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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Chemical sensor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_sensor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical sensor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_sensor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_sensor_array" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_sensor_array"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chemical sensor array</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_sensor_array-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosensor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosensor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biosensor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosensor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuromorphic_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuromorphic_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Neuromorphic sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuromorphic_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MOS_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MOS_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>MOS sensors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-MOS_sensors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle MOS sensors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-MOS_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biochemical_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemical_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biochemical sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biochemical_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Image_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Image sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Monitoring sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics_sensors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics_sensors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Electronics sensors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics_sensors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sensor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="مستشعر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مستشعر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%95" title="সুবেদী গ্রাহক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুবেদী গ্রাহক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Сензор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сензор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzor" title="Senzor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Senzor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzor" title="Senzor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Senzor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andur" title="Andur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Andur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αισθητήρας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αισθητήρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensilo" title="Sensilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sensilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentsore" title="Sentsore – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sentsore" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="حسگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حسگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capteur" title="Capteur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braiteoir" title="Braiteoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Braiteoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%BC%EC%84%9C" title="센서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="센서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0" title="सेंसर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेंसर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzori" title="Senzori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Senzori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengindra" title="Pengindra – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengindra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isihlonga" title="Isihlonga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isihlonga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemi_(M%C3%A6lit%C3%A6ki)" title="Nemi (Mælitæki) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nemi (Mælitæki)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensore" title="Sensore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sensore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="חיישן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיישן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangindriya" title="Pangindriya – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pangindriya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95" title="ಸಂವೇದಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಂವೇದಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%88" title="Бергіш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бергіш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensors" title="Sensors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sensors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutiklis" title="Jutiklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jutiklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rz%C3%A9kel%C5%91" title="Érzékelő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Érzékelő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сетилник – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сетилник" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC" title="സെൻസർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെൻസർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95" title="संवेदक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संवेदक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penderia" title="Penderia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penderia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Мэдрэгч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэдрэгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6_%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC" title="အာရုံခံ ကိရိယာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာရုံခံ ကိရိယာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B5" title="センサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="センサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor_(instrument)" title="Sensor (instrument) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sensor (instrument)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datchik" title="Datchik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Datchik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸੈਂਸਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਂਸਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czujnik" title="Czujnik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czujnik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzor" title="Senzor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Senzor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musyaq" title="Musyaq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Musyaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Датчик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Датчик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensori" title="Sensori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sensori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsuri" title="Sinsuri – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sinsuri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sn%C3%ADma%C4%8D" title="Snímač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Snímač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipalo" title="Tipalo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tipalo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzor" title="Senzor – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Senzor" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senzor" title="Senzor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Senzor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9nsor" title="Sénsor – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sénsor" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anturi" title="Anturi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anturi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sensor" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="உணரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உணரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="సెన్సర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెన్సర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89" title="ตัวรับรู้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวรับรู้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҳисгар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳисгар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sens%C3%B6r" title="Sensör – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sensör" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tala" title="A̱tala – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱tala" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Датчик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Датчик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81" title="مکشاف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مکشاف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3m_bi%E1%BA%BFn" title="Cảm biến – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cảm biến" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%B8%AC" title="感測 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="感測" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8" title="传感器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="传感器" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%87%89%E5%99%A8" title="感應器 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="感應器" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8" title="传感器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="传感器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q167676#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Converter that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sensor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sensor (disambiguation)">Sensor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sensors" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sensors_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sensors (disambiguation)">Sensors (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Detector" redirects here. For detector circuits in radio and other signal-related electronics, see <a href="/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">Detector (radio)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Censor (disambiguation)">Censor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censure" title="Censure">Censure</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Senser" title="Senser">Senser</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Light_sensor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Light_sensor.png/220px-Light_sensor.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Light_sensor.png 1.5x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption>Different types of <a href="/wiki/Light_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light sensor">light sensors</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A sensor is often defined as a device that receives and responds to a signal or stimulus. The stimulus is the quantity, property, or condition that is sensed and converted into electrical signal.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the broadest definition, a sensor is a device, module, machine, or subsystem that detects events or changes in its environment and sends the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor. </p><p>Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (<a href="/wiki/Tactile_sensor" title="Tactile sensor">tactile sensor</a>) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, and in innumerable applications of which most people are never aware. With advances in <a href="/wiki/Micromachinery" title="Micromachinery">micromachinery</a> and easy-to-use <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontroller</a> platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the traditional fields of temperature, pressure and flow measurement,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example into <a href="/wiki/Attitude_and_heading_reference_system" title="Attitude and heading reference system">MARG sensors</a>. </p><p>Analog sensors such as <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Force-sensing_resistor" title="Force-sensing resistor">force-sensing resistors</a> are still widely used. Their applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace, cars, medicine, robotics and many other aspects of our day-to-day life. There is a wide range of other sensors that measure chemical and physical properties of materials, including optical sensors for refractive index measurement, vibrational sensors for fluid viscosity measurement, and electro-chemical sensors for monitoring pH of fluids. </p><p>A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much its output changes when the input quantity it measures changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1  cm when the temperature changes by 1 °C, its sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope <span class="texhtml">dy/dx</span> assuming a linear characteristic). Some sensors can also affect what they measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors are usually designed to have a small effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-yan_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured on a <a href="/wiki/Microscopic_scale" title="Microscopic scale">microscopic scale</a> as microsensors using <a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">MEMS</a> technology. In most cases, a microsensor reaches a significantly faster measurement time and higher sensitivity compared with <a href="/wiki/Macroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroscopic">macroscopic</a> approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-yan_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yan-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the increasing demand for rapid, affordable and reliable information in today's world, disposable sensors—low-cost and easy‐to‐use devices for short‐term monitoring or single‐shot measurements—have recently gained growing importance. Using this class of sensors, critical analytical information can be obtained by anyone, anywhere and at any time, without the need for recalibration and worrying about contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_of_measurement_errors">Classification of measurement errors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification of measurement errors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpg/250px-Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpg/330px-Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpg/500px-Infrared_Transceiver_Circuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Infrared sensor">infrared sensor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A good sensor obeys the following rules:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>it is sensitive to the measured property</li> <li>it is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application, and</li> <li>it does not influence the measured property.