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id="toc-Effects_of_smoking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_smoking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Effects of smoking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_smoking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft-tissue_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft-tissue_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Soft-tissue involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft-tissue_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fracture_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fracture_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Fracture pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fracture_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fragments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fragments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Fragments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fragments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomical_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomical_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Anatomical location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatomical_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OTA/AO_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OTA/AO_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>OTA/AO classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OTA/AO_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications_named_after_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications_named_after_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Classifications named after people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications_named_after_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pain_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pain_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pain management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pain_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immobilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immobilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Immobilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immobilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Surgery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_stimulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_stimulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Bone stimulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_stimulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Physical therapy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bone fracture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktuur" title="Fraktuur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fraktuur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%85" title="كسر العظم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كسر العظم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiebra" title="Quiebra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Quiebra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1n%C4%B1qlar" title="Sınıqlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sınıqlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%99%D0%BA_%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Һөйәк һыныуы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөйәк һыныуы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Пералом – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пералом" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Фрактура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фрактура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractura_(medicina)" title="Fractura (medicina) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fractura (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlomenina" title="Zlomenina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlomenina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torasgwrn" title="Torasgwrn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Torasgwrn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoglefraktur" title="Knoglefraktur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Knoglefraktur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knochenbruch" title="Knochenbruch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Knochenbruch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luumurd" title="Luumurd – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Luumurd" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κάταγμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάταγμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractura_%C3%B3sea" title="Fractura ósea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fractura ósea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakturo" title="Frakturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frakturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezur_haustura" title="Hezur haustura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hezur haustura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شکستگی استخوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شکستگی استخوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fracture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briseadh_(cn%C3%A1mh)" title="Briseadh (cnámh) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Briseadh (cnámh)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractura" title="Fractura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fractura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" title="અસ્થિભંગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અસ્થિભંગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A8%EC%A0%88" title="골절 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="골절" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Կոտրվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոտրվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="अस्थिभंग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अस्थिभंग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prijelom_kosti" title="Prijelom kosti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prijelom kosti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retak_tulang" title="Retak tulang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Retak tulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractura_ossee" title="Fractura ossee – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fractura ossee" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinbrot" title="Beinbrot – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beinbrot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frattura_(medicina)" title="Frattura (medicina) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frattura (medicina)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%A8_(%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94)" title="שבר (רפואה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שבר (רפואה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balung_tugel" title="Balung tugel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Balung tugel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4(Bone_fracture)" title="ಮೂಳೆ ಮುರಿತ(Bone fracture) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೂಳೆ ಮುರಿತ(Bone fracture)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მოტეხილობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოტეხილობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Сынық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сынық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractura_(ossis)" title="Fractura (ossis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fractura (ossis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaula_l%C5%ABzums" title="Kaula lūzums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaula lūzums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaulo_l%C5%AB%C5%BEis" title="Kaulo lūžis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaulo lūžis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Скршеница на коска – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скршеница на коска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="अस्थिभंग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अस्थिभंग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patah_tulang" title="Patah tulang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Patah tulang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botbreuk" title="Botbreuk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Botbreuk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%8A%98" title="骨折 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="骨折" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinbrudd" title="Beinbrudd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beinbrudd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knokkelbrot" title="Knokkelbrot – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Knokkelbrot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A8" title="ଅସ୍ଥି ଭଗ୍ନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅସ୍ଥି ଭଗ୍ନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suyak_sinishi" title="Suyak sinishi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suyak sinishi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%DA%89%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%84" title="د هډوکي ماتېدل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هډوکي ماتېدل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buon_frakcha" title="Buon frakcha – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Buon frakcha" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82amanie" title="Złamanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Złamanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratura_%C3%B3ssea" title="Fratura óssea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fratura óssea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractur%C4%83" title="Fractură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fractură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullup%27aki" title="Tullup'aki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tullup'aki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Перелом кости – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перелом кости" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bane_fractur" title="Bane fractur – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bane fractur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyerja_e_kock%C3%ABs" title="Thyerja e kockës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thyerja e kockës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruttura_(frattura)" title="Ruttura (frattura) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ruttura (frattura)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="Bone fracture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bone fracture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlomenina_(kos%C5%A5)" title="Zlomenina (kosť) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zlomenina (kosť)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostni_zlom" title="Kostni zlom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kostni zlom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="شکانی ئێسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شکانی ئێسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelom_kosti" title="Prelom kosti – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prelom kosti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelom_kosti" title="Prelom kosti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prelom kosti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luunmurtuma" title="Luunmurtuma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luunmurtuma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraktur_(medicin)" title="Fraktur (medicin) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fraktur (medicin)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="எலும்பு முறிவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எலும்பு முறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Сөяк сыну – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөяк сыну" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81" title="ఎముక విరుపు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎముక విరుపు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="กระดูกหัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระดูกหัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemik_k%C4%B1r%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kemik kırığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kemik kırığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Переломи кісток – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Переломи кісток" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndok_Raek" title="Ndok Raek – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndok Raek" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A3y_x%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Gãy xương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gãy xương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%8A%98" title="骨折 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="骨折" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%8A%98" title="骨折 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="骨折" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E6%8A%98" title="骨折 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="骨折" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q68833#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bone_fracture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Broken bones" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Broken_Bones_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Broken Bones (disambiguation)">Broken Bones</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Physical damage to the continuity of a bone</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Bone fracture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">broken bone, bone break</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Broken_fixed_arm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Broken_fixed_arm.jpg/220px-Broken_fixed_arm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Broken_fixed_arm.jpg/330px-Broken_fixed_arm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Broken_fixed_arm.jpg/440px-Broken_fixed_arm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Internal and external views of an arm with a compound fracture, both before and after surgery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orthopedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedics">Orthopedics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>bone fracture</b> (abbreviated <b>FRX</b> or <b>Fx</b>, <b>F<sub>x</sub></b>, or <b>#</b>) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> in the body. In more severe cases, the bone may be broken into several fragments, known as a <i>comminuted fracture</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An open fracture (or compound fracture) is a bone fracture where the broken bone breaks through the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bone fracture may be the result of high force <a href="/wiki/Impact_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact force">impact</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stress_fracture" title="Stress fracture">stress</a>, or a minimal trauma injury as a result of certain medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteopenia" title="Osteopenia">osteopenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cancer">bone cancer</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Osteogenesis_imperfecta" title="Osteogenesis imperfecta">osteogenesis imperfecta</a>, where the fracture is then properly termed a <a href="/wiki/Pathologic_fracture" title="Pathologic fracture">pathologic fracture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most bone fractures require urgent medical attention to prevent further injury. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although bone tissue contains no <a href="/wiki/Nociceptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nociceptors">pain receptors</a>, a bone fracture is painful for several reasons:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Breaking in the continuity of the <a href="/wiki/Periosteum" title="Periosteum">periosteum</a>, with or without similar discontinuity in <a href="/wiki/Endosteum" title="Endosteum">endosteum</a>, as both contain multiple pain receptors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">Edema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a> of nearby <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissues" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft tissues">soft tissues</a> caused by ruptured <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> evokes pressure pain.</li> <li>Involuntary <a href="/wiki/Muscle_spasms" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle spasms">muscle spasms</a> trying to hold bone fragments in place.</li></ul> <p>Damage to adjacent structures such as nerves, muscles or blood vessels, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, and nerve roots (for spine fractures), or cranial contents (for skull fractures) may cause other specific signs and symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complications">Complications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nonunion2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nonunion2010.JPG/220px-Nonunion2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nonunion2010.JPG/330px-Nonunion2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Nonunion2010.JPG/440px-Nonunion2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>An old fracture with <a href="/wiki/Pseudarthrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudarthrosis">nonunion</a> of the fracture fragments</figcaption></figure> <p>Some fractures may lead to serious complications including a condition known as <a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">compartment syndrome</a>. If not treated, eventually, compartment syndrome may require <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> of the affected limb. Other complications may include non-union, where the fractured bone fails to heal, or malunion, where the fractured bone heals in a deformed manner. One form of malunion is the malrotation of a bone, which is especially common after femoral and tibial fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications of fractures may be classified into three broad groups, depending upon their time of occurrence. These are as follows – </p> <ol><li><i>Immediate</i> complications – occurs at the time of the fracture.</li> <li><i>Early</i> complications – occurring in the initial few days after the fracture.</li> <li><i>Late</i> complications – occurring a long time after the fracture.</li></ol> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Immediate</th> <th>Early</th> <th>Late </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Systemic</b></i> <ul><li>Hypovolaemic shock</li></ul> </td> <td><i><b>Systemic</b></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypovolemic_shock" title="Hypovolemic shock">Hypovolemic shock</a></li> <li>ARDS – <a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat embolism">Fat embolism</a> syndrome</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">Deep vein thrombosis</a></li> <li>Pulmonary Embolism syndrome</li> <li>Aseptic traumatic fever</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">Sepsis</a> (in open fracture )</li> <li>Crush syndrome</li></ul> </td> <td><i><b>Imperfect union of the fracture</b></i> <ul><li>Delayed union</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudarthrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudarthrosis">Non-union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malunion" title="Malunion">Malunion</a></li> <li>Cross union</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>Local</b></i> <ul><li>Injury to major vessels</li> <li>Injury to muscles and tendons</li> <li>Injury to joints</li> <li>Injury to viscera</li></ul> </td> <td><i><b>Local</b></i> <ul><li>Infection</li> <li>Compartment syndrome</li></ul> </td> <td><i><b>Others</b></i> <ul><li>Avascular necrosis</li> <li>Shortening</li> <li>Joint stiffness</li> <li>Sudeck's dystrophy</li> <li>Osteomyelitis</li> <li>Ischaemic contracture</li> <li>Myositis ossificans</li> <li>Osteoarthritis</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bone_healing" title="Bone healing">Bone healing</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpg/500px-613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpg/750px-613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpg/1000px-613_Stages_of_Fracture_Repair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Stages in Fracture Repair: The healing of a bone fracture follows a series of progressive steps: (a) A fracture hematoma forms. (b) Internal and external calli form. (c) Cartilage of the calli is replaced by trabecular bone. (d) Remodeling occurs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The natural process of healing a fracture starts when the injured bone and surrounding tissues bleed, forming a fracture <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotting">blood coagulates</a> to form a blood <a href="/wiki/Clot" class="mw-redirect" title="Clot">clot</a> situated between the broken fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a few days, <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">blood vessels grow</a> into the jelly-like matrix of the blood clot. The new blood vessels bring <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">phagocytes</a> to the area, which gradually removes the non-viable material. The blood vessels also bring <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> in the walls of the vessels and these multiply and produce <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> fibres. In this way, the blood clot is replaced by a matrix of collagen. Collagen's rubbery consistency allows bone fragments to move only a small amount unless severe or persistent force is applied.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At this stage, some of the fibroblasts begin to lay down <a href="/wiki/Bone_matrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone matrix">bone matrix</a> in the form of collagen monomers. These monomers spontaneously assemble to form the bone matrix, for which bone crystals (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxyapatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium hydroxyapatite">calcium hydroxyapatite</a>) are deposited in amongst, in the form of insoluble <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a>. This mineralization of the collagen matrix stiffens it and transforms it into bone. In fact, bone <i>is</i> a mineralized collagen matrix; if the mineral is dissolved out of bone, it becomes rubbery. Healing bone <a href="/wiki/Fibrocartilage_callus" title="Fibrocartilage callus">callus</a> on average is sufficiently mineralized to show up on <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> within 6 weeks in adults and less in children. This initial "woven" bone does not have the strong mechanical properties of mature bone. By a process of remodelling, the woven bone is replaced by mature "lamellar" bone. The whole process may take up to 18 months, but in adults, the strength of the healing bone is usually 80% of normal by 3 months after the injury.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several factors may help or hinder the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technicalcarebd.com/2023/07/vanga-har.html">bone</a> healing process. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> smoking hinders the process of bone healing,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20303894_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20303894-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and adequate nutrition (including <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> intake) will help the bone healing process. Weight-bearing stress on bone, after the bone has healed sufficiently to bear the weight, also builds bone strength. </p><p>Although there are theoretical concerns about <a href="/wiki/NSAIDs" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAIDs">NSAIDs</a> slowing the rate of healing, there is not enough evidence to warrant withholding the use of this type analgesic in simple fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_smoking">Effects of smoking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of smoking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco</a></div> <p>Smokers generally have lower bone density than non-smokers, so they have a much higher risk of fractures. There is also evidence that smoking delays bone healing.