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hreflang="azb" data-title="شرمن مینتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sherman Minton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sherman Minton" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="شرمن مینتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرمن مینتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sherman Minton" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sherman Minton" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sherman Minton" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שרמן מינטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרמן מינטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sherman Minton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="شيرمان مينتون – Egyptian Arabic" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US Supreme Court justice (1890–1965)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Justice Minton" redirects here. For the Kentucky Supreme Court Justice, see <a href="/wiki/John_D._Minton_Jr." title="John D. Minton Jr.">John D. Minton Jr.</a> For the physician, see <a href="/wiki/Sherman_A._Minton" title="Sherman A. Minton">Sherman A. Minton</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sherman Minton</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_minton_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sherman_minton_photo.jpg/220px-Sherman_minton_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Sherman_minton_photo.jpg/330px-Sherman_minton_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Sherman_minton_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1954</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 12, 1949 – October 15, 1956<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1">[1]</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">Wiley Rutledge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office May 22, 1941 – October 11, 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Nominated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Emanuel_Treanor" title="Walter Emanuel Treanor">Walter Emanuel Treanor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Walter_C._Lindley" title="Walter C. Lindley">Walter C. Lindley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Whip">Senate Majority Whip</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office July 22, 1937 – January 3, 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">J. Hamilton Lewis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">J. Lister Hill</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1935 – January 3, 1941</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Arthur Raymond Robinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Willis" title="Raymond E. Willis">Raymond E. Willis</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Sherman Minton</div> (1890-10-20)October 20, 1890 <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Floyd_County,_Indiana" title="Georgetown, Floyd County, Indiana">Georgetown, Indiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 9, 1965(1965-04-09) (aged 74) <a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany, Indiana</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Gertrude Gurtz</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Sherman_A._Minton" title="Sherman A. Minton">Sherman Jr.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Maurer_School_of_Law" title="Indiana University Maurer School of Law">Indiana University Maurer School of Law</a> (<a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>) <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">LLM</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)" title="Battle of Soissons (1918)">Battle of Soissons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Sherman "Shay" Minton (October 20, 1890 – April 9, 1965) was an American politician and jurist who served as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._senator" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. senator">U.S. senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> and later became an <a href="/wiki/Associate_justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>; he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>. After attending college and law school, Minton served as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(U.S._Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (U.S. Army)">captain</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, following which he launched a legal and political career. In 1930, after multiple failed election attempts, and serving as a regional leader in the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>, he became a utility commissioner under the administration of <a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a>. Four years later, Minton was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. During the campaign, he defended <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> legislation in a series of addresses in which he suggested it was not necessary to uphold the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Minton's campaign was denounced by his political opponents, and he received more widespread criticism for an address that became known as the "You Cannot Eat the Constitution" speech. As part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal Coalition">New Deal Coalition</a>, Minton championed President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">court packing</a> plans in the Senate and became one of his top Senate allies. After Minton failed in his 1940 Senate reelection bid, Roosevelt appointed him as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_circuit_judge" class="mw-redirect" title="United States circuit judge">United States circuit judge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a>. After Roosevelt's death, President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, who had developed a close friendship with Minton during their time together in the Senate, nominated him to the Supreme Court. He was confirmed by the Senate on October 4, 1949, by a vote of 48 to 16, 15 Republicans and one Democrat (<a href="/wiki/Harry_Flood_Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Flood Byrd">Harry Flood Byrd</a> of Virginia) voting against him. He served on the Supreme Court for seven years. An advocate of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">judicial restraint</a>, Minton was a regular supporter of the majority opinions during his early years on the Court; he became a <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">regular dissenter</a> after President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a>'s appointees altered the court's composition. In 1956, poor health forced Minton to retire, after which he traveled and lectured until his death in 1965. As of 2023, he is the last member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to be named to the Supreme Court. According to historians, Minton's judicial philosophy was largely a reaction to the relationship between the New Deal senators and the conservative 1930s Court, which ruled much of the New Deal legislation unconstitutional. Minton believed the Supreme Court should be more deferential to the political branches of government, and supported a broad interpretation of the powers of Congress. He generally opposed any effort to rule federal legislation unconstitutional on the principle that the court was overstepping its authority. As a result of his judicial philosophy, he sought to uphold the intent of the political branches of government. Historians note the unusual contrast this created between his role as a partisan liberal Senator and his role as a conservative jurist. When Minton became a Justice, the Senate had become more conservative, leading Minton to uphold the constitutionality and intention of conservative legislation. He often played peacemaker and consensus builder during a period when the Court was riven by feuds. He generally ruled in favor of order over freedom as a result of his broad interpretation of governmental powers. These rulings and their limited impact gave some historians a negative opinion of his judicial record. Other historians consider Minton's strong commitment to his judicial principles laudable. In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Bridge" title="Sherman Minton Bridge">Sherman Minton Bridge</a> in southern Indiana<a href="#cite_note-2">[A]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Minton%E2%80%93Capehart_Federal_Building" title="Minton–Capehart Federal Building">Minton–Capehart Federal Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> were named in his honor. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_background">Family and background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherman_Minton_Birthplace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white two-story house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sherman_Minton_Birthplace.jpg/220px-Sherman_Minton_Birthplace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sherman_Minton_Birthplace.jpg/330px-Sherman_Minton_Birthplace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sherman_Minton_Birthplace.jpg/440px-Sherman_Minton_Birthplace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Minton's birthplace and boyhood home</figcaption></figure> Minton was born on October 20, 1890, to John Evan and Emma Livers Minton, in their <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Floyd_County,_Indiana" title="Georgetown, Floyd County, Indiana">Georgetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, home.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 7  He was the third of the couple's four children, and was nicknamed Shay because of his younger brother's inability to properly pronounce "Sherman".<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 8–9  Minton received his basic education in a two-room schoolhouse in Georgetown, which he attended through eighth grade.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 41 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 11  He was exposed to politics from an early age: when he was five years old, his father took him to hear a speech by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, whom Minton admired for the remainder of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 9  His father, a railroad laborer, became disabled in 1898 when he suffered <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a> while working.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 39  Afterwards, he took up various jobs, including as a farmer, a butcher, and a grocer; Sherman also began working odd jobs to help his financially unstable family.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 39–40 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 9  Soon after John's heat stroke, Minton's mother was diagnosed with breast cancer; a doctor attempted to remove her tumors in April 1900, performing the operation on the Minton's family dinner table, but she died during the procedure. The death was an emotional blow to Minton, and he found it impossible to reconcile with the idea of a loving and just God, leading him to shun organized religion for much of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 40  Minton's father married Sarah Montague on December 3, 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 10  Minton enjoyed school but was a mischievous child. In 1904 he was arrested for riding his bicycle on the sidewalk and was taken before a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a>, who fined him one dollar ($30 in current dollar terms) plus court costs. He later credited the incident with sparking his desire to become a lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 41–42  To accomplish that, he joined his older brother Herbert in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>, where he took a job at the <a href="/wiki/Swift_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift and Company">Swift & Company</a> meatpacking plant. His father, stepmother, and younger siblings soon joined him there. After saving enough money to continue his education, Minton returned to Georgetown, where he lived with relatives and attended high school.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 43  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Minton started at Edwardsville High School, but after that school closed, he attended <a href="/wiki/New_Albany_High_School_(Indiana)" title="New Albany High School (Indiana)">New Albany High School</a> for the remaining three years. There he participated in the football, baseball, and track teams. He helped start the school's first debate club, the Wranglers, which won several awards. He worked in a local arcade, and during summer vacations returned to Fort Worth to work at the Swift plant.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 43–47  He was briefly expelled from school after committing a prank in February 1908, and the superintendent, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Allen Prosser">Charles Allen Prosser</a>, let Minton return only after he formally apologized before the entire school.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 16  Minton began dating Gertrude Gurtz, whom he later married, in his senior year.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 47, 54  He graduated high school in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 15  To earn money to attend college, Minton resumed working for Swift & Company in Fort Worth and played baseball semi-professionally.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 48  In September 1911, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Bloomington" title="Indiana University Bloomington">Indiana University Bloomington</a>, where he participated in a combined program that enabled him to complete both his undergraduate and law degrees in only four years. Despite the heavy workload, he played multiple sports, joined the debate team, and participated in the Jackson Club, an organization for Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 17–20  While at Indiana, he also joined and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a> fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> His classmates included such people as future <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">Paul V. McNutt</a> and future presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Wendell_L._Willkie" class="mw-redirect" title="Wendell L. Willkie">Wendell L. Willkie</a>, both of whom later had substantial impacts on Minton's political career.<a href="#cite_note-SCHistorical-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 50  Minton's high academic standing entitled him to serve as librarian at the legal college. The position, which paid thirty dollars a month, allowed him to live more comfortably in law school.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 52  He graduated first in his class with an <a href="/wiki/LL.B." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.B.">LL.B.</a> degree in September 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 20  Minton won a one-year scholarship to take graduate courses at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, where he earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws">Master of Laws</a> degree <a href="/wiki/Cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Cum laude">cum laude</a> in 1916. At Yale he took a constitutional law seminar with former President and future <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, who is said to have described a paper Minton wrote as one of best ever written at the school.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 21–22 <a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 52  Along with <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Lewis F. Powell Jr.</a>, Minton is one of two United States Supreme Court justices who earned an LL.M. degree.