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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensor_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensor_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sensor types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensor_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mechanical thermostats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanical_thermostats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanical thermostats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bimetal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bimetal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Bimetal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bimetal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wax_pellet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wax_pellet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Wax pellet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wax_pellet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Automotive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shower_and_other_hot_water_controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shower_and_other_hot_water_controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Shower and other hot water controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shower_and_other_hot_water_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Gas expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pneumatic_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pneumatic_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Pneumatic thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pneumatic_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_and_analog_electronic_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_and_analog_electronic_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electrical and analog electronic thermostats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electrical_and_analog_electronic_thermostats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electrical and analog electronic thermostats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electrical_and_analog_electronic_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bimetallic_switching_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bimetallic_switching_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bimetallic switching thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bimetallic_switching_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contact_configuration_nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_configuration_nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Contact configuration nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_configuration_nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simple_two_wire_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_two_wire_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Simple two wire thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_two_wire_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Millivolt_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millivolt_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Millivolt thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millivolt_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-24-volt_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#24-volt_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>24-volt thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-24-volt_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line-voltage_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line-voltage_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Line-voltage thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line-voltage_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_electronic_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_electronic_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Digital electronic thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_electronic_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermostats_and_HVAC_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermostats_and_HVAC_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Thermostats and HVAC operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thermostats_and_HVAC_operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Thermostats and HVAC operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thermostats_and_HVAC_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ignition_sequences_in_modern_conventional_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ignition_sequences_in_modern_conventional_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ignition sequences in modern conventional systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ignition_sequences_in_modern_conventional_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination_heating/cooling_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_heating/cooling_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Combination heating/cooling regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_heating/cooling_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat_pump_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat_pump_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Heat pump regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat_pump_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermostat_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermostat_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Thermostat location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermostat_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setback_temperature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setback_temperature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Setback temperature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setback_temperature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dummy_thermostats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dummy_thermostats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Dummy thermostats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dummy_thermostats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thermostat</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="منظم حرارة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منظم حرارة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тэрмастат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмастат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoregulator" title="Termoregulator – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termoregulator" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%C3%B2stat" title="Termòstat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termòstat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperaturregler" title="Temperaturregler – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Temperaturregler" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostaat" title="Termostaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termostaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Θερμοστάτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοστάτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termostato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termostato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termostato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ترموستات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترموستات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thermostat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teirmeastat" title="Teirmeastat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teirmeastat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%C3%B3stato" title="Termóstato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termóstato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%88%EA%B8%B0" title="온도조절기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="온도조절기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="तापस्थापी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तापस्थापी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Termostato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Termostato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98" title="תרמוסטט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרמוסטט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostats" title="Termostats – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Termostats" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termoszt%C3%A1t" title="Termosztát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termosztát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="തെർമോസ്റ്റാറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെർമോസ്റ്റാറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostaat" title="Thermostaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermostaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="サーモスタット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーモスタット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termostato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermostat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%BD%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="ٿرموسٽيٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿرموسٽيٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostaatti" title="Termostaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termostaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="வெப்பநிலைக்காப்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்பநிலைக்காப்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostat" title="Termostat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termostat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Термостат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Термостат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86" title="حرسکون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرسکون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termostato" title="Termostato – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Termostato" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%BF%E6%BA%AB%E5%99%A8" title="自動調溫器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="自動調溫器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Component which maintains a setpoint temperature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the temperature regulating device. For the French cooking oven temperature scale, see <a href="/wiki/Gas_Mark#Other_cooking_temperature_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Mark">Gas Mark § Other cooking temperature scales</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Thermostat" title="Special:EditPage/Thermostat">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Thermostat%22">"Thermostat"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Thermostat%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Thermostat%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Thermostat%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Thermostat%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Thermostat%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PECO_T8532-002.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PECO_T8532-002.png/220px-PECO_T8532-002.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PECO_T8532-002.png/330px-PECO_T8532-002.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/PECO_T8532-002.png/440px-PECO_T8532-002.png 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="968" /></a><figcaption>PECO T8532 Thermostat with 365 Day Programmable Calendar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeywell_round_thermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Honeywell_round_thermostat.jpg/220px-Honeywell_round_thermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Honeywell_round_thermostat.jpg/330px-Honeywell_round_thermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Honeywell_round_thermostat.jpg/440px-Honeywell_round_thermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a>'s "The Round" model <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_T87" title="Honeywell T87">T87</a> thermostat, one of which is in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lux_Products_TX9600TS_Thermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lux_Products_TX9600TS_Thermostat.jpg/220px-Lux_Products_TX9600TS_Thermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lux_Products_TX9600TS_Thermostat.jpg/330px-Lux_Products_TX9600TS_Thermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lux_Products_TX9600TS_Thermostat.jpg/440px-Lux_Products_TX9600TS_Thermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Next Generation Lux Products TX9600TS Universal 7-Day Programmable Touch Screen Thermostat.