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--e-global-color-primary )}.elementor-widget-price-list .elementor-price-list-description{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-price-list .elementor-price-list-separator{border-bottom-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__header{background-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__original-price{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__period{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__features-list{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__features-list li:before{border-top-color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__button{background-color:var( --e-global-color-accent )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__additional_info{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-price-table .elementor-price-table__ribbon-inner{background-color:var( --e-global-color-accent )}.elementor-widget-call-to-action .elementor-ribbon-inner{background-color:var( --e-global-color-accent )}.elementor-widget-testimonial-carousel .elementor-testimonial__text{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-testimonial-carousel .elementor-testimonial__name{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-testimonial-carousel .elementor-testimonial__title{color:var( --e-global-color-primary )}.elementor-widget-table-of-contents{--header-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );--item-text-color:var( --e-global-color-text );--item-text-hover-color:var( --e-global-color-accent );--marker-color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-countdown .elementor-countdown-item{background-color:var( --e-global-color-primary )}.elementor-widget-countdown .elementor-countdown-expire--message{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-search-form .elementor-search-form__input, .elementor-widget-search-form .elementor-search-form__icon, .elementor-widget-search-form .elementor-lightbox .dialog-lightbox-close-button, .elementor-widget-search-form .elementor-lightbox .dialog-lightbox-close-button:hover, .elementor-widget-search-form.elementor-search-form--skin-full_screen input[type="search"].elementor-search-form__input{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-search-form .elementor-search-form__submit{background-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-author-box .elementor-author-box__name{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-author-box .elementor-author-box__bio{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-author-box .elementor-author-box__button{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );border-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-author-box .elementor-author-box__button:hover{border-color:var( --e-global-color-secondary );color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-post-navigation span.post-navigation__prev--label{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-post-navigation span.post-navigation__next--label{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-post-navigation span.post-navigation__prev--title, .elementor-widget-post-navigation span.post-navigation__next--title{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-item:not(:last-child):after{border-color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-icon i{color:var( --e-global-color-primary )}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-icon svg{fill:var( --e-global-color-primary )}.elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-text, .elementor-widget-post-info .elementor-icon-list-text a{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-sitemap .elementor-sitemap-title{color:var( --e-global-color-primary )}.elementor-widget-sitemap .elementor-sitemap-item, .elementor-widget-sitemap span.elementor-sitemap-list, .elementor-widget-sitemap .elementor-sitemap-item a{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-sitemap .elementor-sitemap-item{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-blockquote .elementor-blockquote__content{color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-blockquote .elementor-blockquote__author{color:var( --e-global-color-secondary )}.elementor-widget-lottie{--caption-color:var( --e-global-color-text )}.elementor-widget-paypal-button .elementor-button{background-color:var( --e-global-color-accent )}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-37673c29>.elementor-container{min-height:70px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-37673c29:not(.elementor-motion-effects-element-type-background), .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-37673c29>.elementor-motion-effects-container>.elementor-motion-effects-layer{background-color:#FFF}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-37673c29{border-style:solid;border-width:0px 0px 1px 0px;border-color:#E5E5E5;transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;z-index:1000}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-37673c29>.elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2599c65a.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2599c65a.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"]>.elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2da4aec9{text-align:left}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2da4aec9 img{width:148px}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7bab1d33.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:center}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7bab1d33.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"]>.elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:center;align-items:center}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-menu-toggle{margin-right:auto;background-color:#FFF;font-size:27px;border-width:0px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:15px;text-transform:uppercase}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item{color:#777;padding-left:13px;padding-right:13px;padding-top:7px;padding-bottom:7px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item:hover, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.elementor-item-active, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.highlighted, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item:focus{color:#2D2D2D}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--main .elementor-item.elementor-item-active{color:#2D2D2D}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-menu-toggle{color:#777}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown{background-color:#FFF}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a:hover, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a.elementor-item-active, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a.highlighted, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-menu-toggle:hover{color:#2D2D2D}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a:hover, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a.elementor-item-active, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a.highlighted{background-color:#FFF}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a.elementor-item-active{color:#2D2D2D;background-color:#FFF}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a{padding-left:8px;padding-right:8px;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:8px}@media(min-width:600px){.