CINXE.COM

اخلاق - ويکيپېډيا

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="ps" dir="rtl"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>اخلاق - ويکيپېډيا</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )pswikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[".\t,","٫\t٬"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["0\t1\t2\t3\t4\t5\t6\t7\t8\t9", "۰\t۱\t۲\t۳\t۴\t۵\t۶\t۷\t۸\t۹"],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","جنوري","فبروري","مارچ","اپرېل","مې","جون","جولای","اگسټ","سپټمبر","اکتوبر","نومبر","ډيسمبر"],"wgRequestId":"32492531-66ec-42c6-89ed-4b3e984281aa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"اخلاق","wgTitle":"اخلاق","wgCurRevisionId":273485,"wgRevisionId":273485,"wgArticleId":9815,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["هغه مخونه چې دوه اړخیزه استدلالونه د کينډۍ په خبرتيا کي کاروي","مات سوی بکس","اخلاق","هغه پاڼي چي د جېسن کنفیګرېشن غزونکې اله کاروي"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentLanguage":"ps","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"اخلاق","wgRelevantArticleId":9815, "wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ps","pageLanguageDir":"rtl","pageVariantFallbacks":"ps"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q9465","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.39"};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.Font-Amiri":"ready","ext.gadget.palestineTheme":"ready","ext.gadget.WMP-icons":"ready","ext.gadget.Font-Arial":"ready","ext.gadget.HideExLinkIcon":"ready","ext.gadget.Urgent-fixes":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP", "ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.events-loader","ext.gadget.Defaulteditnotices","ext.gadget.searchlang","ext.gadget.NoRefCopy","ext.gadget.exlinks","ext.gadget.content-support-loader","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.TemplateParamWizard","ext.gadget.decodesummary","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=ps&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&amp;modules=ext.gadget.palestineTheme&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ps&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="اخلاق - ويکيپېډيا"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="ويکيپېډيا (ps)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ps.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ps"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="ويکيپېډيا د اټوم کتنه" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki rtl sitedir-rtl mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-اخلاق rootpage-اخلاق skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="وېب‌ځی"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="ارنۍ غورنۍ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="اصلي لړليک" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">اصلي لړليک</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">اصلي لړليک</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> گرځښت </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="آرنی مخ کتل [z]" accesskey="z"><span>لومړی مخ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87" title="د پروژې په اړه، تاسې څه شيان او چېرته کولای شی چې وې مومۍ"><span>جرګه</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="په ويکي کې د وروستي بدلونو لړليک. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>وروستي بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" title="يو ناټاکلی مخ ښکاره کوي [x]" accesskey="x"><span>ناټاکلی مخ</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="د موندلو ځای"><span>لارښود</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="ويکيپېډيا" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ps.svg" style="width: 5.3125em; height: 2em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ps.svg" width="84" height="16" style="width: 5.25em; height: 1em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%BC%D9%86%D9%87" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>پلټنه</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" aria-label="ويکيپېډيا پلټل" autocapitalize="sentences" title="ويکيپېډيا پلټل [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ځانگړی:پلټنه"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">پلټل</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="شخصي اوزار"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ps.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ps" class=""><span>بسپنه ورکول</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&amp;returnto=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی" class=""><span>گڼون جوړول</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&amp;returnto=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ننوتل</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="نورې خوښنې" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="شخصي اوزار" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">شخصي اوزار</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="کارن غورنۍ" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ps.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ps"><span>بسپنه ورکول</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>ونډه اخيستل</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%93%D9%88%D9%84&amp;returnto=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تاسې ته د يو گڼون د جوړولو او بيا غونډال کې ورننوتلو سپارښتنه کېږي؛ که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>گڼون جوړول</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84&amp;returnto=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="تاسې ته په غونډال کې د ننوتلو سپارښتنه کوو، که څه هم چې دا يو اړين کار نه دی. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ننوتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> غونډال څخه وتليو سمونگرانو لپاره مخونه <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>نور مالومات</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eتړل\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"anonnotice\" lang=\"ps\" dir=\"rtl\"\u003E\u003Ctable style=\"border: 1px solid #a40007; padding: 10px; width:100%; background-image: linear-gradient(#000000,#000000)\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:10%\"\u003E\u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%87:Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_(3).svg\" class=\"mw-file-description\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/70px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"70\" height=\"99\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/105px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg/140px-Arabic_Wikipedia_Logo_Gaza_%283%29.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"241\" data-file-height=\"342\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\n\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd style=\"width:80%; text-align:center ; color:white\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size:180%\"\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003Eد پښتو ویکیپېډیا ټولنه د زړه له کومې د فلسطين د وګړو سره ولاړه ده.