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Minton continued to improve his oratory and debate at Yale; he won the Wayland Club prize for extemporaneous public speaking, and helped organize the university's <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">legal aid</a> society.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 22  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career_and_World_War_I">Legal career and World War I</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal career and World War I">edit</a>]</div> Minton spent the summer of 1916 earning money as a platform manager on the <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua" title="Chautauqua">Chautauqua</a> <a href="/wiki/Lecture_circuit" title="Lecture circuit">lecture circuit</a>. In fall 1916, Minton returned to New Albany, where he renewed his relationship with Gurtz and opened a law practice. Soon thereafter, however, the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and Minton quickly enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 53–54  He took an officers' training course at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Fort Benjamin Harrison">Fort Benjamin Harrison</a> in hope of earning a commission, but was not among those chosen to become an officer. After taking a brief leave of absence in August to marry Gurtz,<a href="#cite_note-8">[B]</a> Minton returned to camp and requested to repeat his training course, still hoping to receive a commission; after finishing the training he was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States)#U.S._Army,_U.S._Air_Force,_and_U.S._Marine_Corps" title="Captain (United States)">captain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 24–26  The <a href="/wiki/84th_Division_(United_States)" title="84th Division (United States)">Eighty-Fourth Division</a>, to which Minton belonged, was dispatched to France in July 1918. Minton was then assigned to <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="General staff">general staff</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 26  he served on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Soissons_(1918)" title="Battle of Soissons (1918)">Soissons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Verdun</a>, and Belgian fronts.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 54  His tasks included scouting roads to ensure safe transport of men and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 26  After the war ended, Minton continued to serve with the Army of Occupation until being discharged in August 1919. While in Paris he studied <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Law_of_Paris" title="Faculty of Law of Paris">Faculté de Droit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 54–55  He was in Versailles when <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">the peace treaty</a> was signed.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 26  Returning home after his discharge, Minton met his son, <a href="/wiki/Sherman_A._Minton" title="Sherman A. Minton">Sherman Anthony</a>, who had been born in February.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 29  Two more children, Mary-Anne and John, were born in 1923 and 1925, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 30, 32  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> When Minton returned home, he decided to run for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indiana%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Indiana's 3rd congressional district">Indiana's 3rd district</a> instead of immediately resuming his law practice. Despite his war record and his active campaigning, he lost the 1920 Democratic primary to John Ewing by a wide margin.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 57–58  Afterwards, he briefly joined the Indiana law firm of Stonsenburg and Weathers before moving to <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, where he joined another firm, <a href="/wiki/Shutts_%26_Bowen" title="Shutts & Bowen">Shutts & Bowen</a>, in 1925. In January 1928, he left the Miami practice and returned to Indiana, where he rejoined the Stonsenburg and Weathers firm. In 1930, he again sought the Democratic congressional nomination in the Third District but was again defeated, this time by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_B._Crowe" title="Eugene B. Crowe">Eugene B. Crowe</a>, who won by four thousand votes.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 59–61 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 32  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_Sherman_Minton_Democratic_Primary_campaign_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A portrait of a young man in a military uniform. Above his head is written "STAND BY THE SOLDIERS / They Stood By You". Below the portrait is "Sherman Minton for CONGRESS. Subject to Democratic Primary Tuesday, May 4, 1920"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1920_Sherman_Minton_Democratic_Primary_campaign_poster.jpg/220px-1920_Sherman_Minton_Democratic_Primary_campaign_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1920_Sherman_Minton_Democratic_Primary_campaign_poster.jpg/330px-1920_Sherman_Minton_Democratic_Primary_campaign_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/1920_Sherman_Minton_Democratic_Primary_campaign_poster.jpg/440px-1920_Sherman_Minton_Democratic_Primary_campaign_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1768" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption> 1920 primary campaign poster for Minton</figcaption></figure> The following year, Minton became a local commander of the <a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a>. The group had a large and active membership in the state at the time, and he used his position to encourage support of the Democratic Party agenda. Paul McNutt was the national commander, and the two men became political allies.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 62 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 33  When McNutt became governor in 1930, he offered Minton a position at the head of a new utility regulation commission. As commissioner, Minton successfully imposed regulations that reduced state telephone bills by a combined total of $525,000. The cuts received widespread media coverage, and Minton was credited in the reports with the success.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 71 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 35  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_campaign">Senate campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Senate campaign">edit</a>]</div> Becoming popular among the party leadership during his two years as commissioner, Minton was encouraged by party leaders to run for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1934. At the state Democratic Party Convention he ran against Earl Peters, a former chairman of the state party. With the support of McNutt, Minton won the nomination on the third ballot with 827 votes to Peters' 586.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 72 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 37–38  Minton launched a statewide campaign in August 1934 and began delivering speeches in defense of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>. He blamed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Republican Party">Republicans</a> for the conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>. His opponent, incumbent Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Arthur Raymond Robinson</a>, accused Minton of playing "Santa Claus" by trying to give everyone "presents".<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 76  He also criticized Minton's support of the New Deal, which Robinson and Republicans called unconstitutional. Minton's initial campaign slogan was "You can't offer a hungry man the Constitution", a slogan he unveiled in a debate with Robinson in <a href="/wiki/Corydon,_Indiana" title="Corydon, Indiana">Corydon</a> on August 11.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 40  He continued using the slogan, and on September 11, Minton delivered his infamous "You Cannot Eat the Constitution" speech,<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 76 <a href="#cite_note-9">[C]</a> in which he concluded the urgent needs of the masses outweighed the need to uphold the Constitution. The speech backfired wildly and papers and opponents across the state called Minton's remarks traitorous.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 77  Minton stopped using the slogan and explained his position again using new terms, but his opponents continued to dog him over the issue. The Republicans also faulted popular governor McNutt and his reorganization of the government, and McNutt became more personally involved in the election. With the state party's more direct involvement, Minton won the election with 52 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 85  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lobby_Investigation_Committee">Lobby Investigation Committee</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lobby Investigation Committee">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Lobby_Investigation_Committee" title="United States Senate Lobby Investigation Committee">United States Senate Lobby Investigation Committee</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shermanminton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A half-length portrait of a man wearing a suit with a smirk on his face and a slight purple hue about him" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Shermanminton.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption>Senator Sherman Minton</figcaption></figure> Minton took his Senate seat in January 1935. As a freshman, he sat in the back row of the chamber next to fellow freshman Harry Truman, and the pair quickly became friends.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 87  Minton was made a member of a special <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Lobby_Investigation_Committee" title="United States Senate Lobby Investigation Committee">Lobby Investigation Committee</a> chaired by Senator <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>, that was set up to look into questionable lobbyist groups. According to professor of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_C._Gugin" title="Linda C. Gugin">Linda C. Gugin</a>, a Minton biographer, in practice the committee's investigations were politically motivated and directed against groups that were challenging New Deal legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 91  <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>, a prominent and wealthy media magnate, began using his newspapers to deride the committee's "reckless attacks on freedom".<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 95  Minton led the effort to counter Hearst and delivered a speech criticizing his support of the Republican Party. In 1937, Senator Black was appointed to the Supreme Court and left the Senate, and Minton secured his post as chair of the committee. Minton immediately began a full-scale investigation of the media conglomerate controlled by <a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Gannett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank E. Gannett">Frank E. Gannett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 95  accusing him of publishing Republican Party propaganda. For several weeks, Minton delivered speeches against Gannett in the Senate, and Gannett responded in kind in his newspapers. Minton finally introduced legislation that would have made it "illegal to publish information known to be false".<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 96  Gannett, and a large number of allies in newspapers and on radio, immediately began to charge Minton and the Democratic Party with an assault on the freedom of the press. Minton's allies in Congress asked him to withdraw the bill because of its political repercussions, and he dropped the matter.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 97  Minton tried again to expose what he believed to be Republican control of the media. He led the committee to target a newspaper with national circulation, Rural Progress. Minton accused the publishers of improperly accepting large sums of money from corporations and the editors of undue influence from this money. The owner of the paper, Maurive V. Renolds, was summoned before the committee for a hearing, where Minton demanded to know why he was accepting money from corporations.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 100  When Renolds asked his manager, Dr. Glen Frank, to help him answer the questions, Minton and fellow Democratic senators began to shout Dr. Frank down. As he was saying that the money from the corporations was for advertising in the magazine, Minton beat his gavel and yelled, "This committee doesn't intend to permit you to use this as a forum to air your Republican views."<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 101  Minton did not realize that Frank was also president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>, and soon suffered retaliation for the way he had treated Frank. Frank went on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> radio stations around the country and lambasted Minton for his rudeness. He made lengthy arguments accusing Minton of attempting to violate the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>. Minton was outraged, but the arguments had an effect among voters in Indiana. In 1938, he sought funding to launch a massive nationwide investigation of media conglomerates for proof of Republican interference in the press. Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Burke" title="Edward R. Burke">Edward R. Burke</a> led an effort to defeat the measure and privately accused Minton of damaging the Democrats' cause, which led Minton to leave the Lobby Investigation Committee.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 102  Minton was a fierce partisan during his time in the Senate, and regularly abused his opponents verbally. Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> became one of Minton's favorite targets because of Long's often-threatened <a href="/wiki/Filibuster" title="Filibuster">filibusters</a>. During one of the filibusters, Long threatened to join the Republican Party. After most senators had left the chamber, Minton remained for several hours to periodically taunt Long. After tiring of the taunts, Long launched a rebuttal from the podium, calling Minton a vicious politician whose positions would cost Minton re-election.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 46  The exchange was unusual for its tone and later made national news.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 47  Minton was involved in many such exchanges, including a particularly fierce one with Republican Senator <a href="/wiki/Lester_J._Dickinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester J. Dickinson">Lester J. Dickinson</a> in March 1936. Dickinson delivered a speech in the Senate castigating President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> for carrying out what he termed illegal and unconstitutional acts. Minton responded with a range of accusations, some personal, against Dickinson and his "political naivety".<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 62  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_packing">Court packing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Court packing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Reorganization_Bill_of_1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937">Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937</a></div> In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a> of 1933 unconstitutional. For the first time, Minton gave speeches criticizing the court for overriding the will of Congress. He accused the court of allowing itself to be influenced by political motives rather than the law.