</li></ul> <p>Most sensors have a <a href="/wiki/Linearity" title="Linearity">linear</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)" title="Sensitivity (electronics)">sensitivity</a> is then defined as the ratio between the output signal and measured property. For example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is constant with the units [V/K]. The sensitivity is the slope of the transfer function. Converting the sensor's electrical output (for example V) to the measured units (for example K) requires dividing the electrical output by the slope (or multiplying by its reciprocal). In addition, an offset is frequently added or subtracted. For example, −40 must be added to the output if 0 V output corresponds to −40 C input. </p><p>For an analog sensor signal to be processed or used in digital equipment, it needs to be converted to a digital signal, using an <a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">analog-to-digital converter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensor_deviations">Sensor deviations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sensor deviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since sensors cannot replicate an ideal <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a>, several types of deviations can occur which limit sensor <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">accuracy</a>: </p> <ul><li>Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal will eventually reach a minimum or maximum when the measured property exceeds the limits. The <a href="/wiki/Full_scale" title="Full scale">full scale</a> range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured property. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(electronics)" title="Sensitivity (electronics)">sensitivity</a> may in practice differ from the value specified. This is called a sensitivity error. This is an error in the slope of a linear transfer function.</li> <li>If the output signal differs from the correct value by a constant, the sensor has an offset error or <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>. This is an error in the <a href="/wiki/Y-intercept" title="Y-intercept">y-intercept</a> of a linear transfer function.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonlinearity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonlinearity">Nonlinearity</a> is deviation of a sensor's transfer function from a straight line transfer function. Usually, this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.</li> <li>Deviation caused by rapid changes of the measured property over time is a <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamics (physics)">dynamic</a> error. Often, this behavior is described with a <a href="/wiki/Bode_plot" title="Bode plot">bode plot</a> showing sensitivity error and phase shift as a function of the frequency of a periodic input signal.</li> <li>If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is defined as <a href="/wiki/Drift_(telecommunication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift (telecommunication)">drift</a>. Long term drift over months or years is caused by physical changes in the sensor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">Noise</a> is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Hysteresis" title="Hysteresis">hysteresis</a> error causes the output value to vary depending on the previous input values. If a sensor's output is different depending on whether a specific input value was reached by increasing vs. decreasing the input, then the sensor has a hysteresis error.</li> <li>If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an approximation of the measured property. This error is also called <a href="/wiki/Quantization_(signal_processing)" title="Quantization (signal processing)">quantization</a> error.</li> <li>If the signal is monitored digitally, the <a href="/wiki/Sampling_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling frequency">sampling frequency</a> can cause a dynamic error, or if the input variable or added noise changes periodically at a frequency near a multiple of the sampling rate, <a href="/wiki/Aliasing" title="Aliasing">aliasing</a> errors may occur.</li> <li>The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their environment.</li></ul> <p>All these deviations can be classified as <a href="/wiki/Systematic_error" class="mw-redirect" title="Systematic error">systematic errors</a> or <a href="/wiki/Random_errors" class="mw-redirect" title="Random errors">random errors</a>. Systematic errors can sometimes be compensated for by means of some kind of <a href="/wiki/Calibration" title="Calibration">calibration</a> strategy. Noise is a random error that can be reduced by <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a>, such as filtering, usually at the expense of the dynamic behavior of the sensor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resolution">Resolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>sensor resolution</i> or <i>measurement resolution</i> is the smallest change that can be detected in the quantity that is being measured. The resolution of a sensor with a digital output is usually the <a href="/wiki/Numerical_resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Numerical resolution">numerical resolution</a> of the digital output. The resolution is related to the <a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">precision</a> with which the measurement is made, but they are not the same thing. A sensor's accuracy may be considerably worse than its resolution. </p> <ul><li>For example, the <b>distance resolution</b> is the minimum distance that can be accurately measured by any <a href="/wiki/List_of_length,_distance,_or_range_measuring_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="List of length, distance, or range measuring devices">distance-measuring devices</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_camera" title="Time-of-flight camera">time-of-flight camera</a>, the distance resolution is usually equal to the <a href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</a> (total noise) of the signal expressed in <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_length" title="Unit of length">unit of length</a>.</li> <li>The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their environment.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_sensor">Chemical sensor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical sensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A chemical sensor is a self-contained analytical device that can provide information about the chemical composition of its environment, that is, a <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Gas_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas phase">gas phase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information is provided in the form of a measurable physical signal that is correlated with the <a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> of a certain chemical species (termed as <a href="/wiki/Analyte" title="Analyte">analyte</a>). Two main steps are involved in the functioning of a chemical sensor, namely, recognition and <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">transduction</a>. In the recognition step, analyte molecules interact selectively with <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor molecules</a> or sites included in the structure of the recognition element of the sensor. Consequently, a characteristic physical parameter varies and this variation is reported by means of an integrated <a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">transducer</a> that generates the output signal. A chemical sensor based on recognition material of biological nature is a <a href="/wiki/Biosensor" title="Biosensor">biosensor</a>. However, as synthetic <a href="/wiki/Biomimetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimetic">biomimetic</a> materials are going to substitute to some extent recognition biomaterials, a sharp distinction between a biosensor and a standard chemical sensor is superfluous. Typical biomimetic materials used in sensor development are <a href="/wiki/Molecularly_imprinted_polymer" title="Molecularly imprinted polymer">molecularly imprinted polymers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aptamer" title="Aptamer">aptamers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_sensor_array">Chemical sensor array</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical sensor array"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Chemical_sensor_array" title="Chemical sensor array">Chemical sensor array</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemical_sensor_array&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> A <a href="/wiki/Chemical_sensor_array" title="Chemical sensor array">chemical sensor array</a> is a sensor architecture with multiple sensor components that create a pattern for analyte detection from the additive responses of individual sensor components. There exist several types of chemical sensor arrays including electronic, optical, acoustic wave, and potentiometric devices. These chemical sensor arrays can employ multiple sensor types that are cross-reactive or tuned to sense specific analytes.