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2599c65a{width:15%}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7bab1d33{width:84.665%}}@media(max-width:959px) and (min-width:600px){.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2599c65a{width:70%}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7bab1d33{width:10%}}@media(max-width:959px){.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-37673c29>.elementor-container{min-height:70px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2da4aec9 img{width:148px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu .elementor-item{font-size:14px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown .elementor-item, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown .elementor-sub-item{font-size:14px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;padding-top:7px;padding-bottom:7px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--main > .elementor-nav-menu > li > .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu__container.elementor-nav-menu--dropdown{margin-top:15px !important}}@media(max-width:599px){.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2599c65a{width:82%}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-2da4aec9 img{width:110px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7bab1d33{width:18%}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown .elementor-item, .elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown .elementor-sub-item{font-size:16px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown a{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;padding-top:7px;padding-bottom:7px}}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .sub-menu{padding:10px 0}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .nav-subheader{font-weight:600;font-size:15px;cursor:text;background-color:#e5e5e5;height:25px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .nav-subheader a:hover{color:#777!important;background-color:rgba(229, 229, 229, 0.0)!important}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .nav-bold-entry{font-weight:600}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .nav-top-line-main{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-top:7px;padding-top:7px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .nav-top-line{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown{font-size:15px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c li{margin-top:5px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .nav-subheader.nav-item-border-top{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:5px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .nav-subheader a{cursor:text}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .header-cta a{border:1px solid #59a831;border-radius:5px;color:#59a831 !important}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .header-cta a:hover{color:#fff !important;background-color:#59a831}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .header-covid-cta a{border:0px solid #59a831;border-radius:5px}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .header-covid-flyout a{border:0px;border-radius:0px;color:#777 !important;background-color:#fff;padding-left:15px!important;padding-right:15px!important}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .header-covid-flyout a:hover{border:0px;border-radius:0px;color:#2d2d2d !important}.elementor-6873 .elementor-element.elementor-element-711ded9c .elementor-nav-menu--dropdown .header-cta a{margin:8px 16px;justify-content:center}.elementor-6873 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-2d631af>.elementor-widget-container{margin:0px 0px -10px 0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-1c0426e{margin-top:25px;margin-bottom:0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px}.elementor-bc-flex-widget .elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ed1051b.elementor-column .elementor-widget-wrap{align-items:flex-start}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ed1051b.elementor-column.elementor-element[data-element_type="column"]>.elementor-widget-wrap.elementor-element-populated{align-content:flex-start;align-items:flex-start}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ed1051b>.elementor-element-populated{border-style:solid;border-width:0px 1px 0px 0px;border-color:#E4E4E4;transition:background 0.3s, border 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-ed1051b>.elementor-element-populated>.elementor-background-overlay{transition:background 0.3s, border-radius 0.3s, opacity 0.3s}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d13b784{text-align:right;font-size:18px;text-transform:uppercase}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-d13b784>.elementor-widget-container{margin:7px 0px 20px 0px;padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-23972c3>.elementor-widget-wrap>.elementor-widget:not(.elementor-widget__width-auto):not(.elementor-widget__width-initial):not(:last-child):not(.elementor-absolute){margin-bottom:0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-23972c3>.elementor-element-populated{margin:0px 0px 0px 0px;padding:7px 0px 0px 10px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-bc552c9{margin-top:0%;margin-bottom:0%;padding:0% 0% 0% 0%}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-5a456b8>.elementor-element-populated{padding:0px 10px 0px 0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b6f0bcb .elementor-button .elementor-align-icon-right{margin-left:0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b6f0bcb .elementor-button .elementor-align-icon-left{margin-right:0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b6f0bcb .elementor-button{font-size:16px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0px;fill:var( --e-global-color-primary );color:var( --e-global-color-primary );background-color:#FFF;border-style:solid;border-width:0px 0px 0px 0px;border-color:#9F9F9F;padding:1em 0em 1em 0em}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-b6f0bcb>.elementor-widget-container{padding:0px 0px 0px 0px;border-style:solid;border-width:0px 0px 1px 0px;border-color:#E4E4E4;border-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-7a90b95>.elementor-element-populated{padding:0px 10px 0px 0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-03cf3f9 .elementor-button .elementor-align-icon-right{margin-left:0px}.elementor-8489 .elementor-element.elementor-element-03cf3f9 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Apply. Retain.</h4></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-03794fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="03794fb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Your path to achieve medical excellence.