an extreme geophysical event that is capable of causing a disaster. 'Extreme' in this case means a substantial variation in either the positive or the negative direction from the normal trend; flood disasters can result from exceptionally high precipitation and river discharge, and drought is caused by exceptionally low values.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fundamental determinants of hazard and the risk of such hazards occurring is timing, location, magnitude and frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_2000_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, magnitudes of earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale from 1 to 10, whereby each increment of 1 indicates a tenfold increase in severity. The magnitude-frequency rule states that over a significant period of time many small events and a few large ones will occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolman_and_Miller_1960_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolman_and_Miller_1960-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hurricanes and typhoons on the other hand occur between 5 degrees and 25 degrees north and south of the equator, tending to be seasonal phenomena that are thus largely recurrent in time and predictable in location due to the specific climate variables necessary for their formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_2000_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risk_and_vulnerability">Risk and vulnerability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Risk and vulnerability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></div> <p>The terms <i>hazard</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a></i> are often used interchangeably. However, in terms of <a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">risk assessment</a>, these are two very distinct terms. A hazard is an agent that can cause harm or damage to humans, property, or the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Sperber_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sperber-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk is the probability that exposure to a hazard will lead to a negative consequence, or more simply, a hazard poses no risk if there is no exposure to that hazard. </p><p>Risk is a combination of hazard, exposure and <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">vulnerability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoekstra_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoekstra-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example in terms of <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>: examples of hazards are droughts, floods and decline in <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a>. Bad infrastructure and bad governance lead to high exposure to risk. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a> can be defined as the <a href="/wiki/Likelihood" class="mw-redirect" title="Likelihood">likelihood</a> or probability of a given hazard of a given level causing a particular level of loss of damage. The elements of risk are populations, communities, the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>, economic activities and services which are under threat of <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a> in a given area.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_2000_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another definition of risk is "the probable frequency and probable magnitude of future losses". This definition also focuses on the probability of future loss whereby the degree of vulnerability to hazard represents the level of risk on a particular population or environment. The threats posed by a hazard are: </p> <ol><li>Hazards to people – death, injury, disease and stress</li> <li>Hazards to goods – property damage and economic loss</li> <li>Hazards to environment –loss of flora and fauna, pollution and loss of amenity<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classifications">Classifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hazards can be classified in several ways. These categories are not mutually exclusive which means that one hazard can fall into several categories. For example, water pollution with toxic chemicals is an anthropogenic hazard as well as an environmental hazard. </p><p>One of the classification methods is by specifying the origin of the hazard. One key concept in identifying a hazard is the presence of stored energy that, when released, can cause damage. The stored energy can occur in many forms: chemical, mechanical, thermal, radioactive, electrical, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction</a> (UNDRR) explains that "each hazard is characterized by its location, intensity or magnitude, frequency and probability".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinction can also be made between rapid-onset natural hazards, technological hazards, and social hazards, which are described as being of sudden occurrence and relatively short duration, and the consequences of longer-term <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> and drought.<sup id="cite_ref-McGuire_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGuire-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hazards may be grouped according to their characteristics. These factors are related to geophysical events, which are not process specific:<sup id="cite_ref-Hewitt_and_Burton_1971_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewitt_and_Burton_1971-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Areal extent of damage zone</li> <li>Intensity of impact at a point</li> <li>Duration of impact at a point</li> <li>Rate of onset of the event</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictability" title="Predictability">Predictability</a> of the event<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_causing_actor">By causing actor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By causing actor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_hazard">Natural hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Natural hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a></div> <p>Damage to valuable human interests can occur due to <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenomenon">phenomena</a> and processes of the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:32_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural disasters">Natural disasters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">floods</a>, volcanoes and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> have threatened people, society, the natural environment, and the <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environment</a>, particularly more vulnerable people, throughout history, and in some cases, on a day-to-day basis. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a>, each year 130,000 people are killed, 90,000 are injured and 140 million are affected by unique events known as natural disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexander_2000_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexander_2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potentially dangerous phenomena which are natural or predominantly natural (for example, exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Flood#Intentional_floods" title="Flood">intentional floods</a>) can be classified in these categories: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> hazards, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandstorm">sandstorm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rogue_wave" title="Rogue wave">rogue wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">snow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">cold wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geological</a> hazards <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">Earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">Volcanism</a>, which can cause a wide range of events, such as <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ash_fall" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash fall">ash fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth#Surface" title="Earth">Surface</a> or near-surface events, especially <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_wasting" title="Mass wasting">mass wasting</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Extraterrestrial</a> hazards, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Solar_storm" title="Solar storm">solar storm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact event</a><sup id="cite_ref-UNDRR_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDRR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Natural hazards can be influenced by human actions in different ways and to varying degrees, e.g. land-use change, drainage and construction.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans play a central role in the existence of natural hazards because "it is only when people and their possessions get in the way of natural processes that hazard exists".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A natural hazard can be considered as a geophysical event when it occurs in extremes and a human factor is involved that may present a risk. There may be an acceptable variation of magnitude which can vary from the estimated normal or average range with upper and lower limits or thresholds. In these extremes, the natural occurrence may become an event that presents a risk to the environment or people.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1992_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_1992-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, above-average wind speeds resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical depression</a> or hurricane according to intensity measures on the <a href="/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale" title="Saffir–Simpson scale">Saffir–Simpson scale</a> will provide an extreme natural event that may be considered a hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seismic_hazard">Seismic hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seismic hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">Seismic hazard</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seismic_hazard&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RogersCrkNorthHayward.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RogersCrkNorthHayward.gif/250px-RogersCrkNorthHayward.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RogersCrkNorthHayward.gif/375px-RogersCrkNorthHayward.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/RogersCrkNorthHayward.gif/500px-RogersCrkNorthHayward.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Surface motion map for a hypothetical earthquake on the northern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Hayward_Fault_Zone" title="Hayward Fault Zone">Hayward Fault Zone</a> and its presumed northern extension, the <a href="/wiki/Rodgers_Creek_Fault_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodgers Creek Fault Zone">Rodgers Creek Fault Zone</a></figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Seismic_hazard" title="Seismic hazard">seismic hazard</a> is the probability that an <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> will occur in a given geographic area, within a given window of time, and with <a href="/wiki/Ground_motion" title="Ground motion">ground motion</a> intensity exceeding a given threshold.