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_sensor_array_:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_sensor_array_:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_sensor_array_:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_sensor_array_:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_sensor_array_:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_sensor_array_:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chemical_sensor_array_:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemical_sensor_array_:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosensor">Biosensor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biosensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biosensor" title="Biosensor">Biosensor</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, sensors which detect <a href="/wiki/Analyte" title="Analyte">analytes</a> thanks to a biological component, such as cells, protein, nucleic acid or <a href="/wiki/Biomimetic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomimetic polymer">biomimetic polymers</a>, are called <a href="/wiki/Biosensor" title="Biosensor">biosensors</a>. Whereas a non-biological sensor, even organic (carbon chemistry), for biological analytes is referred to as sensor or <a href="/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor">nanosensor</a>. This terminology applies for both <a href="/wiki/In-vitro" class="mw-redirect" title="In-vitro">in-vitro</a> and in vivo applications. The encapsulation of the biological component in biosensors, presents a slightly different problem that ordinary sensors; this can either be done by means of a <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">semipermeable barrier</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Dialysis_(chemistry)" title="Dialysis (chemistry)">dialysis</a> membrane or a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">hydrogel</a>, or a 3D polymer matrix, which either physically constrains the sensing <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecule</a> or chemically constrains the macromolecule by bounding it to the scaffold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuromorphic_sensors">Neuromorphic sensors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neuromorphic sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic">Neuromorphic</a> sensors are sensors that physically mimic structures and functions of biological neural entities.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Event_camera" title="Event camera">event camera</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MOS_sensors">MOS sensors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: MOS sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MOSFET invented at Bell Labs between 1955 and 1960,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lojek1202_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lojek1202-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOSFET sensors (MOS sensors) were later developed, and they have since been widely used to measure <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environmental</a> parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergveld_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergveld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biochemical_sensors">Biochemical sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biochemical sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of MOSFET sensors have been developed, for measuring <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environmental</a> parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergveld_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergveld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest MOSFET sensors include the open-gate field-effect transistor (OGFET) introduced by Johannessen in 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-Bergveld_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergveld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Ion-sensitive_field-effect_transistor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion-sensitive field-effect transistor">ion-sensitive field-effect transistor</a> (ISFET) invented by <a href="/wiki/Piet_Bergveld" title="Piet Bergveld">Piet Bergveld</a> in 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> FET (ADFET) <a href="/wiki/Patented" class="mw-redirect" title="Patented">patented</a> by P.F. Cox in 1974, and a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>-sensitive MOSFET demonstrated by I. Lundstrom, M.S. Shivaraman, C.S. Svenson and L. Lundkvist in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergveld_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergveld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISFET is a special type of MOSFET with a gate at a certain distance,<sup id="cite_ref-Bergveld_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergveld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and where the <a href="/wiki/Metal_gate" title="Metal gate">metal gate</a> is replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a>-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Membrane" title="Membrane">membrane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> solution and <a href="/wiki/Reference_electrode" title="Reference electrode">reference electrode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoning_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoning-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISFET is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Biomedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomedical">biomedical</a> applications, such as the detection of <a href="/wiki/DNA_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA hybridization">DNA hybridization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> detection from <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> detection, <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> measurement, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> sensing, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic technology">genetic technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoning_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoning-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1980s, numerous other MOSFET sensors had been developed, including the <a href="/wiki/Gas_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas sensor">gas sensor</a> FET (GASFET), surface accessible FET (SAFET), charge flow transistor (CFT), <a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">pressure sensor</a> FET (PRESSFET), <a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">chemical field-effect transistor</a> (ChemFET), <a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">reference ISFET</a> (REFET), <a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">biosensor FET</a> (BioFET), <a href="/wiki/Bio-FET" title="Bio-FET">enzyme-modified FET</a> (ENFET) and immunologically modified FET (IMFET).