</h4></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-fea5759 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="fea5759" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Study for <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/">medical school</a> and boards with Lecturio</h4></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-402a937 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="402a937" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/usmle-step-1/">USMLE Step 1 </a>| <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/usmle-step-2/">USMLE Step 2 </a>| <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/comlex-level-1/">COMLEX Level 1 </a>| <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/comlex-level-2/">COMLEX Level 2 </a>| <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/enarm/">ENARM </a>| <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/neet-pg/">NEET </a></p></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-4e83d68 elementor-align-center elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center js-logged-in-hide elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="4e83d68" 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elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="df93be5" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-float" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">The Lecturio Medical Concept Library</span> </span> </a></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7817fde elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="7817fde" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-float" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-icon elementor-align-icon-right"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </span> <span class="elementor-button-text"></span> </span> </a></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-46bdc1c elementor-align-left elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="46bdc1c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a class="elementor-button elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-float" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Compartment Syndrome</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1102726 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="1102726" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6df7f34" data-id="6df7f34" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-a2ff434 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="a2ff434" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa991c2" data-id="fa991c2" data-element_type="column" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-26e074f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="26e074f" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-a75ecef" data-id="a75ecef" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5f4ec74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading" data-id="5f4ec74" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="theme-post-title.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><h1 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Compartment Syndrome</h1></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-451ae91 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="451ae91" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p>Compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency usually occurring secondary to trauma. The condition is marked by increased pressure within a compartment that compromises the circulation and function of the tissues within that space. Long bone fractures are the most common cause, with the leg and forearm compartments frequently affected. Patients present with pain out of proportion to the injury and may also have pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, poikilothermia, and paralysis (the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome). Diagnosis is clinical but compartment pressure measurement can be used. Management is an emergency fasciotomy. Failure to diagnose and manage the condition results in limb loss.</p></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3284829 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="3284829" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p>Last update:</p></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-6b886b9 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-post-info" data-id="6b886b9" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="post-info.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><ul class="elementor-inline-items elementor-icon-list-items elementor-post-info"> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-921fb43 elementor-inline-item" itemprop="datePublished"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M19,4H18V2H16V4H8V2H6V4H5C3.89,4 3,4.9 3,6V20A2,2 0 0,0 5,22H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,20V6A2,2 0 0,0 19,4M19,20H5V10H19V20M19,8H5V6H19V8Z"></path></svg> </span> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-date"> January 25, 2021 </span> </li> <li class="elementor-icon-list-item elementor-repeater-item-9c30520 elementor-inline-item"> <span class="elementor-icon-list-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M12,20A8,8 0 0,0 20,12A8,8 0 0,0 12,4A8,8 0 0,0 4,12A8,8 0 0,0 12,20M12,2A10,10 0 0,1 22,12A10,10 0 0,1 12,22C6.47,22 2,17.5 2,12A10,10 0 0,1 12,2M12.5,7V12.25L17,14.92L16.25,16.15L11,13V7H12.5Z"></path></svg> </span> <span class="elementor-icon-list-text elementor-post-info__item elementor-post-info__item--type-time"> 4:06 pm </span> 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elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-214fa2f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents" data-id="214fa2f8" data-element_type="widget" data-settings="{"headings_by_tags":["h2"],"exclude_headings_by_selector":[],"marker_view":"bullets","icon":{"value":"","library":""},"min_height":{"unit":"px","size":"","sizes":[]},"min_height_tablet":{"unit":"px","size":"","sizes":[]},"min_height_mobile":{"unit":"px","size":"","sizes":[]}}" data-widget_type="table-of-contents.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-toc__header"><h2 class="elementor-toc__header-title">Table of Contents</h2></div><div class="elementor-toc__body"><div class="elementor-toc__spinner-container"> <i class="elementor-toc__spinner eicon-loading eicon-animation-spin" aria-hidden="true"></i></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-145137ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="145137ef" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p>Share this concept:</p></div></div><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-355193ac elementor-share-buttons--view-icon elementor-share-buttons--skin-flat elementor-share-buttons--shape-circle elementor-share-buttons--align-center elementor-grid-0 elementor-share-buttons--color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-share-buttons" data-id="355193ac" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="share-buttons.