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 103 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 52  In response to the court ruling, Minton began drafting a bill which would allow the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional only if seven out the nine justices supported the decision. In February 1937, before Minton introduced his bill, President Roosevelt introduced a plan of his own to deal with the Supreme Court. Roosevelt proposed adding more justices to the court and creating a mandatory retirement age; the changes would allow him to appoint an overwhelming majority to the court, more sympathetic to his agenda, ensuring the safety of legislation passed by his party.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 105 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 53–55  Minton was pleased with Roosevelt's bill and quickly became its leading supporter in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> The measure was placed in an <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_bill" title="Omnibus bill">omnibus bill</a> designed to reform judicial salaries and districting, among many other measures. Republicans quickly discovered the court-packing provision and targeted the bill. At the time, Democrats held <a href="/wiki/Super-majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-majority">super-majorities</a> in both chambers of Congress, and passage of the bill at first seemed assured.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 106  Minton's support of the bill helped him earn the position of <a href="/wiki/Senate_majority_whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate majority whip">Senate majority whip</a>, allowing him to more effectively push for its passage.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 107  Minton delivered six radio addresses on behalf of his party in support of the bill, but public opinion could not be swayed in the Democrats' favor.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 109  Minton received a death threat in the form of an envelope containing a shotgun shell and a message advising him to not vote for the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">court packing</a> plan.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 79  Many Democrats, fearing their re-election prospects, joined with Republicans and defeated the bill. Minton was unhappy with the loss and it cost him considerable support among his voters, but as a result of his close connection with the bill and the leaders of his party, he gained more influence with the Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 113  When Justice <a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a> retired from the Court in May 1937, Minton was among the final three candidates considered by Roosevelt to succeed him, but the senator declined due to concerns over the impact his recent public criticisms of sitting Court members would have on his relationships with them.<a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> Most controversial of all, Minton proposed a bill in April 1938 to make it a felony for newspapers or other periodicals to publish as “fact anything known to the publisher, or his, or its, responsible agents, to be false,” punishable by up to a two-year prison sentence or a $10,000 fine. Minton made clear that his main targets were the anti-New Deal press including the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Daily_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Daily Tribune">Chicago Daily Tribune</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Inquirer">Philadelphia Inquirer</a>. "Those who know Senator Minton," <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> suggested, "say he must have had Roosevelt’s tacit approval before introducing a bill to make news distortion a felony." The unanticipated opposition to the bill was overwhelming and transcended the political spectrum. Many charged that Minton was trying to muzzle the critics of the New Deal through censorship. When he raised the idea of a more "objective" across-the-board investigation, it too failed to gain support. A consequence of the reaction against the Minton Bill was to spur the formation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_of_Rights_Committee_of_the_American_Bar_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill of Rights Committee of the American Bar Association (page does not exist)">Bill of Rights Committee of the American Bar Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a> Although Minton supported the Roosevelt Administration and became a regular guest at the White House, Minton broke with the president on some measures. He voted to override a presidential <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> of a grant of $2.5 billion ($43 billion in 2015 dollars) in bonus pay for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> soldiers (<a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 114  Minton also supported Republican <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_C._Dyer" title="Leonidas C. Dyer">Leonidas Dyer's</a> <a href="/wiki/Dyer_Anti-Lynching_Bill" title="Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill">anti-lynching bill</a>, which Roosevelt feared would cost the party support in the southern states.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 115  He also supported an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act of 1939</a>, a law that prevented federal employees from being forced to take part in state election campaigns, effectively lessening the influence of federal patronage.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 116  As World War II neared, Minton took a cautious position on United States involvement. When the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Minton voted against granting a loan to Finland to help finance its defense efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 119  He also opposed selling munitions and weapons to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 118  He advocated and supported expanding the American military and believed that American entry into the war was inevitable, but should be delayed as long as possible. He voted in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>, which made it a crime to advocate the overthrow of the government, a law specifically targeted at <a href="/wiki/Communists_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists in the United States">communists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in the United States">fascists</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 121  In his final year in office, there was considerable speculation in the press that Minton would be named to higher office by Roosevelt, including cabinet positions and the Supreme Court, but neither happened.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 89  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-election_campaign">Re-election campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Re-election campaign">edit</a>]</div> Minton ran for re-election to his Senate seat in 1940. McNutt was challenging Roosevelt for the Presidential nomination, forcing Minton to choose between the administration and his allies in the state party. Minton sided with Roosevelt, which cost him McNutt's and the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana Democratic Party</a> machine's support in his re-election bid.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 123  The Republican presidential candidate, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> was also a native of Indiana, and Minton faced a difficult challenge to win re-election. He referred to Willkie as a "sycophant for the rich and famous".<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 143  Willkie never responded to Minton's taunts, leaving Minton's opponent in the Senate race, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Willis" title="Raymond E. Willis">Raymond E. Willis</a>, to do so in his stead. Willis had run for the Senate two years earlier but was defeated by Democrat <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Nuys" title="Frederick Van Nuys">Frederick Van Nuys</a>. Willis faulted Minton on a range of topics but focused on the legislation Minton supported while in the Senate. Willis claimed that much of the legislation was unconstitutional and Minton's positions were detrimental to the nation. Minton responded by pointing out Willis's connections to wealthy corporations and accused him of not caring for the people.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 146  Minton's campaign focused on the achievements of the New Deal programs. He claimed farm income in Indiana had doubled since 1932, and highlighted the passage of the Old Age Pension laws. His support for conscription and military preparedness for the coming war proved unpopular with voters and cost him considerable support, but according to historian William Radcliff it was Willkie's <a href="/wiki/Favorite_son" title="Favorite son">favorite son</a> status, which led many Hoosiers to vote Republican, that proved to be the election's deciding factor.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 109 <a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> Despite Minton's heavy campaigning, he lost the close election to Willis by 5,179 votes out of over 1.5 million cast.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 109 <a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 147  Roosevelt won the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940 presidential election</a>. After Minton left office in January 1941, he was given a position in the Roosevelt administration as a reward for his loyalty during the court packing failure.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 151  He served as one of the president's advisers and a liaison between the White House and Congress. The extent of his duties is not fully known; Linda Gugin has speculated that he may have managed Roosevelt's patronage system.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 155  Minton was responsible for getting several officials appointed to high offices in the federal bureaucracy and numerous others appointed to lower ranking positions.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 155 <a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 106  He also convinced Roosevelt to support the creation of a Senate defense committee chaired by Truman, a position that brought Truman into the national spotlight and helped him gain the vice presidency.<a href="#cite_note-c433-14">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seventh_Circuit">Seventh Circuit</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seventh Circuit">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Appointment">edit</a>]</div> On May 7, 1941, Roosevelt announced Minton's nomination to the Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 156  Minton was confirmed unanimously by the Senate on May 12, 1941, and received his commission on May 22, 1941. Minton resigned from his post in the administration, but even after he began working on the court, Minton remained active in Democratic politics behind the scenes and was in regular correspondence with Roosevelt to make patronage suggestions.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 164  Minton took his oath of office on May 29, 1941, but the court was in recess at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 164  He took his seat when it returned to session on October 7, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 157  The court had the highest court load of all the appellate courts in the nation at that time, averaging 40 cases per judge annually.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 163  The men on the court were close friends, and Minton developed a particularly close friendship with Judge <a href="/wiki/J._Earl_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Earl Major">J. Earl Major</a>; Major offered Minton financial assistance during his later illnesses. Major had been on the court for several years and held a judicial philosophy similar to Minton's. The two men regularly attended baseball games and were frequent guests in each other's homes.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 161  World War II broke out shortly after Minton joined the court, creating a flood of cases in which legal precedent provided little guidance, including challenges to wartime measures, <a href="/wiki/Selective_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective service">selective service</a> laws, price controls, rationing and civil liberties. In the majority of these cases, the court affirmed the decisions of the district courts, but in several the court was required to establish a precedent.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 110  Minton stated on several occasions his personal preference to affirm the decisions of the lower courts. He believed that the court that heard the case and pronounced judgment was generally able to make a decision that was superior to appellate courts' decisions. He believed the appellate process should be reserved for the more serious cases and cases where the lower court had clearly made a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 113  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence">edit</a>]</div> Minton was described by William Radcliff as a "faithful disciple of judicial restraint," an unexpected development when compared to his overtly partisan political career.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 179  Radcliff attributed Minton's conservative position to the distaste he developed for the courts when they overturned legislation passed while he was in the Senate. The courts' actions led him to strongly believe in the limited exercise of judicial power when evaluating the constitutionality of governmental conduct.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 114  Much of the recently passed New Deal legislation was being tried in the courts for constitutionality and enforcement, putting Minton in the uncommon position of adjudicating cases which depended on legislation he had helped write.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 180  During his time on the Seventh Circuit, Minton authored 253 of the court's opinions, including twelve dissenting opinions.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 110 <a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 182  Some of his opinions won praise; the editors of Tax Magazine commented favorably on Minton's opinions on tax law, calling them "direct Hoosier logic".<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 181  Other court reporting papers made similar comments, applauding the manner in which he turned complex issues to simple questions that could easily be understood.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 182  In the cases of Sunkist v. Sunkist and Quaker Oats Co. v. General Mills, the court held that it was possible for different companies to use the same brand and product name as long as they produced dissimilar products.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 190  In another case, the court set a short-lived precedent allowing companies to artificially raise prices in local markets if the purpose was to artificially lower prices in another market to remain competitive.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> After Minton joined the United States Supreme Court, the decision was appealed to that body; Minton recused himself from the case, which the court decided to overturn.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 118 <a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 188 <a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> In another decision, Minton was in the majority that ruled under the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a> that the New York <a href="/wiki/Great_Atlantic_and_Pacific_Tea_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company">Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company</a> was a monopoly, ordering the company to break up its grocery business.