<sup id="cite_ref-Bergveld_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergveld-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 2000s, BioFET types such as the <a href="/wiki/DNA_field-effect_transistor" title="DNA field-effect transistor">DNA field-effect transistor</a> (DNAFET), <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">gene-modified</a> FET (GenFET) and <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">cell-potential</a> BioFET (CPFET) had been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoning_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoning-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_sensors">Image sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Image sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">Charge-coupled device</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">Active-pixel sensor</a></div> <p>MOS technology is the basis for modern <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) and the <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> <a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">active-pixel sensor</a> (CMOS sensor), used in <a href="/wiki/Digital_imaging" title="Digital imaging">digital imaging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a> developed the CCD in 1969. While researching the MOS process, they realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny MOS capacitor. As it was fairly straightforward to fabricate a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CCD is a semiconductor circuit that was later used in the first <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital video camera">digital video cameras</a> for <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television broadcasting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MOS <a href="/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">active-pixel sensor</a> (APS) was developed by Tsutomu Nakamura at <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Corporation" title="Olympus Corporation">Olympus</a> in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-Nakamura85_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nakamura85-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CMOS active-pixel sensor was later developed by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Fossum" title="Eric Fossum">Eric Fossum</a> and his team in the early 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-fossum93_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fossum93-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MOS image sensors are widely used in <a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">optical mouse</a> technology. The first optical mouse, invented by <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Lyon" title="Richard F. Lyon">Richard F. Lyon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> in 1980, used a <a href="/wiki/6_%CE%BCm_process" title="6 μm process">5<span class="nowrap"> </span>μm</a> <a href="/wiki/NMOS_logic" title="NMOS logic">NMOS</a> sensor chip.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the first commercial optical mouse, the <a href="/wiki/IntelliMouse" title="IntelliMouse">IntelliMouse</a> introduced in 1999, most optical mouse devices use CMOS sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring_sensors">Monitoring sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Monitoring sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LiDAR_Scanner_and_Back_Camera_of_iPad_Pro_2020_-_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LiDAR_Scanner_and_Back_Camera_of_iPad_Pro_2020_-_3.jpg/220px-LiDAR_Scanner_and_Back_Camera_of_iPad_Pro_2020_-_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LiDAR_Scanner_and_Back_Camera_of_iPad_Pro_2020_-_3.jpg/330px-LiDAR_Scanner_and_Back_Camera_of_iPad_Pro_2020_-_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/LiDAR_Scanner_and_Back_Camera_of_iPad_Pro_2020_-_3.jpg/440px-LiDAR_Scanner_and_Back_Camera_of_iPad_Pro_2020_-_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/LIDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LIDAR">LIDAR</a> sensor (bottom, center), as part of the camera system on an <a href="/wiki/IPad_Pro" title="IPad Pro">iPad Pro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>MOS monitoring sensors are used for <a href="/wiki/Smart_home_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home technology">house monitoring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">office</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> monitoring, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic monitoring">traffic monitoring</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Speed_detection_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed detection radar">car speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_jams" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic jams">traffic jams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traffic_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic accidents">traffic accidents</a>), <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather monitoring</a> (such as for <a href="/wiki/Rain_sensor" title="Rain sensor">rain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind meter">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning detection">lightning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storm_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm detection">storms</a>), <a href="/wiki/Defense_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense technology">defense</a> monitoring, and monitoring <a href="/wiki/Temperature_measurement" title="Temperature measurement">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humidity_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Humidity meter">humidity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Air pollution sensor">air pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_detection" title="Fire detection">fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Health monitoring">health</a>, security and <a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">lighting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Omura3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omura3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MOS <a href="/wiki/Gas_detector" title="Gas detector">gas detector</a> sensors are used to detect <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> substances.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other MOS sensors include <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_sensor" title="Intelligent sensor">intelligent sensors</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mead_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mead-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">wireless sensor network</a> (WSN) technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliveira_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliveira-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics_sensors">Electronics sensors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Electronics sensors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The typical modern <a href="/wiki/CPUs" class="mw-redirect" title="CPUs">CPUs</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPUs</a> and <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">SoCs</a> are usually integrated electrics sensors to detect chip temperatures, voltages and powers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">Actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_acquisition" title="Data acquisition">Data acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_logger" title="Data logger">Data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioFET" class="mw-redirect" title="BioFET">BioFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_field-effect_transistor" title="Chemical field-effect transistor">Chemical field-effect transistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISFET" title="ISFET">ISFET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sensors" title="List of sensors">List of sensors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_olfaction" title="Machine olfaction">Machine olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosensor" title="Nanosensor">Nanosensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensing_floor" title="Sensing floor">Sensing floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transducer" title="Transducer">Transducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFRADEN2004" class="citation book cs1">FRADEN, JACOB (2004). <i>HANDBOOK OF MODERN SENSORS</i> (3rd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-00750-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-00750-4"><bdi>0-387-00750-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HANDBOOK+OF+MODERN+SENSORS&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-387-00750-4&rft.aulast=FRADEN&rft.aufirst=JACOB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett1993" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, S. (1993). <i>A History of Control Engineering 1930–1955</i>. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-280-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-280-6"><bdi>978-0-86341-280-6</bdi></a>The source states "controls" rather than "sensors", so its applicability is assumed. Many units are derived from the basic measurements to which it refers, such as a liquid's level measured by a differential pressure sensor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Control+Engineering+1930%E2%80%931955&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Peter+Peregrinus+Ltd.+on+behalf+of+the+Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86341-280-6&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensor" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yan-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yan_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yan_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJihong_Yan2015" class="citation book cs1">Jihong Yan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LbzlBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA107"><i>Machinery Prognostics and Prognosis Oriented Maintenance Management</i></a>. 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Dossi, Nicolò; Giannilivigni, Emanuele; Fattori, Andrea; Svigelj, Rossella; Bontempelli, Gino; Giacomino, Agnese; Daniele, Salvatore (3 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04818">"Modified Screen Printed Electrode Suitable for Electrochemical Measurements in Gas Phase"</a>. <i>Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>92</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">3689–</span>3696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.analchem.9b04818">10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04818</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-2700">0003-2700</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32008321">32008321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211012680">211012680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Modified+Screen+Printed+Electrode+Suitable+for+Electrochemical+Measurements+in+Gas+Phase&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3689-%3C%2Fspan%3E3696&rft.date=2020-03-03&rft.issn=0003-2700&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211012680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32008321&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.analchem.9b04818&rft.aulast=Toniolo&rft.aufirst=Rosanna&rft.au=Dossi%2C+Nicol%C3%B2&rft.au=Giannilivigni%2C+Emanuele&rft.au=Fattori%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Svigelj%2C+Rossella&rft.au=Bontempelli%2C+Gino&rft.au=Giacomino%2C+Agnese&rft.au=Daniele%2C+Salvatore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.analchem.9b04818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBǎnicǎ2012" class="citation book cs1">Bǎnicǎ, Florinel-Gabriel (2012). <i>Chemical Sensors and Biosensors:Fundamentals and Applications</i>. 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Norwell, MA: <a href="/wiki/Kluwer_Academic_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Kluwer Academic Publishers">Kluwer Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4613-1639-8">10.1007/978-1-4613-1639-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-1639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4613-1639-8"><bdi>978-1-4613-1639-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analog+VLSI+Implementation+of+Neural+Systems&rft.place=Norwell%2C+MA&rft.series=The+Kluwer+International+Series+in+Engineering+and+Computer+Science&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1989-05-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4613-1639-8&rft.isbn=978-1-4613-1639-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffennetic.net%2Firc%2FChristopher%2520R.%2520Carroll%2520Carver%2520Mead%2520Mohammed%2520Ismail%2520Analog%2520VLSI%2520Implementation%2520of%2520Neural%2520Systems.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliveira-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oliveira_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliveiraGoes2012" class="citation book cs1">Oliveira, Joao; Goes, João (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ahl_OuKxsToC&pg=PR7"><i>Parametric Analog Signal Amplification Applied to Nanoscale CMOS Technologies</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461416708" title="Special:BookSources/9781461416708"><bdi>9781461416708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parametric+Analog+Signal+Amplification+Applied+to+Nanoscale+CMOS+Technologies&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781461416708&rft.aulast=Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Joao&rft.au=Goes%2C+Jo%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAhl_OuKxsToC%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xem.github.io/minix86/manual/intel-x86-and-64-manual-vol3/o_fe12b1e2a880e0ce-486.html">"Page 486"</a>. <i>xem.github.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=xem.github.io&rft.atitle=Page+486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxem.github.io%2Fminix86%2Fmanual%2Fintel-x86-and-64-manual-vol3%2Fo_fe12b1e2a880e0ce-486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASensor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>M. Kretschmar and S. Welsby (2005), Capacitive and Inductive Displacement Sensors, in Sensor Technology Handbook, J. Wilson editor, Newnes: Burlington, MA.</li> <li>C. A. Grimes, E. C. Dickey, and M. V. Pishko (2006), Encyclopedia of Sensors (10-Volume Set), American Scientific Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58883-056-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-58883-056-X">1-58883-056-X</a></li> <li>Blaauw, F.J., Schenk, H.M., Jeronimus, B.F., van der Krieke, L., de Jonge, P., Aiello, M., Emerencia, A.C. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2016.08.001">Let’s get Physiqual – An intuitive and generic method to combine sensor technology with ecological momentary assessments</a>. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, vol. 63, page 141–149.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167676#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/891594/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sensor"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4038824-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85037291">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Détecteurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137701324">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Détecteurs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137701324">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="senzory"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117262&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550424305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microtechnology135" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">Microelectromechanical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromachinery" title="Micromachinery">Micromachinery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interdigital_transducer" title="Interdigital transducer">Interdigital transducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantilever#In_microelectromechanical_systems" title="Cantilever">Cantilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microchannel_(microtechnology)" title="Microchannel (microtechnology)">Microchannel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sensors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microbolometer" title="Microbolometer">Microbolometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">Actuators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comb_drive" title="Comb drive">Comb drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_drive_actuator" title="Scratch drive actuator">Scratch drive actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEMS_thermal_actuator" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMS thermal actuator">Thermal actuator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Switches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_micromirror_device" title="Digital micromirror device">Digital micromirror device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical switch">Optical switch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millipede_memory" title="Millipede memory">Millipede memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_microelectromechanical_system" title="Radio-frequency microelectromechanical system">Radio-frequency microelectromechanical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microoptoelectromechanical_systems" title="Microoptoelectromechanical systems">Microoptoelectromechanical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphotonics" title="Microphotonics">Microphotonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bio-MEMS" title="Bio-MEMS">Biological microelectromechanical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microfluidics" title="Category:Microfluidics">Microfluidics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropower" title="Micropower">Micropower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_micromachining" title="Surface micromachining">Surface micromachining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_micromachining" title="Bulk micromachining">Bulk micromachining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectromechanical_systems#High_aspect_ratio_(HAR)_micromachining" class="mw-redirect" title="Microelectromechanical systems">HAR micromachining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thin_film_deposition" title="Category:Thin film deposition">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lithography_(microfabrication)" title="Category:Lithography (microfabrication)">Lithography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Etching_(microfabrication)" title="Category:Etching (microfabrication)">Etching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_bonding" title="Wire bonding">Wire bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3D_microfabrication" title="3D microfabrication">3D microfabrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LOCOS" title="LOCOS">LOCOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_trench_isolation" title="Shallow trench isolation">Shallow trench isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIGA" title="LIGA">LIGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift-off_(microtechnology)" title="Lift-off (microtechnology)">Lift-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">Photolithography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_on_insulator" title="Silicon on insulator">Silicon on insulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_cut" title="Smart cut">Smart cut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Home_automation435" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_automation" title="Template:Home automation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_automation" title="Template talk:Home automation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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title="Programmable logic controller">Hardware controllers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sensors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Interconnection" title="Home automation">Interconnection <br />type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">Wired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cable (<a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">xDSL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Powerline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PLCBUS" title="PLCBUS">PLCBUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">Universal powerline bus</a> (UPB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">Wireless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Radio frequency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyriaNed" title="MyriaNed">MyriaNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Net" title="One-Net">One-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(network_protocol)" title="Thread (network protocol)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> (<a href="/wiki/Consumer_IR" title="Consumer IR">Consumer IR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX" title="KNX">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_(standard)" title="Matter (standard)">Matter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Classifications_of_domestic_network_technologies" title="Home automation">Network<br />technologies,<br />by function</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Device<br />interconnection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy" title="Bluetooth Low Energy">Bluetooth Low Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Control and<br />automation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllJoyn" title="AllJoyn">AllJoyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_SCS" title="Bus SCS">Bus SCS</a> with <a href="/wiki/OpenWebNet" title="OpenWebNet">OpenWebNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-Bus_(protocol)" title="C-Bus (protocol)">C-Bus (protocol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEBus" title="CEBus">CEBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnOcean" title="EnOcean">EnOcean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Home_Systems_Protocol" title="European Home Systems Protocol">EHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insteon" title="Insteon">Insteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP500_Alliance" title="IP500 Alliance">IP500</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luxom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luxom (page does not exist)">Luxom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KNX_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="KNX (standard)">KNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LonWorks" title="LonWorks">LonWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Net" title="One-Net">One-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_powerline_bus" title="Universal powerline bus">Universal powerline bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X10_(industry_standard)" title="X10 (industry standard)">X10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigbee" title="Zigbee">Zigbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Wave" title="Z-Wave">Z-Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data<br />networking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patch_Panel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/250px-Patch_Panel.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Patch_Panel.jpg/330px-Patch_Panel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Tasks" title="Home automation">Tasks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Audio_and_video" title="Home automation">Audio and video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_control_system" title="Lighting control system">Lighting control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Other_systems" title="Home automation">Other systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Robotics" title="Home automation">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_automation#Security" title="Home automation">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_communicating_thermostat" title="Programmable communicating thermostat">Thermostat automation</a></li> <li><a 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