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ThermostatinBurkesOutlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/ThermostatinBurkesOutlet.jpg/220px-ThermostatinBurkesOutlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/ThermostatinBurkesOutlet.jpg/330px-ThermostatinBurkesOutlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/ThermostatinBurkesOutlet.jpg/440px-ThermostatinBurkesOutlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Honeywell electronic thermostat in a retail store</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>thermostat</b> is a regulating device component which senses the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Physical_system" title="Physical system">physical system</a> and performs actions so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired <a href="/wiki/Setpoint_(control_system)" title="Setpoint (control system)">setpoint</a>. </p><p>Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature. Examples include building <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heaters</a>, as well as kitchen equipment including <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">ovens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a> and medical and scientific <a href="/wiki/Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">incubators</a>. In scientific literature, these devices are often broadly classified as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). Thermostatically controlled loads comprise roughly 50% of the overall electricity demand in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A thermostat operates as a <a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed-loop control">"closed loop" control</a> device, as it seeks to reduce the error between the desired and measured temperatures. Sometimes a thermostat combines both the sensing and control action elements of a controlled system, such as in an automotive thermostat. The word thermostat is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> words θερμός <i>thermos</i>, "hot" and στατός <i>statos</i>, "standing, stationary". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A thermostat exerts control by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or by regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. A thermostat can often be the main control unit for a heating or cooling system, in applications ranging from ambient air control to automotive coolant control. Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature. Examples include building <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">heating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioners</a>, kitchen equipment such as <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">ovens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Refrigerator" title="Refrigerator">refrigerators</a>, and medical and scientific <a href="/wiki/Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">incubators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_and_control">Construction and control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermostats use different types of <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use <a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">bimetallic strips</a>, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the heating or cooling sources. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistor</a> or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals, to control the heating or cooling equipment. </p><p>Conventional thermostats are example of "<a href="/wiki/Bang%E2%80%93bang_control" title="Bang–bang control">bang-bang controllers</a>" as the controlled system either operates at full capacity once the setpoint is reached, or keeps completely off. Although it is the simplest program to implement, such control method requires to include some <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> in order to prevent excessively rapid cycling of the equipment around the setpoint. As a consequence, conventional thermostats cannot control temperatures very precisely. Instead, there are oscillations of a certain magnitude, usually 1-2 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such control is in general inaccurate, inefficient and high-level mechanical wear, but for components like compressors, it still has a significant cost advantage compared with more advanced ones allowing continuously variable capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another consideration is the time delay of the controlled system. To improve the control performance of the system, thermostats can include an "anticipator", which stops heating/cooling slightly earlier than reaching the setpoint, as the system will continue to produce heat for a short while.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning off exactly at the setpoint will cause actual temperature to exceed the desired range, known as "<a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(signal)" title="Overshoot (signal)">overshoot</a>". Bimetallic sensors can include a physical "anticipator", which has a thin wire touched on the thermostat. When current passes the wire, a small amount of heat is generated and transferred to the bimetallic coil. Electronic thermostats have an electronic equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When higher control precision is required, a <a href="/wiki/PID_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="PID controller">PID</a> or <a href="/wiki/Model_predictive_control" title="Model predictive control">MPC</a> controller is preferred. However, they are nowadays mainly adopted for industrial purposes, for example, for semiconductor manufacturing factories or museums. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sensor_types">Sensor types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sensor types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_cutoff" title="Thermal cutoff">Thermal cutoff</a></div> <p>Early technologies included mercury thermometers with electrodes inserted directly through the glass, so that when a certain (fixed) temperature was reached the contacts would be closed by the mercury. These were accurate to within a degree of temperature. </p><p>Common sensor technologies in use today include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bimetal" title="Bimetal">Bimetallic</a> mechanical or electrical sensors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_thermostatic_element" title="Wax thermostatic element">Expanding wax pellets</a></li> <li>Electronic <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor devices">semiconductor devices</a></li> <li>Electrical <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a></li></ul> <p>These may then control the heating or cooling apparatus using: </p> <ul><li>Direct mechanical control</li> <li>Electrical signals</li> <li>Pneumatic signals</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the earliest recorded examples of thermostatic control were built by a Dutch innovator, <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Drebbel" title="Cornelis Drebbel">Cornelis Drebbel</a> (1572–1633), about 1620 in England. He invented a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/incubator" class="extiw" title="wikt:incubator">incubator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is one of the first recorded <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback-controlled</a> devices. </p><p>Modern thermostatic control was developed in the 1830s by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ure" title="Andrew Ure">Andrew Ure</a> (1778–1857), a Scottish chemist. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Warren_S._Johnson" title="Warren S. Johnson">Warren S. Johnson</a> (1847–1911), of <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later sought a patent for the first multi-zone thermostatic control system.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Butz" title="Albert Butz">Albert Butz</a> (1849–1905) invented the electric thermostat and patented it in 1886. </p><p>One of the first industrial uses of the thermostat was in the regulation of the temperature in poultry incubators. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Hearson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Hearson (page does not exist)">Charles Hearson</a>, a British engineer, designed the first modern <a href="/wiki/Incubator_(egg)" title="Incubator (egg)">incubator</a> for eggs, which was taken up for use on poultry farms in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanical_thermostats">Mechanical thermostats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mechanical thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This covers only devices which both sense and control using purely mechanical means. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bimetal">Bimetal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bimetal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Domestic water and steam based central heating systems have traditionally been controlled by bi-metallic strip thermostats, and this is dealt with later in this article. Purely mechanical control has been localised <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> or hot-water <a href="/wiki/Radiator" title="Radiator">radiator</a> bi-metallic thermostats which <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/regulate" class="extiw" title="wikt:regulate">regulated</a> the individual flow. However, <a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">thermostatic radiator valves</a> (TRV) are now being widely used. </p><p>Purely mechanical thermostats are used to regulate dampers in some rooftop turbine vents, reducing building heat loss in cool or cold periods. </p><p>Some automobile passenger heating systems have a thermostatically controlled valve to regulate the water flow and temperature to an adjustable level. In older vehicles the thermostat controls the application of engine vacuum to actuators that control water valves and flappers to direct the flow of air. In modern vehicles, the vacuum actuators may be operated by small <a href="/wiki/Solenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenoids">solenoids</a> under the control of a central computer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wax_pellet">Wax pellet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wax pellet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automotive">Automotive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Automotive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wax_thermostatic_element" title="Wax thermostatic element">Wax thermostatic element</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carthermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Carthermostat.jpg/220px-Carthermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Carthermostat.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Car engine thermostat</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the most common example of purely mechanical thermostat technology in use today is the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> cooling system thermostat, used to maintain the engine near its optimum <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a> by regulating the flow of <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a> to an air-cooled <a href="/wiki/Radiator_(engine_cooling)" title="Radiator (engine cooling)">radiator</a>. This type of thermostat operates using a sealed chamber containing a wax pellet that melts and expands at a set temperature. The expansion of the chamber operates a rod which opens a <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valve</a> when the operating temperature is exceeded. The operating temperature is determined by the composition of the wax. Once the operating temperature is reached, the thermostat progressively increases or decreases its opening in response to temperature changes, dynamically balancing the coolant recirculation flow and coolant flow to the radiator to maintain the engine temperature in the optimum range. </p><p>On many automobile engines, including all Chrysler Group and General Motors products, the thermostat does not restrict flow to the heater core. The passenger side tank of the radiator is used as a bypass to the thermostat, flowing through the heater core. This prevents formation of steam pockets before the thermostat opens, and allows the heater to function before the thermostat opens. Another benefit is that there is still some flow through the radiator if the thermostat fails. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shower_and_other_hot_water_controls">Shower and other hot water controls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shower and other hot water controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">thermostatic mixing valve</a> uses a wax pellet to control the mixing of hot and cold water. A common application is to permit operation of an electric water heater at a temperature hot enough to kill <i><a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a></i> bacteria (above 60 °C, 140 °F), while the output of the valve produces water that is cool enough to not immediately scald (49 °C, 120 °F). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wax pellet driven valve can be analyzed through graphing the wax pellet's <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> which consists of two thermal expansion curves; extension (motion) vs. temperature increase, and contraction (motion) vs. temperature decrease. The spread between the up and down curves visually illustrate the valve's hysteresis; there is always hysteresis within wax driven valves due to the <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase change</a> between solids and liquids. Hysteresis can be controlled with specialized blended mixes of hydrocarbons; tight hysteresis is what most desire, however some applications require broader ranges. Wax pellet driven valves are used in anti scald, freeze protection, over-temp purge, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_thermal_energy_or_solar_thermal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar thermal energy or solar thermal (page does not exist)">solar thermal energy or solar thermal</a>, automotive, and aerospace applications among many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_expansion">Gas expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gas expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thermostats are sometimes used to regulate gas ovens. It consists of a gas-filled bulb connected to the control unit by a slender copper tube. The bulb is normally located at the top of the oven. The tube ends in a chamber sealed by a diaphragm. As the thermostat heats up, the gas expands applying pressure to the diaphragm which reduces the flow of gas to the burner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pneumatic_thermostats">Pneumatic thermostats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pneumatic thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatic</a> thermostat is a thermostat that controls a heating or cooling system via a series of air-filled control tubes. This "control air" system responds to the pressure changes (due to temperature) in the control tube to activate heating or cooling when required. The control air typically is maintained on "mains" at 15-18 <a href="/wiki/Pounds_per_square_inch" class="mw-redirect" title="Pounds per square inch">psi</a> (although usually operable up to 20 psi). Pneumatic thermostats typically provide output/ branch/ post-restrictor (for single-pipe operation) pressures of 3-15 psi which is piped to the end device (valve/ damper actuator/ pneumatic-electric switch, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren Johnson in 1895<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim was awarded a patent for a pneumatic-to-digital interface<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that allows pneumatically controlled buildings to be integrated with building automation systems to provide similar benefits as <a href="/wiki/Direct_digital_control" title="Direct digital control">direct digital control</a> (DDC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_and_analog_electronic_thermostats">Electrical and analog electronic thermostats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electrical and analog electronic thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bimetallic_switching_thermostats">Bimetallic switching thermostats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bimetallic switching thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OfficeThermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/OfficeThermostat.jpg/220px-OfficeThermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/OfficeThermostat.jpg/330px-OfficeThermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/OfficeThermostat.jpg/440px-OfficeThermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Bimetallic thermostat for buildings.</figcaption></figure> <p>Water and steam based central heating systems have traditionally had overall control by wall-mounted bi-metallic strip thermostats. These sense the air temperature using the differential expansion of two metals to actuate an on/off switch.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically the central system would be switched on when the temperature drops below the setpoint on the thermostat, and switched off when it rises above, with a few degrees of <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> to prevent excessive switching. Bi-metallic sensing is now being superseded by electronic <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a>. A principal use of the bi-metallic thermostat today is in individual electric convection heaters, where control is on/off, based on the local air temperature and the setpoint desired by the user. These are also used on air-conditioners, where local control is required. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contact_configuration_nomenclature">Contact configuration nomenclature</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Contact configuration nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This follows the same nomenclature as described in <a href="/wiki/Relay#Terminology" title="Relay">Relay § Terminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switch#Contact_terminology" title="Switch">Switch § Contact terminology</a>. A thermostat is considered to be activated by thermal energy, thus “normal” refers to the state in which temperature is below the setpoint. </p> <ul><li>"NO" stands for "normally open". This is the same as "COR" ("close on rise"). May be used to start a fan when it is becoming hot, and to stop the fan when it has become cold enough.</li> <li>"NC" stands for "normally closed". This is the same as "OOR" ("open on rise"). May be used to start a heater when it is becoming cold, and to stop the heater when it has become warm enough.</li> <li>"CO" stands for "change over". This serves both as "NO" and "NC". May be used to start a fan when it is becoming hot, but also (on the opposite terminal), to start a heater when it is becoming cold.</li></ul> <p>Any leading number stands for number of contact sets, like "1NO", "1NC" for one contact set with two terminals. "1CO" will also have one contact set, even if it is a switch-over with three terminals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_two_wire_thermostats">Simple two wire thermostats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Simple two wire thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WPThermostat_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WPThermostat_new.jpg/220px-WPThermostat_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WPThermostat_new.jpg/330px-WPThermostat_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/WPThermostat_new.jpg/440px-WPThermostat_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Millivolt thermostat mechanism</figcaption></figure> <p>The illustration is the interior of a common two wire heat-only household thermostat, used to regulate a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a>-fired heater via an electric gas valve. Similar mechanisms may also be used to control oil furnaces, boilers, boiler <a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">zone valves</a>, electric attic fans, electric furnaces, electric baseboard heaters, and household appliances such as refrigerators, coffee pots and hair dryers. The power through the thermostat is provided by the heating device and may range from <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">millivolts</a> to 240 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> in common North American construction, and is used to control the heating system either directly (electric baseboard heaters and some electric furnaces) or indirectly (all gas, oil and forced hot water systems). <i>Due to the variety of possible <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">currents</a> available at the thermostat, caution must be taken when selecting a replacement device.</i> </p> <ol><li>Setpoint control <a href="/wiki/Lever" title="Lever">lever</a>. This is moved to the right for a higher temperature. The round indicator pin in the center of the second slot shows through a numbered slot in the outer case.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimetallic_strip" title="Bimetallic strip">Bimetallic strip</a> wound into a coil. The center of the coil is attached to a rotating post attached to lever (1). As the coil gets colder the moving end — carrying (4) — moves <a href="/wiki/Clockwise_and_counterclockwise" class="mw-redirect" title="Clockwise and counterclockwise">clockwise</a>.</li> <li>Flexible wire. The left side is connected via one wire of a pair to the heater control valve.</li> <li>Moving contact attached to the bimetal coil. Thence, to the heater's controller.</li> <li>Fixed contact screw. This is adjusted by the <a href="/wiki/Manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufacturer">manufacturer</a>. It is connected electrically by a second wire of the pair to the thermocouple and the heater's electrically operated gas valve.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">Magnet</a>. This ensures a good contact when the contact closes. It also provides <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> to prevent short heating cycles, as the temperature must be raised several <a href="/wiki/Degree_(temperature)" title="Degree (temperature)">degrees</a> before the contacts will open. As an alternative, some thermostats instead use a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_switch" title="Mercury switch">mercury switch</a> on the end of the bimetal coil. The weight of the mercury on the end of the coil tends to keep it there, also preventing short heating cycles. However, this type of thermostat is banned in many countries due to its highly and permanently <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> nature if broken. When replacing these thermostats they must be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_waste" title="Chemical waste">chemical waste</a>.</li></ol> <p>Not shown in the illustration is a separate bimetal thermometer on the outer case to show the actual temperature at the thermostat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Millivolt_thermostats">Millivolt thermostats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Millivolt thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As illustrated in the use of the thermostat above, all of the power for the control system is provided by a <a href="/wiki/Thermopile" title="Thermopile">thermopile</a> which is a combination of many stacked thermocouples, heated by the pilot light. The thermopile produces sufficient electrical power to drive a low-power gas valve, which under control of one or more thermostat switches, in turn controls the input of fuel to the burner. </p><p>This type of device is generally considered obsolete as pilot lights can waste a surprising amount of gas (in the same way a dripping faucet can waste a large amount of water over an extended period), and are also no longer used on stoves, but are still to be found in many gas water heaters and gas fireplaces. Their poor efficiency is acceptable in water heaters, since most of the energy "wasted" on the pilot still represents a direct heat gain for the water tank. The Millivolt system also makes it unnecessary for a special electrical circuit to be run to the water heater or furnace; these systems are often completely self-sufficient and can run without any external electrical power supply. For tankless "on demand" water heaters, pilot ignition is preferable because it is faster than hot-surface ignition and more reliable than spark ignition. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">programmable thermostats</a> - those that offer simple "millivolt" or "two-wire" modes - will control these systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="24-volt_thermostats">24-volt thermostats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 24-volt thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of modern heating/cooling/heat pump thermostats operate on low voltage (typically 24 volts <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">AC</a>) control circuits. The source of the 24 volt AC power is a control transformer installed as part of the heating/cooling equipment. The advantage of the low voltage control system is the ability to operate multiple electromechanical switching devices such as <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a>, contactors, and sequencers using inherently safe voltage and current levels.