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a hazard thus estimated, <a href="/wiki/Seismic_risk" title="Seismic risk">risk</a> can be assessed and included in such areas as <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building codes</a> for standard buildings, designing larger buildings and infrastructure projects, <a href="/wiki/Land_use_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Land use planning">land use planning</a> and determining insurance rates. The seismic hazard studies also may generate two standard measures of anticipated ground motion, both confusingly abbreviated MCE; the simpler <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probabilistic</a> Maximum Considered Earthquake (or Event<sup id="cite_ref-Seismic_hazard_Taylor_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seismic_hazard_Taylor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ), used in standard building codes, and the more detailed and <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">deterministic</a> Maximum Credible Earthquake incorporated in the design of larger buildings and civil infrastructure like dams or bridges. It is important to clarify which MCE is being discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunamis</a> can be caused by geophysical hazards, such as in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami</a>. </p><p>Although generally a natural phenomenon, <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> can sometimes be <a href="/wiki/Induced_seismicity" title="Induced seismicity">induced</a> by human interventions, such as <a href="/wiki/Injection_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection wells">injection wells</a>, large underground <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear explosions">nuclear explosions</a>, excavation of <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reservoirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reservoirs">reservoirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volcanic_hazard">Volcanic hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Volcanic hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_hazard" title="Volcanic hazard">Volcanic hazard</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcanic_hazard&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Types_of_volcano_hazards_usgs.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Types_of_volcano_hazards_usgs.gif/220px-Types_of_volcano_hazards_usgs.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Types_of_volcano_hazards_usgs.gif/330px-Types_of_volcano_hazards_usgs.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Types_of_volcano_hazards_usgs.gif 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>A schematic diagram shows some of the many ways volcanoes can cause problems for those nearby.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_hazard" title="Volcanic hazard">volcanic hazard</a> is the probability a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> eruption or related geophysical event will occur in a given geographic area and within a specified window of time. The <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">risk</a> that can be associated with a volcanic hazard depends on the proximity and vulnerability of an asset or a population of people near to where a volcanic event might occur.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropogenic_hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anthropogenic hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropogenic hazards, or human-induced hazards, are "induced entirely or predominantly by human activities and choices".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These can be societal, technological or <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">environmental hazards</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Technological_hazard">Technological hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technological hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technological hazards are created by the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Failure" title="Failure">failure</a> associated with human <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">emerging technologies</a>), which can also impact the <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>. </p><p>For example, technological hazards can arise from the following events: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport accidents">Transport accidents</a>: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic collisions">traffic collisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_incident" title="Maritime incident">navigation accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Train_wreck" title="Train wreck">rail accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation accidents">aviation accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear materials">Nuclear materials</a>-related accidents: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents#nuclear_plant_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents">nuclear plant accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> accidents and other <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear and radiation accidents">nuclear accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical accidents">Chemical accidents</a> and accidental explosions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining accidents">Mining accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Space accidents</a></li> <li>Technological failures (including those that affect <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">cybersecurity</a> <a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">threats</a>) can cause disruptions to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy industry</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Power_outages" class="mw-redirect" title="Power outages">power outages</a>), <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Internet_outage" title="Internet outage">Internet outage</a>), <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supply">food supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supply</a> and other important services.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_disasters" title="Engineering disasters">Structural failures or construction</a> accidents<sup id="cite_ref-UNDRR_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDRR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A mechanical hazard is any hazard involving a machine or industrial process. Motor vehicles, aircraft, and <a href="/wiki/Air_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Air bag">air bags</a> pose mechanical hazards. <a href="/wiki/Compressed_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed gas">Compressed gases</a> or liquids can also be considered a mechanical hazard. Hazard identification of new machines and/or industrial processes occurs at various stages in the design of the new machine or process. These hazard identification studies focus mainly on deviations from the intended use or design and the harm that may occur as a result of these deviations. These studies are regulated by various agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Highway_Traffic_Safety_Administration" title="National Highway Traffic Safety Administration">National Highway Traffic Safety Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Engineering_disasters" title="Engineering disasters">Engineering hazards</a> occur when human structures fail (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">building</a> or <a href="/wiki/Structural_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural collapse">structural collapse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bridge_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge failures">bridge failures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam_failures" class="mw-redirect" title="Dam failures">dam failures</a>) or the materials used in their construction prove to be hazardous. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Societal_hazard">Societal hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Societal hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Societal hazards can arise from <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil disorders">civil disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explosive_remnants_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive remnants of war">explosive remnants of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowd_collapses_and_crushes" title="Crowd collapses and crushes">crowd accidents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crises">financial crises</a>, etc. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Disaster_Risk_Reduction" title="United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction">United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction</a> (UNDRR) Hazard Definition & Classification Review (Sendai Framework 2015 - 2030) specifically excludes armed conflict from the anthropogenic hazard category, as these hazards are already recognised under international humanitarian law.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDRR_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDRR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waste_disposal">Waste disposal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Waste disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In managing waste many hazardous materials are put in the domestic and commercial <a href="/wiki/List_of_waste_types" title="List of waste types">waste stream</a>. In part this is because modern technological living uses certain toxic or poisonous materials in the electronics and chemical industries. Which, when they are in use or transported, are usually safely contained or encapsulated and packaged to avoid any exposure. In the waste stream, the waste products exterior or encapsulation breaks or degrades and there is a release and exposure to hazardous materials into the environment, for people working in the waste disposal industry, those living around sites used for waste disposal or <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> and the general environment surrounding such sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socionatural_hazard">Socionatural hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Socionatural hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different ways to group hazards by origin. The definition by UNDRR states: "Hazards may be natural, anthropogenic or socionatural in origin."