\n\u003C/p\u003E\n\n\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="وېب‌ځی"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="مالومات" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-د_اخلاقو_تعریف" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#د_اخلاقو_تعریف"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>د اخلاقو تعریف</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-د_اخلاقو_تعریف-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-لوړاخلاق" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#لوړاخلاق"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>لوړاخلاق</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-لوړاخلاق-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle لوړاخلاق subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-لوړاخلاق-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-اخلاقي_شکونه_(بدبینۍ)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#اخلاقي_شکونه_(بدبینۍ)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲.۱</span> <span>اخلاقي شکونه (بدبینۍ)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-اخلاقي_شکونه_(بدبینۍ)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>سرچينې او ياداښتونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="نيوليک" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">اخلاق</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۴۳ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-143" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۴۳ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiek" title="Etiek – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Etiek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethik" title="Ethik – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ethik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A5%E1%8A%90_%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%A3%E1%88%AD" title="ሥነ ምግባር – امهاري" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሥነ ምግባር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="امهاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica" title="Etica – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Etica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नैतिकता – انگيکي" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नैतिकता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="انگيکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="أخلاقيات – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أخلاقيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica" title="Ética – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اخلاق فلسفه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اخلاق فلسفه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этика – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Этика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethik" title="Ethik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ethik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C4%97ka" title="Etėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Etėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этыка – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Этыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Этыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Етика – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Етика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="নীতিশাস্ত্র – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নীতিশাস্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhezegezh" title="Buhezegezh – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Buhezegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tica" title="Ètica – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этика – چيچني" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Этика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="چيچني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="فەلسەفەی ڕەوشت – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفەی ڕەوشت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahl%C3%A2q" title="Ahlâq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ahlâq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moeseg" title="Moeseg – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moeseg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik" title="Etik – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Etik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethik" title="Ethik – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ethik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik" title="Etik – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Etik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ηθική – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηθική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ethics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiko" title="Etiko – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Etiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica" title="Ética – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eetika" title="Eetika – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eetika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="فلسفه اخلاق – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه اخلاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiikka" title="Etiikka – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savasava" title="Savasava – فجیان" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Savasava" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="فجیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B0afr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Siðafrøði – فاروئې" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Siðafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="فاروئې" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89thique" title="Éthique – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éthique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eetik" title="Eetik – شمالي فریسیان" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Eetik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="شمالي فریسیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyk" title="Etyk – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Etyk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eitic" title="Eitic – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eitic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="倫理學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="倫理學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tik" title="Étik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Étik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica" title="Ética – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tika" title="Étika – ګوراني" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Étika" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="ګوراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nin%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BA%B9" title="Ninọmẹ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ninọmẹ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="פילוסופיה של המוסר – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה של המוסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="नीतिशास्त्र – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीतिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ethics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiik" title="Etiik – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etiik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika_(filoz%C3%B3fia)" title="Etika (filozófia) – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Etika (filozófia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էթիկա – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էթիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethica" title="Ethica – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ethica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – الوکو" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="الوکو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiko" title="Etiko – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Etiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Siðfræði – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Siðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica" title="Etica – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="倫理学 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="倫理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etix" title="Etix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Etix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/marde" title="marde – لوجبان" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="marde" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="لوجبان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tika" title="Étika – جاوايي" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Étika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاوايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ეთიკა – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეთიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiiki_(%C3%A9thique)" title="Etiiki (éthique) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Etiiki (éthique)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этика – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Этика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91" title="ចរិយាមារយាទ – خمر" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចរិយាមារយាទ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="خمر" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A4%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="윤리학 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윤리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exlaq" title="Exlaq – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Exlaq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewnhynsegieth" title="Ewnhynsegieth – کورنيشي" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ewnhynsegieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="کورنيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этика – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Этика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethica" title="Ethica – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ethica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eethik" title="Eethik – لوګزامبورګي" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Eethik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوګزامبورګي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Эдеб – لیګغیان" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эдеб" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="لیګغیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica" title="Etica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Etica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomampisa" title="Essomampisa – ګانده" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomampisa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ګانده" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiek" title="Ethiek – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ethiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica" title="Etica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Etica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etega" title="Etega – لومبارډ" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="لومبارډ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B3" title="ຈະລິຍະທຳ – لاو" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈະລິຍະທຳ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="لاو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%92tika" title="Ētika – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ētika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="नैतिकता – مایتھلي" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नैतिकता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="مایتھلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Этикась – موکشا" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Этикась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="موکشا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Етика – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Етика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നീതിശാസ്ത്രം – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീതിശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%81_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9" title="Ёс зүй – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ёс зүй" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="नीतिशास्त्र – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नीतिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica" title="Ética – مرانديز" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ética" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="مرانديز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B7%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="လူ့ကျင့်ဝတ် – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူ့ကျင့်ဝတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethik" title="Ethik – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ethik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="नीतिशास्त्र – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नीतिशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiek" title="Ethiek – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ethiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etikk" title="Etikk – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Etikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etikk" title="Etikk – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Etikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica" title="Etica – اوکسيټاني" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Etica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="اوکسيټاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakkoo(Ethics)" title="Sakkoo(Ethics) – اورومو" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sakkoo(Ethics)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="اورومو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨੀਤੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਤੀ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etyka" title="Etyka – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Etyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica" title="Ética – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%86" title="ورتن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورتن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica" title="Ética – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etic%C4%83" title="Etică – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Etică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этика – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Етіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Етіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этика – سخا" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Этика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="سخا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88tica" title="Ètica – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ètica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اخلاقيات – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اخلاقيات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="සදාචාරය – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සදාචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ethics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Етика – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Етика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tika" title="Étika – سوډاني" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Étika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="سوډاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik" title="Etik – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Etik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maadili" title="Maadili – سواهېلي" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maadili" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="سواهېلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="நன்னெறி – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நன்னெறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Ахлоқиёт – تاجکي" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ахлоқиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="จริยธรรม – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จริยธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik%C9%99" title="Etikə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Etikə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik" title="Etik – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Etik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matikhomele" title="Matikhomele – سونګا" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Matikhomele" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="سونګا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Этика – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Этика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Етика – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Етика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="اخلاقیات – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اخلاقیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika" title="Etika – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Etika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik" title="Etik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Etik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%A2n_l%C3%BD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Luân lý học – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luân lý học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etik%C3%A1" title="Etiká – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Etiká" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="倫理學 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="倫理學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ეთიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ეთიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מידות – يديش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מידות" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يديش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwnzleixyoz" title="Lwnzleixyoz – ژوانګ" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Lwnzleixyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="ژوانګ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伦理学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BBn-l%C3%AD-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Lûn-lí-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lûn-lí-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="倫理學 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="倫理學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9465#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم‌تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="د مخ د مېنځپانگې په اړه خبرې اترې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">پښتو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="کتنې"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;action=edit" title="دا مخ ژغورل شوی. تاسې کولای شی چې د دې مخ سرچينه وگورۍ. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سرچينه کتل</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;action=history" title="د دې مخ پخوانۍ بڼې [h]" accesskey="h"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="د مخ اوزارونه"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="اوزارونه" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">اوزارونه</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">اوزارونه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> کړنې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;action=edit"><span>سرچينه کتل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ټولگړی </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;oldid=273485" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&amp;page=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;id=273485&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AE%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2582"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپ‌وړ بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ethics" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9465" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="د مخ اوزارونه"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>اخلاق یا د اخلاقو فلسفه د فلسفې یوه څانګه ده، چې نظام بندي، دفاع او د سمو او ناسمو کړنو د مفاهیمو سپارښتنه په کې شامېليږي. د اخلاقو څانګه د ښکلا پېژندنې سره یو ځای ارزښتناک مسایل سره رانغاړي. دغه برخې د فلسفې په هغو څانګو کې شامېلیږي چې د ارزښت پېژندنې په نوم بلل کېږي. اخلاق د بشر د اخلاقي پوښتنو لکه ښه او بد، حق او باطل، فضیلت او ناوړه توب او جرم او عدالت په لټه کې دي. د فکري پلټنو د یوې برخې په توګه، اخلاقي فلسفه د اخلاقي ارواپوهنې، توضیحي اخلاقو او د ارزښت تیوري سره تړاو لري.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>د مطالعې هغه درې اصلي برخې چې په اخلاقو کې پېژندل شوې دي.<sup id="cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>１.&#160; لوړاخلاق، د اخلاقو &#160;نظري مانا، د اخلاقو د مرجع سپارښتنه او د هغوی د ارزښت د ټاکنې (که کوم یو وی) ټاکي. </p><p>２.&#160; معیاري اخلاق، د اخلاقي سیر د ټاکلو د عملي وسایلو سره تړاو لري. </p><p>３.&#160; پلي شوي اخلاق، د هغه څه سره تړاو لري، چې یو شخص یې په یوه ځانګړي حالت، یا د عمل په ځانګړې برخه کې په ترسره کولو مکلف وي او یا یې د تر سره کولو اجازه لري.