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-grid"><div class="elementor-grid-item"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_facebook"> <span class="elementor-share-btn__icon"> <i class="fab fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Share on facebook</span> </span></div></div><div class="elementor-grid-item"><div class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_twitter"> <span 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class="elementor-share-btn elementor-share-btn_whatsapp"> <span class="elementor-share-btn__icon"> <i class="fab fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true"></i> <span class="elementor-screen-only">Share on whatsapp</span> </span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3441c0c" data-id="3441c0c" data-element_type="column" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-0c7837c elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-content" data-id="0c7837c" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="theme-post-content.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="wp-block-group is-style-section"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"><h2>Overview</h2><h3>Definition</h3><p>Compartment syndrome is a condition that occurs when increased pressure in a closed muscle compartment exceeds the pressure to perfuse the compartment, resulting in muscle and nerve ischemia.</p><h3>Epidemiology</h3><ul><li>Because men generally have larger muscle mass, they (especially men < 35 years of age), have the highest incidence.</li><li>Muscle mass in the compartment increases around 20 years of age but subsequently diminishes after 35 years of age.</li><li>Long bone fractures: approximately ¾ of cases<ul><li>↑ risk of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) in comminuted fractures</li><li>Bones most affected:<ul><li>Tibia (most common)</li><li>Humerus near the elbow (supracondylar fractures in children)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h3>Etiology</h3><ul><li><strong>Traumatic:</strong><ul><li>Long bone fractures (most common)</li><li>Crush injury</li><li>Burns</li><li>Electrical shocks</li><li>Penetration injury</li><li>Animal bites</li></ul></li><li><strong>Non-traumatic:</strong><ul><li>Bleeding, coagulopathy</li><li>Ischemia reperfusion syndrome</li><li>Extravasation injury</li><li>Cast that is too tight</li><li>Intense muscle activity</li><li>High-pressure injection</li><li>Toxins such as snake venom</li><li>Group A streptococcus infections of the muscle</li></ul></li></ul><h3>Pathophysiology</h3><ul><li>Muscle groups are divided into compartments, which are reinforced by fascial membranes.</li><li>↑ compartment pressure → venous outflow obstruction (↑ venous pressure) → arteriolar collapse (↓ arterial pressure) → decreased tissue perfusion → cellular anoxia →  damage to nerve and muscle tissues</li><li>Factors affecting injury:<ul><li>Pressure:<ul><li>Normal pressure within a compartment: generally 0–8 mm Hg</li><li>Pressures tolerated without damage: up to 20 mm Hg </li></ul></li><li>Duration: <ul><li>Prolonged exposure at elevated pressures results in cell death. </li><li>Reversible muscle injury: < 4 hours</li><li>Irreversible muscle injury: ≥ 8 hours</li><li>Nerve conduction loss: 2 hours</li><li>Neuropraxia: 4 hours</li><li>Irreversible nerve injury: ≥ 8 hours</li></ul></li><li>Type and location of injury</li></ul></li><li>Can affect any compartment of the body:<ul><li>Lower extremities (leg): most common location of ACS</li><li>Forearm: compartment syndrome associated with supracondylar fracture (children) and distal radius fracture (adults)</li><li>Upper arm</li><li>Hand</li><li>Abdomen</li><li>Buttock</li></ul></li></ul><div class="wp-block-lecturio-wrap-main relatedVideoWrap"><h3 class="videoWrapTitle">Related videos</h3><div class="wp-block-lecturio-video-main relatedVideoCont"><a class="relatedVideoLink" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-video-id="43674"><div class="relatedVideoImage" style="background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Extremity-Injuries-Principle-Nr.-5-Complications-400x224.jpg)"><div class="playIcon"></div><div class="durationBox">3:16</div></div><div class="videoTitle">Extremity Injuries Principle #5: Complications</div></a></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-group is-style-section"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"><h2>Clinical Presentation</h2><h3>General signs and symptoms</h3><ul><li><strong>Pain out of proportion to exam and injury</strong></li><li>Progressive pain on passive stretch of affected compartment</li><li>Paresthesia (sensory loss occurs before motor loss)</li><li>Pallor</li><li>Paralysis</li><li>Pulselessness (patient may have normal pulsation) </li><li>Cool extremity</li><li>Rapidly increasing and tense swelling</li></ul><h3>Mnemonic</h3><p>The<strong> 6 Ps</strong> of compartment syndrome:</p><ol><li><strong>P</strong>ain</li><li><strong>P</strong>oikilothermia</li><li><strong>P</strong>allor</li><li><strong>P</strong>aresthesia</li><li><strong>P</strong>ulselessness</li><li><strong>P</strong>aralysis</li></ol><h3>Leg compartment syndromes</h3><ul><li><strong>Anterior compartment (most common site):</strong><ul><li>Structures:<ul><li>Muscles responsible for dorsiflexion, eversion, and inversion of the foot and ankle</li><li>Toe extensors</li><li>Anterior tibial artery</li><li>Deep peroneal nerve</li></ul></li><li>Associated clinical feature(s):<ul><li>Tense anterior leg</li><li>Deep peroneal nerve palsy</li><li>Sensory loss in the 1st and 2nd web spaces</li><li>Weak toe extensors and foot dorsiflexion</li><li>Painful passive motion with toe flexion</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><strong>Lateral compartment:</strong><ul><li>Structures:<ul><li>Muscles responsible for foot eversion</li><li>Superficial peroneal nerve</li><li>Portion of the deep peroneal nerve</li></ul></li><li>Associated clinical feature(s):<ul><li>Weak dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot (deep peroneal nerve deficit)</li><li>Reduced sensation in the lower leg </li></ul></li></ul></li><li><strong>Deep posterior compartment:</strong><ul><li>Structures:<ul><li>Muscles responsible for foot plantar flexion</li><li>Posterior tibial artery, peroneal artery</li><li>Tibial nerve</li></ul></li><li>Associated clinical feature(s):<ul><li>Posterior tibial nerve palsy</li><li>Weak toe flexors </li><li>Pain with toe extension</li><li>Tense distal medial leg</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><strong>Superficial posterior compartment (least at risk):</strong><ul><li>Structures:<ul><li>Muscles of plantar flexion (gastrocnemius, soleus)</li><li>No major arteries or nerve</li></ul></li><li>Associated clinical feature(s):<ul><li>Tense leg area</li><li>Pain in the leg</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><figure