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>socionatural hazards</i> are those that are "associated with a combination of natural and anthropogenic factors, including <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_hazard">Climate hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a></div> <p>The term <i>climate hazard</i> or <i>climatic hazard</i> is used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, for example in the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a>. These are hazards that stem from climate-related events such as <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>, floods, droughts, <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1181">: 1181 </span></sup> </p><p>Climate hazards in the context of water include: Increased temperatures, changes in rainfall patterns between the wet and dry season (increased rainfall variability) and sea level rise.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 620">: 620 </span></sup> The reason why increasing temperatures is listed here as a climate hazard is because "warming temperatures may result in higher <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a>, in turn leading to drier soils".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 663">: 663 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne diseases</a> are also connected to climate hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1065">: 1065 </span></sup> </p><p>Climate hazards can combine with other hazards and result in <i>compound event losses</i> (see also <a href="/wiki/Loss_and_damage_(climate_change)" title="Loss and damage (climate change)">loss and damage</a>). For example, the climate hazard of heat can combine with the hazard of poor air quality. Or the climate hazard flooding can combine with poor water quality.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 909">: 909 </span></sup> </p><p>Climate scientists have pointed out that climate hazards affect different groups of people differently, depending on their <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_vulnerability" title="Climate change vulnerability">climate change vulnerability</a>: There are "factors that make people and groups vulnerable (e.g., poverty, uneven power structures, disadvantage and discrimination due to, for example, social location and the intersectionality or the overlapping and compounding risks from ethnicity or racial discrimination, gender, age, or disability, etc.)".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1181">: 1181 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_physical_nature">By physical nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: By physical nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_hazard">Biological hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biological hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></div> <p>Biological hazards, also known as biohazards, originate in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biological</a> processes of living organisms and pose threats to the health of humans, the security of property, or the environment. </p><p>Biological hazards include <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic">pathogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemics">epidemics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandemics">pandemics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal attacks">animal attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venomous animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_toxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological toxin">biological toxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">foodborne illnesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDRR_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDRR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, naturally occurring bacteria such as <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> are well known <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, and a variety of measures have been taken to limit human exposure to these <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a> through food safety, good personal hygiene, and education. The potential for new biological hazards also exists through the discovery of new microorganisms and the development of new genetically modified (GM) organisms. The use of new GM organisms is regulated by various governmental agencies. The US <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) controls GM plants that produce or resist pesticides (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_maize#Bt_corn" title="Genetically modified maize">Bt corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roundup_(herbicide)#Genetically_modified_crops" title="Roundup (herbicide)">Roundup ready crops</a>). The US <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) regulates GM plants that will be used as food or for medicinal purposes. </p><p>Biological hazards can include medical waste or samples of a <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a> (from a biological source) that can affect <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>. Many biological hazards are associated with food, including certain <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, and plant and seafood <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Servsafe_2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Servsafe_2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathogenic <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> are common foodborne biological hazards. The hazards from these bacteria can be avoided through risk mitigation steps such as proper handling, <a href="/wiki/Food_storage" title="Food storage">storing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a> of food.<sup id="cite_ref-Ropeik_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ropeik-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diseases can be enhanced by human factors such as poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> or by processes such as <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_hazard">Chemical hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Chemical hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical hazard</a></div> <p>A chemical can be considered a hazard if by its intrinsic properties it can cause harm or danger to humans, property, or the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Health hazards associated with chemicals are dependent on the dose or amount of the chemical. For example, iodine in the form of potassium iodate is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Iodised_salt" title="Iodised salt">iodised salt</a>. When applied at a rate of 20  mg of potassium iodate per 1000 mg of table salt, the chemical is beneficial in preventing <a href="/wiki/Goitre" title="Goitre">goitre</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> intakes of 1200–9500  mg in one dose has been known to cause death.<sup id="cite_ref-ATSDR_2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATSDR_2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some chemicals have a cumulative biological effect, while others are metabolically eliminated over time. Other chemical hazards may depend on concentration or total quantity for their effects. </p><p>Some harmful chemicals occur naturally in certain geological formations, such as <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>. Other chemicals include products with commercial uses, such as agricultural and industrial chemicals, as well as products developed for home use. </p><p>A variety of chemical hazards have been identified. However, every year companies produce more new chemicals to fill new needs or to take the place of older, less effective chemicals. Laws, such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic Substances Control Act">Toxic Substances Control Act</a> in the US, require protection of human health and the environment for any new chemical introduced. In the US, the EPA regulates new chemicals that may have environmental impacts (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticides</a> or chemicals released during a manufacturing process), while the FDA regulates new chemicals used in foods or as drugs. The potential hazards of these chemicals can be identified by performing a variety of tests before the authorization of usage. The number of tests required and the extent to which the chemicals are tested varies, depending on the desired usage of the chemical. Chemicals designed as new drugs must undergo more rigorous tests than those used as pesticides. </p><p>Pesticides, which are normally used to control unwanted insects and plants, may cause a variety of negative effects on non-target organisms. <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> can build up, or bioaccumulate, in birds, resulting in thinner-than-normal eggshells, which can break in the nest.<sup id="cite_ref-Ropeik_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ropeik-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organochlorine pesticide <a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">dieldrin</a> has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Song_et_al_2010_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song_et_al_2010-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corrosive chemicals like <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>, which is found in car batteries and research laboratories, can cause severe skin burns. Many other chemicals used in industrial and laboratory settings can cause respiratory, digestive, or <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> problems if they are inhaled, ingested, or absorbed through the skin. The negative effects of other chemicals, such as <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, have been well documented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Organohalogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Organohalogens">Organohalogens</a> are a family of synthetic organic molecules which all contain atoms of one of the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>. Such materials include <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyls" class="mw-redirect" title="Polychlorinated biphenyls">PCBs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioxin" title="Dioxin">Dioxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a> and many others. Although considered harmless when first produced, many of these compounds are now known to have profound physiological effects on many organisms including man. Many are also fat soluble and become concentrated through the food chain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radioactive_or_electromagnetic_hazard">Radioactive or electromagnetic hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Radioactive or electromagnetic hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation_and_health" title="Electromagnetic radiation and health">Electromagnetic radiation and health</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">Radioactive materials</a> produce ionizing radiation which may be very harmful to living organisms. Damage from even a short exposure to radioactivity may have long-term adverse health consequences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_or_fire_hazard">Thermal or fire hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Thermal or fire hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Occupational_heat_stress" title="Occupational heat stress">Occupational heat stress</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire_hazard">Fire hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fire hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fire_safety#Common_fire_hazards" title="Fire safety">Fire safety § Common fire hazards</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaca3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zaca3.jpg/220px-Zaca3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zaca3.jpg/330px-Zaca3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zaca3.jpg/440px-Zaca3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>An active flame front of the <a href="/wiki/Zaca_Fire" title="Zaca Fire">Zaca Fire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Threats to <a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">fire safety</a> are commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> hazards. A fire hazard may include a situation that increases the likelihood of a fire or may impede <a href="/wiki/Fire_escape" title="Fire escape">escape</a> in the event a fire occurs. </p><p>Casualties resulting from fires, regardless of their source or initial cause, can be aggravated by inadequate emergency preparedness. Such hazards as a lack of accessible <a href="/wiki/Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">emergency exits</a>, poorly marked escape routes, or improperly maintained <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">fire extinguishers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">sprinkler systems</a> may result in many more deaths and injuries than might occur with such protections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinetic_hazard">Kinetic hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kinetic hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">Kinetic energy</a> is involved<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in hazards associated with <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard#Noise" title="Occupational hazard">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falling_(accident)" title="Falling (accident)">falling</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard#Vibration_hazards" title="Occupational hazard">vibration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_type_of_damage">By type of damage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: By type of damage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_hazard">Health hazard<span class="anchor" id="health_hazard"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Health hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/220px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/330px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg/440px-GHS-pictogram-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">GHS hazard pictograms</a> for health hazards.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Injury</a></div> <p>Hazards that would affect the health of exposed persons, usually having an acute or chronic illness as the consequence. Fatality would not normally be an immediate consequence. Health hazards may cause measurable changes in the body which are generally indicated by the development of signs and symptoms in the exposed persons, or non-measurable, subjective symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-29CFR_health_hazard_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29CFR_health_hazard-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ergonomic_hazard">Ergonomic hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ergonomic hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ergonomic_hazard" title="Ergonomic hazard">Ergonomic hazard</a></div> <p>Ergonomic hazards are physical conditions that may pose a risk of injury to the <a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal system</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">ligaments</a> of the lower back, <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> of the hands/wrists, or bones surrounding the knees. <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomic</a> hazards include things such as awkward or extreme postures, whole-body or hand/arm <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, poorly designed tools, equipment, or workstations, <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">repetitive motion</a>, and poor <a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">lighting</a>. Ergonomic hazards occur in both occupational and non-occupational settings such as in workshops, building sites, offices, home, school, or public spaces and facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Comcare_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comcare-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupational_hazard">Occupational hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Occupational hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding-bottom: 0.33em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg/50px-DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg/75px-DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg/100px-DIN_4844-2_Warnung_vor_einer_Gefahrenstelle_D-W000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="449" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #dddddd;"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazards</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dddddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dddddd;"> <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Occupational hygiene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_exposure_monitoring" title="Workplace exposure monitoring">Workplace exposure monitoring</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dddddd;"> Study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_toxicology" title="Occupational toxicology">Occupational toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Workplace health surveillance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #dddddd;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="NIOSH ratings">NIOSH ratings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">COVID-19 controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Fighter_Fatality_Investigation_and_Prevention_Program" title="Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program">Fire fighter fatality 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occupational_hazards" title="Template:Occupational hazards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occupational_hazards" title="Template talk:Occupational hazards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational_hazards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational hazards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Control_banding" title="Control banding">Control banding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_banding" title="Occupational exposure banding">Occupational exposure banding</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazard</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Occupational_hazard&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg/300px-Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg/450px-Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg/600px-Construction_workers_not_wearing_fall_protection_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>Construction workers at height without appropriate safety equipment</figcaption></figure> An <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">occupational hazard</a> is a hazard experienced in the workplace. This encompasses many types of hazards, including <a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">chemical hazards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological hazards">biological hazards</a> (biohazards), <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hazards">psychosocial hazards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Physical_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical hazards">physical hazards</a>. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) conduct workplace investigations and research addressing workplace health and safety hazards resulting in guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) establishes enforceable standards to prevent workplace injuries and illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the EU, a similar role is taken by <a href="/wiki/EU-OSHA" class="mw-redirect" title="EU-OSHA">EU-OSHA</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Psychosocial_hazard">Psychosocial hazard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Psychosocial hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></div> <p>Psychological or psychosocial hazards are hazards that affect the psychological well-being of people, including their ability to participate in a work environment among other people. Psychosocial hazards are related to the way work is designed, organized, and managed, as well as the economic and social contexts of work, and are associated with psychiatric, psychological, and/or physical injury or illness. Linked to psychosocial risks are issues such as occupational stress and workplace violence, which are recognized internationally as major challenges to occupational health and safety.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_hazard">Environmental hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Environmental hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">Environmental hazard</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_hazard&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/220px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/330px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/440px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">international</a> <a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">pictogram</a> for environmental hazards.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Environmental_hazard" title="Environmental hazard">Environmental hazards</a> are those hazards that affect <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biomes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_hazard_:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_hazard_:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well known examples include <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, slash and burn deforestation, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_fissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground fissure">ground fissures</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_hazard_:02_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_hazard_:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical exposure to environmental hazards is usually involuntary<sup id="cite_ref-Environmental_hazard_:02_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Environmental_hazard_:02-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property">Property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property insurance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_crime" title="Property crime">Property crime</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_property">Cultural property</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cultural property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a> can be damaged, lost or destroyed by different events or processes, including <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">theft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_accident" title="Transport accident">transport accident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Water leak">water leak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_error" title="Human error">human error</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> and progressive deterioration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_status">By status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: By status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hazards are sometimes classified into three modes or statuses:<sup id="cite_ref-MacCollum_2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCollum_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b> Dormant</b>—The situation environment is currently affected. For instance, a hillside may be unstable, with the potential for a <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslide</a>, but there is nothing below or on the hillside that could be affected.