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xraymachine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/220px-Xraymachine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/330px-Xraymachine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Xraymachine.JPG/440px-Xraymachine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medical_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical radiography">Radiography</a> to identify possible fractures after a knee injury</figcaption></figure> <p>A bone fracture may be diagnosed based on the history given and the physical examination performed. <a href="/wiki/Medical_radiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical radiography">Radiographic imaging</a> often is performed to confirm the diagnosis. Under certain circumstances, radiographic examination of the nearby joints is indicated in order to exclude dislocations and fracture-dislocations. In situations where projectional radiography alone is insufficient, <a href="/wiki/Computed_Tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed Tomography">Computed Tomography (CT)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Resonance_Imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Resonance Imaging">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</a> may be indicated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Compound Fracture" redirects here. For the 2013 horror film, see <a href="/wiki/Compound_Fracture_(film)" title="Compound Fracture (film)">Compound Fracture (film)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg/220px-612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg/330px-612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg/440px-612_Types_of_Fractures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Compare healthy bone with different types of fractures: <br />   (a) closed fracture <br />   (b) open fracture <br />   (c) transverse fracture <br />   (d) spiral fracture <br />   (e) comminuted fracture <br />   (f) impacted fracture <br />   (g) greenstick fracture <br />   (h) oblique fracture</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offene_Luxation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Offene_Luxation.jpg/200px-Offene_Luxation.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Offene_Luxation.jpg/300px-Offene_Luxation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Offene_Luxation.jpg/400px-Offene_Luxation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Open ankle fracture with luxation</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periprosthetic_fracture_of_left_femur,_case_1,_before_treatment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Periprosthetic_fracture_of_left_femur%2C_case_1%2C_before_treatment.jpg/200px-Periprosthetic_fracture_of_left_femur%2C_case_1%2C_before_treatment.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Periprosthetic_fracture_of_left_femur%2C_case_1%2C_before_treatment.jpg/300px-Periprosthetic_fracture_of_left_femur%2C_case_1%2C_before_treatment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Periprosthetic_fracture_of_left_femur%2C_case_1%2C_before_treatment.jpg/400px-Periprosthetic_fracture_of_left_femur%2C_case_1%2C_before_treatment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Periprosthetic fracture of left femur</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, fractures are classified in various ways. Historically they are named after the physician who first described the fracture conditions, however, there are more systematic classifications as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They may be divided into stable versus unstable depending on the likelihood that they may shift further.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">Traumatic</a> fracture – a fracture due to sustained trauma. e.g., fractures caused by a fall, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision" title="Traffic collision">road traffic accident</a>, fight, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathologic_fracture" title="Pathologic fracture">Pathologic fracture</a> – a fracture through a bone that has been made weak by some underlying disease is called pathological fracture. e.g., a fracture through a bone weakened by <a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">metastasis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">Osteoporosis</a> is the most common cause of pathological fracture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periprosthetic" title="Periprosthetic">Periprosthetic</a> fracture – a fracture at the point of mechanical weakness at the end of an <a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">implant</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft-tissue_involvement">Soft-tissue involvement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soft-tissue involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Closed/simple fractures are those in which the overlying skin is intact<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_fracture" title="Open fracture">Open/compound fractures</a> involve wounds that communicate with the fracture, or where fracture <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a> is exposed, and may thus expose bone to <a href="/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a>. Open injuries carry a higher risk of <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a>. Reports indicate an incidence of infection after internal fixation of closed fracture of 1-2%, rising to 30% in open fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Clean fracture</li> <li>Contaminated fracture</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Displacement">Displacement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Non-displaced</li> <li>Displaced <ul><li>Translated, or <i>ad latus</i>, with sideways displacement.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Angulated</li> <li>Rotated</li> <li>Shortened, a reduction in overall bone length when displaced fracture fragments overlap</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fracture_pattern">Fracture pattern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fracture pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_fracture_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fracture patterns">List of fracture patterns</a></div> <ul><li>Linear fracture – a fracture that is parallel to the bone's long axis</li> <li>Transverse fracture – a fracture that is at a right angle to the bone's long axis</li> <li>Oblique fracture – a fracture that is diagonal to a bone's long axis (more than 30°)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_fracture" title="Spiral fracture">Spiral fracture</a> – a fracture where at least one part of the bone has been twisted</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression fracture">Compression fracture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wedge_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge fracture">wedge fracture</a> – usually occurs in the vertebrae, for example when the front portion of a <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> in the spine collapses due to <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> (a medical condition which causes bones to become brittle and susceptible to fracture, with or without trauma)</li> <li>Impacted fracture – a fracture caused when bone fragments are driven into each other</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_fracture" title="Avulsion fracture">Avulsion fracture</a> – a fracture where a fragment of bone is separated from the main mass</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fragments">Fragments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fragments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Incomplete fracture – a fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined, in such cases, there is a crack in the osseous tissue that does not completely traverse the width of the bone.</li> <li>Complete fracture – a fracture in which bone fragments separate completely.</li> <li>Comminuted fracture – a fracture in which the bone has broken into several pieces.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anatomical_location">Anatomical location</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Anatomical location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An anatomical classification may begin with specifying the involved body part, such as the head or arm, followed by more specific localization. Fractures that have additional definition criteria than merely localization often may be classified as subtypes of fractures, such as a <a href="/wiki/Holstein-Lewis_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Lewis fracture">Holstein-Lewis fracture</a> being a subtype of a <a href="/wiki/Humerus_fracture" title="Humerus fracture">humerus fracture</a>. Most typical examples in an orthopaedic classification given in the previous section cannot be classified appropriately into any specific part of an anatomical classification, however, as they may apply to multiple anatomical fracture sites. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skull_fracture" title="Skull fracture">Skull fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_skull_fracture" title="Basilar skull fracture">Basilar skull fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowout fracture">Blowout fracture</a> – a fracture of the walls or floor of the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_fracture" title="Mandibular fracture">Mandibular fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_fracture" title="Nasal fracture">Nasal fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Fort_fracture_of_skull" title="Le Fort fracture of skull">Le Fort fracture of skull</a> – facial fractures involving the <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillary bone">maxillary bone</a> and surrounding structures in a usually bilateral and either horizontal, pyramidal, or transverse way.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_fracture" title="Spinal fracture">Spinal fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_fracture" title="Cervical fracture">Cervical fracture</a> <ul><li>Fracture of <i><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">C1</a></i>, including <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_fracture" title="Jefferson fracture">Jefferson fracture</a></li> <li>Fracture of <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(anatomy)" title="Axis (anatomy)">C2</a></i>, including <a href="/wiki/Hangman%27s_fracture" title="Hangman's fracture">Hangman's fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexion_teardrop_fracture" title="Flexion teardrop fracture">Flexion teardrop fracture</a> – a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertebral</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay-shoveler_fracture" title="Clay-shoveler fracture">Clay-shoveler fracture</a> – fracture through the <a href="/wiki/Spinous_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinous process">spinous process</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> occurring at any of the lower cervical or upper thoracic vertebrae</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burst_fracture" title="Burst fracture">Burst fracture</a> – in which a vertebra breaks from a high-energy axial load</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression fracture">Compression fracture</a> – a collapse of a vertebra, often in the form of <a href="/wiki/Wedge_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge fracture">wedge fractures</a> due to larger compression anteriorly</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_fracture" title="Chance fracture">Chance fracture</a> – compression injury to the anterior portion of a vertebral body with concomitant distraction injury to posterior elements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdsworth_fracture" title="Holdsworth fracture">Holdsworth fracture</a> – an unstable fracture <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">thoraco</a> <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar junction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">spine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_fracture" title="Rib fracture">Rib fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternal_fracture" title="Sternal fracture">Sternal fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder fracture">Shoulder fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle_fracture" title="Clavicle fracture">Clavicle fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapular_fracture" title="Scapular fracture">Scapular fracture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm fracture">Arm fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humerus_fracture" title="Humerus fracture">Humerus fracture</a> (fracture of upper arm) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supracondylar_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Supracondylar fracture">Supracondylar fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein-Lewis_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Holstein-Lewis fracture">Holstein-Lewis fracture</a> – a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> third of the humerus resulting in <a href="/wiki/Compression_neuropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression neuropathy">entrapment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">radial nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Forearm fracture">Forearm fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulnar fracture">Ulnar fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monteggia_fracture" title="Monteggia fracture">Monteggia fracture</a> – a fracture of the proximal third of the ulna with the dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the radius">head of the radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_fracture" title="Hume fracture">Hume fracture</a> – a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a> with an associated <a href="/wiki/Anterior_and_posterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior and posterior">anterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">radial head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius fracture">Radius fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essex-Lopresti_fracture" title="Essex-Lopresti fracture">Essex-Lopresti fracture</a> – a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_radius" title="Head of radius">radial head</a> with concomitant dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_articulation" title="Distal radioulnar articulation">distal radio-ulnar joint</a> with disruption of the <a href="/wiki/Interosseous_membrane_of_the_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Interosseous membrane of the forearm">interosseous membrane</a><sup id="cite_ref-wheeless_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheeless-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture" title="Distal radius fracture">Distal radius fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzi_fracture" title="Galeazzi fracture">Galeazzi fracture</a> – a fracture of the radius with dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Distal_radioulnar_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal radioulnar joint">distal radioulnar joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colles%27_fracture" title="Colles' fracture">Colles' fracture</a> – a distal fracture of the radius with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_fracture" title="Smith's fracture">Smith's fracture</a> – a distal fracture of the radius with volar (ventral) displacement of the wrist and hand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%27s_fracture" title="Barton's fracture">Barton's fracture</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular fracture">intra-articular fracture</a> of the distal radius with dislocation of the <a href="/wiki/Radiocarpal_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarpal joint">radiocarpal joint</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand fracture">Hand fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_fracture" title="Scaphoid fracture">Scaphoid fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolando_fracture" title="Rolando fracture">Rolando fracture</a> – a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Comminuted" class="extiw" title="wikt:Comminuted">comminuted</a> <a href="/wiki/Intra-articular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular">intra-articular</a> <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a> through the base of the first <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpal">metacarpal</a> bone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_fracture" title="Bennett's fracture">Bennett's fracture</a> – a fracture of the base of the <a href="/wiki/First_metacarpal_bone" title="First metacarpal bone">first metacarpal bone</a> which extends into the <a href="/wiki/Carpometacarpal_joint" title="Carpometacarpal joint">carpometacarpal</a> (CMC) joint <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer%27s_fracture" title="Boxer's fracture">Boxer's fracture</a> – a fracture at the neck of a <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpal">metacarpal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_finger" title="Broken finger">Broken finger</a> – a fracture of the carpal phalanges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fracture" title="Pelvic fracture">Pelvic fracture</a> <ul><li>Fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duverney_fracture" title="Duverney fracture">Duverney fracture</a> – an isolated pelvic fracture involving only the <a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">iliac wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_fracture" title="Femoral fracture">Femoral fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a> (anatomically a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> bone and not the <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bone</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_fracture" title="Patella fracture">Patella fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crus_fracture" title="Crus fracture">Crus fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibia_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibia fracture">Tibia fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilon_fracture" title="Pilon fracture">Pilon fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibial_plateau_fracture" title="Tibial plateau fracture">Tibial plateau fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumper fracture">Bumper fracture</a> – a fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral (anatomy)">lateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibial</a> plateau caused by a forced <a href="/wiki/Valgus_deformity" title="Valgus deformity">valgus</a> applied to the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segond_fracture" title="Segond fracture">Segond fracture</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_fracture" title="Avulsion fracture">avulsion fracture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">lateral tibial condyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosselin_fracture" title="Gosselin fracture">Gosselin fracture</a> – a fractures of the tibial <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">plafond</a> into anterior and posterior fragments <sup id="cite_ref-hunter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler%27s_fracture" title="Toddler's fracture">Toddler's fracture</a> – an undisplaced and spiral fracture of the distal third to distal half of the tibia <sup id="cite_ref-pmid10532655_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10532655-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibular_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibular fracture">Fibular fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maisonneuve_fracture" title="Maisonneuve fracture">Maisonneuve fracture</a> – a spiral fracture of the proximal third of the fibula associated with a tear of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis and the interosseous membrane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Fort_fracture_of_ankle" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Fort fracture of ankle">Le Fort fracture of ankle</a> – a vertical fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_and_posterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior and posterior">antero</a>-<a href="/wiki/Human_anatomical_terms#Front_and_back" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomical terms">medial</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Proximal_and_distal" title="Anatomical terms of location">distal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> with <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_fracture" title="Avulsion fracture">avulsion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_ligament_of_the_lateral_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior ligament of the lateral malleolus">anterior tibiofibular ligament</a><sup id="cite_ref-hunter_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosworth_fracture" title="Bosworth fracture">Bosworth fracture</a> – a fracture with an associated fixed <a href="/wiki/Anterior_and_posterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior and posterior">posterior</a> <a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">dislocation</a> of the distal fibular fragment that becomes trapped behind the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">posterior tibial tubercle</a>; the injury is caused by severe <a href="/wiki/External_rotation" class="mw-redirect" title="External rotation">external rotation</a> of the ankle <sup id="cite_ref-perry_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_tibia_and_fibula_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined tibia and fibula fracture">Combined tibia and fibula fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimalleolar_fracture" title="Trimalleolar fracture">Trimalleolar fracture</a> – involving the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral malleolus">lateral malleolus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medial_malleolus" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial malleolus">medial malleolus</a>, and the distal posterior aspect of the tibia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimalleolar_fracture" title="Bimalleolar fracture">Bimalleolar fracture</a> – involving the lateral <a href="/wiki/Malleolus" title="Malleolus">malleolus</a> and the medial malleolus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pott%27s_fracture" title="Pott's fracture">Pott's fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot fracture">Foot fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisfranc_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisfranc fracture">Lisfranc fracture</a> – in which one or all of the <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal">metatarsals</a> are displaced from the <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">tarsus</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_fracture" title="Jones fracture">Jones fracture</a> – a fracture of the proximal end of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_metatarsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth metatarsal">fifth metatarsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_fracture" title="March fracture">March fracture</a> – a fracture of the distal third of one of the metatarsals occurring because of recurrent stress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_fracture" title="Cuneiform fracture">Cuneiform fracture</a> – a fracture of one of the three cuneiform bones typically due to direct blow, axial load, or avulsion <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneal_fracture" title="Calcaneal fracture">Calcaneal fracture</a> – a fracture of the calcaneus (heel bone)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_toe" title="Broken toe">Broken toe</a> – a fracture of the pedal phalanges</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OTA/AO_classification"><span id="OTA.2FAO_classification"></span>OTA/AO classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: OTA/AO classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_AO_Classification_of_fractures" title="Müller AO Classification of fractures">Müller AO Classification of fractures</a></div> <p>The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification published its classification system <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1996, adopting a similar system to the 1987 <a href="/wiki/AO_Foundation" title="AO Foundation">AO Foundation</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, they extended their system,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unifying the two systems regarding wrist, hand, foot, and ankle fractures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classifications_named_after_people">Classifications named after people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Classifications named after people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Orthopedic_classifications" title="Category:Orthopedic classifications">Orthopedic classifications</a></div> <p>A number of classifications are named after the person (<a href="/wiki/Eponymous" class="mw-redirect" title="Eponymous">eponymous</a>) who developed it. </p> <ul><li>"Denis classification" for <a href="/wiki/Spinal_fracture" title="Spinal fracture">spinal fractures</a> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Frykman_classification" title="Frykman classification">Frykman classification</a>" for <a href="/wiki/Forearm_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Forearm fracture">forearm fractures</a> (fractures of <a href="/wiki/Radius_and_ulna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius and ulna">radius and ulna</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gustilo_open_fracture_classification" title="Gustilo open fracture classification">Gustilo open fracture classification</a>" <sup id="cite_ref-Rüedi_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rüedi-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Letournel and Judet Classification" for <a href="/wiki/Acetabular_fracture" title="Acetabular fracture">Acetabular fractures</a> <sup id="cite_ref-Fractures_of_the_Acetabulum_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fractures_of_the_Acetabulum-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Neer classification" for <a href="/wiki/Humerus_fracture" title="Humerus fracture">humerus fractures</a> <sup id="cite_ref-pmid9155417_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9155417-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-titleeMedicine_-_Proximal_Humerus_Fractures:_Article_by_Mark_Frankle,_MD_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-titleeMedicine_-_Proximal_Humerus_Fractures:_Article_by_Mark_Frankle,_MD-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seinsheimer_classification" title="Seinsheimer classification">Seinsheimer classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evans-Jensen_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Evans-Jensen classification">Evans-Jensen classification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipkin_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipkin classification">Pipkin classification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garden_classification" title="Garden classification">Garden classification</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fractures</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both high- and low-force trauma can cause bone fracture injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Preventive efforts to reduce motor vehicle crashes, the most common cause of high-force trauma, include reducing distractions while driving.