class="wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped"><ul class="blocks-gallery-grid"><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img width="1445" height="1059" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewBox='0 0 1445 1059'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Leg compartments" data-id="39706" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments.png" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39706" class="wp-image-39706 lazyload" sizes="(max-width: 1445px) 100vw, 1445px" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments.png" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments.png 1445w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments-400x293.png 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments-1200x879.png 1200w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments-768x563.png 768w" data-eio-rwidth="1445" data-eio-rheight="1059"><noscript><img width="1445" height="1059" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments.png" alt="Leg compartments" data-id="39706" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments.png" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39706" class="wp-image-39706" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments.png 1445w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments-400x293.png 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments-1200x879.png 1200w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Leg-compartments-768x563.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1445px) 100vw, 1445px" data-eio="l"></noscript></a><figcaption class="blocks-gallery-item__caption"><p>Leg compartments: anterior, lateral, superficial posterior, and deep posterior compartments</p> <cite>Image by Lecturio.</cite></figcaption></figure></li><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img width="867" height="664" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewBox='0 0 867 664'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome" data-id="39707" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome.jpg" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39707" class="wp-image-39707 lazyload" sizes="(max-width: 867px) 100vw, 867px" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome.jpg 867w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome-400x306.jpg 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome-768x588.jpg 768w" data-eio-rwidth="867" data-eio-rheight="664"><noscript><img width="867" height="664" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome.jpg" alt="Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome" data-id="39707" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome.jpg" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39707" class="wp-image-39707" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome.jpg 867w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome-400x306.jpg 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Chronic-Exertional-Compartment-Syndrome-768x588.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 867px) 100vw, 867px" data-eio="l"></noscript></a><figcaption class="blocks-gallery-item__caption"><p>Leg compartments: <br>Left image: left leg showing locations of the compartments<br>Right image: larger view of the compartments</p> <cite> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC4502308_CRIOR2015-965257.001&query=compartment%20syndrome&it=xg&lic=by&req=4&npos=5">Image</a>: “Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome” by Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. License: <a target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC BY 3.0</a> </cite></figcaption></figure></li></ul></figure><h3>Forearm compartment syndromes</h3><ul><li><strong>Anterior compartment (superficial and deep groups):</strong><ul><li>Structures muscles responsible for wrist and digit flexion and pronation</li><li>Associated clinical feature(s):<ul><li>Ulnar and median nerve palsy</li><li>Weak digital flexors</li><li>Painful digital extension</li><li>Tense volar forearm</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><strong>Posterior compartment of the forearm:</strong><ul><li>Structures: muscles responsible for wrist and digit extension and forearm supination </li><li>Associated clinical feature(s):<ul><li>Weak digital extensors</li><li>Painful digital flexion</li><li>Tense dorsal forearm</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><figure class="wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped"><ul class="blocks-gallery-grid"><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img width="1077" height="718" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewBox='0 0 1077 718'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Forearm compartments" data-id="39711" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments.png" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39711" class="wp-image-39711 lazyload" sizes="(max-width: 1077px) 100vw, 1077px" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments.png" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments.png 1077w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments-400x267.png 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments-768x512.png 768w" data-eio-rwidth="1077" data-eio-rheight="718"><noscript><img width="1077" height="718" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments.png" alt="Forearm compartments" data-id="39711" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments.png" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39711" class="wp-image-39711" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments.png 1077w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments-400x267.png 400w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartments-768x512.png 768w" sizes="(max-width: 1077px) 100vw, 1077px" data-eio="l"></noscript></a><figcaption class="blocks-gallery-item__caption"><p>Forearm compartments: The anterior or volar compartment (contains flexor muscles) has superficial and deep components. The posterior compartment contains extensor muscles. The lateral part contains the mobile wad (brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis brevis, and extensor carpi radialis longus).</p> <cite>Image by Lecturio.</cite></figcaption></figure></li><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img width="711" height="528" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewBox='0 0 711 528'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Forearm compartment syndrome" data-id="39710" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome.jpg" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39710" class="wp-image-39710 lazyload" sizes="(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome.jpg 711w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome-400x297.jpg 400w" data-eio-rwidth="711" data-eio-rheight="528"><noscript><img width="711" height="528" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome.jpg" alt="Forearm compartment syndrome" data-id="39710" data-full-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome.jpg" data-link="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/?attachment_id=39710" class="wp-image-39710" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome.jpg 711w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Forearm-compartment-syndrome-400x297.