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 186 <a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> Minton was also in the majority in several cases filed to enforce decisions made by the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a>, usually to end worker strikes.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 183  In the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Knauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Knauer (page does not exist)">United States v. Knauer</a>, the government denied the wife of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="United States citizen">United States citizen</a> entry into the country because of her possible ties to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. In a much-criticized majority opinion which Minton co-authored with Judge Major, he stated that the "alien did not have any legal right—[her] status was a political decision to be made by officials in government."<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> Many liberals condemned the court at the time of the decision. The ruling was upheld by the Supreme Court in a 1946 appeal.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 115  One of Minton's favorite cases was that of Modernistic Candies, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 111 <a href="#cite_note-modcan-19">[16]</a> The candy company produced a one-cent gumball dispenser in which almost all the gumballs were the same color. A few different-colored gumballs were included which, when dispensed, entitled the purchaser to a prize from the merchant who owned the machine. The FTC had an injunction put in place barring the company from producing the machines because they claimed it violated anti-gambling laws. Minton wrote the majority opinion and sided with the majority to keep the injunction in place, but dryly mocked the counsel for the defense and the gambling law, stating: <blockquote>Counsel for the petitioner discussed at great length from a sociological point of view, of the age-old problem of the gambling instinct in the human being. According to his analysis, gambling pervades our entire economic system; thus insurance contracts are a gamble, stock and grain exchange transactions are gambles, and the farmer's dependence on weather is a gamble. Counsel's attempt to apply this analysis to the present case left us cold and unimpressed. He even reminded us that our great idol, Mr. Chief Justice John Marshall, in his day attended the horse races and wagered with his clergyman. In fact, they ran a book. As indicating how times have changed and how even our coarse nature has yielded to the protecting care of governmental policy, we confess we do not even know a bookmaker, clerical or otherwise, and our passes to the beautiful race tracks around Chicago lie in our desk unused.<a href="#cite_note-modcan-19">[16]</a></blockquote> Minton often lamented that he was required to "pronounce the law as it was written, but on no occasion [c]ould he make the law."<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 111  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clemency_board_and_failing_health">Clemency board and failing health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Clemency board and failing health">edit</a>]</div> After Roosevelt's death and Truman's succession to the Presidency, Minton continued offering advice to the new administration on a range of topics, including patronage and political maneuvering. Truman appointed Minton as head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> Clemency Board, a panel of judges charged with overseeing reviews of decisions made by the <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts-martial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> The panel met every two weeks which, along with his responsibilities on the circuit court, kept Minton very busy and afforded him little rest, leading to a deterioration in his health.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 167  While <a href="/wiki/USS_Williamsburg_(AGC-369)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Williamsburg (AGC-369)">yachting</a> with President Truman on <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Memorial Day</a> in 1945, Truman asked Minton to accept an appointment to the position of <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a>. Minton declined because of his health, but he told Truman he would be interested in a seat on the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 8  In September 1945, Minton suffered a heart attack while in Washington; he was hospitalized for three months at <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed Army Medical Center">Walter Reed Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 10  After returning to work, he was forced to rest regularly due to gradually worsening <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>, and he sought to lessen his workload. To further complicate his health, on August 5, 1949, Minton tripped over a stone in his yard and broke his leg. The injury forced him to walk with a cane for the remainder of his life.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 129  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Supreme Court">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomination_and_confirmation">Nomination and confirmation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nomination and confirmation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination">Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination</a></div> At a September 15, 1949, news conference, Truman announced Minton's nomination to the Supreme Court, succeeding the late Justice <a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">Wiley Rutledge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ariens-21">[18]</a> Minton had already privately accepted the nomination several days earlier after a telephone conversation with Truman.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 14  Truman touted Minton's extensive law education and his years of experience on the circuit courts as the reason for his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 15  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harry_S_Truman,_bw_half-length_photo_portrait,_facing_front,_1945-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half length portrait of a man wearing suit and tie with his head turned to looking directly forward; He has a slight smile on his face, with a receding hairline and large round glasses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg/220px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg/330px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg/440px-Harry_S_Truman%2C_bw_half-length_photo_portrait%2C_facing_front%2C_1945-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a></figcaption></figure> News of Minton's appointment received mixed reviews nationally.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 131  <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> said that Truman had allowed personal and political friendship to influence his choice.<a href="#cite_note-Eisler,_p._76-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 18  <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> said "the President is again reverting to his deplorable habit of choosing men for high post because they happen to be his friends...." <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> raised questions about Minton's ability to be confirmed by the Senate due to the power many of his foes held in the body.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 19  <a href="/wiki/The_Indianapolis_Star" title="The Indianapolis Star">The Indianapolis Star</a> offered a more sympathetic opinion, pointing out Minton's qualifications and the pride Indiana could take in having a native on the Supreme Court. The article noted that he would be the most educated justice on the court, should he be confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 19  Indiana Senator <a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">William E. Jenner</a> led opponents of Minton's nomination, including some of Minton's old foes, in an attempt to bring him before the body for hearings.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 132  Minton wrote a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> answering several of their questions, but refused to submit himself to a hearing.<a href="#cite_note-moot-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> He mentioned his broken leg and hinted in his letter that it could be detrimental to his health to travel in his condition.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 15  He also stated that, as a sitting judge and former member of the Senate, it would be improper for him submit to a hearing.<a href="#cite_note-c433-14">[11]</a> Minton responded to questions over his past support for the 1937 court packing scheme in the letter, declaring that as the Senate leader at the time of his scheme he had a right and duty to support the scheme, but as a federal judge his role had now changed to that of a referee rather than a player.<a href="#cite_note-politico1-25">[22]</a> Although hearings had occurred irregularly in the past, it was not customary at that time to have a hearing on a nominee.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> During an absence of Jenner's, Minton's allies worked to have the hearing request dropped.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 24  The Judiciary Committee held a single hearing on September 27, 1949, on his nomination. His nomination faced intense questioning from <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Senators on his past support for the failed 1937 court packing scheme.<a href="#cite_note-CRS2018BJMDSR-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 9–2 on October 3, 1949, to forward his nomination to the full Senate with a favorable report.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 24 <a href="#cite_note-CRS2018BJMDSR-27">[24]</a> On October 4, 1949, Senator <a href="/wiki/Homer_S._Ferguson" title="Homer S. Ferguson">Homer S. Ferguson</a> attempted to have the nomination returned to committee but the motion failed, 42–45.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-CongressionalQuarterly1-30">[27]</a> The long debate over Minton's appointment focused on his partisanship, support of the court packing plan during his time in the Senate, and poor health. His opponents launched numerous delaying tactics; the Senate session before the vote to confirm Minton lasted until midnight. His confirmation was approved 48–16 on October 4, 1949,<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 27  and he was <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths" title="Oath of office">sworn into office</a> on October 12.<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1">[1]</a> To date, Minton remains the last member of Congress, sitting or former, to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court,<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 3  and he is the only native of Indiana to be appointed to the court.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-31">[D]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[E]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_restraint">Judicial restraint</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Judicial restraint">edit</a>]</div> Minton's central judicial philosophy was to ascertain and uphold the <a href="/wiki/Original_intent" title="Original intent">original intent</a> of legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 261  He continued to take a broad view of governmental powers, demonstrated in his dissenting vote in the case of <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer</a>, which ruled unconstitutional President Truman's wartime seizure of several steel mills to avert a workers' strike.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> Of all the cases in which Minton was involved, he disagreed most with the Youngstown decision and "went into a tirade" during the conference where the decision was made.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 210  He argued that there "could be no vacant spot in power when the security of the nation is at stake."<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 212  Despite his strong protest, he could not influence the Court to permit the president to seize the plants without congressional approval.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 212  Minton joined with Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> and Justice <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Stanley Forman Reed</a> in the dissenting opinion that the President had the authority through the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">war powers clause</a> of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 151  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five men sitting in a row with four men standing behind them. All wear flowing back robes and a large black curtain is behind them" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-Warren_Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption>Warren Court in 1953; Minton standing at back right.</figcaption></figure> Minton abhorred racial <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Segregation in the United States">segregation</a> and provided a solid vote to strike down the school segregation practices at issue in 1954's landmark case of <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>; it was among the few decisions in which he sided against the government.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 261 <a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 159  According to William Radcliff, the majority opinion authored by Minton in the 1953 case <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_346" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 346">Barrows v. Jackson</a> was his most skillfully written opinion.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 155 <a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> He framed the complex question of the case as: "Can a racially restrictive covenant be enforced at law by a suit for damages against a co-covenantor who allegedly broke the covenant?" The Court decided the answer in the negative.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 155  In the area of <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a>, Minton adhered to the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Palko_v._Connecticut" title="Palko v. Connecticut">fundamental fairness</a>", a test established by the Supreme Court in 1937. In one decision, Minton stated that the right of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">free speech</a> was not an absolute right, and could be regulated so as not to violate the rights of others.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 114  In <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Rabinowitz" title="United States v. Rabinowitz">United States v. Rabinowitz</a>, Minton wrote the Court's opinion upholding a lower court ruling which allowed police to search automobiles without a warrant, provided there was probable cause to justify the search.