</li> <li><b> Armed</b>—People, property, or environment are in potential harm's way.</li> <li><b> Active</b>—A harmful incident involving the hazard has actually occurred. Often this is referred to not as an "active hazard" but as an <a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">accident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergency" title="Emergency">emergency</a>, incident, or <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disaster</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_management">Analysis and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Analysis and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg/275px-NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg/413px-NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg/550px-NIOSH%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%9CHierarchy_of_Controls_infographic%E2%80%9D_as_SVG.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a>: Those hazard control methods at the top of the graphic are potentially more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following this <i>hierarchy of controls</i> normally leads to the implementation of inherently safer systems, where the risk of illness or injury has been substantially reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A range of methodologies are used to assess hazards and to manage them: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a> – Method for assessing risk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a> – Systematic preventive approach to food safety (HACCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" title="Hazard and operability study">Hazard and operability study</a> – Study of risks in a plan or operation (HAZOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a> – System used in industry to eliminate or minimize exposure to hazards</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazard_symbol">Hazard symbol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hazard symbol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">Hazard symbol</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazard_symbol&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/220px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/330px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/440px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skull_and_crossbones_(poison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skull and crossbones (poison)">Skull and crossbones</a>, a common symbol for poison and other sources of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">lethal danger</a> (<a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">GHS hazard pictograms</a>)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a> – Increases in the exposure to risk when insured, or when another bears the cost</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:32-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:32_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/natural-hazards">"Natural Hazards | National Risk Index"</a>. <i>hazards.fema.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Management_Agency" title="Federal Emergency Management Agency">FEMA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hazards.fema.gov&rft.atitle=Natural+Hazards+%7C+National+Risk+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhazards.fema.gov%2Fnri%2Fnatural-hazards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birkmann, J., E. Liwenga, R. Pandey, E. Boyd, R. Djalante, F. Gemenne, W. Leal Filho, P.F. Pinho, L. Stringer, and D.Wrathall, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter08.pdf">Chapter 8: Poverty, Livelihoods and Sustainable Development</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1171–1274, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dodman, D., B. Hayward, M. Pelling, V. Castan Broto, W. Chow, E. Chu, R. Dawson, L. Khirfan, T. McPhearson, A. Prakash, Y. Zheng, and G. Ziervogel, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter06.pdf">Chapter 6: Cities, Settlements and Key Infrastructure</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 907–1040, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf">Annex VII: Glossary</a> [Matthews, J.B.R., V. Möller, R. van Diemen, J.S. Fuglestvedt, V. Masson-Delmotte, C.  Méndez, S. Semenov, A. Reisinger (eds.)]. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seismic+Hazard+and+Risk+Analysis&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781108425056&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Brendon&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2F9781108425056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard/zoning/haz_e.php">Natural Resources Canada page on Seismic Hazard Calculations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602135118/http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/hazard/zoning/haz_e.php">Archived</a> 2008-06-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seismic_hazard_Taylor-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Seismic_hazard_Taylor_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Taylor_and_Erik_VanMarcke2002" class="citation book cs1">Craig Taylor and Erik VanMarcke, ed. 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Reston, VA: ASCE, TCLEE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780784406236" title="Special:BookSources/9780784406236"><bdi>9780784406236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acceptable+Risk+Processes%3A+Lifeline+and+Natural+Hazards&rft.place=Reston%2C+VA&rft.pub=ASCE%2C+TCLEE&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780784406236&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asce.org%2Ftemplates%2Fpublications-book-detail.aspx%3Fid%3D7585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330163938/http://classes.engr.oregonstate.edu/cce/winter2011/ce570-001/Class%20Slides/06a%20Slides%20-%20Codes.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Hess, C. Huang, Q. Liu, G. McGregor, J. Semenza, and M.C. Tirado, 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter07.pdf">Chapter 7: Health, Wellbeing, and the Changing Structure of Communities</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/">Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Environmental+Hazards+%26+Health+Effects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnceh%2Fehhe%2Fpdfs%2Fabout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803120002/https://definedterm.com/environmental_hazard">"Environmental hazard"</a>. <i>Defined Term - A dictionary of legal, industry-specific, and uncommon terms</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://definedterm.com/environmental_hazard">the original</a> on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defined+Term+-+A+dictionary+of+legal%2C+industry-specific%2C+and+uncommon+terms.&rft.atitle=Environmental+hazard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdefinedterm.com%2Fenvironmental_hazard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span> quoted from Code of Maryland, January 1, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Environmental_hazard_:02-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_hazard_:02_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Environmental_hazard_:02_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1993" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Keith (1993). <i>Environmental hazards: assessing risk and reducing disaster</i>. Routledge physical environment series (Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01217-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01217-1"><bdi>978-0-415-01217-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+hazards%3A+assessing+risk+and+reducing+disaster&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+physical+environment+series&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01217-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCollum_2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacCollum_2006_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_MacCollum2006" class="citation book cs1">David MacCollum (December 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbLrmejZ2UMC&q=hazard+mode+active+dormant&pg=PA8"><i>Construction Safety Engineering Principles: Designing and Managing Safer Job Sites</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148244-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148244-8"><bdi>978-0-07-148244-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Construction+Safety+Engineering+Principles%3A+Designing+and+Managing+Safer+Job+Sites&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft.date=2006-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148244-8&rft.au=David+MacCollum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIbLrmejZ2UMC%26q%3Dhazard%2Bmode%2Bactive%2Bdormant%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/">"Hierarchy of Controls"</a>. <i>U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft.atitle=Hierarchy+of+Controls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Ftopics%2Fhierarchy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHazard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hazard&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hazards" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hazards">Hazards</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Risk_management" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Risk_management" title="Template:Risk management"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Risk_management" title="Template talk:Risk management"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Risk_management" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Risk management"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Risk_management" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk type & source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Business_risks" title="Business risks">Business risks</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reputational_damage" title="Reputational damage">Reputational damage</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Personal risk</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Health risk">Health risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_risk" title="Natural risk">Natural risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">Natural disaster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_risk" title="Political risk">Political risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_hazards" title="Category:Technology hazards">Technology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IT_risk" title="IT risk">IT risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AI_alignment" title="AI alignment">AI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro_risk" title="Macro risk">Macro risk</a> / <a href="/wiki/External_risk" title="External risk">External risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_risk" title="Extreme risk">Extreme risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety hazard">Safety hazard</a></li> <li><b>Security risk</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">Vulnerability (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threat_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat (computer)">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident" title="Accident">Accident</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Execution risk">Execution risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_risk" title="Model risk">Model risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputational_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Reputational risk">Reputational risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_risk" title="Country risk">Country risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_risk" title="Legal risk">Legal risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">Financial risk</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Liquidity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate_risk" title="Interest rate risk">Interest rate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange rate risk">Exchange rate risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_risk" title="Profit risk">Profit risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_risk" title="Strategic risk">Strategic risk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_risk" title="Residual risk">Residual risk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Risk source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability" title="Vulnerability">Vulnerability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Countermeasure" title="Countermeasure">Countermeasures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_compliance" title="Regulatory compliance">Regulatory compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance" title="Governance, risk management, and compliance">GRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_control" title="Internal control">Internal control</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Personal risk management</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_management" title="Stress management">Stress management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_management_(health)" title="Disease management (health)">Disease management</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk_management" title="Operational risk management">Operational risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_risk_management" title="Supply chain risk management">Supply chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_risk_management" title="Project risk management">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_management" title="Quality management">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_management" title="Security management">Security management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_access_management" title="Identity and access management">Identity and access management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_management" title="Vulnerability management">Vulnerability management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_management" title="Incident management">Incident management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_continuity_planning" title="Business continuity planning">Business continuity planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_risk_reduction" title="Disaster risk reduction">Disaster risk reduction</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk_management" title="Financial risk management">Financial risk management</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_pool" title="Risk pool">Risk pool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_management" title="Strategic management">Strategic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warning_system" title="Warning system">Warning system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Disaster management">Disaster management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_model" title="Swiss cheese model">Swiss cheese model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Hazard analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_planning" title="Scenario planning">Scenario planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainstorming" title="Brainstorming">Brainstorming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Structured or semi-structured interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_method" title="Delphi method">Delphi method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis" title="Hazard analysis">Preliminary hazard analysis</a> (PHA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_and_operability_study" title="Hazard and operability study">Hazard and operability study</a> (HAZOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a> (HACCP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_What_If_Technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Structured What If Technique">Structured What If Technique</a> (SWIFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenario_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Scenario analysis">Scenario analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_impact_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Business impact analysis">Business impact analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_cause_analysis" title="Root cause analysis">Root cause analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis" title="Failure mode and effects analysis">Failure mode and effects analysis</a> (FMEA) / <a href="/wiki/Failure_mode,_effects,_and_criticality_analysis" title="Failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis">FMECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_tree_analysis" title="Fault tree analysis">Fault tree analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_tree_analysis" title="Event tree analysis">Event tree analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cause_and_consequence_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cause and consequence analysis (page does not exist)">Cause and consequence analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause-and-effect_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause-and-effect analysis">Cause-and-effect analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Layer_protection_analysis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Layer protection analysis (page does not exist)">Layer protection analysis</a> (LOPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reliability" title="Human reliability">Human reliability analysis</a> (HRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_tie_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow tie analysis">Bow tie analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliability_centered_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliability centered maintenance">Reliability centered maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneak_circuit_analysis" title="Sneak circuit analysis">Sneak circuit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markov_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Markov analysis">Markov analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Monte Carlo simulation">Monte Carlo simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayesian_statistics" title="Bayesian statistics">Bayesian statistics and Bayes nets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FN_curve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FN curve (page does not exist)">FN curve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Risk_index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Risk index (page does not exist)">Risk index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_Matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk Matrix">Risk Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost/benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost/benefit analysis">Cost/benefit analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio" title="Risk–benefit ratio">Risk–benefit ratio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-criteria_decision_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-criteria decision analysis">Multi-criteria decision analysis</a> (MCDA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">ISO 31000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_31010" title="ISO/IEC 31010">ISO/IEC 31010</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Sponsoring_Organizations_of_the_Treadway_Commission" title="Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission">COSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_appetite" title="Risk appetite">Risk appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_map" title="Hazard map">Hazard map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_events" title="Rare events">Rare events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">Opportunity cost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_management" title="Crisis management">Crisis management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Occupational_safety_and_health" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Template:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Template talk:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occupational safety and health"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Occupational_safety_and_health" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational <br />diseases</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">injuries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrodynia" title="Acrodynia">Acrodynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestosis" title="Asbestosis">Asbestosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_asthma" title="Occupational asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berylliosis" title="Berylliosis">Berylliosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssinosis" title="Byssinosis">Byssinosis ("brown lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_cardiovascular_disease" title="Occupational cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalicosis" title="Chalicosis">Chalicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_solvent-induced_encephalopathy" title="Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy">Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_stress" title="Chronic