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Built into the thermostat is a provision for enhanced temperature control using anticipation. A heat anticipator generates a small amount of additional heat to the sensing element while the heating appliance is operating. This opens the heating contacts slightly early to prevent the space temperature from greatly overshooting the thermostat setting. A mechanical heat anticipator is generally adjustable and should be set to the current flowing in the heating control circuit when the system is operating. A cooling anticipator generates a small amount of additional heat to the sensing element while the cooling appliance is not operating. This causes the contacts to energize the cooling equipment slightly early, preventing the space temperature from climbing excessively. Cooling anticipators are generally non-adjustable. </p><p>Electromechanical thermostats use resistance elements as anticipators. Most electronic thermostats use either thermistor devices or integrated logic elements for the anticipation function. In some electronic thermostats, the thermistor anticipator may be located outdoors, providing a variable anticipation depending on the outdoor temperature. Thermostat enhancements include outdoor temperature display, programmability, and system fault indication. While such 24 volt thermostats are incapable of operating a furnace when the mains power fails, most such furnaces require mains power for heated air fans (and often also hot-surface or electronic spark ignition) rendering moot the functionality of the thermostat. In other circumstances such as piloted wall and "gravity" (fanless) floor and central heaters the low voltage system described previously may be capable of remaining functional when electrical power is unavailable. </p><p>There are no standards for wiring color codes, but convention has settled on the following terminal codes and colors.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all cases, the manufacturer's instructions should be considered definitive. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Terminal code </th> <th>Color </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>Red </td> <td>24 volt (Return line to appliance; often strapped to Rh and Rc) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rh </td> <td>Red </td> <td>24 volt HEAT load (Return line Heat) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rc </td> <td>Red </td> <td>24 volt COOL load (Return line Cool) </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>Black/Blue/Brown/Cyan </td> <td>24 volt Common connection to relays </td></tr> <tr> <td>W / W1 </td> <td>White </td> <td>Heat </td></tr> <tr> <td>W2 </td> <td>Varies/White/Black </td> <td>2nd Stage / Backup Heat </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y / Y1 </td> <td>Yellow </td> <td>Cool </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y2 </td> <td>Blue/Orange/Purple/Yellow/White </td> <td>2nd Stage Cool </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>Green </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (mechanical)">Fan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O </td> <td>Varies/Orange/Black </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a> Energize to Cool (Heat Pump) </td></tr> <tr> <td>B </td> <td>Varies/Blue/Black/Brown/Orange </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a> Energize to Heat (Heat Pump) or Common </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Varies/Blue/Pink/Gray/Tan </td> <td>Emergency Heat (Heat Pump) </td></tr> <tr> <td>S1/S2 </td> <td>Brown/Black/Blue </td> <td>Temperature Sensor (Usually outdoors on a Heat Pump System) </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Varies/Tan/Gray </td> <td>Outdoor Anticipator Reset, Thermistor </td></tr> <tr> <td>X </td> <td>Varies/Black </td> <td>Emergency Heat (Heat Pump) or Common </td></tr> <tr> <td>X2 </td> <td>Varies </td> <td>2nd stage/emergency heating or indicator lights </td></tr> <tr> <td>L </td> <td>Varies </td> <td>Service Light </td></tr> <tr> <td>U </td> <td>Varies </td> <td>User programmable (usually for humidifier) </td></tr> <tr> <td>K </td> <td>Yellow/Green </td> <td>Combined Y and G </td></tr> <tr> <td>PS </td> <td>Varies </td> <td>Pipe Sensor for two pipe heat/cool systems </td></tr> <tr> <td>V </td> <td>Varies </td> <td>Variable speed (many can function as W2) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Older, mostly deprecated designations: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Terminal code </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>5 / V </td> <td>24 volt ac supply </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 / M </td> <td>24 volt HEAT load </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 / blank </td> <td>Not heat to close valve </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>Cool fan relay or Fault light </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>Heat fan relay </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Heat valve </td></tr> <tr> <td>M </td> <td>Heat Pump compressor </td></tr> <tr> <td>P </td> <td>Heat Pump defrost </td></tr> <tr> <td>R </td> <td>Heat pump reversing valve </td></tr> <tr> <td>VR </td> <td>24 volt auxiliary heat </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y </td> <td>Auxiliary heat </td></tr> <tr> <td>C </td> <td>Clock power (usually two terminals) or Cool relay </td></tr> <tr> <td>T </td> <td>Transformer common </td></tr> <tr> <td>Z </td> <td>Fan power source for "Auto" connection </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Line-voltage_thermostats">Line-voltage thermostats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Line-voltage thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Line voltage thermostats are most commonly used for electric space heaters such as a <a href="/wiki/Baseboard" title="Baseboard">baseboard</a> heater or a direct-wired electric furnace. If a line voltage thermostat is used, system power (in the United States, 120 or 240 volts) is directly switched by the thermostat. With switching <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> often exceeding 40 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a>, using a low voltage thermostat on a line voltage circuit will result at least in the failure of the thermostat and possibly a fire. Line voltage thermostats are sometimes used in other applications, such as the control of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan-coil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan-coil (page does not exist)">fan-coil</a> (fan powered from line voltage blowing through a coil of tubing which is either heated or cooled by a larger system) units in large systems using centralized <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">chillers</a>, or to control circulation pumps in hydronic heating applications. </p><p>Some programmable thermostats are available to control line-voltage systems. Baseboard heaters will especially benefit from a programmable thermostat which is capable of continuous control (as are at least some <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> models), effectively controlling the heater like a lamp dimmer, and gradually increasing and decreasing heating to ensure an extremely constant room temperature (continuous control rather than relying on the averaging effects of hysteresis). Systems which include a fan (electric furnaces, wall heaters, etc.) must typically use simple on/off controls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_electronic_thermostats">Digital electronic thermostats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Digital electronic thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electronic_Thermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Electronic_Thermostat.jpg/220px-Electronic_Thermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Electronic_Thermostat.jpg/330px-Electronic_Thermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Electronic_Thermostat.jpg/440px-Electronic_Thermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Residential digital thermostat</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lux_Products_Touch_Screen_Thermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lux_Products_Touch_Screen_Thermostat.jpg/220px-Lux_Products_Touch_Screen_Thermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lux_Products_Touch_Screen_Thermostat.jpg/330px-Lux_Products_Touch_Screen_Thermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Lux_Products_Touch_Screen_Thermostat.jpg/440px-Lux_Products_Touch_Screen_Thermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lux_Products" title="Lux Products">Lux Products</a>' Model TX9000TS Touch Screen Thermostat.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lux_Products_WIN100_Thermostat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lux_Products_WIN100_Thermostat.jpg/220px-Lux_Products_WIN100_Thermostat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lux_Products_WIN100_Thermostat.jpg/330px-Lux_Products_WIN100_Thermostat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lux_Products_WIN100_Thermostat.jpg/440px-Lux_Products_WIN100_Thermostat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Lux Products WIN100 Heating & Cooling Programmable Outlet Thermostat shown with control door closed and open.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newer <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> thermostats have no <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_(technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanism (technology)">moving parts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Measurement" title="Measurement">measure</a> temperature and instead rely on <a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">thermistors</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor devices">semiconductor devices</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Resistance_thermometer" title="Resistance thermometer">resistance thermometer</a> (resistance temperature detector). Typically one or more regular <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> must be installed to operate it, although some so-called "power stealing" digital thermostats (operated for <a href="/wiki/Energy_harvesting" title="Energy harvesting">energy harvesting</a>) use the common 24-volt AC circuits as a power source, but will not operate on <a href="/wiki/Thermopile" title="Thermopile">thermopile</a> powered "millivolt" circuits used in some furnaces. Each has an <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">LCD</a> screen showing the current temperature, and the current setting. Most also have a <a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">clock</a>, and time-of-day and even day-of-week settings for the temperature, used for <a href="/wiki/Comfort" title="Comfort">comfort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a>. Some advanced models have <a href="/wiki/Touch_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">touch screens</a>, or the ability to work with <a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">home automation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">building automation</a> systems. </p><p>Digital thermostats use either a relay or a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">semiconductor device</a> such as <a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">triac</a> to act as a switch to control the <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">HVAC</a> unit. Units with relays will operate millivolt systems, but often make an audible "click" noise when switching on or off. </p><p>HVAC systems with the ability to modulate their output can be combined with thermostats that have a built-in <a href="/wiki/PID_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="PID controller">PID controller</a> to achieve smoother operation. There are also modern thermostats featuring adaptive algorithms to further improve the inertia prone system behaviour. For instance, setting those up so that the temperature in the morning at 7 a.m. should be 21 °C (69.8 °F), makes sure that at that time the temperature will be 21 °C (69.8 °F), where a conventional thermostat would just start working at that time. The algorithms decide at what time the system should be activated in order to reach the desired temperature at the desired time.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other thermostat used for process/industrial control where on/off control is not suitable the PID control can also makes sure that the temperature is very stable (for instance, by reducing overshoots by fine tuning PID constants for set value (SV)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or maintaining temperature in a band by deploying hysteresis control.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Most digital thermostats in common residential use in North America and Europe are <a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">programmable thermostats</a>, which will typically provide a 30% energy savings if left with their default programs; adjustments to these defaults may increase or reduce energy savings.