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id="toc-WPA_jobs_and_Democratic_party_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Decline and fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reagan_Era_and_the_Southern_Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reagan_Era_and_the_Southern_Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Reagan Era and the Southern Strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reagan_Era_and_the_Southern_Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components_in_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_in_1930s"> 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>City politics and machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_politics_and_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_voting:_1948–1964" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_voting:_1948–1964"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Group voting: 1948–1964</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_voting:_1948–1964-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Machines_and_localities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Machines_and_localities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Machines and localities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Machines_and_localities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> 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style="display:none">1930s–1960s U.S. Democratic Party political coalition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #3333FF; border-bottom:2px solid #3333FF; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">New Deal coalition</div> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Prominent members</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Estes Kefauver</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Morse" title="Wayne Morse">Wayne Morse</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Edmund Muskie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">Pat Brown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1932</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive Party</a> (1948)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixiecrats">Dixiecrats</a> (1948)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><b>Early phase:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a><br />Pro-<a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Laborism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laborism">Laborism</a><br /><b>Later phase:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern liberalism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Anti-communism</a><br />Pro-<a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Center-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-left">Center-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #3333FF;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of United States">Politics of United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>New Deal coalition</b> was an American political coalition that supported the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> beginning in 1932. The coalition is named after <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">President Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> programs, and the follow-up Democratic presidents. It was composed of voting blocs who supported them. The coalition included <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor unions</a>, blue-collar workers, big city machines, racial and religious minorities (especially Jews, Catholics, and African Americans), white Southerners, and intellectuals. Besides voters the coalition included powerful interest groups: Democratic Party organizations in most states, <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">city machines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor unions</a>, some third parties, universities, and foundations. It was largely opposed by the Republican Party, the business community, and wealthy Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In creating his coalition, Roosevelt was at first eager to include liberal Republicans and some radical third parties, even if it meant downplaying the "Democratic" name.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1940s, the Republican and third-party allies had mostly been defeated. In 1948, the Democratic Party stood alone and won both the White House and both Congressional houses with a mandate, surviving the splits that created two splinter parties.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coalition made the Democratic Party the majority party nationally for decades. Democrats lost control of the White House only in 1952 and 1956 during the broadly popular <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower presidency</a>. They typically controlled both Houses of Congress before the 1990s. The coalition began to weaken with the collapse of big city machines after 1940, the steady decline of labor unions after 1970, the bitter factionalism during the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 election</a>, the turn of White Northern ethnics and Southern Whites toward <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> on racial issues, and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">presidency of Ronald Reagan</a>, with its opposition to regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression in the United States</a> began in 1929 and was often blamed on Republicans and their big business allies. Republican president <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> opposed federal relief efforts as unwarranted, believing that market actors and local governments were better suited to address the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Hoover_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Hoover-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the depression worsened, voters became increasingly dissatisfied with this approach and came to view President Hoover as indifferent to their economic struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-History_Hoover_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Hoover-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> won a landslide in <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a> and spent his time in office building a powerful nationwide coalition and keeping his partners from squabbling with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of the 1930s, Roosevelt forged a coalition of <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a>, labor unions, Northern religious and ethnic minorities (Catholic, Jewish, and Black), and Southern Whites. These voting blocs together formed a majority of voters and handed the Democratic Party seven victories out of nine presidential elections (1932–1948, 1960, 1964), as well as control of both houses of Congress during all but four years between the years 1932–1980 (Republicans won small majorities in 1946 and 1952). Political scientists describe this realignment as the "<a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a>", in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a> of the 1896–1932 era that proceeded it.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>City machines had major roles to play. Most important, the New Deal coalition had to carry entire states, not just cities. The largest possible landslide was needed, and the city machines came through in 1940, 1944, and 1948. They kept the voters by providing federal jobs aimed at the unemployed—the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (where the boys' wages went to the unemployed father), the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a>, and especially the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> (WPA). A representative transition came in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pittsburgh" title="History of Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, which had long been a Republican stronghold with a promise of prosperity. The worsening depression enabled the Democrats to convince some Republicans to switch parties while mobilizing large numbers of ethnics who had not voted before. Democrats capitalized on Roosevelt's popularity to win the 1933 mayoral race. The WPA then played a critical role in the consolidation of the Democratic machine. By 1936 the Democrats had a majority in the registration rolls for the first time since the Civil War. That November FDR won 70% of the Pittsburgh vote.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roosevelt_moves_left">Roosevelt moves left</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roosevelt moves left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president in 1933 wanted to bring all major groups together, business and labor, banker and borrower, farms and towns, liberals and conservatives. The escalating attacks from the right, typified by the <a href="/wiki/American_Liberty_League" title="American Liberty League">American Liberty League</a> led by his old friend <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a>, spoiled the dream. Sensing how quickly public opinion was becoming more radical, Roosevelt moved left. He attacked big business.