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Minton voted to uphold anticommunist legislation during the period of the "<a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">red scare</a>", siding with the majority in 1951's <a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a>, which upheld the conviction of the leader of the <a href="/wiki/US_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="US Communist Party">US Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 223 <a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> During the same period, the Court was split over the legality of governmental loyalty tests. Many agencies had programs in place to ensure that members of the government were not communists. Minton's vote proved to be the deciding factor in cases regarding <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_oath" title="Loyalty oath">loyalty tests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 230  In the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailey_v._Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailey v. Richardson (page does not exist)">Bailey v. Richardson</a>, Minton's vote upheld the legality of the loyalty tests,<a href="#cite_note-38">[F]</a> while in the decision he authored in the case of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Anti-Fascist_Refugee_Committee_v._McGrath" title="Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath">Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath</a>, he voted to uphold the plaintiff's position that he had been terminated illegally because of his support of fascist ideology.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 229  Minton's position gradually shifted to allowing the loyalty tests to take place, and in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_342" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 342">Adler v. Board of Ed. of City of New York</a> he wrote the majority opinion allowing the tests and upholding New York's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Feinberg_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feinberg Law (page does not exist)">Feinberg Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 147 <a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[G]</a> This proved to be the most important vote as it allowed the tests to be given with only minimal suspicion of a person's disloyalty to the government.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 231  Because of Minton's previous Congressional partisanship, many liberals believed he would support their positions when on the Court. Throughout his tenure, Minton regularly disappointed them, leading many to rail against him. A lawyer writing for the New Jersey Law Journal labeled Minton a "spokesman against freedom", calling him "a man of conspicuous judicial shortcomings, whose votes against civil liberties exceeded those of any other man on the Court, and who wrote comparatively few opinions of other kinds."<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> Linda Gugin pointed out that Minton was a disappointment to liberals because he consistently chose order over freedom. Gugin also concludes that Minton had the strongest commitment to judicial restraint and ideological neutrality of any justice, past or present.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Although Minton was on the Supreme Court, he remained casually involved in Democratic internal politics. He wrote Truman several letters criticizing Justices <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> and Hugo Black, referring to Black as a <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogue</a>. He also offered advice on dealing with Republican opposition in the Senate. In a 1954 letter, after Truman left office, he urged Truman to help focus public attention on the economy and away from communism, a threat he claimed the Republicans were exaggerating to avoid confronting their own problems.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 257  After Truman's withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952 presidential campaign</a>, Minton made remarks indicating he had advised Truman to stay out of the contested New Hampshire primary election to begin with.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 211  In August 1956, a reporter asked Minton about his preferred candidate in the upcoming presidential election. Minton answered, "I have great confidence in <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 137  He also remarked that <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> was politically handicapped. Minton was lambasted in the media for his endorsement, which he attempted to retract a few days later after being advised to do so by other members of the Court.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 137  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regular_dissenter">Regular dissenter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Regular dissenter">edit</a>]</div> Truman's other appointees to the Court provided consistent conservative votes, and during Minton's first years on the Court it was returned to the conservatism of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">William Howard Taft</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-Eisler,_p._76-22">[19]</a> While on the Court, Minton transformed from a New Deal senator into an almost reactionary judge as an ally of Justice <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>. Empirical coding of votes shows that Minton was the most conservative justice on the Court during his first year, and remained in the conservative half of the court for the duration of his career.<a href="#cite_note-Eisler,_88-45">[38]</a> Minton did not enjoy the limited influence of his judicial role in the later years of his term, when he was more frequently in the minority in voting on cases.<a href="#cite_note-Eisler,_88-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 221  After the deaths of Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson and Justice Robert Jackson, Minton found himself with little support for many of his opinions, which led him to begin considering retirement.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 277–79  The shifting position of the Court led to personal animosity between members of its two wings. Despite his disappointment over the Court's positions on some issues, Minton remained popular among his colleagues on the Court as he didn't take sides in their personal disagreements; he proved a soothing presence during a period marked by bitter personal feuds between strong personalities such as <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> and Felix Frankfurter.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 172  Minton informed Eisenhower of his intention to retire in a letter on September 7, 1956, in which he dryly stated his retirement was authorized by law. Eisenhower responded with a brief note wishing him a happy retirement.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 173  Although he did not tell the president, Minton informed the members of the Court that his duties were too taxing on his health. His anemia had steadily worsened, slowing him physically and mentally.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 174  Minton served as a Justice until October 15, 1956, retiring after 7 years and 3 days of service.<a href="#cite_note-Oyez-46">[39]</a> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 282  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> Announcing his departure, Minton remarked, "There will be more interest in who will succeed me than in my passing. I'm an echo."<a href="#cite_note-Oyez-46">[39]</a> Despite the health difficulties, Minton regretted his decision almost immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Eisler,_88-45">[38]</a> Minton returned to his New Albany home, where he took a much lighter workload. He gave occasional lectures at Indiana University and continued to give public speeches from time to time. For several years after retiring from the Supreme Court, Minton occasionally accepted assignments to serve temporarily on one of the lower federal courts.<a href="#cite_note-Eisler,_88-45">[38]</a> He received an honorary doctorate degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 288  He took many trips around the United States, and two trips to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 285  In England, he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 183  Despite his failing health, Minton remained active in the Democratic Party. He was most concerned with President Eisenhower, who he believed was incompetent. He remained in regular correspondence with Truman, and the two met on several occasions at Democratic Party functions.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 290  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> In late March 1965, Minton was admitted to Floyd Memorial Hospital in New Albany, where it was found he was suffering <a href="/wiki/Internal_bleeding" title="Internal bleeding">internal bleeding</a>. He died in his sleep early in the morning of April 9. Minton's wife was <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>; his funeral was held at the now-defunct Holy Trinity Catholic Church and was attended by many dignitaries, including several sitting members of the Supreme Court, the governors of Indiana and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, and several members of Congress. He was buried in the Holy Trinity Cemetery, on Green Valley Road in New Albany, next to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Receveur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Receveur (page does not exist)">Leo Receveur</a>. Minton himself was nominally Catholic and had shunned Christianity for most of his life; he only began to occasionally attend <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> following his retirement.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 304 <a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> He left most of his personal papers and judicial records to the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman Presidential Library">Truman Presidential Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 140 <a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[H]</a> Minton is the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponym</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Bridge" title="Sherman Minton Bridge">Sherman Minton Bridge</a>, which carries <a href="/wiki/Interstate_64" title="Interstate 64">Interstate 64</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, connecting western <a href="/wiki/Louisville" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville">Louisville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> with <a href="/wiki/New_Albany,_Indiana" title="New Albany, Indiana">New Albany</a>, Indiana. Minton attended the dedication of the bridge at a 1962 ceremony. He is also the namesake of the annual Sherman Minton Moot Court Competition, held at the Indiana University Maurer School of Law.<a href="#cite_note-50">[42]</a> He is also honored (with Indiana Senator <a href="/wiki/Homer_E._Capehart" title="Homer E. Capehart">Homer E. Capehart</a>)—in the "<a href="/wiki/Brutalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalist">Brutalist</a>" style designed by <a href="/wiki/Woollen,_Molzan_and_Partners" title="Woollen, Molzan and Partners">Woollen, Molzan and Partners</a> and with architectural art by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Glaser" title="Milton Glaser">Milton Glaser</a>—in the centrally located Minton-Capehart Federal Building on <a href="/wiki/Indiana_World_War_Memorial_Plaza" title="Indiana World War Memorial Plaza">Indiana World War Memorial Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urban-51">[43]</a> A bronze <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_(Gage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Minton (Gage)">bust of Minton</a> was created and put on display in the Indiana Statehouse.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 287  While some writers like Linda Gugin and legal historian William Radcliff have given high praise to Minton's logic in his written opinions, they point out that his positions had little long-term impact.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 307  Other legal historians, like Bernard Schwartz, have a more negative opinion of Minton's judicial career. Schwartz wrote that Minton "was below mediocrity as a Justice. His opinions, relatively few for his tenure, are less than third rate, characterized by their cavalier approach to complicated issues."<a href="#cite_note-s44-52">[44]</a> Schwartz went on to say, "he ranks near the bottom of any list of Justices."<a href="#cite_note-s44-52">[44]</a> Most of the precedents Minton helped establish were overturned by the Warren Court in the years immediately following his retirement. In total he wrote sixty-seven majority opinions along with several of the dissenting opinions.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 280  Gugin authored a work in rebuttal to Schwartz's harsh critique, saying that Minton's rulings were "predictable based on the principles of deference, precedent, and strict interpretation"; she attributed his poor ranking to the bias of reviewers in favor of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">judicial activism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a> Minton's time on the court marked the end of a transitory period in the judiciary. Since Minton, justices have tended to serve increasingly longer terms on the court, which has had strong political science implications on the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-54">[46]</a> The growing concept of judicial non-partisanship became the norm in American politics after Minton—he was the last member of Congress to be appointed to the Court.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 308  Linda Gugin and Professor James St. Clair have noted that the federal courts have lost a valuable point of view by not having experienced legislators among their ranks.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 311  Minton played an important role behind the scenes of the Court as a peacemaker between its two opposing factions.<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 282  These attempts to keep the peace led Justice Frankfurter to remark that while Minton would never be remembered as a great justice, he would be remembered as a great colleague by his fellow justices.