stress">Chronic stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweeps%27_carcinoma" title="Chimney sweeps' carcinoma">Chimney sweeps' carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">Coalworker's pneumoconiosis ("black lung")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concussions_in_sport" title="Concussions in sport">Concussions in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">De Quervain syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erethism" title="Erethism">Erethism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazards_associated_with_exposure_to_human_nail_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational hazards associated with exposure to human nail dust">Exposure to human nail dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddler%27s_neck" title="Fiddler's neck">Fiddler's neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flock_worker%27s_lung" title="Flock worker's lung">Flock worker's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblower%27s_cataract" title="Glassblower's cataract">Glassblower's cataract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golfer%27s_elbow" title="Golfer's elbow">Golfer's elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">Hospital-acquired infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indium_lung" title="Indium lung">Indium lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning#Occupational_exposure" title="Lead poisoning">Lead poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_back_pain" title="Low back pain">Low back pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">Mesothelioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fume_fever" title="Metal fume fever">Metal fume fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">Noise-induced hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">Phossy jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumoconiosis" title="Pneumoconiosis">Pneumoconiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radium_jaw" title="Radium jaw">Radium jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">Silicosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silo-filler%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Silo-filler's disease">Silo-filler's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Sports injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_ear" title="Surfer's ear">Surfer's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_elbow" title="Tennis elbow">Tennis elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writer%27s_cramp" title="Writer's cramp">Writer's cramp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hygiene" title="Occupational hygiene">Occupational <br />hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">Occupational hazard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_hazard" title="Biological hazard">Biological hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_hazard" title="Chemical hazard">Chemical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_hazard" title="Physical hazard">Physical hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hazard" title="Psychosocial hazard">Psychosocial hazard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_through_design" title="Prevention through design">Prevention through design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_assessment" title="Exposure assessment">Exposure assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_epidemiology" title="Occupational epidemiology">Occupational epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Workplace health surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">Environmental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_nursing" title="Occupational health nursing">Occupational health nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapist" title="Occupational therapist">Occupational therapist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_occupational_safety_and_health_agencies" title="List of occupational safety and health agencies">Agencies</a> and <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Agency_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="European Agency for Safety and Health at Work">European Agency for Safety and Health at Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Occupational_Health_and_Safety" title="Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety">Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istituto_nazionale_per_l%27assicurazione_contro_gli_infortuni_sul_lavoro" title="Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro">Istituto nazionale per l'assicurazione contro gli infortuni sul lavoro</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Safety_and_Health_at_Work" title="National Institute for Safety and Health at Work">National Institute for Safety and Health at Work</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accord_on_Fire_and_Building_Safety_in_Bangladesh" title="Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh">Bangladesh Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">ISO 45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Convention,_1981" title="Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981">Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_Protection_Standard" title="Worker Protection Standard">Worker Protection Standard</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Environment_(Air_Pollution,_Noise_and_Vibration)_Convention,_1977" title="Working Environment (Air Pollution, Noise and Vibration) Convention, 1977">Working Environment Convention, 1977</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checklist" title="Checklist">Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_practice" title="Code of practice">Code of practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_plan" title="Contingency plan">Contingency plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_safety" title="Diving safety">Diving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_procedure" title="Emergency procedure">Emergency procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_evacuation" title="Emergency evacuation">Emergency evacuation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_hazard_controls" title="Hierarchy of hazard controls">Hierarchy of hazard controls</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_elimination" title="Hazard elimination">Hazard elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_controls" title="Administrative controls">Administrative controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_controls" title="Engineering controls">Engineering controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_substitution" title="Hazard substitution">Hazard substitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_safety_analysis" title="Job safety analysis">Job safety analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout-tagout" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockout-tagout">Lockout-tagout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permit_To_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Permit To Work">Permit To Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_manual" title="Operations manual">Operations manual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redundancy_(engineering)" title="Redundancy (engineering)">Redundancy (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_assessment" title="Risk assessment">Risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_operating_procedure" title="Standard operating procedure">Standard operating procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immediately_dangerous_to_life_or_health" title="Immediately dangerous to life or health">Immediately dangerous to life or health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diving_regulations" title="Diving regulations">Diving regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Act_(United_States)" title="Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)">Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potty_parity" title="Potty parity">Potty parity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potty_parity_in_the_United_States" title="Potty parity in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">Aerosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment,_health_and_safety" title="Environment, health and safety">Environment, health and safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_toxicology" title="Environmental toxicology">Environmental toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Fighter_Fatality_Investigation_and_Prevention_Program" title="Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program">Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawks_Nest_Tunnel_disaster" title="Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster">Hawks Nest Tunnel disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_physics" title="Health physics">Health physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Safety_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chemical Safety Card">International Chemical Safety Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_Mourning_(Canadian_observance)" title="National Day of Mourning (Canadian observance)">National Day of Mourning (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIOSH_air_filtration_rating" title="NIOSH air filtration rating">NIOSH air filtration rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_safety" title="Process safety">Process safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_control_(respiratory_disease)" title="Source control (respiratory disease)">Source control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_tort" title="Toxic tort">Toxic tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_hazard_controls_for_COVID-19" title="Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19">Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Category:Occupational safety and health">Category</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_diseases" title="Category:Occupational diseases">Occupational diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health_journals" title="Category:Occupational safety and health journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health_organizations" title="Category:Occupational safety and health organizations">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Occupational_safety_and_health" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Occupational safety and health">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Template talk:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Global_catastrophic_risks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Global catastrophic risks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Global_catastrophic_risks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">Global catastrophic risks</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">Future of an expanding universe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberattack" title="Cyberattack">Cyberattack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybergeddon" title="Cybergeddon">Cybergeddon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_goo" title="Gray