<sup id="cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep.utm.edu-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="د_اخلاقو_تعریف"><span id=".D8.AF_.D8.A7.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.82.D9.88_.D8.AA.D8.B9.D8.B1.DB.8C.D9.81"></span>د اخلاقو تعریف</h2></div> <p>ethics انګریزي کلیمه د لرغوني یوناني کلیمې(ēthikós ،ἠθικός) څخه اخیستل شوې چې "د خپل شخصیت سره د تړاو " مانا لري. دغه خپله د اصلي کلیمې(êthos (ἦθος سره رېښه لري چې معنی یې "شخصیت یاکردار او اخلاقي طبیعت" دی. دغه کلیمه لومړی لاتین ته د ethica په بڼه، وروسته بیا فرانسوي ته <i>éthique</i>, په نوم او له هغه ځایه انګیسي ته ولېږدول شوه. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>راشوت کېدر Rushworth Kidder وایي: "د اخلاقو په معیاري تعریفونو کې معمولاً داسې جملې لکه 'د مثالي انسان شخصیت علم' یا 'د اخلاقي دندې علم، شامل دی. </p><p>ریچارد ویلیام پل او لیندا الډر اخلاق په لاندې ډول تعریفوي: "اخلاق د مفاهیمو او اصولو یوه ټولګه ده، چې موږ ته ښیي، کوم چلند د شعوري مخلوقاتو سره مرسته کوي یا هغه ته زیان رسوي. د کمبریج فلسفې ډېکشنري وایي: د اخلاق کلیمه په عمومي ډول د morality یعنې تقوی یا رویې د کلیمې پر ځای کارول کېږي... او ځینې وخت د یو ځانګړي کس او ډلې د اخلاقي اصولو، دود او سنتو معنی ورکوي. پل او ایلډر وایي چې ډیری خلک د ټولنیزو دودونو، مذهبي عقیدې او د قانون سره سم چلند کولو سره اخلاق ګډوډوي او اخلاق د یو خپلواک مفهوم په توګه په نظر کې نه نیسي.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>په انګریزي کې د اخلاقو کلیمه څو شیانو ته اشاره کوي. کېدای شي فلسفي اخلاقو یا هم د اخلاقو فلسفې ته اشاره وکړي. دا هغه پروژه ده چې هڅه یې کړې څو د بېلابېلو اخلاقي پوښتنو د ځوابولو لپاره له عقل څخه کار واخلي. لکه څنګه چې د انګریزي اخلاقو فیلسوف برنارډ ویلیامز د اخلاقو د فلسفې د بیانولو په اړه لیکي: هغه څه چې یوه پلټنه فلسفه جوړوي، هغه د انعکاس عمومیت او د استدلال یوه بڼه ده چې ادعا کوي، له عقلي نظره قناعت کوونکې ده. ویلیامز د پلټنې د دې برخې منځپانګه &#160;یوې پراخه پوښتنې ته په اشارې کولو باندې تشریح کوي، "یو کس څه ډول باید ژوند وکړي؟ اخلاق کولی شي د اخلاقي ستونزو په اړوند د فکر کولو لپاره د انسان عامو وړتیاوو ته هم اشاره وکړي او دا یوازې فلسفې ته ځانګړي نه دي. لکه څنګه چې د اوسېدنې د اخلاقو متخصص لري چرچېل لیکلي دي: "اخلاق، د اخلاقي ارزښتونو په اړه د انتقادي فکر کولو د وړتیا په توګه پیژندل شوي او د دغه ارزښتونو په اساس زموږ د عملونو رهبري یو عمومي انساني ظرفیت دی. همدارنګه کېدای شي اخلاق د ځانګړي کس د اصولو د توصیف یا ځانګړو عاداتو لپاره وکارول شي. د بېلګې په توګه «جو جالب اخلاق لري» اخلاق یو معیاري علم دی.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="لوړاخلاق"><span id=".D9.84.D9.88.DA.93.D8.A7.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.82"></span>لوړاخلاق</h2></div> <p>فرا اخلاق د فلسفي اخلاقو یوه برخه ده، چې پوښتي، کله چې د سم او ناسموالي په اړه خبرې کوو، نو څه ډول پوهېږو، درک کوو او موخه مو څه ده. یوه اخلاقي پوښتنه چې په یو ځانګړي عملي حالت پورې اړه لري، لکه "ایا زه باید د چاکلیټي کیک دغه ځانګړې ټوټه وخورم؟" نه شي کېدای چې لوړه اخلاقي پوښتنه وشي، بلکې دا تطبیق شوې اخلاقي پوښتنه ده. یوه لوړه اخلاقي پوښتنه یوه لنډه پوښتنه ده چې&#160; د نورو ډېرو ځانګړو عملي پوښتنو په یوې پراخه لړۍ پورې اړه لري. د بېلګې په توګه، ایا دا کله هم شونې ده چې د علم د سم او ناسم والي په اړه ډاډمن اوسو؟ دا یوه لوړه اخلاقي پوښتنه ده.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>لوړ اخلاق تل د فلسفي اخلاقو سره مل وي. د بېلګې په ډول ارسطو دې ټکي ته اشاره کوي چې په اخلاقو کې د څېړنې د نورو برخو په پرتله پوهه شونې ده او اخلاقي پوهه له عاداتو او فرهنګ منلو سره په داسې بڼه تړلې بولي چې هغه د پېژندنې له نورو ډولونو سره متفاوته وي. په G.E کې هم لوړ اخلاق مهم دي، په 1903 ز کال کې د Moore's (مور اخلاقي اصول) په لومړي ځل هغه د هغه څه په اړه چې هغه طبیعي غلطۍ بللې لیکلي دي. داسې ښکارېده چې Moore د خپلې پرانیستې پوښتنې په ځواب کې په اخلاقو کې طبیعي والی ردولو. دا دې لامل شو، چې مفکرین د اخلاقو په اړه دویمه درجې پوښتنو ته نظر وکړي. له دې وړاندې هم سکاټلنډي فیلسوف ډېوېډ هیوم د حقیقتونو او ارزښتونو تر منځ د توپیر په اړه ورته نظر وړاندې کړی و. </p><p>له اخلاقو څخه زموږ د پېژندګلوۍ په اړه مطالعې په درک او نه درک باندې وېشل کېږي. دغه په ترتیب سره د اخلاقي نېکمرغۍ او ارزښت لپاره تشریحي او غیر تشریحي طریقې خپلوي. د نه درک نظر دی چې موږ یو شی له اخلاقي نظره سم یا غلط قضاوت کوو، دا نه سم دی او نه هم ناسم. د بېلګې په توګه، کېدای شي، یوازې خپل عاطفي احساسات د دغو شیانو په اړه څرګند کړو. ادراکېزم یا درک &#160;کېدی شي د دغې ادعا د عنوان په توګه په نظر کې ونیول شي چې هر وخت موږ د سم او ناسم په اړه خبرې کو، نو موږ اصلا د واقعي مسائلو په اړه خبرې کوو.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>د اخلاقو انټولوژي د ارزښت لرونکي شیانو یا ملکیتونو په اړه ده، یعنې دا د هغه شیانو یا توکو یو ډول دی چې د اخلاقي وړاندیزونو له خوا راجع کیږي. غیر تشریح کوونکي او نه درک لرونکي پر دې باور دي چې اخلاقيات کومې ځانګړې انټولوژي ته اړتیا نه لري، ځکه چې اخلاقي سپارښتنې هغې ته مراجعه نه کوي او دا د واقعیت ضد دریځ په توګه پیژندل کیږي. له بل اړخه درک لرونکي باید تشریح کړي چې کوم ډول بنسټونه، سلوک، حالتونه او موقفونه د اخلاقو سره تړاو لري، دوی څه ډول ارزښت لري او ولې زموږ کړنو ته انګېزه ورکوي او هغه رهبري کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="اخلاقي_شکونه_(بدبینۍ)"><span id=".D8.A7.D8.AE.D9.84.D8.A7.D9.82.D9.8A_.D8.B4.DA.A9.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87_.28.D8.A8.D8.AF.D8.A8.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.8D.29"></span>اخلاقي شکونه (بدبینۍ)</h3></div> <p>اخلاقي شکونه د لوړو اخلاقي نظریاتو له ډلې څخه دي چې په هغه کې ټول غړي په دې همغږي دي چې هېڅوک هم اخلاقي پوهه نه لري. ډېری اخلاقي شکمن معقوله او قوي ادعا لري چې اخلاقي پوهه ناشونې ده. اخلاقي شک په ځانګړي ډول د اخلاقي ریالیزم خلاف دی او دا نظر لري چې د پوهېدو وړ او د هدفي اخلاقي حقیقتونه شته. </p><p>د اخلاقي شکاکیت ځینې پلویان دا دي: پیرو، آئنسیدموس، سکستوس امپریکوس، ډیویډ هیوم، ماکس استیرنر، فرډریش نیچه او جی.ال. مکی. </p><p>اخلاقي شک په دریو فرعي ټولګیو وېشل شوې دي: </p> <ul><li>د اخلاقي تېروتنې نظریه (یا اخلاقي عصبیت یا پوچوالی).</li> <li>اخلاقي شک.</li> <li>د درک نشتوالی <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>Non-cognitivism</li></ul> <p>دغه درې واړه نظریې ورته پایلې لري، چې په لاندې ډول دي: </p><p>(a)&#160;: موږ هېڅکله په دې باور نه یو چې اخلاقي ادعاګانې (د بڼې ادعاګانې«&#160;د X د چارو حالت ښه دی.» «&#160;د Y عمل په اخلاقي توګه واجب دی او نور» سمې دی او ... </p><p>(b): موږ هیڅکله نه پوهیږو چې هره اخلاقي ادعا سمه ده. </p><p>په هرصورت، هره طریقه د بېلابېلو لارو په واسطه (a) او (b) ته رسیږي. </p><p>د اخلاقي تېروتنې نظریه په دې باور ده چې موږ نه پوهیږو چې هره اخلاقي ادعا سمه ده، ځکه چې: </p><p>(i) ټولې اخلاقي ادعاګانې ناسمې دي </p><p>(ii) موږ دلیل لرو، چې باور وکړو چې ټولې اخلاقي ادعاګانې درواغ دي. </p><p>(iii) موږ په هر هغه ادعا باور نه لرو، ځکه موږ له هغه څخه د انکار په برخه کې دلیل لرو، موږ په هیڅ ډول اخلاقي ادعاوو &#160;باور نه کوو. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې_او_ياداښتونه"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90_.D8.A7.D9.88_.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AF.D8.A7.DA.9A.D8.AA.