<a href="#cite_note-Radcliff-3">[2]</a>: 139  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>Democratic Primary for <a href="/wiki/Indiana%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Indiana's 3rd congressional district">Indiana's 3rd congressional district</a>, 1920<a href="#cite_note-Gugin1-4">[3]</a>: 54  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Ewing_(Indiana_politician)" title="John Ewing (Indiana politician)">John Ewing</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">6,502 </td> <td style="text-align:right">39.4 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Sherman Minton </td> <td style="text-align:right">3,170 </td> <td style="text-align:right">19.2 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>United States Senate election 1934<a href="#cite_note-cq491-55">[47]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Sherman Minton </td> <td style="text-align:right">758,801 </td> <td style="text-align:right">51.5 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Arthur R. Robinson</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">700,103 </td> <td style="text-align:right">47.5 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="; margin-right:1em; font-size:95%"> <caption>United States Senate election 1940<a href="#cite_note-cq491-55">[47]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 17em">Candidate </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 5em">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 3.5em">% </th></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#E81B23;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </td> <td class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Willis" title="Raymond E. Willis">Raymond E. Willis</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">888,070 </td> <td style="text-align:right">50.5 </td></tr> <tr class="vcard"> <td style="color:inherit;background-color:#3333FF;width:2px"> </td> <td class="org" style="width:130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </td> <td class="fn">Sherman Minton </td> <td style="text-align:right">864,803 </td> <td style="text-align:right">49.1 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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3)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004141833/http://www.wdrb.com/story/15429799/sherman-minton-bridge-shut-down">"Sherman Minton bridge shut down; crack found in bridge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, Kentucky</a>: <a href="/wiki/WDRB" title="WDRB">WDRB</a>. September 9, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdrb.com/story/15429799/sherman-minton-bridge-shut-down">the original</a> on October 4, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton+bridge+shut+down%3B+crack+found+in+bridge&rft.place=Louisville%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=WDRB&rft.date=2011-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdrb.com%2Fstory%2F15429799%2Fsherman-minton-bridge-shut-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Gertrude Gurtz was a native of <a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Indiana" title="Harrison County, Indiana">Harrison County</a>. She had graduated from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods_College" title="Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College">St. Mary-of-the-Woods</a> and worked as a schoolteacher in New Albany. (see: Radcliff, p. 25) </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> The speech was so named by newspapers who printed excerpts. In the speech Minton stated, "You cannot walk up to a hungry man today and say, 'Here have a Constitution'," and "you can't expect a farmer to dig himself out his debts with a Constitution." He finished his speech with. "let us keep our priorities realistic; in times like these the needs of the people take precedence over all else." (see: Radcliff, p. 40) </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_G._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Roberts">John G. Roberts</a> is the only other Supreme Court Justice from Indiana, but was not born in the state. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/746/000099449/">"John G. Roberts, Jr"</a>. NNDB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629102024/http://www.nndb.com/people/746/000099449/">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+G.+Roberts%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=NNDB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F746%2F000099449%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988">) </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Catholic_justices" title="Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States">Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> In the case of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailey_v._Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailey v. Richardson (page does not exist)">Bailey v. Richardson</a> the Court made a split decision resulting in the upholding of the lower Court's ruling by default. (see: Gugin (1997), p. 229) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> In the decisions in <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_342" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 342">Adler v. Board of Ed. of City of New York</a>, Minton wrote, "From time immemorial, one's reputation has been determined in part by the company he keeps. In the employment of officials and teachers of the school system, the state may very properly inquire into the company they keep, and we know of no rule, constitutional or otherwise, that prevents the state, when determining the fitness and loyalty of such persons, from considering the organizations and persons with whom they associate." (See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">341</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/123/">123</a> (1951)) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Four linear feet of Sherman Minton's papers are on deposit there. Various other papers are collected at a number of libraries around the country. Resources, research aids and bibliography, Sherman Minton, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530160538/http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetMan?jid=1658">"Sherman Minton"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/servlet/nGetMan?jid=1658">the original</a> on May 30, 2010. Retrieved March 3, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fservlet%2FnGetMan%3Fjid%3D1658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988">) According to Sherman Minton, Jr., Minton's wife destroyed most of Minton's communications with Truman because she believed they were "undignified and occasionally profane." (See: Stewart, Margaret M., p. 304) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SCOTUSjustices_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">"Justices 1789 to Present"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100415034624/https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Justices+1789+to+Present&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Fmembers_text.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radcliff-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radcliff_3-58">bg</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadcliff1996" class="citation book cs1">Radcliff, William Franklin (1996). Sherman Minton: Indiana's Supreme Court Justice. Indiana: Guild Press of Indiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878208-81-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878208-81-1"><bdi>978-1-878208-81-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton%3A+Indiana%27s+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pub=Guild+Press+of+Indiana&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-878208-81-1&rft.aulast=Radcliff&rft.aufirst=William+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gugin1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-96">cs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-97">ct</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-98">cu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-99">cv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-100">cw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-101">cx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-102">cy</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-103">cz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-104">da</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gugin1_4-105">db</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuginSt._Clair1997" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda; St. Clair, James E. (1997). Sherman Minton: New Deal Senator, Cold War Justice. Indiana Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-116-8"><bdi>978-0-87195-116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton%3A+New+Deal+Senator%2C+Cold+War+Justice&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-116-8&rft.aulast=Gugin&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=St.+Clair%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.phideltatheta.org/famous/sherman-minton/">"Sherman Minton"</a>. Phi Delta Theta Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908145820/https://museum.phideltatheta.org/famous/sherman-minton/">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phi+Delta+Theta+Museum&rft.atitle=Sherman+Minton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.phideltatheta.org%2Ffamous%2Fsherman-minton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1949-50_vol74_no1-5.pdf">The SCROLL of Phi Delta Theta for January, 1950</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a>. 1950. p. 187. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619164913/https://www.phideltathetaarchive.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/1949-50_vol74_no1-5.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SCROLL+of+Phi+Delta+Theta+for+January%2C+1950&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Phi+Delta+Theta&rft.date=1950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phideltathetaarchive.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F04%2F1949-50_vol74_no1-5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SCHistorical-7"><a href="#cite_ref-SCHistorical_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/timeline_minton.html">"Timeline of the Court, Sherman Minton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202132420/http://supremecourthistory.org/timeline_minton.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline+of+the+Court%2C+Sherman+Minton&rft.pub=Supreme+Court+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourthistory.org%2Ftimeline_minton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinton,_Sherman1937" class="citation book cs1">Minton, Sherman (July 8–9, 1937). Reorganization of Federal Judiciary; speeches of Hon. Sherman Minton of Indiana in the Senate of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reorganization+of+Federal+Judiciary%3B+speeches+of+Hon.+Sherman+Minton+of+Indiana+in+the+Senate+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1937-07-08%2F1937-07-09&rft.au=Minton%2C+Sherman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1994" class="citation cs2">Newman, Roger K. (1994), Hugo Black: A Biography, New York: Pantheon Books, p. 234, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-43180-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-43180-2"><bdi>0-679-43180-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hugo+Black%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-43180-2&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Roger+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeito2023" class="citation book cs1">Beito, David T. (2023). The New Deal's War on the Bill of Rights: The Untold Story of FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (1st ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 59–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598133561" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598133561"><bdi>978-1598133561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Deal%27s+War+on+the+Bill+of+Rights%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+FDR%27s+Concentration+Camps%2C+Censorship%2C+and+Mass+Surveillance&rft.place=Oakland&rft.pages=59-75&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Independent+Institute&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1598133561&rft.aulast=Beito&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Cushman, p. 432 </li> <li id="cite_note-c433-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c433_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c433_14-1">b</a> Cushman, p. 433 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company">Standard Oil Company</a> v. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>, 173 F.2d 210 (1949) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Standard Oil Company v. Federal Trade Commission, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_340" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 340">340</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/340/231/">231</a> (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> United States v. New York Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company, 173 F.2d 79 (1949) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> United States v. Knauer, 149 F.2d 522 (1945) </li> <li id="cite_note-modcan-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-modcan_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-modcan_19-1">b</a> Modernistic Candies, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission, 145 F.2d 454, 455 (1948) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19451228&id=9kUaAAAAIBAJ&pg=4558,4602232">"Courts of Appeal, Army Style"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Milwaukee Journal">Milwaukee Journal</a>. December 23, 1945. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Courts+of+Appeal%2C+Army+Style&rft.pub=Milwaukee+Journal&rft.date=1945-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1499%26dat%3D19451228%26id%3D9kUaAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4558%2C4602232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ariens-21"><a href="#cite_ref-ariens_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriens,_Michael" class="citation web cs1">Ariens, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714223420/http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/minton.htm">"Sherman Minton biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelariens.com/ConLaw/justices/minton.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton+biography&rft.au=Ariens%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelariens.com%2FConLaw%2Fjustices%2Fminton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisler,_p._76-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler,_p._76_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler,_p._76_22-1">b</a> Eisler, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-moot-23"><a href="#cite_ref-moot_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120928231528/https://www.law.indiana.edu/students/competitions/mootcourt/minton.shtml">"Sherman Minton Moot Court Competition: Who Was Sherman Minton?"</a>. Bloomington, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Maurer_School_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurer School of Law">Maurer School of Law</a>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.indiana.edu/students/competitions/mootcourt/minton.shtml">the original</a> on September 28, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton+Moot+Court+Competition%3A+Who+Was+Sherman+Minton%3F&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Maurer+School+of+Law&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.indiana.edu%2Fstudents%2Fcompetitions%2Fmootcourt%2Fminton.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenate_Historical_Office" class="citation web cs1">Senate Historical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Supreme_Court_Nominees_Refuse_To_Testify.htm">"Senate History, October 1, 1949: Supreme Court Nominee Refuses to Testify"</a>. United States Senate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410155845/http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Supreme_Court_Nominees_Refuse_To_Testify.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senate+History%2C+October+1%2C+1949%3A+Supreme+Court+Nominee+Refuses+to+Testify&rft.pub=United+States+Senate&rft.au=Senate+Historical+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fartandhistory%2Fhistory%2Fminute%2FSupreme_Court_Nominees_Refuse_To_Testify.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-politico1-25"><a href="#cite_ref-politico1_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2014" class="citation web cs1">Glass, Andrew (October 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/this-day-in-politics-sherman-minton-111477">"SCOTUS nominee refuses to testify, Oct. 1, 1949"</a>. Politico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220909171108/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/10/this-day-in-politics-sherman-minton-111477">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2022. Retrieved September 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=SCOTUS+nominee+refuses+to+testify%2C+Oct.+1%2C+1949&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2014%2F10%2Fthis-day-in-politics-sherman-minton-111477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1969" class="citation journal cs1">Thorpe, James A. (1969). "The Appearance of Supreme Court Nominees Before the Senate Judiciary Committee". <a href="/wiki/Public_Law_(journal)" title="Public Law (journal)">Journal of Public Law</a>. 18: 371–402.