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His major innovations now were social security for the elderly, the WPA for the unemployed, and a new labor relations act to support and encourage labor unions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running for reelection in 1936, Roosevelt personalized the campaign and downplayed the Democratic Party name. In contrast to his 1933 position as a neutral moderator between business and workers, he now became a strong labor union supporter. He crusaded against the rich upper class, denouncing the "economic royalists". He worked with third parties on the left: the <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota Farmer–Labor Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Progressive_Party" title="Wisconsin Progressive Party">Wisconsin Progressive Party</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> (ALP) in New York state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New York City he collaborated closely with Republican <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a>, against the conservatives of <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> who had controlled city hall. La Guardia was the candidate of the ad-hoc City Fusion Party, winning the mayoralty in 1933 and reelection in 1937 and 1941. La Guardia was also the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a> (ALP), a union-dominated left-wing group that supported Roosevelt in 1936, 1940,and 1944. The role of the ALP was to funnel socialists who distrusted the Democratic Party into the New Deal coalition. In 1940 La Guardia chaired the nationwide Committee of Independent Voters for Roosevelt; in return, the president put him in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civilian_Defense" title="Office of Civilian Defense">Office of Civilian Defense</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He retired and was replaced as mayor in 1945 by <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Dwyer" title="William O'Dwyer">William O'Dwyer</a>, the Tammany candidate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WPA_jobs_and_Democratic_party_organizations">WPA jobs and Democratic party organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: WPA jobs and Democratic party organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roosevelt's top aide in distributing patronage was <a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">James Farley</a>, who served simultaneously as chair of the New York State Democratic Party, chair of the Democratic National Committee (DNC), and Postmaster General in FDR's cabinet, as well as FDR's campaign manager in 1932 and 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He handled traditional patronage for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office</a>. He helped with the new agencies aimed at the unemployed, especially the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a>, as well as other job agencies. He helped state and local Democratic organizations set up systems to select likely candidates for the federal payroll. In the 1940s most of the big city machines collapsed, with a few exceptions such as Chicago and Albany, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-sv;av_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sv;av-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being a voter or a Democrat was not a prerequisite for a relief job. Federal law specifically prohibited any political discrimination regarding WPA workers. Vague charges were bandied about at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consensus of experts is that: “In the distribution of WPA project jobs as opposed to those of a supervisory and administrative nature politics plays only a minor in a comparatively insignificant role."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However those who were hired were reminded at election time that FDR created their job and the Republicans would take it away. The great majority voted accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_fall">Decline and fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline and fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the end of the Great Depression around 1941, the next challenge was to keep Democratic majorities alive. It seemed impossible after the GOP landslide in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lubell" title="Samuel Lubell">Samuel Lubell</a> found in his in-depth interviews of voters after the <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948 presidential election</a> that Democrat <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a>, not Republican <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>, seemed the safer, more conservative candidate to the "new <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>" that had developed over the previous 20 years. He wrote that "to an appreciable part of the electorate, the Democrats had replaced the Republicans as the party of prosperity."<sup id="cite_ref-lubell1956_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lubell1956-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952 and 1956 <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Republican Dwight Eisenhower</a> had been able to temporarily peel several elements of the coalition into the Republican column, notably some Northern farmers and manual workers and middle-class voters in the Border South. In the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a> election, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a> won back Southern voters.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the smashing reelection victory of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964</a>, the heavily Democratic Congress passed a raft of liberal legislation. Labor union leaders claimed credit for the widest range of liberal laws since the New Deal era, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the War on Poverty; aid to cities and education; increased Social Security benefits; and Medicare for the elderly. The 1966 elections were an unexpected disaster, with defeats for many of the more liberal Democrats. According to Alan Draper, the AFL-CIO Committee on Political Action (COPE) was the main electioneering unit of the labor movement. It ignored the White backlash against civil rights, which had become a main Republican attack point. The COPE assumed falsely that union members were interested in issues of greatest salience to union leadership, but polls showed this was not true as the members were much more conservative. The younger ones were much more concerned about taxes and crime, and the older ones had not overcome racial biases.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Labor unions began to lose their members and influence in the 1970s as the economy became more service-oriented and the proportion of manufacturing jobs declined. Companies began relocating manufacturing jobs to <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> states, free of labor union influences, and many Americans followed suit. As a result, union membership steadily declined. Labor unions were painted as corrupt, ineffective, and outdated by the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, issues as <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a>, and large-scale <a href="/wiki/Urban_riot" title="Urban riot">urban riots</a> further split the coalition and drove many Whites away, signalling that the coalition started to fall. The War in Vietnam split the liberal coalition into hawks (led by Johnson and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a>) and doves (led by Senators <a href="/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy" title="Eugene McCarthy">Eugene McCarthy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kennedy">Robert Kennedy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition after the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy assassination">John F. Kennedy assassination</a>, the coalition lacked a leader of the stature of Roosevelt. The closest was <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (president 1963–1969), who tried to reinvigorate the old coalition but was unable to hold together the feuding components, especially after his handling of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> alienated the emerging <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Johnson, another who came closest was Robert Kennedy, the likely Democratic candidate in 1968. The assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy, in the space of just two months, seem to have been an almost fatal blow to the New Deal coalition prospects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reagan_Era_and_the_Southern_Strategy">Reagan Era and the Southern Strategy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reagan Era and the Southern Strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Presidency of Ronald Reagan</a> (1981–1989), Republicans took control of prosperity issues, largely because of the poor performance of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1977–1981) in dealing with <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflation</a>. Reagan's new economic policy of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> held that regulation was bad for economic growth and that tax cuts would bring sustained prosperity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994 the Republicans swept control of Congress for the first time since 1952. The response of <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Democratic President Bill Clinton</a> was: “We know big government does not have all the answers. We know there's not a program for every problem....The era of big government is over.”<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton went on to cut New Deal-inspired welfare programs and repeal some of the New Deal's restrictions on banks.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clinton largely accepted the neoliberal argument, thereby abandoning the New Deal coalition's claim to the prosperity issue.