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 711px) 100vw, 711px" data-eio="l"></noscript></a><figcaption class="blocks-gallery-item__caption"><p>Acute compartment syndrome of the forearm: Compartment syndrome occurred on the forearm of this patient secondary to intravenous (IV) infiltration with pressure from the patient identification (ID) bracelet. <br>* IV line site<br>** ID bracelet site</p> <cite> <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC4745320_CRICC2016-8506357.001&query=compartment%20syndrome&it=xg&lic=by&req=4&npos=63">Image</a>: “Identification bracelet anticipated acute compartment syndrome” by Department of Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, NY 10301, USA. License: <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0</a> </cite></figcaption></figure></li></ul></figure><h3>Other compartment syndromes</h3><ul><li><strong>Arm compartment syndrome: </strong><ul><li>Rare, as the arm compartments tolerate significant fluid volume</li><li>If the anterior compartment is affected, clinical features are:<ul><li>Ulnar and median nerve palsy</li><li>Weak biceps and distal flexors</li><li>Painful elbow flexion</li><li>Tense anterior upper arm</li></ul></li><li>If the posterior compartment is affected, clinical features are:<ul><li>Radial nerve palsy</li><li>Weak triceps and forearm extensors</li><li>Painful elbow extension</li><li>Tense posterior upper arm</li></ul></li></ul></li><li><strong>Thigh compartment syndrome</strong> (may occur with major trauma) and <strong>hand compartment syndrome</strong> are uncommon.</li></ul></div></div><div class="wp-block-group is-style-section"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"><h2>Diagnosis</h2><ul><li>Primarily a clinical diagnosis </li><li>Compartment pressure measurement:<ul><li>Manometer (hand-held equipment)</li><li>Wick or slit-catheter technique (catheter is inserted into the compartment and a transducer monitors the pressure)</li></ul></li><li>Normal pressure of a tissue compartment is 0–8 mm Hg.</li><li>Compartment syndrome:<ul><li>Pressure > 30–40 mm Hg </li><li>Differential pressure < 30 mm Hg (the pressure difference between diastolic blood pressure and compartment pressure)</li></ul></li></ul><div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Stryker-pressure-monitor.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img width="506" height="332" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewBox='0 0 506 332'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Stryker pressure monitor" class="wp-image-39718 lazyload" sizes="(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Stryker-pressure-monitor.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Stryker-pressure-monitor.jpg 506w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Stryker-pressure-monitor-400x262.jpg 400w" data-eio-rwidth="506" data-eio-rheight="332"><noscript><img width="506" height="332" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Stryker-pressure-monitor.jpg" alt="Stryker pressure monitor" class="wp-image-39718" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Stryker-pressure-monitor.jpg 506w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Stryker-pressure-monitor-400x262.jpg 400w" sizes="(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px" data-eio="l"></noscript></a><figcaption><p>Pressure monitor<br> A stryker pressure monitor being used for direct compartment pressure measurement of the leg</p> <cite> <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://openi.nlm.nih.gov/detailedresult?img=PMC2884450_JETS-03-177-g004&query=crush%20syndrome&it=xg&req=4&npos=27">Image</a>: “Stryker pressure monitor” by Department of Anesthesia/ICU and Pain Management, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha-Qatar. License: <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/">CC BY 2.0</a> </cite></figcaption></figure></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-group is-style-section"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"><h2>Management</h2><ul><li>Initial ABCDE (<strong>A</strong>irway, <strong>B</strong>reathing, <strong>C</strong>irculation, <strong>D</strong>isability, <strong>E</strong>xposure) assessment for all trauma patients</li><li>Remove any binders, casts, or dressings of the affected site.</li><li>Compartment pressure within 30 mm Hg of diastolic pressure should undergo<strong> emergent fasciotomy:</strong><ul><li>Long incisions release the pressure in the affected compartment and adjacent compartments. </li><li>These wounds are left open, and a 2nd-look procedure for debridement is performed within 48–72 hours. </li><li>Wound closure within 7–10 days (may require skin grafting)</li></ul></li><li>Analgesics</li><li>For non-traumatic causes:<ul><li>Hemophiliacs: replacement of factor levels</li><li>Patients on anticoagulants: reversal of anticoagulation or factor replacement</li></ul></li></ul><figure class="wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped"><ul class="blocks-gallery-grid"><li class="blocks-gallery-item"><figure><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-syndrome-surgery.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img width="422" height="745" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=http://www.w3.org/2000/svg viewBox='0 0 422 745'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="Compartment syndrome surgery" data-id="39716" class="wp-image-39716 lazyload" sizes="(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-syndrome-surgery.jpg" data-srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-syndrome-surgery.jpg 422w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-syndrome-surgery-227x400.jpg 227w" data-eio-rwidth="422" data-eio-rheight="745"><noscript><img width="422" height="745" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-syndrome-surgery.jpg" alt="Compartment syndrome surgery" data-id="39716" class="wp-image-39716" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-syndrome-surgery.jpg 422w, https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-syndrome-surgery-227x400.jpg 227w" sizes="(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px" data-eio="l"></noscript></a><figcaption class="blocks-gallery-item__caption"><p>Compartment syndrome management <br>Compartment syndrome occurs when the pressure within the muscle compartment increases to a level that compromises the circulation and function of the tissues. Fasciotomy is performed to decompress the involved compartments. In this image, a long incision is made in the fascia of both compartments of the lower leg to release the pressure.