goo">Gray goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology#Weapons" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Nanoweapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy_weapon" title="Kinetic energy weapon">Kinetic energy weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">Mutual assured destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Hand" title="Dead Hand">Dead Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Clock" title="Doomsday Clock">Doomsday Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_device" title="Doomsday device">Doomsday device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimatter_weapon" title="Antimatter weapon">Antimatter weapon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse" title="Electromagnetic pulse">Electromagnetic pulse</a> (EMP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_high-energy_particle_collision_experiments" title="Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments">Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">Micro black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strangelet" title="Strangelet">Strangelet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_intelligence" title="Synthetic intelligence">Synthetic intelligence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover" title="AI takeover">AI takeover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">Existential risk from artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sociological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_hazard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic hazard">Anthropogenic hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapsology" title="Collapsology">Collapsology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-indication_assumption_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-referencing_doomsday_argument_rebuttal" title="Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal">Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_collapse" title="Economic collapse">Economic collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order (conspiracy theory)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">Nuclear holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_bomb" title="Cobalt bomb">cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_famine" title="Nuclear famine">famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_winter" title="Nuclear winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_collapse" title="State collapse">State collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_III" title="World War III">World War III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_apocalypse" title="Climate apocalypse">Ecological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Climate change</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anoxic_event" title="Anoxic event">Anoxic event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_civilizational_collapse" title="Climate change and civilizational collapse">Climate change and civilizational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_risk_from_climate_change" title="Extinction risk from climate change">Extinction risk from climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system" title="Tipping points in the climate system">Tipping points in the climate system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">Flood basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_dimming" title="Global dimming">Global dimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_terrestrial_stilling" title="Global terrestrial stilling">Global terrestrial stilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypercane" title="Hypercane">Hypercane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">Environmental degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_coral_reefs" title="Environmental issues with coral reefs">coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">on marine life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_surface_effects_on_climate" title="Land surface effects on climate">Land surface effects on climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">winter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verneshot" title="Verneshot">Verneshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Water pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Extinction event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">Human extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinction_events" title="List of extinction events">List of extinction events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_erosion" title="Genetic erosion">Genetic erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_pollution" title="Genetic pollution">Genetic pollution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">Biodiversity loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_amphibian_populations" title="Decline in amphibian populations">Decline in amphibian populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_risk" title="Biotechnology risk">Biotechnology risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_agent" title="Biological agent">Biological agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaunation" title="Defaunation">Defaunation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_contamination" title="Interplanetary contamination">Interplanetary contamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">Pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_decline" title="Pollinator decline">Pollinator decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">Big Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">Coronal mass ejection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_phase_transition" title="Cosmological phase transition">Cosmological phase transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetic_storm" title="Geomagnetic storm">Geomagnetic storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_vacuum_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="False vacuum decay">False vacuum decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">Gamma-ray burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">Heat death of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">Proton decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">Virtual black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Impact event</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_winter" title="Impact winter">winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_planet" title="Rogue planet">Rogue planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_supernova" title="Near-Earth supernova">Near-Earth supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_flare" title="Solar flare">Solar flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision" title="Stellar collision">Stellar collision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ages_of_Buddhism" title="Three Ages of Buddhism">Three Ages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">1 Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abomination_of_desolation" title="Abomination of desolation">Abomination of desolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_Seventy_Weeks" title="Prophecy of Seventy Weeks">Prophecy of Seventy Weeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicist_interpretations_of_the_Book_of_Revelation" title="Historicist interpretations of the Book of Revelation">Interpretations of Revelation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)"> Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Esdras" title="2 Esdras">2 Esdras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">2 Thessalonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man_of_sin" title="Man of sin">Man of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_of_fire" title="Lake of fire">Lake of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_bowls" title="Seven bowls">Seven bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_seals" title="Seven seals">Seven seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">The Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Apostasy" title="Great Apostasy">Great Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Earth_(Christianity)" title="New Earth (Christianity)">New Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Great Tribulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_perdition" title="Son of perdition">Son of perdition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sheep_and_the_Goats" title="The Sheep and the Goats">Sheep and Goats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27im_Al_Muhammad" title="Qa'im Al Muhammad">Al-Qa'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Suwayqatayn" title="Dhul-Suwayqatayn">Dhul-Suwayqatayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Dajjal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyani" title="Sufyani">Sufyani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">War of Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_end_times_prediction" title="2011 end times prediction">2011 end times prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armageddon" title="Armageddon">Armageddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_moon_prophecy" title="Blood moon prophecy">Blood moon prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Changes" title="Earth Changes">Earth Changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophic_risk" title="Global catastrophic risk">End time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dates_predicted_for_apocalyptic_events" title="List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events">List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">Amillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Postmillennialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis (hypothetical star)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapture#Prewrath_premillennialism" title="Rapture">Prewrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-tribulation_rapture" title="Post-tribulation rapture">Post-tribulation rapture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">Resurrection of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">List of apocalyptic films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disaster_films" title="List of disaster films">List of disaster films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_doomsday_devices" title="List of fictional doomsday devices">List of fictional doomsday devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_apocalypse" title="Zombie apocalypse">Zombie apocalypse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Existential_Risk" title="Centre for the Study of Existential Risk">Centre for the Study of Existential Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Humanity_Institute" title="Future of Humanity Institute">Future of Humanity Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Life_Institute" title="Future of Life Institute">Future of Life Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Threat_Initiative" title="Nuclear Threat Initiative">Nuclear Threat Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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