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common distractions are driving under the influence and texting or calling while driving, both of which lead to an approximate 6-fold increase in crashes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wearing a seatbelt can also reduce the likelihood of injury in a collision.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 30 <a href="/wiki/Kilometers_per_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilometers per hour">km/h</a> or 20 <a href="/wiki/Miles_per_hour" title="Miles per hour">mph</a> <a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">speed limits</a> (as opposed to the more common intracity 50 km/h / 30 mph) also drastically reduce the risk of accident, serious injury and even death in crashes between motor vehicles and humans. <a href="/wiki/Vision_Zero" title="Vision Zero">Vision Zero</a> aims to reduce <a href="/wiki/Traffic_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic deaths">traffic deaths</a> to zero through better traffic design and other measures and to drastically reduce <a href="/wiki/Traffic_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic injuries">traffic injuries</a> which would prevent many bone fractures. </p><p>A common cause of low-force trauma is an at-home fall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When considering preventative efforts, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Health">National Institute of Health</a> (NIH) examines ways to reduce the likelihood of falling, the force of the fall, and bone fragility.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent at-home falls they suggest keeping cords out of high-traffic areas where someone could trip, installing handrails and keeping stairways well-lit, and installing an assistive bar near the bathtub in the washroom for support.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To reduce the impact of a fall the NIH recommends to try falling straight down on your buttocks or onto your hands.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sports have a relatively high risk of bone fractures as a common <a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">sports injury</a>. Preventive measures depend to some extent on the specific sport, but learning proper technique, wearing <a href="/wiki/Protective_gear_in_sports" title="Protective gear in sports">protective gear</a> and having a realistic estimation of one's own capabilities and limitations can all help reduce the risk of bone fracture. In <a href="/wiki/Contact_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact sports">contact sports</a> rules have been put in place to protect athlete health, such as the prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_roughness" class="mw-redirect" title="Unnecessary roughness">unnecessary roughness</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>. </p><p>Taking calcium and vitamin D supplements can help strengthen your bones.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vitamin D supplements combined with additional calcium marginally reduces the risk of hip fractures and other types of fracture in older adults; however, vitamin D supplementation alone did not reduce the risk of fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking vibration therapy can also help strengthening bones and reducing the risk of a fracture.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patterns">Patterns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Patterns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">Photo </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Causes </th> <th>Effects </th></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laengsfraktur_D4-Endglied_-_Verlauf_25M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Laengsfraktur_D4-Endglied_-_Verlauf_25M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg/150px-Laengsfraktur_D4-Endglied_-_Verlauf_25M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Laengsfraktur_D4-Endglied_-_Verlauf_25M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg/225px-Laengsfraktur_D4-Endglied_-_Verlauf_25M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Laengsfraktur_D4-Endglied_-_Verlauf_25M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg/300px-Laengsfraktur_D4-Endglied_-_Verlauf_25M_-_CR_ap_-_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>In the fingertip. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Linear_fractures" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Linear fractures">More images</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Linear fracture </td> <td>Parallel to the bone's long axis </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kind_of_fractures_-_Closed_fracture_--_Smart-Servier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kind_of_fractures_-_Closed_fracture_--_Smart-Servier.png/220px-Kind_of_fractures_-_Closed_fracture_--_Smart-Servier.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kind_of_fractures_-_Closed_fracture_--_Smart-Servier.png/330px-Kind_of_fractures_-_Closed_fracture_--_Smart-Servier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kind_of_fractures_-_Closed_fracture_--_Smart-Servier.png/440px-Kind_of_fractures_-_Closed_fracture_--_Smart-Servier.png 2x" data-file-width="3808" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Transverse_fractures" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Transverse fractures">more images</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Transverse fracture </td> <td>At a right angle to the bone's long axis </td> <td>May occur when the bone is bent,<sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and snaps in the middle. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kind_of_fractures_-_Oblique_--_Smart-Servier.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kind_of_fractures_-_Oblique_--_Smart-Servier.png/130px-Kind_of_fractures_-_Oblique_--_Smart-Servier.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kind_of_fractures_-_Oblique_--_Smart-Servier.png/195px-Kind_of_fractures_-_Oblique_--_Smart-Servier.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kind_of_fractures_-_Oblique_--_Smart-Servier.png/260px-Kind_of_fractures_-_Oblique_--_Smart-Servier.png 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Oblique fracture </td> <td>Diagonal to a bone's long axis (more than 30°) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armbreak_-_Spiral_Fracture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armbreak_-_Spiral_Fracture.jpg/220px-Armbreak_-_Spiral_Fracture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armbreak_-_Spiral_Fracture.jpg/330px-Armbreak_-_Spiral_Fracture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Armbreak_-_Spiral_Fracture.jpg/440px-Armbreak_-_Spiral_Fracture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiral_fractures" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Spiral fractures">more images</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiral_fracture" title="Spiral fracture">Spiral fracture</a> or torsion fracture </td> <td>At least one part of the bone has been twisted (image shows an <a href="/wiki/Arm_wrestling" title="Arm wrestling">arm-wrestler</a>) </td> <td>Torsion on the bone<sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>May rotate, and must be <a href="/wiki/Fracture_reduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Fracture reduction">reduced</a> to heal properly </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blausen_0250_CompressionFracture_Vertebrae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blausen_0250_CompressionFracture_Vertebrae.png/220px-Blausen_0250_CompressionFracture_Vertebrae.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blausen_0250_CompressionFracture_Vertebrae.png/330px-Blausen_0250_CompressionFracture_Vertebrae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Blausen_0250_CompressionFracture_Vertebrae.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Compression_fractures" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Compression fractures">more images</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Compression_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression fracture">Compression fracture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wedge_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge fracture">wedge fracture</a> </td> <td>Usually occurs in the vertebrae, for example when the front portion of a <a href="/wiki/Vertebra" title="Vertebra">vertebra</a> in the spine collapses due to <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> (a medical condition which causes bones to become brittle and susceptible to fracture, with or without trauma) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Impacted fracture </td> <td>Bone fragments are driven into each other </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MalletFinger.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MalletFinger.PNG/220px-MalletFinger.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MalletFinger.PNG/330px-MalletFinger.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MalletFinger.PNG/440px-MalletFinger.PNG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Avulsion_fractures" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Avulsion fractures">more images</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_fracture" title="Avulsion fracture">Avulsion fracture</a> </td> <td>A fragment of bone is separated from the main mass (image shows a <a href="/wiki/Busch_fracture" title="Busch fracture">Busch fracture</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagelkranzfraktur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nagelkranzfraktur.jpg/220px-Nagelkranzfraktur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nagelkranzfraktur.jpg/330px-Nagelkranzfraktur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Nagelkranzfraktur.jpg/440px-Nagelkranzfraktur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Comminuted_fractures" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Comminuted fractures">more images</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Comminuted_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Comminuted fracture">Comminuted fracture</a> </td> <td>The bone is shattered </td> <td>often from crushing injuries<sup id="cite_ref-mcdaniel_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcdaniel-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K-Knie-z2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/K-Knie-z2.jpg/220px-K-Knie-z2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/K-Knie-z2.jpg/330px-K-Knie-z2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/K-Knie-z2.jpg/440px-K-Knie-z2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>X-ray showing the proximal portion of a fractured <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Intramedullary_rod" title="Intramedullary rod">intramedullary