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Law&rft.atitle=The+Appearance+of+Supreme+Court+Nominees+Before+the+Senate+Judiciary+Committee&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=371-402&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRS2018BJMDSR-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRS2018BJMDSR_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRS2018BJMDSR_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillionRutkus2018" class="citation web cs1">McMillion, Barry J.; Rutkus, Denis Steven (July 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf">"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President"</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903130252/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 3, 2023. Retrieved March 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%2C+1789+to+2017%3A+Actions+by+the+Senate%2C+the+Judiciary+Committee%2C+and+the+President&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2018-07-06&rft.aulast=McMillion&rft.aufirst=Barry+J.&rft.au=Rutkus%2C+Denis+Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL33225.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.law.upenn.edu/portal/Nomination-of-Sherman-Minton.--Hearing/HIoV6RskdTk/">Nomination of Sherman Minton. : Hearing, Eighty-first Congress, first session, on the nomination of Sherman Minton, of Indiana, to be Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. September 27, 1949 – Biddle Law Library – University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>. United States Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomination+of+Sherman+Minton.+%3A+Hearing%2C+Eighty-first+Congress%2C+first+session%2C+on+the+nomination+of+Sherman+Minton%2C+of+Indiana%2C+to+be+Associate+Justice+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States.+September+27%2C+1949+%E2%80%93+Biddle+Law+Library+%E2%80%93+University+of+Pennsylvania+Law+School&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.law.upenn.edu%2Fportal%2FNomination-of-Sherman-Minton.--Hearing%2FHIoV6RskdTk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/57727128">"G.O.P. Senators Quiz Minton on High Bench Post"</a>. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. United Press. October 3, 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412162552/https://www.newspapers.com/image/57727128">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.O.P.+Senators+Quiz+Minton+on+High+Bench+Post&rft.pub=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.date=1949-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F57727128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CongressionalQuarterly1-30"><a href="#cite_ref-CongressionalQuarterly1_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNPrsLxcM7QC">Congress and the Nation, 1945–1964: A Review of Government and Politics in the Postwar Years</a>. Congressional Quarterly. 1965. pp. 104a and 105a. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412162550/https://books.google.com/books?id=MNPrsLxcM7QC">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congress+and+the+Nation%2C+1945%E2%80%931964%3A+A+Review+of+Government+and+Politics+in+the+Postwar+Years&rft.pages=104a+and+105a&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNPrsLxcM7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Youngstown_Sheet_%26_Tube_Co._v._Sawyer" title="Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer">Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_343" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 343">343</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/343/579/">579</a> (1952) </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_347" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 347">347</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/347/483/">483</a> (1954) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_346" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 346">Barrows v. Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_346" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 346">346</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/346/249/">249</a> (1953) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_339" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 339">United States v. Rabinowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_339" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 339">339</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/339/56/">56</a> (1950) </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_v._United_States" title="Dennis v. United States">Dennis v. United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">341</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/494/">494</a> (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bailey_v._Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bailey v. Richardson (page does not exist)">Bailey v. Richardson</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">341</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/918/">918</a> (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v. McGrath</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_341" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 341">341</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/341/123/">123</a> (1951) </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_342" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 342">Adler v. Board of Ed. of City of New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_342" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 342">342</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/342/485/">485</a> (1952) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Eisler, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Gugin (2009), p. 791 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisler,_88-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler,_88_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler,_88_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler,_88_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisler,_88_45-3">d</a> Eisler, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Oyez-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oyez_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/justices/sherman_minton">"Official Supreme Court media, Sherman Minton"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oyez.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyez.org">Oyez.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509060607/http://www.oyez.org/justices/sherman_minton">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Supreme+Court+media%2C+Sherman+Minton&rft.pub=Oyez.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fjustices%2Fsherman_minton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen,_George_A1983" class="citation web cs1">Christensen, George A (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032026/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html">"Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices"</a>. Yearbook <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+Lies+the+Supreme+Court%3A+Gravesites+of+the+Justices&rft.pub=Yearbook+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society+at+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Christensen%2C+George+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourthistory.org%2F04_library%2Fsubs_volumes%2F04_c20_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> See also, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen2008" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, George A (March 2008). "Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices Revisited". Journal of Supreme Court History. 33 (1): 17–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.2008.00177.x">10.1111/j.1540-5818.2008.00177.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145227968">145227968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Supreme+Court+History&rft.atitle=Here+Lies+the+Supreme+Court%3A+Gravesites+of+the+Justices+Revisited&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-41&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-5818.2008.00177.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145227968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=George+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/mintons.htm">"Sherman S. Minton papers"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613194141/http://trumanlibrary.org/hstpaper/mintons.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sherman+S.+Minton+papers&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Fhstpaper%2Fmintons.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418041654/http://www.law.indiana.edu/students/competitions/mootcourt/index.shtml">"Competition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.indiana.edu/students/competitions/mootcourt/index.shtml">the original</a> on April 18, 2010. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Competition&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.indiana.edu%2Fstudents%2Fcompetitions%2Fmootcourt%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban-51"><a href="#cite_ref-urban_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeigler2009" class="citation web cs1">Zeigler, Connie (October 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717173338/http://www.urbantimesonline.com/2009/10/history-301-a-minority-opinion-%E2%80%93-i-%E2%99%A5-the-federal-building/">"History 301: A minority opinion – I ♥ the Federal Building"</a>. Urban Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbantimesonline.com/2009/10/history-301-a-minority-opinion-%E2%80%93-i-%E2%99%A5-the-federal-building/">the original</a> on July 17, 2011. Retrieved March 28, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+301%3A+A+minority+opinion+%E2%80%93+I+%E2%99%A5+the+Federal+Building&rft.pub=Urban+Times&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.aulast=Zeigler&rft.aufirst=Connie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbantimesonline.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fhistory-301-a-minority-opinion-%25E2%2580%2593-i-%25E2%2599%25A5-the-federal-building%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-s44-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s44_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-s44_52-1">b</a> Schwartz, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Gugin (2009), p. 764 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpowitzCrowe2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Karpowitz" title="Christopher Karpowitz">Karpowitz, Christopher F.</a>; Crowe, Justin (September 2007). "Where have you gone, Sherman Minton? The decline of the short-term Supreme Court Justice". <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_Politics" title="Perspectives on Politics">Perspectives on Politics</a>. 5 (3): 425–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592707071472">10.1017/S1537592707071472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233315099">233315099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Where+have+you+gone%2C+Sherman+Minton%3F+The+decline+of+the+short-term+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425-445&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592707071472&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233315099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Karpowitz&rft.aufirst=Christopher+F.&rft.au=Crowe%2C+Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"> Princeton Law and Public Affairs Working Paper No. 06-014. </li> <li id="cite_note-cq491-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cq491_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cq491_55-1">b</a> Congressional Quarterly, p. 491 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen1983" class="citation web cs1">Christensen, George A (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050903032026/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html">"Here Lies the Supreme Court: Gravesites of the Justices"</a>. Yearbook <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society" title="Supreme Court Historical Society">Supreme Court Historical Society</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_volumes/04_c20_e.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2005. Retrieved April 26, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+Lies+the+Supreme+Court%3A+Gravesites+of+the+Justices&rft.pub=Yearbook+Supreme+Court+Historical+Society+at+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=George+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourthistory.org%2F04_library%2Fsubs_volumes%2F04_c20_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congres_con_1975_00_9697">Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections</a>. Congressional Quarterly. 1976. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87187-072-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87187-072-8"><bdi>978-0-87187-072-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Quarterly%27s+Guide+to+U.S.+Elections&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87187-072-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcongres_con_1975_00_9697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroweKarpowitz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Crowe, Justin; <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Karpowitz" title="Christopher Karpowitz">Karpowitz, Christopher F</a> (April 2006). "Where Have You Gone, Sherman Minton? The Decline of the Short-Term Supreme Court Justice". Princeton Law and Public Affairs Working Papers. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=948813">948813</a>. 06-014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Law+and+Public+Affairs+Working+Papers&rft.atitle=Where+Have+You+Gone%2C+Sherman+Minton%3F+The+Decline+of+the+Short-Term+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D948813%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft.au=Karpowitz%2C+Christopher+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushman,_Clare2001" class="citation book cs1">Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1993 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a> Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-126-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-126-3"><bdi>978-1-56802-126-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+Illustrated+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%931993&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Congressional+Quarterly+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56802-126-3&rft.au=Cushman%2C+Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisler,_Kim_Isaac1993" class="citation book cs1">Eisler, Kim Isaac (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/justiceforallwil00eisl">A Justice for All: William J. Brennan, Jr., and the decisions that transformed America</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76787-7"><bdi>978-0-671-76787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Justice+for+All%3A+William+J.+Brennan%2C+Jr.%2C+and+the+decisions+that+transformed+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-76787-7&rft.au=Eisler%2C+Kim+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjusticeforallwil00eisl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuginSt._Clair1997" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda; St. Clair, James E. (1997). Sherman Minton: New Deal Senator, Cold War Justice. Indiana Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-116-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-116-8"><bdi>978-0-87195-116-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton%3A+New+Deal+Senator%2C+Cold+War+Justice&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-87195-116-8&rft.aulast=Gugin&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=St.+Clair%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGugin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gugin, Linda C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620104601/http://law.vanderbilt.edu/publications/vanderbilt-law-review/archive/volume-62-number-2-march-2009/index.aspx">"Sherman Minton: Restraint Against a Tide of Activism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_Law_Review" title="Vanderbilt Law Review">Vanderbilt Law Review</a>. 