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">programmable thermostat</a> article provides basic information on the operation, selection and installation of such a thermostat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thermostats_and_HVAC_operation">Thermostats and HVAC operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Thermostats and HVAC operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ignition_sequences_in_modern_conventional_systems">Ignition sequences in modern conventional systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ignition sequences in modern conventional systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Gas</dt> <dd> <ol><li>Start draft inducer fan/blower (if the furnace is relatively recent) to create a column of air flowing up the chimney</li> <li>Heat ignitor or start spark-ignition system</li> <li>Open gas valve to ignite main burners</li> <li>Wait (if furnace is relatively recent) until the <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> is at proper operating temperature before starting main blower fan or circulator pump</li></ol></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Oil</dt> <dd>Similar to gas, except rather than opening a valve, the furnace will start an oil pump to inject oil into the burner</dd> <dt>Electric</dt> <dd>The blower fan or circulator pump will be started, and a large electromechanical relay or <a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a> will turn on the <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating elements</a></dd> <dt>Coal, grain or pellet</dt> <dd>Generally rare today (though grains such as corn, wheat, and barley, or pellets made of wood, bark, or cardboard are increasing in popularity); similar to gas, except rather than opening a valve, the furnace will start a <a href="/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw" title="Archimedes' screw">screw</a> to drive coal/grain/pellets into the firebox</dd></dl> <p>With non-zoned (typical residential, one thermostat for the whole house) systems, when the thermostat's R (or Rh) and W terminals are connected, the furnace will go through its start-up procedure and produce heat. </p><p>With zoned systems (some residential, many commercial systems — several thermostats controlling different "zones" in the building), the thermostat will cause small electric motors to open valves or dampers and start the furnace or boiler if it is not already running. </p><p>Most programmable thermostats will control these systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combination_heating/cooling_regulation"><span id="Combination_heating.2Fcooling_regulation"></span>Combination heating/cooling regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Combination heating/cooling regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on what is being controlled, a <a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">forced-air</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> thermostat generally has an external <a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switch</a> for heat/off/cool, and another on/auto to turn the <a href="/wiki/Fan_(mechanical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fan (mechanical)">blower fan</a> on constantly or only when heating and cooling are running. Four <a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wires</a> come to the centrally-located thermostat from the main heating/cooling unit (usually located in a <a href="/wiki/Closet" title="Closet">closet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basement" title="Basement">basement</a>, or occasionally in the <a href="/wiki/Attic" title="Attic">attic</a>): One wire, usually red, supplies 24 volts AC power to the thermostat, while the other three supply control signals from the thermostat, usually white for heat, yellow for cooling, and green to turn on the blower fan. The power is supplied by a <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a>, and when the thermostat makes contact between the 24 volt power and one or two of the other wires, a relay back at the heating/cooling unit activates the corresponding heat/fan/cool function of the unit(s). </p><p>A thermostat, when set to "cool", will only turn on when the ambient temperature of the surrounding room is above the set temperature. Thus, if the controlled space has a temperature normally above the desired setting when the heating/cooling system is off, it would be wise to keep the thermostat set to "cool", despite what the temperature is outside. On the other hand, if the temperature of the controlled area falls below the desired degree, then it is advisable to turn the thermostat to "heat". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat_pump_regulation">Heat pump regulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Heat pump regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv/220px--Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="187" data-mwtitle="Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="532" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv/Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="532" data-height="300" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv/Thermostat-engineerguy.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Thermostat design</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">heat pump</a> is a refrigeration based appliance which reverses refrigerant flow between the indoor and outdoor coils. This is done by energizing a <a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">reversing valve</a> (also known as a "4-way" or "change-over" valve). During cooling, the indoor coil is an evaporator removing heat from the indoor air and transferring it to the outdoor coil where it is rejected to the outdoor air. During heating, the outdoor coil becomes the evaporator and heat is removed from the outdoor air and transferred to the indoor air through the indoor coil. The reversing valve, controlled by the thermostat, causes the change-over from heat to cool. Residential heat pump thermostats generally have an "O" terminal to energize the reversing valve in cooling. Some residential and many commercial heat pump thermostats use a "B" terminal to energize the reversing valve in heating. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as outdoor temperatures fall. At some outdoor temperature (called the balance point) the ability of the refrigeration system to transfer heat into the building falls below the heating needs of the building. A typical heat pump is fitted with electric heating elements to supplement the refrigeration heat when the outdoor temperature is below this balance point. Operation of the supplemental heat is controlled by a second stage heating contact in the heat pump thermostat. During heating, the outdoor coil is operating at a temperature below the outdoor temperature and condensation on the coil may take place. This condensation may then freeze onto the coil, reducing its heat transfer capacity. Heat pumps therefore have a provision for occasional defrost of the outdoor coil. This is done by reversing the cycle to the cooling mode, shutting off the outdoor fan, and energizing the electric heating elements. The electric heat in defrost mode is needed to keep the system from blowing cold air inside the building. The elements are then used in the "reheat" function. Although the thermostat may indicate the system is in defrost and electric heat is activated, the defrost function is not controlled by the thermostat. Since the heat pump has electric heat elements for supplemental and reheats, the heat pump thermostat provides for use of the electric heat elements should the refrigeration system fail. This function is normally activated by an "E" terminal on the thermostat. When in emergency heat, the thermostat makes no attempt to operate the compressor or outdoor fan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermostat_location">Thermostat location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Thermostat location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The thermostat should not be located on an outside wall or where it could be exposed to direct sunlight at any time during the day. It should be located away from the room's cooling or heating vents or device, yet exposed to general airflow from the room(s) to be regulated.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An open hallway may be most appropriate for a single zone system, where living rooms and bedrooms are operated as a single zone. If the hallway may be closed by doors from the regulated spaces then these should be left open when the system is in use. If the thermostat is too close to the source controlled then the system will tend to "short a cycle", and numerous starts and stops can be annoying and in some cases shorten equipment life. A multiple zoned system can save considerable energy by regulating individual spaces, allowing unused rooms to vary in temperature by turning off the heating and cooling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setback_temperature">Setback temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Setback temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HVAC systems take a long time, usually one to several hours, to cool down or warm up the space from near outdoor conditions in summer or winter. Thus, it is a common practice to set setback temperatures when the space is not occupied (night and/or holidays). On the one hand, compared with maintaining at the original setpoint, substantial energy consumption can be saved.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, compared with turning off the system completely, it avoids room temperature drifting too much from the comfort zone, thus reducing the time of possible discomfort when the space is again occupied. New thermostats are mostly programmable and include an internal clock that allows this setback feature to be easily incorporated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dummy_thermostats">Dummy thermostats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dummy thermostats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been reported that many thermostats in office buildings are non-functional dummy devices, installed to give tenants' employees an <a href="/wiki/Illusion_of_control" title="Illusion of control">illusion of control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dummy thermostats are in effect a type of <a href="/wiki/Placebo_button" title="Placebo button">placebo button</a>. However, these thermostats are often used to detect the temperature in the zone, even though their controls are disabled. This function is often referred to as "lockout".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a> (and Wi-Fi thermostat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic control">Automatic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-off_control" class="mw-redirect" title="On-off control">On-off control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermostat&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Energy Information Administration, <i>Residential energy consumption survey,</i> U.S. Dept. Energy, Washington, DC, Tech. Rep., 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFthermostathub2023" class="citation web cs1">thermostathub (June 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thermostathub.com/danfoss-wireless-thermostat/">"Easy Home Heating: Get Started with the Danfoss Wireless Thermostat"</a>. <i>Thermostat Hub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=panasonic.com&rft.atitle=Temperature+Controllers+Using+Hysteresis&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fna.industrial.panasonic.com%2Fblog%2Ftemperature-controllers-using-hysteresis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermostat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/prod_development/revisions/downloads/thermostats/Summary.pdf">"Summary of Research Findings From the Programmable Thermostat Market"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Energy Star<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+Research+Findings+From+the+Programmable+Thermostat+Market&rft.pub=Energy+Star&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energystar.gov%2Fia%2Fpartners%2Fprod_development%2Frevisions%2Fdownloads%2Fthermostats%2FSummary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermostat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKMC_Controls" class="citation web cs1">KMC Controls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmccontrols.com/wp-content/uploads/kmc_documents/AG_Sensor_Mounting_AG150119F.pdf">"Room Sensor and Thermostat: Mounting and Maintenance Application Guide"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Room+Sensor+and+Thermostat%3A+Mounting+and+Maintenance+Application+Guide&rft.au=KMC+Controls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmccontrols.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fkmc_documents%2FAG_Sensor_Mounting_AG150119F.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermostat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoonHan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Moon, Jin Woo; Han, Seung-Hoon (February 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378778810003440">"Thermostat strategies impact on energy consumption in residential buildings"</a>. <i>Energy and Buildings</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 338–346. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EneBu..43..338M">2011EneBu..43..338M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2010.09.024">10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.024</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-7788">0378-7788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+and+Buildings&rft.atitle=Thermostat+strategies+impact+on+energy+consumption+in+residential+buildings&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=338-346&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.issn=0378-7788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2010.09.024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011EneBu..43..338M&rft.aulast=Moon&rft.aufirst=Jin+Woo&rft.au=Han%2C+Seung-Hoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0378778810003440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermostat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg2003" class="citation news cs1">Sandberg, Jared (January 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1042577628591401304">"Employees Only Think They Control Thermostat"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Employees+Only+Think+They+Control+Thermostat&rft.date=2003-01-15&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB1042577628591401304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermostat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatrina_C._Arabe2003" class="citation web cs1">Katrina C. Arabe (April 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2003/04/dummy_thermosta.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Dummy" Thermostats Cool Down Tempers, Not Temperatures"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Dummy%22+Thermostats+Cool+Down+Tempers%2C+Not+Temperatures&rft.date=2003-04-11&rft.au=Katrina+C.+Arabe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.thomasnet.com%2FIMT%2Farchives%2F2003%2F04%2Fdummy_thermosta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThermostat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example datasheet of current art thermostat, exhibiting lockout functionality : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cgproducts.johnsoncontrols.com/MET_PDF/12011079.pdf">http://cgproducts.johnsoncontrols.com/MET_PDF/12011079.pdf</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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.side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thermostats" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thermostats">Thermostats</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritetemp-thermostats.com/Professional%20reference%20guide%2021dec07.pdf">Professional Reference Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=diEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1951+%22bed+bikes%22&pg=RA1-PA48"><i> "How A Thermostat Tends Your Furnance" </i></a> 1951 article on the basics of the automatic furnace thermostats—this reference has good drawings and illustrations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.concord.org/energy2d/thermostat.html">How the Sun Affects a Thermostat (Energy2D: Online Java Simulation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernatherm.com/thermal_valves.html">"How Wax Pellet Thermostatic Valves Function" An Illustration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807205311/http://www.vernatherm.com/thermal_valves.html">Archived</a> August 7, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernatherm.com/thermal_actuators.html">"Diagrams of Wax Motors i.e. "Wax Pellets""</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170715133729/http://www.vernatherm.com/thermal_actuators.html">Archived</a> July 15, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vernatherm.com/conduction_thermostats.html?fdall=true">"Animation of Bimetallic Switch"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170826023543/http://www.vernatherm.com/conduction_thermostats.html?fdall=true">Archived</a> August 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMOS_logic" title="PMOS logic">PMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BiCMOS" title="BiCMOS">BiCMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">Complementary MOS</a> (CMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depletion-load_NMOS_logic" title="Depletion-load NMOS logic">Depletion-load NMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FinFET" class="mw-redirect" title="FinFET">Fin field-effect transistor</a> (FinFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">Floating-gate MOSFET</a> (FGMOS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated-gate_bipolar_transistor" title="Insulated-gate bipolar transistor">Insulated-gate bipolar transistor</a> (IGBT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDMOS" title="LDMOS">LDMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOS field-effect transistor</a> (MOSFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigate_device" title="Multigate device">Multi-gate field-effect transistor</a> (MuGFET)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin-film_transistor" title="Thin-film transistor">Thin-film transistor</a> (TFT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMOS" title="VMOS">VMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET#UMOS" title="Power MOSFET">UMOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">Other <br />transistors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">Bipolar junction transistor</a> (BJT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_transistor" title="Darlington transistor">Darlington transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_junction_transistor" title="Diffused junction transistor">Diffused junction transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">Field-effect transistor</a> (FET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JFET" title="JFET">Junction Gate FET (JFET)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_field-effect_transistor" title="Organic field-effect transistor">Organic FET (OFET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_transistor" title="Light-emitting transistor">Light-emitting transistor</a> (LET) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organic_light-emitting_transistor" title="Organic light-emitting transistor">Organic LET (OLET)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode_transistor" title="Pentode transistor">Pentode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-contact_transistor" title="Point-contact transistor">Point-contact transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_unijunction_transistor" title="Programmable unijunction transistor">Programmable unijunction transistor</a> (PUT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_transistor" title="Static induction transistor">Static induction transistor</a> (SIT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode_transistor" title="Tetrode transistor">Tetrode transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unijunction_transistor" title="Unijunction transistor">Unijunction transistor</a> (UJT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diode" title="Diode">Diodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_diode" title="Avalanche diode">Avalanche diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-current_diode" title="Constant-current diode">Constant-current diode</a> (CLD, CRD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunn_diode" title="Gunn diode">Gunn diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">Laser diode</a> (LD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">Light-emitting diode</a> (LED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">Organic light-emitting diode</a> (OLED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">Photodiode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIN_diode" title="PIN diode">PIN diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottky_diode" title="Schottky diode">Schottky diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Step_recovery_diode" title="Step recovery diode">Step recovery diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_diode" title="Zener diode">Zener diode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">Printed electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIAC" title="DIAC">DIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterostructure_barrier_varactor" title="Heterostructure barrier varactor">Heterostructure barrier varactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> (IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_integrated_circuit" title="Hybrid integrated circuit">Hybrid integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_emitting_capacitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light emitting capacitor">Light emitting capacitor</a> (LEC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memistor" title="Memistor">Memistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memristor" title="Memristor">Memristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memtransistor" title="Memtransistor">Memtransistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_cell_(computing)" title="Memory cell (computing)">Memory cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-oxide_varistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal-oxide varistor">Metal-oxide varistor</a> (MOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-signal_integrated_circuit" title="Mixed-signal integrated circuit">Mixed-signal integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a> (MOS IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_semiconductor" title="Organic semiconductor">Organic semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodetector" title="Photodetector">Photodetector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_circuit" title="Quantum circuit">Quantum circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_CMOS" title="RF CMOS">RF CMOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier" title="Silicon controlled rectifier">Silicon controlled rectifier</a> (SCR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaristor" title="Solaristor">Solaristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_induction_thyristor" title="Static induction thyristor">Static induction thyristor</a> (SITh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional_integrated_circuit" title="Three-dimensional integrated circuit">Three-dimensional integrated circuit</a> (3D IC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyristor" title="Thyristor">Thyristor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trancitor" title="Trancitor">Trancitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIAC" title="TRIAC">TRIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator" title="Voltage regulator">Voltage regulators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_regulator" title="Linear regulator">Linear regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-dropout_regulator" title="Low-dropout regulator">Low-dropout regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switching_regulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Switching regulator">Switching regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_converter" title="Buck converter">Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boost_converter" title="Boost converter">Boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck%E2%80%93boost_converter" title="Buck–boost converter">Buck–boost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-pi_topology" title="Split-pi topology">Split-pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%86uk_converter" title="Ćuk converter">Ćuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-ended_primary-inductor_converter" title="Single-ended primary-inductor converter">SEPIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_pump" title="Charge pump">Charge pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_capacitor" title="Switched capacitor">Switched capacitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_tube" title="Acorn tube">Acorn tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audion" title="Audion">Audion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tetrode" title="Beam tetrode">Beam tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-wire_barretter" title="Hot-wire barretter">Barretter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compactron" title="Compactron">Compactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_diode" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum diode">Diode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_generator" title="Neutron generator">Neutron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonode" title="Nonode">Nonode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuvistor" title="Nuvistor">Nuvistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagrid_converter" title="Pentagrid converter">Pentagrid</a> (Hexode, Heptode, Octode)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentode" title="Pentode">Pentode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photomultiplier_tube" title="Photomultiplier