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most Northerners supported the original civil rights movement, many conservative <a href="/wiki/Blue_collar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue collar">blue collar</a> voters disliked the goal of racial integration and became fearful of rising urban crime. The Republicans, first under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, then later under Reagan, were able to corral these voters with promises to be tough on law and order. The votes of blue-collar workers contributed heavily to the Republican landslides of 1972 and 1984, and to a lesser extent 1980 and 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the presidential level, the GOP made inroads among urban, middle-class White Southerners as early as 1928 and later in 1952. Starting in 1980, Reagan pulled together both middle-class and working-class White Southerners. At the state and local level the GOP made steady gains in both White groups until reaching majority status in most of the South by 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars debate exactly why the New Deal coalition collapsed so completely. Most emphasize a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Strategy">Southern Strategy</a> by Republicans to appeal to a backlash against Democratic national support for civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a minority of scholars consider a demographic change in addition to race. They argue that the collapse of cotton agriculture, the growth of a suburban middle class, and the large-scale arrival of Northern migrants outweighed the racist factor. Both viewpoints agree that the politicization of religious issues important to White Southern Protestants (i.e. opposition to <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">abortion</a> and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a>) in the "<a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>" made for a strong Republican appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_in_1930s">Components in 1930s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Components in 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Parties">Third Parties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Third Parties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roosevelt wanted a coalition that was broader than just the Democratic Party. He admired old Progressives now in the GOP, such as <a href="/wiki/George_W._Norris" title="George W. Norris">George W. Norris</a> of Nebraska and Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette_Jr." title="Robert M. La Follette Jr.">Robert M. La Follette Jr.</a> of Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He disliked the conservativism of Wisconsin Democrats and preferred to work with the Progressive Party there.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota made an informal alliance with FDR and supported him in 1936; the Minnesota Democrats were a weak third party.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The White House supported the Farmer-Labor Party (FLP) in Minnesota. Roosevelt had an informal deal with Governor <a href="/wiki/Floyd_B._Olson" title="Floyd B. Olson">Floyd B. Olson</a> whereby the FLP would get some of the patronage, and in turn the FLP would work to block a third-party ticket against Roosevelt in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radical third parties declined rapidly after 1936 and no longer played a part in the New Deal coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_from_the_Left">Pressure from the Left</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pressure from the Left"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the economy began to improve in 1933–34, people loudly demanded faster action and pushed the New Dealers to the left. Labor strikes grew to large scale, especially in California and Minnesota. Textile workers launched the largest strike in national history <a href="/wiki/Textile_workers%27_strike_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile workers' strike (1934)">in 1934</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Huey Long</a> in Louisiana and radio priest <a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Charles Coughlin</a>, had both been active Roosevelt supporters in 1932. They now broke away and set up national appeals to millions of supporters, with talk of a third party to the left of Roosevelt in 1936. Long was assassinated but his followers did set up the <a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union Party</a> that polled 2% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936 United States presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, a famous novelist and socialist won the Democratic nomination for governor, on a left-wing ticket in 1934. His <a href="/wiki/End_Poverty_in_California" title="End Poverty in California">EPIC</a> program promised to end poverty and unemployment by a setting up state-owned factories to hire the unemployed, and by increasing pensions for the elderly. Critics said it would flood the state with unemployed from everywhere else. Sinclair had a pension plan of his own and refused to endorse the <a href="/wiki/Townsend_Plan" title="Townsend Plan">Townsend Plan</a> which had a strong following. The Republican candidate endorsed the Townsend Plan and won the movement's support. Sinclair was narrowly defeated by a combination of defections of prominent Democrats—including Roosevelt—as well as a massive smear campaign using Hollywood techniques and a blackout whereby all the state's newspapers opposed him and refused to cover his ideas. The Republican leadership realized the California electorate was moving left so it went along. Its 1934 platform endorsed not just the Townsend Plan but also the 30 hour work week, unemployment relief, and collective bargaining for all workers. The GOP wanted to win votes but in the process it legitimized a social welfare state as a bipartisan ideal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the California experience helped push New Deal towards social welfare legislation, especially the WPA and Social Security. Sinclair's campaign gave aspiring Democratic leaders a boost, most notably <a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Culbert Olson</a>, who was elected governor in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Needing an alternative to the New Deal's Social Security system, many Republicans around the country endorsed the Townsend Plan.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_ethnicity,_and_religion"><span id="Class_ethnicity.2C_and_religion"></span>Class ethnicity, and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Class ethnicity, and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the northern states, class and ethnicity proved decisive factors in the New Deal coalition as shown by polling data in presidential and congressional elections from 1936 through 1968. Over the period, blue-collar workers averaged 63% Democratic voters. White collar workers, representing the middle class, averaged 43% Democratic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By religious affiliation over the period, while northern White Protestants averaged 58% Republican, White Catholics were 68% Democrats. Social class and religious affiliation had separate effects that could intersect, so that Catholic blue-collar workers were 76% Democratic, while Protestant blue-collar workers were only 52% Democratic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Throughout the period, better educated higher income middle-class voters tended to lean more towards Republicans, so that average Northern Protestant white collar voters were 69% Republican, while a Catholic counterpart was only 41% Republican. A dichotomy formed in the north between Catholic blue-collar workers forming the core of the Democratic Party, while Protestant businessmen, professionals, and clerical workers fell in with the GOP.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Gallup poll of listees in <i>Who's Who</i> in early 1936 showed that only 31% planned to vote for Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nationwide, Roosevelt won 36% of the votes of business and professional voters in 1940, 48% of lower-level white-collar workers, 66% of blue-collar workers, and 54% of farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among various demographics, ethnicity was the strongest reliable identifier for Democrats that held together the New Deal coalition, listed below is the distribution of party identification in 1944 among the northern electorate: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Party identification<br /> in Northern cities, 1944</th> <th>Democratic</th> <th>Independent</th> <th>Republican </th></tr> <tr> <td>All</td> <td>32%</td> <td>32%</td> <td>36% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irish</td> <td>52%</td> <td>27%</td> <td>21% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black</td> <td>46%</td> <td>20%</td> <td>34% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jewish</td> <td>54%</td> <td>35%</td> <td>11% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian</td> <td>52%</td> <td>21%</td> <td>27% </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Source</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Roosevelt was successful in attracting further support from Italian, Black, and Jewish voters between 1936 to 1940. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Vote Shifting from 1936 </th> <th>Roosevelt in 1936 </th> <th>Wilkie in 1936 </th> <th>Undecided; non-voters in 1936 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Italian for Landon in 1940 </td> <td>2.8% </td> <td>91.6% </td> <td>5.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italian for Roosevelt in 1940 </td> <td>64.4% </td> <td>23.9% </td> <td>11.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jewish for Landon in 1940 </td> <td>8.7% </td> <td>91.2% </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jewish for Roosevelt in 1940 </td> <td>88.2% </td> <td>7.7% </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black for Landon in 1940 </td> <td>17.1% </td> <td>73.2% </td> <td>9.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black for Roosevelt in 1940 </td> <td>72.6% </td> <td>17.8% </td> <td>9.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The coalition was strongest among Jews and Catholics and weakest among White Protestants. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>1940 votes by religious denomination</th> <th>% for FDR </th></tr> <tr> <td>All</td> <td>55% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jewish</td> <td>87% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catholic</td> <td>73% </td></tr> <tr> <td>None given</td> <td>51% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protestant</td> <td>45% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Source: Gallup Poll #294, #335.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_unions">Labor unions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Labor unions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States#Organized_labor,_1929–1955" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States § Organized labor, 1929–1955</a></div> <p>The New Dealers made a major, successful effort to build up labor unions, especially through the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">National Labor Relations Act of 1935</a>. In addition, Democratic-led state governments were much more favorable to unions than the pro-business Republicans had been. In 1940 FDR won 64% of non-union manual workers, 71% of AFL members, and 79% of CIO members. Union membership grew rapidly during World War II. In 1944 FDR won 56% of non-union manual workers, 69% of AFL members, and 79% of CIO members. Truman in 1948 had similar results.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The more militant industrial unions, led by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> (CIO), and split off from the more traditional <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> in 1938. Both federations added members rapidly, but they feuded bitterly. Both supported Roosevelt and the New Deal Coalition. The nationwide wave of labor strikes in 1937–38 alienated many voters, and the split weakened the New Deal coalition. The most controversial labor leader was <a href="/wiki/John_L._Lewis" title="John L. Lewis">John L. Lewis</a>, head of the coal miners; he headed the CIO 1938–1941. Lewis was an isolationist and broke with Roosevelt and endorsed his Republican opponent in the 1940 election, a position demanded by the pro-Soviet far left element in the CIO.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, CIO members voted for Roosevelt and Lewis was forced to leave the CIO, taking his <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers_of_America" title="United Mine Workers of America">United Mine Workers of America</a> union along.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the coattails of labor candidates and the get-out-the-vote campaigns that were organized by labor unions were a reason for Truman moving ahead in the election of 1948 in many urban-industrial areas. This achievement was done despite Truman’s weaker showing, dragging behind the Democratic party’s congressional ticket by 4%.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_politics_and_machines">City politics and machines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: City politics and machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>City Democratic machines had a new role to play. Traditionally the goal of winning power in the city was facilitated by keeping the vote low and under close watch. As part of the national New Deal coalition, the machines had to carry the state's electoral vote. That required turning out the largest possible majorities. They did this by converting some Republicans, mobilizing large numbers who had never voted before. Milton Rakove states: "Holding the South and delivering thumping majorities in the big cities of the North insured national hegemony for the Democratic party."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new majorities did not matter in the great 1936 landslide, but they were decisive in 1940. A third of the electorate lived in the 106 cities with a population of 100,000 or more. They were 61% for FDR. The South had a sixth of the electorate and FDR won 73%. The remaining half of the electorate—the non-metropolitan North—voted 53% for the Republican Wendell Willkie.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest possible landslide was needed, and the city machines came through in 1940, 1944, and 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s strong big city Republican machines were common. During the Great Depression their support plunged, and they were displaced by Democratic machines in Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and elsewhere. Across the urban North blacks deserted the GOP and were welcomed into the Democratic machine.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethnics and Catholics were concentrated in large cities, which gave them a more Democratic hue. The 103 largest cities with a population of 100,000 or more in 1950 were Democratic strongholds, typically with former machines that had faded away during and after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest cities averaged 66% for FDR in 1932 and 1936, compared to 58% of the rest of the country. The cities dropped 5 points to 61% for FDR in 1940 and 1944, while the rest dropped 7 points to 51%.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_voting:_1948–1964"><span id="Group_voting:_1948.E2.80.931964"></span>Group voting: 1948–1964</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Group voting: 1948–1964"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" width="30%"> <caption>Percentage of Democratic vote in major groups, presidency 1948–1964 </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th>Major Groups </th> <th width="5%">1948 </th> <th width="5%">1952 </th> <th width="5%">1956 </th> <th width="5%">1960 </th> <th width="5%">1964 </th></tr> <tr> <td>White </td> <td>50 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black </td> <td>71 </td> <td>77 </td> <td>61 </td> <td>68 </td> <td>94 </td></tr> <tr> <td>College educated </td> <td>22 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>High School educated </td> <td>51 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grade School educated </td> <td>64 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Professional & Business </td> <td>19 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>White collar </td> <td>47 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manual worker </td> <td>66 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Farmer </td> <td>60 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union member </td> <td>76 </td> <td> </td> <td>51 </td> <td>62 </td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not union </td> <td>42 </td> <td> </td> <td>35 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Protestant </td> <td>43 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catholic </td> <td>62 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>78 </td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Republican </td> <td> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Independent </td> <td> </td> <td>35 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Democrat </td> <td> </td> <td>77 </td> <td>85 </td> <td>84 </td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>East </td> <td>48 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>53 </td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Midwest </td> <td>50 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>West </td> <td>49 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>South </td> <td>53 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>51 </td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <th>All voters </th> <th>50 </th> <th>45 </th> <th>42 </th> <th>50 </th> <th>61 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Source: Gallup Polls in Gallup (1972)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The big-city machines faded away in the 1940s with a few exceptions that lingered a bit such as <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> and Chicago. Local Democrats in most cities were heavily dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a> for patronage; when it ended in 1943, there was full employment and no replacement patronage source was created. Furthermore, World War II brought such a surge of prosperity that the relief mechanism of the New Deal was no longer needed.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Labor unions crested in size and power in the 1950s but then went into steady decline. They continue to be major backers of the Democrats, but with so few members, they have lost much of their influence.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1960s into the 1990s, many jobs moved to the Sun Belt free of union influences, and the Republican Party frequently painted unions as corrupt and ineffective. </p><p>Intellectuals gave increasing support to Democrats since 1932. The Vietnam War, however, caused a serious split, with the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a> unwilling to support most of the Democratic presidential nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1990s, the growing number of Americans with a post-graduate degree have supported Democrats. In recent years, White Americans with a college degree have tended to support the Democratic Party, especially among younger voters, while non-college graduates are more likely to support the Republican Party—a reversal of the pattern before 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White Southerners abandoned cotton and tobacco farming, and moved to the cities where the New Deal programs had much less impact. Beginning in the 1950s, the southern cities and suburbs started voting Republican. The White Southerners believed the support that northern Democrats gave to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> to be a direct political assault on their interests, which opened the way to protest votes for <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, who, in 1964, was the first Republican to carry the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> lured many of the Southern Whites back at the level of presidential voting, but by 2000, White males in the South were 2–1 Republican and, indeed, formed a major part of the new Republican coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 2010s, younger non-evangelical White Southerners with a college degree have been trending towards the Democratic Party, such as in Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina. </p><p>The European ethnic groups came of age after the 1960s. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> pulled many of the working-class social conservatives into the Republican party as <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrat" title="Reagan Democrat">Reagan Democrats</a>. Many middle-class ethnic minorities saw the Democratic Party as a working class party, and preferred the GOP as the middle class party. In addition, while many supported the 1964 Civil Rights Act, they were generally opposed to <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a>, and also supported the Republican stance against rising urban crime. However, the Jewish community has continued to vote largely Democratic: 74% voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a>, 78% in <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a>, and 69% in <a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African Americans grew stronger in their Democratic loyalties and in their numbers. From the 1930s into the 1960s, black voters in the North began trending Democrat, while those in the South were largely disenfranchised. Following the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s, black voters became a much more important part of the Democrat voter base. Their Democratic loyalties have cut across all income and geographic lines to form the single most unified bloc of voters in the country, with over 87% of black voters voting for the Democratic presidential candidate since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a>, 1930s–1970s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a>, opposition active by 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_coalition" title="Obama coalition">Obama coalition</a>, 21st century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">History of the United States Democratic Party</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSebastian_Berg2017" class="citation book cs1">Sebastian Berg, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h02sDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA35"><i>Intellectual Radicalism after 1989: Crisis and Re-orientation in the British and the American Left</i></a>. Transcript Verlag. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783839434185" title="Special:BookSources/9783839434185"><bdi>9783839434185</bdi></a>. <q>Hence the center-left of U.S. politics, symbolized by the New Deal Coalition which had given the Democrats comfortable majorities in Washington for a long time, disintegrated from the mid-1960s onwards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Radicalism+after+1989%3A+Crisis+and+Re-orientation+in+the+British+and+the+American+Left&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9783839434185&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh02sDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean J. Savage, <i>Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945</i> (2014), pp 103–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., <i>The Age of Roosevelt vol 3: The Politics of Upheaval</i> (1957) p. 592.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2015" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Gary A. (2015). <i>Truman Defeats Dewey</i>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4923-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4923-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-4923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+Defeats+Dewey&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4923-3&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savage, <i>Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945</i> (2014). pp 183–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kazin, <i>What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party</i> (2022) pp. 204–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Radosh, <i>Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party, 1964–1996</i> (1996).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Hoover-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_Hoover_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_Hoover_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/herbert-hoover">"Herbert Hoover"</a>. <i>History.com</i>. June 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Herbert+Hoover&rft.date=2019-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-presidents%2Fherbert-hoover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean J. Savage, <i>Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945.</i> (University Press of Kentucky), 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard J. Jensen, "The Last Party System: Decay of Consensus, 1932–1980", in <i>The Evolution of American Electoral Systems</i> (Paul Kleppner et al. eds.) (1981) pp. 219–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Everett Carll Ladd, Jr., with Charles D. Hadley. <i>Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s</i> 2nd ed. (1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stave 1966. Pp 467, 470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Edward Smith, <i>FDR</i> (2008) pp 361–363, 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.W. Brands, <i>Traitor to his class: the privileged life and radical presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt</i> (2008) pp 345–347, 447–449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leuchtenberg, 124, 131, 150. .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leuchtenberg, 124, 131, 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Kessner, "Fiorello H. LaGuardia" <i>History Teacher</i> 26#2 (1993), pp. 151–159 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/494812">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farley broke with FDR in 1940. Daniel Mark Scroop, <i>Mr. Democrat: Jim Farley, the New Deal and the Making of Modern American Politics</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Mr-Democrat-Farley-American-Politics/dp/0472099302/">excerpt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sv;av-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sv;av_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208011342/http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFiles/PoliticsAndGovernment/PoliticalMachines.htm"><i>Political Machines</i></a>, University of Colorado, Boulder, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://autocww.colorado.edu/~toldy2/E64ContentFiles/PoliticsAndGovernment/PoliticalMachines.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Machines&rft.pub=University+of+Colorado%2C+Boulder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fautocww.colorado.edu%2F~toldy2%2FE64ContentFiles%2FPoliticsAndGovernment%2FPoliticalMachines.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most frequent claim is that Kentucky Democrats purchased WPA votes in the 1935 gubernatorial campaign. For a refutation see Robert J. Leupold, "The Kentucky WPA: Relief and Politics, May–November 1935," <i>Filson Club History Quarterly</i> (1975) 49#2 pp 152–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald S. Howard, <i>The WPA and Federal Relief Policy</i> (Russell Sage Foundation, 1943) pp.301–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Si Sheppard, “ ‘If it weren't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York,” <i>New York History</i> 95#1 (2014), pp. 41–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven P. Erie, <i>Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985</i> (1988) pp 140–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lubell1956-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lubell1956_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubell,_Samuel1956" class="citation book cs1">Lubell, Samuel (1956). <i>The Future of American Politics</i> (2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6193934M">6193934M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+American+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Anchor+Press&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6193934M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Lubell%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sean J. Savage, <i>Truman and the Democratic Party</i> (1997) pp. 23–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert S. Parmet, <i>The Democrats: The Years Since FDR</i> (1976) pp 95–115, 162–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Draper, "Labor and the 1966 Elections." <i>Labor History</i> 30.1 (1989): 76–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David J. Sousa, "Organized labor in the electorate, 1960–1988." <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> 46.4 (1993): 741–758.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Nelson, "The Historical Presidency: Lost Confidence: The Democratic Party, the Vietnam War, and the 1968 Election." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 48.3 (2018): 570–585.