62 (2). <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a>: 757–795. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.vanderbilt.edu/publications/vanderbilt-law-review/archive/volume-62-number-2-march-2009/index.aspx">the original</a> on June 20, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Sherman+Minton%3A+Restraint+Against+a+Tide+of+Activism&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=757-795&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gugin&rft.aufirst=Linda+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.vanderbilt.edu%2Fpublications%2Fvanderbilt-law-review%2Farchive%2Fvolume-62-number-2-march-2009%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadcliff1996" class="citation book cs1">Radcliff, William Franklin (1996). Sherman Minton: Indiana's Supreme Court Justice. <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis,_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianapolis, Indiana">Indianapolis, Indiana</a>: Guild Press of Indiana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878208-81-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878208-81-1"><bdi>978-1-878208-81-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherman+Minton%3A+Indiana%27s+Supreme+Court+Justice&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Guild+Press+of+Indiana&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-878208-81-1&rft.aulast=Radcliff&rft.aufirst=William+Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1999" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (1999) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GaAqR22vJLEC">A Book of Legal Lists: The Best and Worst in American Law</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512502-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512502-3"><bdi>978-0-19-512502-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701235251/https://books.google.com/books?id=GaAqR22vJLEC">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Legal+Lists%3A+The+Best+and+Worst+in+American+Law&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512502-3&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGaAqR22vJLEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1969" class="citation journal cs1">Thorpe, James A. (1969). "The Appearance of Supreme Court Nominees Before the Senate Judiciary Committee". <a href="/wiki/Public_Law_(journal)" title="Public Law (journal)">Public Law</a>. 18: 371–402.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Law&rft.atitle=The+Appearance+of+Supreme+Court+Nominees+Before+the+Senate+Judiciary+Committee&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=371-402&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1959" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, Harry L. (Winter 1959). "Mr. Justice Minton—Hoosier Justice on the Supreme Court". Indiana Law Journal. 34: 145–205.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Mr.+Justice+Minton%E2%80%94Hoosier+Justice+on+the+Supreme+Court&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=34&rft.pages=145-205&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Harry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988">; (Spring 1959): pp. 377–424.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Abraham, Henry J., Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court. (3rd ed., Oxford University Press, 1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3">0-19-506557-3</a>.</li> <li>Atkinson, David N. "From New Deal Liberal to Supreme Court Conservative: The Metamorphosis of Justice Sherman Minton" Washington University Law Quarterly (1975): pp. 361–394.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraden1951" class="citation journal cs1">Braden, George D. (Winter 1951). "Mr. Justice Minton and the Truman Bloc". Indiana Law Journal. 26: 153–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indiana+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Mr.+Justice+Minton+and+the+Truman+Bloc&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=153-168&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Braden&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Frank, John P., The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions (Leon Friedman and Fred L. Israel, editors) (New York: Chelsea House, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4">0-7910-1377-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1377-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-1377-9">978-0-7910-1377-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2004" class="citation journal cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111018045604/http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480104.pdf">""Because We Are Final" Judicial Review Two Hundred Years After Marbury"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Proc._Am._Philos._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.">Proc. Am. Philos. Soc.</a> 148 (1): 38. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/480104.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 18, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Am.+Philos.+Soc.&rft.atitle=%22Because+We+Are+Final%22+Judicial+Review+Two+Hundred+Years+After+Marbury&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2004-03&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amphilsoc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F480104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Martin, Fenton S. and Goehlert, Robert U., The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography, (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1990). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3">0-87187-554-3</a>.</li> <li>Urofsky, Melvin I., The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary (New York: Garland, 1994). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1176-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-1176-8">978-0-8153-1176-8</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherman_Minton&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:_Sherman_Minton" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author: Sherman Minton">Author: Sherman Minton</a></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sherman_Minton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sherman Minton">Sherman Minton</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressM000800" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000800">"Sherman Minton (id: M000800)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Sherman+Minton+%28id%3A+M000800%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DM000800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASherman+Minton" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/node/1385206">Sherman Minton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302041821/http://www.law.louisville.edu/sites/www.law.louisville.edu/files/sherman_minton.JPG">Sherman Minton Senate identification card with signature</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130124154903/http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/nnvcs1u4mrJdN8neGw9o3g">Photograph, Sherman Minton grave site</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Stump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Stump (page does not exist)">Albert Stump</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) <a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="1934 United States Senate election in Indiana">1934</a>, <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_Indiana" title="1940 United States Senate election in Indiana">1940</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/M._Clifford_Townsend" title="M. Clifford Townsend">M. Clifford Townsend</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">J. Hamilton Lewis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Democratic Whip">Senate Democratic Whip</a> 1939–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">J. Lister Hill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Arthur Raymond Robinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Indiana">United States Senator (Class 1) from Indiana</a> 1935–1941 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Nuys" title="Frederick Van Nuys">Frederick Van Nuys</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Willis" title="Raymond E. Willis">Raymond E. Willis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Lobby_Investigation_Committee" title="United States Senate Lobby Investigation Committee">Senate Lobby Investigation Committee</a> 1937–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Allard_H._Gasque" title="Allard H. Gasque">Allard H. Gasque</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Health,_Education,_Labor_and_Pensions" title="United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions">Senate Pensions Committee</a> 1939–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Schwartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry H. Schwartz">Henry H. Schwartz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">J. Hamilton Lewis</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Whip">Senate Majority Whip</a> 1939–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">J. Lister Hill</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Emanuel_Treanor" title="Walter Emanuel Treanor">Walter Emanuel Treanor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit</a> 1941–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Walter_C._Lindley" title="Walter C. Lindley">Walter C. Lindley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Blount_Rutledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley Blount Rutledge">Wiley Blount Rutledge</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States</a> 1949–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="Template:United States senators from Indiana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="Template talk:United States senators from Indiana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Indiana" title="List of United States senators from Indiana">United States senators from Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Noble_(Indiana_politician)" title="James Noble (Indiana politician)">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hanna" title="Robert Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tipton" title="John Tipton">Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Smith_White" title="Albert Smith White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_D._Bright" title="Jesse D. Bright">Bright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Wright" title="Joseph A. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">T. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Pratt" title="Daniel D. Pratt">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._McDonald" title="Joseph E. McDonald">McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge" title="Albert J. Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Raymond_Robinson" title="Arthur Raymond Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Willis" title="Raymond E. Willis">Willis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Hartke" title="Vance Hartke">Hartke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lugar" title="Richard Lugar">Lugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Donnelly" title="Joe Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waller_Taylor" title="Waller Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hendricks" title="William Hendricks">W. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_H._Smith" title="Oliver H. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Hannegan" title="Edward A. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Cathcart" title="Charles W. Cathcart">Cathcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pettit" title="John Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_N._Fitch" title="Graham N. Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Lane" title="Henry S. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Hemenway" title="James A. Hemenway">Hemenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Shively" title="Benjamin F. Shively">Shively</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Van_Nuys" title="Frederick Van Nuys">Van Nuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Jackson" title="Samuel D. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Jenner" title="William E. Jenner">Jenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_E._Capehart" title="Homer E. Capehart">Capehart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_Bayh" title="Birch Bayh">Bayh II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coats" title="Dan Coats">Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Bayh III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Coats" title="Dan Coats">Coats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_Young" title="Todd Young">Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party_whips_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Democratic_whips" title="Template:US Senate Democratic whips"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Democratic_whips" title="Template talk:US Senate Democratic whips"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Democratic_whips" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Democratic whips"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party_whips_in_the_United_States_Senate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Democratic Party whips in the United States Senate</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Gerry" title="Peter G. Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Sheppard" title="Morris Sheppard">Sheppard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_C._Clements" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle C. Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Senate_majority_whips" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_majority_whips" title="Template:US Senate majority whips"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_majority_whips" title="Template talk:US Senate majority whips"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_majority_whips" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate majority whips"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Senate_majority_whips" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">United States Senate majority whips</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_L._Jones" title="Wesley L. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Hamilton_Lewis" title="J. Hamilton Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Clements" title="Earle Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_B._Long" title="Russell B. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Simpson_(American_politician)" title="Alan Simpson (American politician)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Nickles" title="Don Nickles">Nickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">Cornyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">Thune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Durbin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;">*Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849894#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849894#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000030685240">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25423093">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/231809/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm98MDyjgBq4Kg6gF69Xd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120015595">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88644613">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=M000800">US Congress</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10571587">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx1dws">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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