nail</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_patriotic_open_osteosynthesis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_patriotic_open_osteosynthesis.jpg/220px-The_patriotic_open_osteosynthesis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_patriotic_open_osteosynthesis.jpg/330px-The_patriotic_open_osteosynthesis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/The_patriotic_open_osteosynthesis.jpg/440px-The_patriotic_open_osteosynthesis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1815" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>The surgical treatment of <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandibular</a> angle fracture; fixation of the bone fragments by the plates, the principles of osteosynthesis are stability (immobility of the fragments that creates the conditions for bones coalescence) and functionality</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proximal_femur_nail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proximal_femur_nail.jpg/100px-Proximal_femur_nail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proximal_femur_nail.jpg/150px-Proximal_femur_nail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proximal_femur_nail.jpg/200px-Proximal_femur_nail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption>Proximal femur nail with locking and stabilisation screws for treatment of femur fractures of left thigh</figcaption></figure> <p>Treatment of bone fractures are broadly classified as surgical or conservative, the latter basically referring to any non-surgical procedure, such as pain management, immobilization or other non-surgical stabilization. A similar classification is <i>open</i> versus <i>closed treatment</i>, in which <i>open treatment</i> refers to any treatment in which the fracture site is opened surgically, regardless of whether the fracture is an <a href="#Classification">open</a> or <a href="#Classification">closed fracture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pain_management">Pain management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pain management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In arm fractures in children, <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a> has been found to be as effective as a combination of <a href="/wiki/Paracetamol" title="Paracetamol">paracetamol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medical_services" title="Emergency medical services">EMS</a> setting it might be applicable to administer 1mg/kg of iv <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a> to achieve a dissociated state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immobilization">Immobilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Immobilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/Bone_healing" title="Bone healing">bone healing</a> is a natural process that will occur most often, fracture treatment aims to ensure the best possible <i>function</i> of the injured part after healing. Bone fractures typically are treated by restoring the fractured pieces of bone to their natural positions (if necessary), and maintaining those positions while the bone heals. Often, aligning the bone, called <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(orthopedic_surgery)" title="Reduction (orthopedic surgery)">reduction</a>, in a good position and verifying the improved alignment with an X-ray is all that is needed. This process is extremely painful without <a href="/wiki/Anaesthesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaesthesia">anaesthesia</a>, about as painful as breaking the bone itself. To this end, a fractured limb usually is immobilized with a <a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">plaster</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">fibreglass</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_cast" title="Orthopedic cast">cast</a> or splint that holds the bones in position and immobilizes the joints above and below the fracture. </p><p>When the initial post-fracture <a href="/wiki/Oedema" class="mw-redirect" title="Oedema">oedema</a> or swelling goes down, the fracture may be placed in a removable brace or <a href="/wiki/Orthosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthosis">orthosis</a>. If being treated with surgery, <a href="/wiki/Intramedullary_rod" title="Intramedullary rod">surgical nails</a>, screws, plates, and wires are used to hold the fractured bone together more directly. Alternatively, fractured bones may be treated by the <a href="/wiki/Ilizarov_apparatus" title="Ilizarov apparatus">Ilizarov method</a> which is a form of an external fixator. </p><p>Occasionally smaller bones, such as phalanges of the <a href="/wiki/Toes" class="mw-redirect" title="Toes">toes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a>, may be treated without the cast, by <a href="/wiki/Buddy_wrapping" title="Buddy wrapping">buddy wrapping</a> them, which serves a similar function to making a cast. A device called a <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_frame" title="Suzuki frame">Suzuki frame</a> may be used in cases of deep, complex intra-articular digit fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16217475_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16217475-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By allowing only limited movement, immobilization helps preserve anatomical alignment while enabling <a href="/wiki/Fibrocartilage_callus" title="Fibrocartilage callus">callus</a> formation, toward the target of achieving union. </p><p>Splinting results in the same outcome as casting in children who have a distal radius fracture with little shifting.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surgery">Surgery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surgery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgical</a> methods of treating fractures have their own risks and benefits, but usually, surgery is performed only if conservative treatment has failed, is very likely to fail, or is likely to result in a poor functional outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With some fractures such as <a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">hip fractures</a> (usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>), surgery is offered routinely because non-operative treatment results in prolonged immobilisation, which commonly results in complications including chest infections, pressure sores, deconditioning, <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Deep vein thrombosis">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT), and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>, which are more dangerous than surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a joint surface is damaged by a <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fracture</a>, surgery is also commonly recommended to make an accurate anatomical reduction and restore the smoothness of the joint. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infection</a> is especially dangerous in bones, due to the recrudescent nature of bone infections. Bone tissue is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>, rather than living cells, and the few <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vessels">blood vessels</a> needed to support this low metabolism are only able to bring a limited number of <a href="/wiki/Immune_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune cell">immune cells</a> to an injury to fight infection. For this reason, open fractures and <a href="/wiki/Osteotomy" title="Osteotomy">osteotomies</a> call for very careful <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> procedures and <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic">prophylactic</a> use of antibiotics. </p><p>Occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Bone_grafting" title="Bone grafting">bone grafting</a> is used to treat a fracture.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes bones are reinforced with metal.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">implants</a> must be designed and installed with care. <i><a href="/wiki/Stress_shielding" title="Stress shielding">Stress shielding</a></i> occurs when plates or screws carry too large of a portion of the bone's load, causing <a href="/wiki/Atrophy" title="Atrophy">atrophy</a>. This problem is reduced, but not eliminated, by the use of low-<a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">modulus</a> materials, including <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> and its alloys. The heat generated by the friction of installing hardware can accumulate easily and damage <a href="/wiki/Bone_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone tissue">bone tissue</a>, reducing the strength of the connections. If dissimilar metals are installed in contact with one another (i.e., a titanium plate with <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>-<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> alloy or <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> screws), galvanic <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> will result. The metal <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> produced can damage the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> locally and may cause systemic effects as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_stimulation">Bone stimulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bone stimulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bone stimulation with either <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic">electromagnetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> waves may be suggested as an alternative to surgery to reduce the healing time for non-union fractures.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VictoriaPetrisor2009_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VictoriaPetrisor2009-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proposed mechanism of action is by stimulating osteoblasts and other proteins that form bones using these modalities. The evidence supporting the use of ultrasound and shockwave therapy for improving unions is very weak<sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is likely that these approaches do not make a clinically significant difference for a delayed union or non-union.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_therapy">Physical therapy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Physical therapy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> exercises (either home-based or physiotherapist-led) to improve functional mobility and strength, gait training for hip fractures, and other physical exercise are also often suggested to help recover physical capacities after a fracture has healed.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_bone_fracture" title="Child bone fracture">Child bone fracture</a></div> <p>In children, whose bones are still developing, there are risks of either a growth plate injury or a <a href="/wiki/Greenstick_fracture" title="Greenstick fracture">greenstick fracture</a>. </p> <ul><li>A greenstick fracture occurs due to mechanical failure on the tension side. That is since the bone is not so brittle as it would be in an adult, it does not completely fracture, but rather exhibits bowing without complete disruption of the bone's <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy)" title="Cortex (anatomy)">cortex</a> in the surface opposite the applied force.</li> <li>Growth plate injuries, as in <a href="/wiki/Salter-Harris_fractures" class="mw-redirect" title="Salter-Harris fractures">Salter-Harris fractures</a>, require careful treatment and accurate reduction to make sure that the bone continues to grow normally.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticity_(physics)" title="Plasticity (physics)">Plastic deformation</a> of the bone, in which the bone permanently bends, but does not break, also is possible in children. These injuries may require an <a href="/wiki/Osteotomy" title="Osteotomy">osteotomy</a> (bone cut) to realign the bone if it is fixed and cannot be realigned by closed methods.</li> <li>Certain fractures mainly occur in children, including fracture of the <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supracondylar_humerus_fracture" title="Supracondylar humerus fracture">supracondylar fracture of the humerus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stress_fracture" title="Stress fracture">Stress fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distraction_osteogenesis" title="Distraction osteogenesis">Distraction osteogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickets" title="Rickets">Rickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagmatic" title="Catagmatic">Catagmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Winnett_Orr" title="H. Winnett Orr">H. Winnett Orr</a>, U.S. Army surgeon who developed <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_plaster_cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedic plaster cast">Orthopedic plaster casts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKatherine2013" class="citation book cs1">Katherine, Abel (2013). <i>Official CPC Certification Study Guide</i>. 