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Isserman, and Michael Kazin. <i>America divided: The civil war of the 1960s</i> (6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020) pp 186–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert S. Parmet, <i>The Democrats: The Years Since FDR</i> (1976) pp 248–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Radosh, <i>Divided They Fell</i> (1996) pp 51–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monica Prasad, "The popular origins of neoliberalism in the Reagan tax cut of 1981." <i>Journal of Policy History</i> 24.3 (2012): 351–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“State of the Union Address," January 3, 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Nelson, et al. eds. <i>42: Inside the Presidency of Bill Clinton</i> (Cornell University Press, 2016) p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kazin, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Albo, "Neoliberalism from Reagan to Clinton." <i>Monthly Review</i> 52.11 (2001): 81–89 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cf.linnbenton.edu/artcom/social_science/clarkd/upload/neo.pdf">online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe Merton, "The politics of symbolism: Richard Nixon's appeal to White ethnics and the frustration of realignment 1969–72." <i>European Journal of American Culture</i> 26.3 (2008): 181–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Moss, <i>Creating the New Right Ethnic in 1970s America: The Intersection of Anger and Nostalgia</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Creating-Right-Ethnic-1970s-America/dp/1611479371/">excerpt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl Black and Merle Black, ‘’The Rise of Southern Republicans’’ (Harvard U.P., 2002) pp. 2–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Angie Maxwell and Todd Shields, <i>The long southern strategy: How chasing White voters in the South changed American politics</i> (Oxford University Press, 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glen Feldman, ed. <i>Painting Dixie Red: When, Where, Why, and How the South Became Republican</i> (UP of Florida, 2011) pp 1–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Lowitt, "Roosevelt and Progressive Republicans: Friends and Foes." in <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and Congress</i> (Routledge, 2019) pp 7–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Glad, <i>History of Wisconsin: Volume V: War, a New Era, and Depression, 1914–1940</i> (1990) pp. 404, 443.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James S. Olson, ed. <i>Historical Dictionary of the New Deal</i> (1985) pp 164–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford Edward Clark, ed. <i>Minnesota in a Century of Change: The State and its People since 1900</i> (1989). pp 375–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh T. Lovin, "The Fall of Farmer-Labor Parties, 1936–1938." <i>Pacific Northwest Quarterly</i> (1971): 16–26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40488875">in JSTOR</a> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Leuchtenburg, <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940</i> (1963) pp. 95–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Brinkley, <i>Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, & the Great Depression</i> (12983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald T. Crichlow, <i>In Defense of Populism: Protest and American Democracy</i> (2020) p 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald L. Singer, "Upton Sinclair and the California Gubernatorial Campaign of 1934." <i>Southern California Quarterly</i> 56.4 (1974): 375–406. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171421">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41171421</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles McKinley and Robert W. Frase, <i>Launching Social Security: A Capture-and-Record Account, 1935–1937</i> (1970) p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerald Nash, et al. eds. <i>Social Security: The First Half Century</i> (U of New Mexico Press, 1988) pp 259–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seymour Martin Lipset, ed. <i>Party Coalitions in the 1980s</i> (1981) p79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Allswang, <i>The New Deal and American Politics: A Study in Political Change</i> (1978), p 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Gallup polls reported in George Gallup, <i>The Political Almanac 1952</i> (1952) p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Srole, and Robert T. Bower, <i>Voting Behavior of American Ethnic Groups, 1936–1944</i> (Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University, 1948)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrunk1951" class="citation book cs1">Strunk, Mildred (1951). Cantril, Hadley (ed.). <i>Public Opinion: 1935-1946</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 619.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Opinion%3A+1935-1946&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Strunk&rft.aufirst=Mildred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AIPO (Gallup) Poll #294 (1943), #335 (1944); Cantril and Strunk, eds. <i>Public Opinion, 1935–1946</i> (1951), p,591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gallup, <i>The Political Almanac 1952</i> (1952) p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert H. Zieger, <i>The CIO, 1935–1955</i> (Univ of North Carolina Press, 1997) pp. 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.K. McFarland, C. K. "Coalition of convenience: Lewis and Roosevelt, 1933–1940." <i>Labor History</i> 13.3 (1972): 400–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson2015" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Gary A. (2015). <i>Truman Defeats Dewey</i>. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4923-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4923-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-4923-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+Defeats+Dewey&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4923-3&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milton L. Rakove, <i>Don't Make No Waves... Don't Back No Losers: An Insiders' Analysis of the Daley Machine</i> (Indiana UP, 1976) pp 155–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Jensen, "The cities reelect Roosevelt: Ethnicity, religion, and class in 1940." <i>Ethnicity. An Interdisciplinary Journal of the Study of Ethnic Relations</i> 8.2 (1981): 189–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel J. Eldersveld, "The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities" <i>American Political Science Review</i> 43#6 (1949), pp. 1189–1206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard Sitkoff, <i>A New Deal for Blacks</i> (Oxford UP, 1978), pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven P. Erie, <i>Rainbow's end: Irish-Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics, 1840–1985</i> (U of California Press, 1990) pp. 140–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Gallup, <i>The Political Almanac; 1952</i> (1952) pp 32, 65,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallup1972" class="citation book cs1">Gallup, George Horace (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galluppollpublic0001gall/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Gallup Poll; public opinion, 1935-1971</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47270-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-47270-6"><bdi>978-0-394-47270-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gallup+Poll%3B+public+opinion%2C+1935-1971&rft.pub=New+York%3A+Random+House&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-394-47270-6&rft.aulast=Gallup&rft.aufirst=George+Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgalluppollpublic0001gall%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven P. Erie, <i>Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985</i> (1988).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley Aronowitz, <i>From the Ashes of the Old: American Labor and America's Future</i> (1998) ch 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tevi Troy, <i>Intellectuals and the American Presidency: Philosophers, Jesters, or Technicians?</i> (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nate Cohn, "How Educational Differences Are Widening America’s Political Rift: College graduates are now a firmly Democratic bloc, and they are shaping the party’s future. Those without degrees, by contrast, have flocked to Republicans." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/08/us/politics/how-college-graduates-vote.html"><i>New York Times</i> Oct. 8, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Earl Black and Merle Black, <i>Politics and Society in the South</i>, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">by William B. Prendergast, <i>The Catholic Voter in American Politics: The Passing of the Democratic Monolith,</i> (1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanes Walton, <i>African American Power and Politics: The Political Context Variable</i> (1997).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Allswang, John M. <i>New Deal and American Politics</i> (1978).</li> <li>Braik, Fethia. "New Deal for Minorities During the Great Depression." <i>Journal of Political Science and International Relations</i> 1.1 (2018): 20–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://article.jopsir.org/pdf/10.11648.j.jpsir.20180101.13.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Burns, James MacGregor. <i>Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox</i> (1956); a standard scholarly biography emphasizing politics; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooselifox00burn">vol 1 online</a> <ul><li>Burns, James MacGregor. <i>Roosevelt: the soldier of freedom</i> (1970) covers 1940–1945 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltsoldier00burn/page/n9/mode/2up">vol 2 online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Caughey, Devin, Michael C. Dougal, and Eric Schickler. "Policy and Performance in the New Deal Realignment: Evidence from old data and new methods." <i>Journal of Politics</i> 82.2 (2020): 494–508. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/126018/707305.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">online</a></li> <li>Caughey, Devin, Michael Dougal, and Eric Schickler. "The Policy Bases of the New Deal Realignment: Evidence from Public Opinion Polls, 1936–1952." <i>Journal of Politics</i> (2018).