</p> <cite> <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Compartment_syndrome_with_fasciotomy_procedure_02.jpg">Image</a>: “Compartment syndrome with fasciotomy procedure” by آرمین. License: <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en">CC0</a> </cite></figcaption></figure></li></ul></figure><div class="wp-block-lecturio-wrap-main relatedVideoWrap"><h3 class="videoWrapTitle">Related videos</h3><div class="wp-block-lecturio-video-main relatedVideoCont"><a class="relatedVideoLink" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-video-id="39142"><div class="relatedVideoImage" style="background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom, rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.14)), url(https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431im_/https://cdn.lecturio.com/assets/Compartment-Syndrome-400x225.jpg)"><div class="playIcon"></div><div class="durationBox">6:16</div></div><div class="videoTitle">Compartment Syndrome</div></a></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div></div></div><div class="wp-block-group is-style-section"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"><h2>Clinical Relevance</h2><ul><li><strong>ABCDE assessment</strong>: the mainstay management approach used in managing critically ill patients and the essential 1st step to perform in many situations, including unresponsive patients, cardiac arrests, and critical medical or trauma patients. For the trauma patient, ABCDE assessment is included in the primary survey, the initial evaluation, and for the management of injuries. </li><li><strong>Rhabdomyolysis: </strong>a condition characterized by muscle necrosis and the release of myoglobin, which has nephrotoxic effects. Rhabdomyolysis can be caused by trauma or direct muscle compression, or can be nontraumatic (e.g., intense exertional activity). Creatine kinase elevation with presentation of myalgias and dark urine highly suggest the diagnosis. Management is with intravenous fluid resuscitation. </li><li><strong>Crush syndrome:</strong> systemic manifestations (renal failure, shock) resulting from a compressive traumatic injury. Compartment syndrome and/or rhabdomyolysis can occur in crush syndrome. Field management with intravenous fluids and extrication is crucial in reducing the risk of complications and death. </li><li><strong>Supracondylar fracture:</strong> the most common elbow fracture affecting the distal humerus just above the condyles. This injury needs an immediate orthopedic consultation to evaluate possible neurovascular bundle damage, as many vessels and nerves pass by the elbow. This fracture may also be complicated with compartment syndrome.</li></ul></div></div><div class="wp-block-group is-style-references"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container"><h2>References</h2><ol><li>Beck M.A., & Haller P (2020). Compartment syndrome. Tintinalli J.E., & Ma O, & Yealy D.M., & Meckler G.D., & Stapczynski J, & Cline D.M., & Thomas S.H. (Eds.),Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 9e. McGraw-Hill.</li><li>Berkeley, R., Bledsoe, B. (2010). Know the Signs and Symptoms of Traumatic Asphyxia. Retrieved January 18, 2021, from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.jems.com/patient-care/know-signs-and-symptoms-trauma/" class="rank-math-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.jems.com/patient-care/know-signs-and-symptoms-trauma/</a></li><li>Carter MA (2013). Compartment Syndrome Evaluation. In Roberts JR, Hedges JR, Custalow CB, et al (eds): Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine, ed 6. Philadelphia, Saunders  Ch 54:p 1095-1124.</li><li>Chung, K, Yoneda, H, and Modrall, G. (2020). Pathophysiology, classification, and causes of acute extremity compartment syndrome. Retrieved January 14, 2021, from: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-classification-and-causes-of-acute-extremity-compartment-syndrome?search=Compartment%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.uptodate.com/contents/pathophysiology-classification-and-causes-of-acute-extremity-compartment-syndrome</a></li><li>Elliott KG, Johnstone AJ. (2003) Diagnosing acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg. – British. Volume 85: 625–32.</li><li>Jimenez, A., Marappa-Ganeshan, R. (2020) Forearm Compartment Syndrome. Retrieved January 18, 2021, from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556130/" class="rank-math-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556130/</a></li><li>Miller, M. (2020). Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis. Retrieved on January 14, 2021, from: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-rhabdomyolysis?search=rhabdomyolysis&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinical-manifestations-and-diagnosis-of-rhabdomyolysis</a></li><li>Stracciolini, A and Hammerbery, M. (2020). Acute compartment syndrome of the extremities. Retrieved January 14, 2021, from: <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-compartment-syndrome-of-the-extremities?search=Compartment%20syndrome&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.uptodate.com/contents/acute-compartment-syndrome-of-the-extremities</a></li><li>Torlincasi, A., Lopez, R., Waseem, M. (2020) Acute Compartment Syndrome. StatPearls.  Retrieved January 17, 2021, from <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448124/" class="rank-math-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448124/</a></li></ol></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de8fbbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="de8fbbf" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-27062fe" data-id="27062fe" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e584903 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer" data-id="e584903" 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2</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9efec6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="9efec6c" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f713f4e" data-id="f713f4e" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9ac8f7e elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="9ac8f7e" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/nbme-subject-exams/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">NBME® Subject Exams</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-77c0943" data-id="77c0943" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-022905d elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="022905d" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/mccqe-part-1/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">MCCQE Part 1</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d76bfd4" data-id="d76bfd4" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-9b23e89 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="9b23e89" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/en/all-courses/pre-clinical-mbbs" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">MBBS / MBChB</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2efa94c" data-id="2efa94c" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-b130860 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="b130860" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/enarm/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">ENARM</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-13bd0b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="13bd0b1" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-083c1f5" data-id="083c1f5" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-453facb elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="453facb" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/neet-ug/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">NEET-UG</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-33f888f" data-id="33f888f" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-ca36ad7 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="ca36ad7" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/medical/neet-pg/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">NEET-PG</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-59bbf74" data-id="59bbf74" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap"></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-0d314b3" data-id="0d314b3" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap"></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-eae7477 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="eae7477" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-95447ae" data-id="95447ae" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5bb1824 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="5bb1824" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><p><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/nursing">Nursing School</a></p></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-86b21a9" data-id="86b21a9" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-ed906e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="ed906e6" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-f96c472" data-id="f96c472" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-692df4f elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="692df4f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/registered-nurse-rn/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Registered Nurse (RN)</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-5c8bad9" data-id="5c8bad9" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d98bf86 elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="d98bf86" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/nurse-practitioner-np/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Nurse Practitioner (NP)</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-38859e1" data-id="38859e1" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e57463f elementor-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="e57463f" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/nursing/nurse-int/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-sm" role="button"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Other Nursing Career</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-feb29b3" data-id="feb29b3" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap"></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-9529f0a js-logged-in-hide elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="9529f0a" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2148f29" data-id="2148f29" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-d58dbec elementor-align-center elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-4131 elementor-widget-button" data-id="d58dbec" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/registry-flow-level-00/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-float" role="button" id="regbutton-createaccount-hp-02"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Create your free account</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3bb94b9 js-logged-in-show js-logged-in-redirect elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="3bb94b9" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-e935e20" data-id="e935e20" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-f2989a4 elementor-align-center elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-4293 elementor-widget-button" data-id="f2989a4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://app.lecturio.com/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-float" role="button" id="regbutton-createaccount-hp-02"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Continue Learning</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f738754 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-hidden-tablet elementor-hidden-phone elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="f738754" data-element_type="section" data-settings="{"background_background":"classic"}"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b54374" data-id="5b54374" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-989ea26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="989ea26" data-element_type="widget" 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elementor-global-4131 elementor-widget-button" data-id="d63a416" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://www.lecturio.com/registry-flow-level-00/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-float" role="button" id="regbutton-createaccount-hp-02"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Create your free account</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section><section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-07f8ddf js-logged-in-show elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="07f8ddf" data-element_type="section"><div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default"><div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-7c22cf5" data-id="7c22cf5" data-element_type="column"><div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated"><div class="elementor-element elementor-element-5cdc6c4 elementor-align-center elementor-tablet-align-center elementor-mobile-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-global elementor-global-4293 elementor-widget-button" data-id="5cdc6c4" data-element_type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default"><div class="elementor-widget-container"><div class="elementor-button-wrapper"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210625130431/https://app.lecturio.com/" class="elementor-button-link elementor-button elementor-size-lg elementor-animation-float" role="button" id="regbutton-createaccount-hp-02"> <span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper"> <span class="elementor-button-text">Continue Learning</span> </span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></section></div></div></div></section><footer 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