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(May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.injury.2017.05.016">"Healing of fracture nonunions treated with low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS): A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Injury</i>. <b>48</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1339–</span>1347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.injury.2017.05.016">10.1016/j.injury.2017.05.016</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28532896">28532896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Injury&rft.atitle=Healing+of+fracture+nonunions+treated+with+low-intensity+pulsed+ultrasound+%28LIPUS%29%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1339-%3C%2Fspan%3E1347&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.injury.2017.05.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28532896&rft.aulast=Leighton&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Watson%2C+J.T&rft.au=Giannoudis%2C+P.&rft.au=Papakostidis%2C+C.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+A.&rft.au=Steen%2C+R.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.injury.2017.05.016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+fracture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VictoriaPetrisor2009-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VictoriaPetrisor2009_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoriaPetrisorDrewDick2009" class="citation journal cs1">Victoria, Galkowski; Petrisor, Brad; Drew, Brian; Dick, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762251">"Bone stimulation for fracture healing: What′s all the fuss?"</a>. <i>Indian Journal of Orthopaedics</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5413.50844">10.4103/0019-5413.50844</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0019-5413">0019-5413</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762251">2762251</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19838359">19838359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Orthopaedics&rft.atitle=Bone+stimulation+for+fracture+healing%3A+What%E2%80%B2s+all+the+fuss%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2762251%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0019-5413&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19838359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0019-5413.50844&rft.aulast=Victoria&rft.aufirst=Galkowski&rft.au=Petrisor%2C+Brad&rft.au=Drew%2C+Brian&rft.au=Dick%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2762251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+fracture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearleLewisCoyleWelch2023" class="citation journal cs1">Searle, Henry Kc; Lewis, Sharon R.; Coyle, Conor; Welch, Matthew; Griffin, Xavier L. (3 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9983300">"Ultrasound and shockwave therapy for acute fractures in adults"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2023</b> (3): CD008579. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008579.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD008579.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9983300">9983300</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36866917">36866917</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Ultrasound+and+shockwave+therapy+for+acute+fractures+in+adults&rft.volume=2023&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD008579&rft.date=2023-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9983300%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36866917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008579.pub4&rft.aulast=Searle&rft.aufirst=Henry+Kc&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Sharon+R.&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Conor&rft.au=Welch%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Xavier+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9983300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+fracture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhanChiuBurtonForsyth2022" class="citation journal cs1">Pradhan, Sara; Chiu, Sarah; Burton, Claire; Forsyth, Jacky; Corp, Nadia; Paskins, Zoe; van der Windt, Danielle A.; Babatunde, Opeyemi O. (3 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fptj%2Fpzac032">"Overall Effects and Moderators of Rehabilitation in Patients With Wrist Fracture: A Systematic Review"</a>. <i>Physical Therapy</i>. <b>102</b> (6): pzac032. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fptj%2Fpzac032">10.1093/ptj/pzac032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-6724">1538-6724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35421234">35421234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Therapy&rft.atitle=Overall+Effects+and+Moderators+of+Rehabilitation+in+Patients+With+Wrist+Fracture%3A+A+Systematic+Review&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=pzac032&rft.date=2022-06-03&rft.issn=1538-6724&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35421234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fptj%2Fpzac032&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft.au=Chiu%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Burton%2C+Claire&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Jacky&rft.au=Corp%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Paskins%2C+Zoe&rft.au=van+der+Windt%2C+Danielle+A.&rft.au=Babatunde%2C+Opeyemi+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fptj%252Fpzac032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+fracture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairhallDyerMakDiong2022" class="citation journal cs1">Fairhall, Nicola J.; Dyer, Suzanne M.; Mak, Jenson Cs; Diong, Joanna; Kwok, Wing S.; <a href="/wiki/Cathie_Sherrington" title="Cathie Sherrington">Sherrington, Catherine</a> (7 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9451000">"Interventions for improving mobility after hip fracture surgery in adults"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2022</b> (9): CD001704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001704.pub5">10.1002/14651858.CD001704.pub5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-493X">1469-493X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9451000">9451000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36070134">36070134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+for+improving+mobility+after+hip+fracture+surgery+in+adults&rft.volume=2022&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=CD001704&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9451000%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1469-493X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36070134&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD001704.pub5&rft.aulast=Fairhall&rft.aufirst=Nicola+J.&rft.au=Dyer%2C+Suzanne+M.&rft.au=Mak%2C+Jenson+Cs&rft.au=Diong%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Kwok%2C+Wing+S.&rft.au=Sherrington%2C+Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9451000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABone+fracture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_fracture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q68833" class="extiw" title="d:Q68833">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/XIX">S<i><b>x</b></i>2</a> (where x=0–9 depending on the location of the fracture)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=829">829</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D050723">D050723</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb4939.htm">4939</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000001.htm">000001</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bone_fractures" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bone fractures">Bone fractures</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325003313/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/">Authoritative information in orthopaedic surgery</a> American Association of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gentili.net/fracturemain.asp">Radiographic Atlas of Fracture</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fractures_and_cartilage_damage225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fractures" title="Template:Fractures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fractures" title="Template talk:Fractures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fractures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fractures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fractures_and_cartilage_damage225" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fractures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Articular_cartilage_damage" title="Articular cartilage damage">cartilage damage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_fracture" title="Avulsion fracture">Avulsion fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalkstick_fracture" title="Chalkstick fracture">Chalkstick fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenstick_fracture" title="Greenstick fracture">Greenstick fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_fracture" title="Open fracture">Open fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathologic_fracture" title="Pathologic fracture">Pathologic fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_fracture" title="Spiral fracture">Spiral fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilar_skull_fracture" title="Basilar skull fracture">Basilar skull fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Blowout fracture">Blowout fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandibular_fracture" title="Mandibular fracture">Mandibular fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_fracture" title="Nasal fracture">Nasal fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Fort_fracture_of_skull" title="Le Fort fracture of skull">Le Fort fracture of skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomaticomaxillary_complex_fracture" title="Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture">Zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygoma_fracture" title="Zygoma fracture">Zygoma fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinal_fracture" title="Spinal fracture">Spinal fracture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_fracture" title="Cervical fracture">Cervical fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burst_fracture" title="Burst fracture">Burst fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_fracture" title="Chance fracture">Chance fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay-shoveler_fracture" title="Clay-shoveler fracture">Clay-shoveler fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craniocervical_instability" title="Craniocervical instability">Craniocervical instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexion_teardrop_fracture" title="Flexion teardrop fracture">Flexion teardrop fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangman%27s_fracture" title="Hangman's fracture">Hangman's fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdsworth_fracture" title="Holdsworth fracture">Holdsworth fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_fracture" title="Jefferson fracture">Jefferson fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_compression_fracture" title="Vertebral compression fracture">Vertebral compression fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Ribs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rib_fracture" title="Rib fracture">Rib fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternal_fracture" title="Sternal fracture">Sternal fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder fracture">Shoulder fracture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle_fracture" title="Clavicle fracture">Clavicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapular_fracture" title="Scapular fracture">Scapular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Arm fracture">Arm fracture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:WhiteSmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Humerus_fracture" title="Humerus fracture">Humerus fracture</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proximal_humerus_fracture" title="Proximal humerus fracture">Proximal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supracondylar_humerus_fracture" title="Supracondylar humerus fracture">Supracondylar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holstein%E2%80%93Lewis_fracture" title="Holstein–Lewis