</li> <li>Caughey, Devin, and Christopher Warshaw. "The dynamics of state policy liberalism, 1936–2014." <i>American Journal of Political Science</i> 60.4 (2016): 899–913. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/105870/Caughey_The%20dynamics.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">online</a></li> <li>Chafe, William H. ed. <i>Achievement of American Liberalism: The New Deal and Its Legacies</i> 2003) 12 essays focusing on the issues</li> <li>Critchlow, Donald T. <i>In Defense of Populism: Protest and American Democracy</i> (U of Pennsylvania Press, 2020).</li> <li>Davies, Gareth, and Julian E. Zelizer, eds. <i>America at the Ballot Box: Elections and Political History</i> (2015) pp. 153–66, New Deal as issue in 1940 election.</li> <li>Gerstle, Gary, and Steve Fraser, eds. <i>The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980</i> (Princeton University Press, 1989); 10 scholarly essays focused on the coalition <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallofnewdea1980unse">online</a></li> <li>Howard, Donald S. <i>WPA and federal relief policy</i> (1943), 880pp; highly detailed report by the independent Russell Sage Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wpafederalrelief0000howa">online</a></li> <li>Isserman, Maurice, and Michael Kazin. <i>America divided: The civil war of the 1960s</i> (6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020).</li> <li>Janeway, Michael. <i>The Fall of the House of Roosevelt: Brokers of Ideas and Power from FDR to LBJ</i> (Columbia University Press, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofhouseofroo0000jane">online</a></li> <li>Jeffries, John W. <i>Testing the Roosevelt coalition: Connecticut society and politics, 1940–1946</i> (Yale University, 1973).</li> <li>Jensen, Richard. "The Last Party System, 1932–1980," in Paul Kleppner, ed. <i>Evolution of American Electoral Systems</i> (1981).</li> <li>Kazin, Michael. <i>What It Took to Win: A History of the Democratic Party</i> (2022)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0374200238/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Lipset, Seymour Martin, ed. <i>Party Coalitions in the 1980s</i> (1981).</li> <li>Ladd Jr., Everett Carll with Charles D. Hadley. <i>Transformations of the American Party System: Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s</i> 2nd ed. (1978).</li> <li>Leuchtenburg, William E. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940." (1963), a standard scholarly survey <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FranklinDRooseveltAndTheNewDeal">online</a></li> <li>Leuchtenburg, William E. <i>In the Shadow of FDR: From Harry Truman to George W. Bush</i> (2001).</li> <li>Manza, Jeff and Clem Brooks; <i>Social Cleavages and Political Change: Voter Alignments and U.S. Party Coalitions,</i> (1999).</li> <li>Mason, Robert. "Political Realignment." in <i>A Companion to Richard M. Nixon</i> (2011) pp: 252–269. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoricha0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Milkis, Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur, eds. <i>The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism</i> (2002).</li> <li>Milkis, Sidney M. <i>The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal</i> (1993).</li> <li>Mott, James Clinton. "The fate of an alliance: The Roosevelt coalition, 1932–1952" (PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Chicago ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1988. 8821023) statistical reanalysis of Gallup polls.</li> <li>Nelson, Bruce. "'Give Us Roosevelt'--Workers and the New Deal Coalition." <i>History Today</i> 40.1 (1990): 40–48., popular history</li> <li>Nelson, Michael. "The Historical Presidency: Lost Confidence: The Democratic Party, the Vietnam War, and the 1968 Election." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 48.3 (2018): 570–585.</li> <li>Norpoth, Helmut, Andrew H. Sidman, and Clara H. Suong. "Polls and Elections: The New Deal Realignment in Real Time." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 43.1 (2013): 146–166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Clara-Suong/publication/264689459_Polls_and_Elections_The_New_Deal_Realignment_in_Real_Time/links/5d2e608e299bf1547cbd12d1/Polls-and-Elections-The-New-Deal-Realignment-in-Real-Time.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Parmet, Herbert S. <i>The Democrats: The years after FDR</i> (1976) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democratsyearsaf00parm">online</a></li> <li>Patterson, James. <i>Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–39</i> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congressionalcon00patt">online</a></li> <li>Patterson, James T. <i>Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945–1974</i> (Oxford University Press, 1996), a standard scholarly survey.</li> <li>Radosh, Ronald. <i>Divided They Fell: The Demise of the Democratic Party: 1964–1996</i> (Oxford University Press, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dividedtheyfelld00rado">online</a></li> <li>Reed Jr, Adolph. "Race and the Disruption of the New Deal Coalition." <i>Urban Affairs Quarterly</i> 27.2 (1991): 326–333.</li> <li>Riccards, Michael P., and Cheryl A. Flagg eds. <i>Party Politics in the Age of Roosevelt: The Making of Modern America</i> (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Party-Politics-Age-Roosevelt-America/dp/1793633452/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Rubin, Richard L. <i>Party Dynamics, the Democratic Coalition and the Politics of Change</i> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/partydynamicsdem00rubi">online</a></li> <li>Savage, Sean J. <i>Roosevelt: The Party Leader, 1932–1945</i> (University Press of Kentucky, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltpartyle0000sava">online</a></li> <li>Savage, Sean J. <i>Truman and the Democratic Party</i> (1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trumandemocratic0000sava_e7i4">online</a></li> <li>Schickler, Eric, and Devin Caughey, "Public Opinion, Organized Labor, and the Limits of New Deal Liberalism, 1936–1945," <i>Studies in American Political Development,</i> 25 (2011), 162–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-american-political-development/article/public-opinion-organized-labor-and-the-limits-of-new-deal-liberalism-19361945/BE6F3649EBF096131A7A9BDC10D903DF">online</a></li> <li>Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. <i>The Age Of Roosevelt, The Politics Of Upheaval</i> (1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicsofupheav0000schl_i8e5">online</a> a major scholarly survey</li> <li>Scroop, Daniel Mark. <i>Mr. Democrat: Jim Farley, the New Deal and the Making of Modern American Politics</i> (University of Michigan Press, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Mr-Democrat-Farley-American-Politics/dp/0472099302/">exderpt</a></li> <li>Singleton, Jeff. <i>The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression</i> (2000)</li> <li>Sitkoff, Harvard. <i>A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue, Vol. I: The Depression Decade</i> (Oxford UP, 1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newdealforblacks0000sitk">online</a></li> <li>Smith, Jason Scott. <i>Building New Deal Liberalism: the Political Economy of Public Works, 1933–1956</i> (2005)</li> <li>Sundquist, James L. <i>Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States</i> (1983)</li> <li>Taylor, Nick. <i>American-Made: The Enduring Legacy of the WPA: When FDR Put the Nation to Work</i> (2008) comprehensive history; 640pp <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/American-Made-Enduring-Legacy-When-Nation/dp/0553802356/">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrende2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Trende" title="Sean Trende">Trende, Sean</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostmajoritywhyf0000tren"><i>The Lost Majority: Why the Future of Government Is Up for Grabs–and Who Will Take It</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230116467" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230116467"><bdi>978-0230116467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Majority%3A+Why+the+Future+of+Government+Is+Up+for+Grabs%E2%80%93and+Who+Will+Take+It&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0230116467&rft.aulast=Trende&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostmajoritywhyf0000tren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Deal+coalition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Weiss, Nancy J. <i>Farewell to the party of Lincoln: Black politics in the age of FDR</i> (1983) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farewelltopartyo00weis">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Machines_and_localities">Machines and localities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Machines and localities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Andersen" title="Kristi Andersen">Andersen, Kristi</a>. <i>The Creation of a Democratic Majority, 1928–1936</i> (1979), on Chicago.</li> <li>Boulay, Harvey, and Alan DiGaetano. "Why did political machines disappear?" <i>Journal of Urban History</i> 12.1 (1985): 25–49.</li> <li>DiGaetano, Alan. "Urban political reform: Did it kill the machine?" <i>Journal of urban history</i> 18.1 (1991): 37–67.</li> <li>Dorsett, Lyle W. <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt and the City Bosses</i> (1977), short survey of major machines <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/franklindrooseve0000dors">online</a></li> <li>Eldersveld, Samuel J. "The Influence of Metropolitan Party Pluralities in Presidential Elections Since 1920: A Study of Twelve Key Cities" <i>American Political Science Review</i> 43#6 (1949), pp. 1189–1206 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950514">online</a></li> <li>Erie, Steven P. <i>Rainbow's end: Irish-Americans and the dilemmas of urban machine politics, 1840–1985</i> (U of California Press, 1990).