tube">Photomultiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototube" title="Phototube">Phototube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrode" title="Tetrode">Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">Triode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tubes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">RF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward-wave_oscillator" title="Backward-wave oscillator">Backward-wave oscillator</a> (BWO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">Cavity magnetron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossed-field_amplifier" title="Crossed-field amplifier">Crossed-field amplifier</a> (CFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrotron" title="Gyrotron">Gyrotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_output_tube" title="Inductive output tube">Inductive output tube</a> (IOT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klystron" title="Klystron">Klystron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">Maser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_tube" title="Sutton tube">Sutton tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling-wave_tube" title="Traveling-wave tube">Traveling-wave tube</a> (TWT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">Cathode-ray tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_deflection_tube" title="Beam deflection tube">Beam deflection tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charactron" title="Charactron">Charactron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoscope" title="Iconoscope">Iconoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_eye_tube" title="Magic eye tube">Magic eye tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectron_tube" title="Selectron tube">Selectron tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_tube" title="Storage tube">Storage tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trochotron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochotron">Trochotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_camera_tube" title="Video camera tube">Video camera tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_tube" title="Williams tube">Williams tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-filled_tube" title="Gas-filled tube">Gas-filled tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_cathode" title="Cold cathode">Cold cathode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossatron" title="Crossatron">Crossatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekatron" title="Dekatron">Dekatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignitron" title="Ignitron">Ignitron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krytron" title="Krytron">Krytron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-arc_valve" title="Mercury-arc valve">Mercury-arc valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_tube" title="Nixie tube">Nixie tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyratron" title="Thyratron">Thyratron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigatron" title="Trigatron">Trigatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-regulator_tube" title="Voltage-regulator tube">Voltage-regulator tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Adjustable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">Potentiometer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_potentiometer" title="Digital potentiometer">digital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">Variable capacitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varicap" title="Varicap">Varicap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Passive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Connector <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_interfaces_and_connectors" title="Audio and video interfaces and connectors">audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">electrical power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_connector" title="RF connector">RF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_detector" title="Electrolytic detector">Electrolytic detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrite_core" title="Ferrite core">Ferrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifuse" title="Antifuse">Antifuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resettable_fuse" title="Resettable fuse">resettable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="EFUSE">eFUSE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">Resistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermistor" title="Thermistor">Thermistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varistor" title="Varistor">Varistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_wire" title="Wollaston wire">Wollaston wire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_reactance" title="Electrical reactance">Reactive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">Capacitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capacitor_types" title="Capacitor types">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_resonator" title="Ceramic resonator">Ceramic resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_oscillator" title="Crystal oscillator">Crystal oscillator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductor" title="Inductor">Inductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametron" title="Parametron">Parametron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">Relay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reed_relay" title="Reed relay">reed relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_relay" title="Mercury relay">mercury relay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/19px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/29px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/38px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:HVAC" title="Template talk:HVAC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:HVAC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental <br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_changes_per_hour" title="Air changes per hour">Air changes per hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bake-out" title="Bake-out">Bake-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_envelope" title="Building envelope">Building envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_energy_consumption" title="Domestic energy consumption">Domestic energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy" title="Enthalpy">Enthalpy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle" title="Heat pump and refrigeration cycle">Heat pump and refrigeration cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity" title="Humidity">Humidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(HVAC)" title="Infiltration (HVAC)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latent_heat" title="Latent heat">Latent heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_control" title="Noise control">Noise control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">Outgassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">Particulates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensible_heat" title="Sensible heat">Sensible heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_effect" title="Stack effect">Stack effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_comfort" title="Thermal comfort">Thermal comfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_destratification" title="Thermal destratification">Thermal destratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_mass" title="Thermal mass">Thermal mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure_of_water" title="Vapour pressure of water">Vapour pressure of water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption-compression_heat_pump" title="Absorption-compression heat pump">Absorption-compression heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">Absorption refrigerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_barrier" title="Air barrier">Air barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">Air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifreeze" title="Antifreeze">Antifreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automobile_air_conditioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile air conditioning">Automobile air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_building" title="Autonomous building">Autonomous building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_insulation_material" title="Building insulation material">Building insulation materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">Central heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_solar_heating" title="Central solar heating">Central solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_beam" title="Chilled beam">Chilled beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilled_water" title="Chilled water">Chilled water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_air_volume" title="Constant air volume">Constant air volume</a> (CAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">Coolant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_ventilation" title="Cross ventilation">Cross ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedicated_outdoor_air_system" title="Dedicated outdoor air system">Dedicated outdoor air system</a> (DOAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_water_source_cooling" title="Deep water source cooling">Deep water source cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_controlled_ventilation" title="Demand controlled ventilation">Demand controlled ventilation</a> (DCV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_ventilation" title="Displacement ventilation">Displacement ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_cooling" title="District cooling">District cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">District heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_heating" title="Electric heating">Electric heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_recovery_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy recovery ventilation">Energy recovery ventilation</a> (ERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air" title="Forced-air">Forced-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced-air_gas" title="Forced-air gas">Forced-air gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_cooling" title="Free cooling">Free cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_ventilation" title="Heat recovery ventilation">Heat recovery ventilation</a> (HRV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_heat" title="Hybrid heat">Hybrid heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storage_air_conditioning" title="Ice storage air conditioning">Ice storage air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_ventilation" title="Kitchen ventilation">Kitchen ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-mode_ventilation" title="Mixed-mode ventilation">Mixed-mode ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_cooling" title="Passive cooling">Passive cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_daytime_radiative_cooling" title="Passive daytime radiative cooling">Passive daytime radiative cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_house" title="Passive house">Passive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_ventilation" title="Passive ventilation">Passive ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating_and_cooling" title="Radiant heating and cooling">Radiant heating and cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant cooling">Radiant cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiant_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heating">Radiant heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radon_mitigation" title="Radon mitigation">Radon mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_heat" title="Renewable heat">Renewable heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_air_distribution" title="Room air distribution">Room air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_air_heat" title="Solar air heat">Solar air heat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_combisystem" title="Solar combisystem">Solar combisystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_cooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar cooling">Solar cooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">Solar heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_air_distribution" title="Underfloor air distribution">Underfloor air distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">Underfloor heating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_barrier" title="Vapor barrier">Vapor barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor-compression_refrigeration" title="Vapor-compression refrigeration">Vapor-compression refrigeration</a> (VCRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_air_volume" title="Variable air volume">Variable air volume</a> (VAV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_refrigerant_flow" title="Variable refrigerant flow">Variable refrigerant flow</a> (VRF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_(architecture)" title="Ventilation (architecture)">Ventilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_conditioner_inverter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air conditioner inverter">Air conditioner inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_door" title="Air door">Air door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_filter" title="Air filter">Air filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_handler" title="Air handler">Air handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_ioniser" title="Air ioniser">Air ionizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-mixing_plenum" title="Air-mixing plenum">Air-mixing plenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_purifier" title="Air purifier">Air purifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_source_heat_pump" title="Air source heat pump">Air source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_fan" title="Attic fan">Attic fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_balancing_valve" title="Automatic balancing valve">Automatic balancing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_boiler" title="Back boiler">Back boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_pipe" title="Barrier pipe">Barrier pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_damper" title="Blast damper">Blast damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">Boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_fan" title="Centrifugal fan">Centrifugal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_heater" title="Ceramic heater">Ceramic heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiller" title="Chiller">Chiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">Condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensing_boiler" title="Condensing boiler">Condensing boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_heater" title="Convection heater">Convection heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">Compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_(flow)" title="Damper (flow)">Damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_(flow)" title="Duct (flow)">Duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economizer" title="Economizer">Economizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaust_hood" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhaust hood">Exhaust hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(machine)" title="Fan (machine)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_coil_unit" title="Fan coil unit">Fan coil unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_filter_unit" title="Fan filter unit">Fan filter unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_heater" title="Fan heater">Fan heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">Fireplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">Fireplace insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_stat" title="Freeze stat">Freeze stat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">Flue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freon" title="Freon">Freon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">Fume hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">Furnace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">Gas compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_heater" title="Gas heater">Gas heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_heater" title="Gasoline heater">Gasoline heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">Grille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground-coupled_heat_exchanger" title="Ground-coupled heat exchanger">Ground-coupled heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_source_heat_pump" title="Ground source heat pump">Ground source heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">Heat exchanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pipe" title="Heat pipe">Heat pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_pump" title="Heat pump">Heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_film" title="Heating film">Heating film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">Heating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_efficiency_glandless_circulating_pump" title="High efficiency glandless circulating pump">High efficiency glandless circulating pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-pressure_cut-off_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="High-pressure cut-off switch">High-pressure cut-off switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_heater" title="Infrared heater">Infrared heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverter_compressor" title="Inverter compressor">Inverter compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_heater" title="Kerosene heater">Kerosene heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louver" title="Louver">Louver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_room" title="Mechanical room">Mechanical room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_heater" title="Oil heater">Oil heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaged_terminal_air_conditioner" title="Packaged terminal air conditioner">Packaged terminal air conditioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenum_space" title="Plenum space">Plenum space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_duct_work" title="Process duct work">Process duct work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_reflector" title="Radiator reflector">Radiator reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperator" title="Recuperator">Recuperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(air_and_heating)" title="Register (air and heating)">Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_valve" title="Reversing valve">Reversing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-around_coil" title="Run-around coil">Run-around coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail_switch" title="Sail switch">Sail switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_compressor" title="Scroll compressor">Scroll compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_chimney" title="Solar chimney">Solar chimney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-assisted_heat_pump" title="Solar-assisted heat pump">Solar-assisted heat pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_heater" title="Space heater">Space heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_canopy" title="Smoke canopy">Smoke canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion_valve" title="Thermal expansion valve">Thermal expansion valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_wheel" title="Thermal wheel">Thermal wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickle_vent" title="Trickle vent">Trickle vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trombe_wall" title="Trombe wall">Trombe wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboSwing" title="TurboSwing">TurboSwing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_vanes_(HVAC)" title="Turning vanes (HVAC)">Turning vanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-low_particulate_air" title="Ultra-low particulate air">Ultra-low particulate air</a> (ULPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-house_fan" title="Whole-house fan">Whole-house fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-burning_stove" title="Wood-burning stove">Wood-burning stove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_flow_meter" title="Air flow meter">Air flow meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquastat" title="Aquastat">Aquastat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BACnet" title="BACnet">BACnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blower_door" title="Blower door">Blower door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_automation" title="Building automation">Building automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_sensor" title="Carbon dioxide sensor">Carbon dioxide sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_air_delivery_rate" title="Clean air delivery rate">Clean air delivery rate</a> (CADR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">Gas detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_monitor" title="Home energy monitor">Home energy monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidistat" title="Humidistat">Humidistat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVAC_control_system" title="HVAC control system">HVAC control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_thermometer" title="Infrared thermometer">Infrared thermometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent buildings">Intelligent buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_efficiency_reporting_value" title="Minimum efficiency reporting value">Minimum efficiency reporting value</a> (MERV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_temperature_and_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal temperature and pressure">Normal temperature and pressure</a> (NTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenTherm" title="OpenTherm">OpenTherm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Programmable communicating thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_thermostat" title="Programmable thermostat">Programmable thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychrometrics" title="Psychrometrics">Psychrometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">Room temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_thermostat" title="Smart thermostat">Smart thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Standard temperature and pressure</a> (STP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Thermographic camera</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thermostat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_radiator_valve" title="Thermostatic radiator valve">Thermostatic radiator valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_acoustics" title="Architectural acoustics">Architectural acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_technologist" title="Architectural technologist">Architectural technologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_information_modeling" title="Building information modeling">Building information modeling</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_energy_retrofit" title="Deep energy retrofit">Deep energy retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duct_leakage_testing" title="Duct leakage testing">Duct leakage testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_growth,_assessment,_and_remediation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold growth, assessment, and remediation">Mold growth, assessment, and remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testing,_adjusting,_balancing" title="Testing, adjusting, balancing">Testing, adjusting, balancing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Conditioning,_Heating_and_Refrigeration_Institute" title="Air Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute">AHRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Movement_and_Control_Association" title="Air Movement and Control Association">AMCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_Research_Establishment" title="Building Research Establishment">BRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSRIA" title="BSRIA">BSRIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Building_Services_Engineers" title="Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers">CIBSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="Institute of Refrigeration">Institute of Refrigeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Refrigeration" title="International Institute of Refrigeration">IIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">LEED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_Metal_and_Air_Conditioning_Contractors%27_National_Association" title="Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors' National Association">SMACNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">UMC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a> (SBS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">Volatile organic compound</a> (VOC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE_Handbook" title="ASHRAE Handbook">ASHRAE Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_science" title="Building science">Building science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_HVAC_terms" title="Glossary of HVAC terms">Glossary of HVAC terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Spaces" title="Warm Spaces">Warm Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Refrigeration_Day" title="World Refrigeration Day">World Refrigeration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation">Template:Home automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_energy" title="Template:Solar energy">Template:Solar energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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