fracture">Holstein–Lewis fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:WhiteSmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Forearm_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Forearm fracture">Forearm fracture</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulna_fracture" title="Ulna fracture">Ulna fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monteggia_fracture" title="Monteggia fracture">Monteggia fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_fracture" title="Hume fracture">Hume fracture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Radius fracture">Radius fracture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture" title="Distal radius fracture">Distal radius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzi_fracture" title="Galeazzi fracture">Galeazzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colles%27_fracture" title="Colles' fracture">Colles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauffeur%27s_fracture" title="Chauffeur's fracture">Chauffeur's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_fracture" title="Smith's fracture">Smith's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barton%27s_fracture" title="Barton's fracture">Barton's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex-Lopresti_fracture" title="Essex-Lopresti fracture">Essex-Lopresti fracture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand fracture">Hand fracture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scaphoid_fracture" title="Scaphoid fracture">Scaphoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolando_fracture" title="Rolando fracture">Rolando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_fracture" title="Bennett's fracture">Bennett's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer%27s_fracture" title="Boxer's fracture">Boxer's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busch_fracture" title="Busch fracture">Busch's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_finger" title="Broken finger">Broken finger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fracture" title="Pelvic fracture">Pelvic fracture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duverney_fracture" title="Duverney fracture">Duverney fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipkin_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipkin fracture">Pipkin fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:WhiteSmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Tibia_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibia fracture">Tibia fracture</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumper_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bumper fracture">Bumper fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segond_fracture" title="Segond fracture">Segond fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosselin_fracture" title="Gosselin fracture">Gosselin fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler%27s_fracture" title="Toddler's fracture">Toddler's fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilon_fracture" title="Pilon fracture">Pilon fracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plafond_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Plafond fracture">Plafond fracture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillaux_fracture" title="Tillaux fracture">Tillaux fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:WhiteSmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Fibular_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibular fracture">Fibular fracture</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maisonneuve_fracture" title="Maisonneuve fracture">Maisonneuve fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Fort_fracture_of_ankle" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Fort fracture of ankle">Le Fort fracture of ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosworth_fracture" title="Bosworth fracture">Bosworth fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:WhiteSmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Combined_tibia_and_fibula_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined tibia and fibula fracture">Combined tibia and fibula fracture</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimalleolar_fracture" title="Trimalleolar fracture">Trimalleolar fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimalleolar_fracture" title="Bimalleolar fracture">Bimalleolar fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pott%27s_fracture" title="Pott's fracture">Pott's fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:WhiteSmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Crus_fracture" title="Crus fracture">Crus fracture</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patella_fracture" title="Patella fracture">Patella fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:WhiteSmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Femoral_fracture" title="Femoral fracture">Femoral fracture</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_fracture" title="Hip fracture">Hip fracture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foot_fracture" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot fracture">Foot fracture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisfranc_injury" title="Lisfranc injury">Lisfranc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_fracture" title="Jones fracture">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_fracture" title="Cuneiform fracture">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_fracture" title="March fracture">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcaneal_fracture" title="Calcaneal fracture">Calcaneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_toe" title="Broken toe">Broken toe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Trauma75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Trauma" title="Template:Trauma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Trauma" title="Template talk:Trauma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Trauma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Trauma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Trauma75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Trauma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytrauma" title="Polytrauma">Polytrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_trauma" title="Major trauma">Major trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatology" title="Traumatology">Traumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triage" title="Triage">Triage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitation" title="Resuscitation">Resuscitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_triad_of_death" title="Trauma triad of death">Trauma triad of death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assessment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_prediction_rule" title="Clinical prediction rule">Clinical prediction rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviated_Injury_Scale" title="Abbreviated Injury Scale">Abbreviated Injury Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injury_Severity_Score" title="Injury Severity Score">Injury Severity Score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_score" title="NACA score">NACA score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Trauma_Score" title="Revised Trauma Score">Revised Trauma Score</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_peritoneal_lavage" title="Diagnostic peritoneal lavage">Diagnostic peritoneal lavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_assessment_with_sonography_for_trauma" title="Focused assessment with sonography for trauma">Focused assessment with sonography for trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_trauma_life_support" title="Advanced trauma life support">Advanced trauma life support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damage_control_surgery" title="Damage control surgery">Damage control surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_appropriate_care" title="Early appropriate care">Early appropriate care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">Trauma center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_team" title="Trauma team">Trauma team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Procedures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resuscitative_thoracotomy" title="Resuscitative thoracotomy">Resuscitative thoracotomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathophysiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">Injury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>MSK <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bone fracture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degloving" title="Degloving">Degloving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_dislocation" title="Joint dislocation">Joint dislocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue_injury" title="Soft tissue injury">Soft tissue injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>Respiratory <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_rupture" title="Diaphragmatic rupture">Diaphragmatic rupture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flail_chest" title="Flail chest">Flail chest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemothorax" title="Hemothorax">Hemothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_contusion" title="Pulmonary contusion">Pulmonary contusion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cardio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_tamponade" title="Cardiac tamponade">Cardiac tamponade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">Internal bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_aorta_injury" title="Thoracic aorta injury">Thoracic aorta injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>GI <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_kidney_trauma" title="Blunt kidney trauma">Blunt kidney trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splenic_injury" title="Splenic injury">Splenic injury</a></li></ul></li> <li>Neuro <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracranial_hemorrhage" title="Intracranial hemorrhage">Intracranial hemorrhage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_head_injury" title="Penetrating head injury">Penetrating head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">Blast injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunt_trauma" title="Blunt trauma">Blunt trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_injury" title="Crush injury">Crush injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocution" title="Electrocution">Electrocution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot_wound" title="Gunshot wound">Gunshot wound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrating_trauma" title="Penetrating trauma">Penetrating trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab_wound" title="Stab wound">Stab wound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_trauma" title="Abdominal trauma">Abdominal trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chest_injury" title="Chest injury">Chest injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_trauma" title="Facial trauma">Facial trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">Head injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord_injury" title="Spinal cord injury">Spinal cord injury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geriatric_trauma" title="Geriatric trauma">Geriatric trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_in_children" title="Trauma in children">Pediatric trauma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_respiratory_distress_syndrome" title="Acute respiratory distress syndrome">Acute respiratory distress syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_traumatic_encephalopathy" title="Chronic traumatic encephalopathy">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_syndrome" title="Compartment syndrome">Compartment syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contracture" title="Contracture">Contracture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkmann%27s_contracture" title="Volkmann's contracture">Volkmann's contracture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_syndrome" title="Crush syndrome">Crush syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">Rhabdomyolysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">Embolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_embolism" title="Air embolism">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_embolism_syndrome" title="Fat embolism syndrome">fat</a></li></ul></li> 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