</li> <li>Gamm, Gerald H. <i>The making of the New Deal Democrats: Voting behavior and realignment in Boston, 1920–1940</i> (U of Chicago Press, 1989).</li> <li>Gosnell, Harold. <i>Machine politics: Chicago model</i> (1937) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/machinepoliticsc00ilgosn/machinepoliticsc00ilgosn.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Heineman, Kenneth J. <i>Catholic New Deal: Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh</i> (Penn State Press, 2010).</li> <li>Jones, Gene Delon. "The Origin of the Alliance between the New Deal and the Chicago Machine" <i>Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society</i> 67#3 (1974), pp. 253–274 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/40191115">online</a></li> <li>Lewis, Michael. "No Relief From Politics: Machine Bosses and Civil Works." <i>Urban Affairs Quarterly</i> 30.2 (1994): 210–226.</li> <li>Lubell, Samuel. <i>The Future of American Politics</i> (2nd ed. 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofamerican00lube">online</a></li> <li>Luconi, Stefano. "Machine politics and the consolidation of the Roosevelt majority: The case of Italian Americans in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia." <i>Journal of American Ethnic History</i> (1996): 32–59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27502042">online</a></li> <li>MacKay, Malcolm. <i> In With Flynn, The Boss Behind the President</i> (2020), popular biography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Flynn-Boss-Behind-President/dp/1899694889/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Sheppard, Si. <i>The Buying of the Presidency? Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal, and the Election of 1936</i> (ABC-CLIO, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Buying-Presidency-Roosevelt-Political-2014-10-14/dp/B01FEKUESI/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Sheppard, Si. " 'If it wasn't for Roosevelt you wouldn't have this job': The Politics of Patronage and the 1936 Presidential Election in New York." <i>New York History</i> 95.1 (2014): 41–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/713139">excerpt</a></li> <li>Shover, John L. "The emergence of a two-party system in Republican Philadelphia, 1924–1936." <i>Journal of American History</i> 60.4 (1974): 985–1002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901010">online</a></li> <li>Stave, Bruce. <i>The New Deal and the Last Hurrah: Pittsburgh Machine Politics</i> (U of Pittsburgh Press, 1970).</li> <li>Stave, Bruce. "The New Deal, The Last Hurrah, and the Building of an Urban Political Machine" <i>Pennsylvania History</i> 33.4 (1966): 460–483. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/phj/article/view/23183/22952">online</a></li> <li>Sugrue, Thomas J. "Crabgrass-roots politics: Race, rights, and the reaction against liberalism in the urban north, 1940–1964." <i>Journal of American History</i> 82.2 (1995): 551–578. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/44069138/Crabgrass_Roots_Politics_Race_Rights_and_the_Reaction_Against_Liberalism_in_the_Urban_North_1940_1964">online</a></li> <li>Trout, Charles H. <i>Boston, the Great Depression, and the New Deal</i> (1977).</li> <li>Williams, Mason B. <i>City of Ambition: FDR, LaGuardia, and the Making of Modern New York</i> (WW Norton, 2013).</li> <li>Zeitz, Joshua M. <i>White Ethnic New York: Jews, Catholics, and the Shaping of Postwar Politics</i> (2007).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Blake, William. "The New Deal: Retrospection, Realignment, or a Reconstituted Polity?." (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://preprints.apsanet.org/engage/api-gateway/apsa/assets/orp/resource/item/5f4c454ad73f600011b7869b/original/the-new-deal-retrospection-realignment-or-a-reconstituted-polity.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Salvatore, Nick, and Jefferson Cowie. "The Long Exception: Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History." <i>International Labor and Working Class History</i> 74 (Fall 2008) : 3‐32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/75045/Salvatore9_The_Long_Exception001.pdf?sequence=1">online</a></li> <li>Shafer, Byron E., ed. <i>The End of Realignment?: Interpreting American Electoral Eras</i> (U of Wisconsin Press, 1991).</li> <li>Sitkoff, Harvard, ed. <i>Fifty Years Later: The New Deal Evaluated</i> (Temple University Press, 1985).</li> <li>Sternsher, Bernard. "The New Deal party system: A reappraisal." <i>Journal of Interdisciplinary History</i> 15.1 (1984): 53–81. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/203594">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cantril, Hadley and Mildred Strunk, eds.; <i>Public Opinion, 1935–1946</i> (1951), massive compilation of many public opinion polls <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicopinion19300unse">online</a></li> <li>Flynn, Edward J. <i>You're the boss</i> (1947); <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Edward J. Flynn</a> was a boss in New York City and, with Farley, FDR's patronage advisor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/youreboss0000unse">online</a></li> <li>Gallup, George. <i>The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1935–1971</i> (3 vol 1972) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/galluppollpublic0001gall/page/n7/mode/2up">vol 1 online 1935–1948).</a></li> <li>Robinson, Edgar Eugene. <i>They Voted for Roosevelt: The Presidential Vote, 1932–1944</i> (1947) tables of votes by county.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/774.html">Machine Politics essay</a> by Roger Biles @ the Chicago Historical Society's <i>Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Deal" title="Template:New Deal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Deal" title="Template talk:New Deal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Deal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Deal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Deal137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Causes and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Deal Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain Trust">Brain Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_critics_of_the_New_Deal" title="List of critics of the New Deal">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy Act">Economy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Executive Order 6102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeowners_Refinancing_Act" title="Homeowners Refinancing Act">Homeowners Refinancing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Credit_Administration" title="Farm Credit Administration">Farm Credit Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier%E2%80%93Lemke_Farm_Bankruptcy_Act" title="Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act">Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_legislation" title="Glass–Steagall legislation">Glass–Steagall Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Industrial_Recovery_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="National Industrial Recovery Act">National Industrial Recovery Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Housing_Act_of_1934" title="National Housing Act of 1934">National Housing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration (PWA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_Tariff_Act" title="Reciprocal Tariff Act">Reciprocal Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Retirement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Retirement Act">Railroad Retirement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second New Deal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration (WPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Project_Number_One" title="Federal Project Number One">Federal Project Number One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Energy_Regulatory_Commission" title="Federal Energy Regulatory Commission">Federal Energy Regulatory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guffey_Coal_Act" title="Guffey Coal Act">National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">Act</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Electrification_Act" title="Rural Electrification Act">Rural Electrification Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Utilities_Service" title="Rural Utilities Service">Rural Electrification Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Housing_Authority" title="United States Housing Authority">United States Housing Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Labor_Standards_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair Labor Standards Act">Fair Labor Standards Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Robert F. Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:New_Deal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:New Deal">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&oldid=1275180617">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Deal_coalition&oldid=1275180617</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Deal" title="Category:New Deal">New Deal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Category:History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History of the Democratic Party (United States)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Category:Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (United States)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Centre-left_politics" title="Category:Centre-left politics">Centre-left politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Political history of the United States">Political history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Category:Presidency of Franklin D. 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