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>سرچينې او ياداښتونه</h2></div> <table class="js-no-interprojets" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:0em; padding-right:12px;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;font-family:Bahij Nazanin; background:none;color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><div style="padding-bottom:0em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float; margin:em" align="left"> </table><table class="navbox collapsible autocollapse nowraplinks" style="margin:auto; background:white;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;width:100%;background:#FFD699;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r327768">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:right;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-left:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-right:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:right;text-align:right;margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .nv-خبرې اترې a.new{color:#3366cc}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ښودل"><a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="کينډۍ:د فلسفې سرليکونه"><abbr title="دا کينډۍ وګورئ" style="background:#FFD699;;border:none;">ښ</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-خبرې اترې"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د کينډۍ خبرې اترې:د فلسفې سرليکونه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)"><abbr title="د دې کينډۍ په اړه خبرې اترې" style="background:#FFD699;;border:none;">خ</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-سمول"><a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="دا کينډۍ سمه کړئ" style="background:#FFD699;;border:none;">س</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="فلسفه">فلسفه</a></span></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;background:#ddddff;background:#FFD699;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%8A%DA%81%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="لوېديځه فلسفه">لوېديځه فلسفه</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%81%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="ختيځه فلسفه">ختيځه فلسفه</a></td></tr><tr><th style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;background:#FFD699;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د فلسفې تاريخ (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">تاريخ</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;background:#FFE5BE;"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="لرغونې فلسفه">لرغونې</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="بودايي فلسفه">بودايي</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="چينايي فلسفه">چينايي</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="لرغونې يوناني فلسفه">يوناني</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="هېلېنيستي فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هېلېنيستي</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="هندي فلسفه">هندي</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="هندي فلسفه">هندوان</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د جاينيزم فلسفه">جاينيزم</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ايراني فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">پارسي</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="افغاني فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">افغاني</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%86%DA%81%D9%86%DB%8D_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="منځنۍ فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">منځنۍ</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="عيسوي فلسفه">عيسوي</a> (<a href="/wiki/%DA%9A%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="ښوونیزه فلسفه">سکالستيزم</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="اسلامي فلسفه">اسلامي</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%D9%86%DB%8D_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="لومړنۍ اسلامي فلسفه">لومړنی اسلامي پېر</a>)&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="يهودي فلسفه">يهودي</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87(800_%E2%80%93_1400)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="يهودي-اسلامي فلسفه(800 – 1400) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">يهودي -اسلامي</a>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="نوې فلسفه">نوې</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="اندیینه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">اندیینه</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="رېشناليزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">رېشناليزم</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="معاصره فلسفه">معاصره</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="شننيزه فلسفه">شننيزه</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%88%DA%86%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د لويو وچو فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">لويه وچه</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;background:#FFD699;">لړليکونه</th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:right;width:100%;background:#f7f7f7;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;background:#FFF1DD;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1_%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د فلسفې بهر لیکه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">بهر لیکه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%84%DA%93" title="د فلسفې ليکلړ">ليکلړ</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A_%DA%9A%D9%88%D9%86%DA%81%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%84%DA%93%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د فلسفي ښونځیو لړلیکونه">ښونځي</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87" title="د فلسفې وييپانگه">وييپانگه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%84%DA%93%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9" title="د فيلسوفانو لړليک">فيلسوفان</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D9%88%DA%81%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="فلسفي خوځښتونه">خوځښتونه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:WikiProject_Science_pearls/List_of_%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%90_%D8%AE%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ويکيپېډيا:WikiProject Science pearls/List of د فلسفې خپرونې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">خپرونې</a></span></td></tr><tr><th style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;background:#FFD699;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%87_(%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="څانگه (اکادمي) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">څانگې</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;background:#FFE5BE;"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FFE5BE;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="مېټافيزيک (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مېټافيزيک</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="پوهنپوهنه">پوهنپوهنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" class="mw-redirect" title="منطق">منطق</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">اخلاق</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%9A%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="ښکلاپوهنه">ښکلاپوهنه</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#FFF1DD;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><b>فلسفه د</b>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="عملي نظر (فلسفه) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">چاره</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%9A%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%98%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%87" class="mw-redirect" title="ښکلاپېژندنه">هنر</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د ژونپوهنې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ژونپوهنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د کيميا فلسفه">کيميا</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د فلمونو فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">فلم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%A9%DA%93%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د زده کړې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">زده کړه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د وټپوهنې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">وټه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د چاپېريال فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">چاپېريال</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د جغرافيې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">جغرافيه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د مالوماتو فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مالومات</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د روغتياساتنې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">روغتیا</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د تاريخ فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">تاريخ</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%88%DA%AF%DA%93%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="فلسفي وگړپوهنه">انساني طبيعت</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د مزاح نظريات (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مزاح</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د ژبې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ژبه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jurisprudence&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jurisprudence (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">قانون</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="فلسفه او ادبيات (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ادبيات</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د شمېرپوهنې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">شمېرپوهنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د عقل فلسفه">عقل</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%DB%8D_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د موسيقۍ فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">موسيقي</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="شته پوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">شته والی</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="مېټافلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">فلسفه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د فيزيک فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">فيزيک</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="سياسي فلسفه">سياست</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%DB%90_%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د ساپوهنې فسلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ساپوهنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="د مذهب فلسفه">مذهب</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د ساينس فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ساينس</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د ټولنيزو پوهو فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ټولنيزې پوهې</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د تخنيک فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">تخنيک</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%90_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د جگړې فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">جگړه</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th style="white-space:nowrap;background:#ddddff;text-align:right;background:#FFD699;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88_%D9%84%DA%93%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د فلسفو لړليک (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">د فکر<br />ښوونځي</a></th><td colspan="1" style="text-align:right;width:100%;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;background:#FFE5BE;"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="افريکانا فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">افريکانا</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="انارشيزم">انارشيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ارستوتليزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ارستوتليزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="اوېرویزم">اوېرویزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ابن سينيزم">ابن سينيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="کلاسيک لېبراليزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کلاسيک لېبراليزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="کره کتنیزه تیوري (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کره کتنیزه تیوري</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کلبيان">کلبيان</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deconstruction&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deconstruction (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Deconstructionism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ډئيزم">ډئيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deontological_ethics&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deontological ethics (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Deontology</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="دياليکتيکه ماده پالنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">دياليکتيکه ماده پالنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="دواليزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">دواليزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="اخلاقي اناپالنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">اناپالنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="اپیکوریزم">اپیکوریزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epiphenomenalism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Epiphenomenalism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Epiphenomenalism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="موجوديت (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">موجوديت</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%DB%90%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="فېمينېستي فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">فېمينيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Functionalism_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_of_mind)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Functionalism (فلسفه of mind) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Functionalism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%DB%90%DA%89%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="هېډونيزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هېډونيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="هیگلینيپالنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هیگلینيپالنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%90%D9%BC%DB%90%DA%A9%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="هرمنېټېکس (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هرمنېټېکس</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="هيومانيزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هيومانيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="آندپوهنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">آندپوهنه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90%D9%84_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="امانوېل کانت">کانتيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="کيوټو مکتب (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کيوټو مکتب</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="قانوني مثبتيت (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">قانوني مثبتيت</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="منطقي مثبتيت (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">منطقي مثبتيت</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="مارکسيزم">مارکسيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="مټرياليزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مټرياليزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="موډرنيزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">موډرنيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="مونيزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مونيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="مېټافېزيکي طبيعت پالنه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">نېچراليزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="نوې اپلاتوني فلسفه">نيوپلاټونيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="نوي فيلسوفان (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">نوي فيلسوفان</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="نيهيليزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">نيهيليزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="عادي ژبه فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">عادي ژبه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moral_particularism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moral particularism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Particularism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%81%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%9A%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DA%81%DB%8C&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="گرځند ښوونځی (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Peripatetic</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ځليزپوهنه (فلسفه) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ځليزپوهنه</a> &#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="اپلاتونواله">اپلاتونواله</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="پوست هيومانيزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">پوست هيومانيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="پوست مودرنيزم فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">پوست مودرنيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-structuralism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Post-structuralism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Post-structuralism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پراگماتيزم">پراگماتيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%AE_%D8%B3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="مخ سقراتي فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مخ سقراتي</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="بهير فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">بهير</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%86%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ساشننه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ساشننه</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="سوليپسيزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">سوليپسيزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="فلسفي رياليزم (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">رياليزم</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="نسبيت (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">نسبيت</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholasticism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scholasticism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Scholasticism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%AA&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="فلسفي شکاکيت (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">شکاکيت</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stoicism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Stoicism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Stoicism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Structuralism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Structuralism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Structuralism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Thomism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Utilitarianism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Utilitarianism (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Utilitarianism</a>&#160;<b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88_%D9%84%DA%93%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="د فلسفو لړليک (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">نور...</a></span></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center;background:#ddddff;background:#FFD699;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87:%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="تانبه:فلسفه">تانبه</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="وېشنيزه:فلسفه">وېشنيزه</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ويکيپېډيا:ويکي پروژه فلسفه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ويکي پروژه</a>&#160;<b>&#183;</b>&#32; <a class="external text" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/کينډۍ:د_فلسفې_سرليکونه">بدلونونه</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFVerstKampmannEilers2015" class="citation book cs1">Verst, Ludger; Kampmann, Susanne; Eilers, Franz-Josef (2015-07-27). <i>Die Literaturrundschau</i>. Communicatio Socialis. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/914511982">914511982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Die+Literaturrundschau&amp;rft.pub=Communicatio+Socialis&amp;rft.date=2015-07-27&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F914511982&amp;rft.aulast=Verst&amp;rft.aufirst=Ludger&amp;rft.au=Kampmann%2C+Susanne&amp;rft.au=Eilers%2C+Franz-Josef&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iep.utm.edu-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_2-0">۲٫۰</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_2-1">۲٫۱</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-iep.utm.edu_2-2">۲٫۲</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/ethics/">"Ethics"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_House_Unabridged_Dictionary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Random House Unabridged Dictionary (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Random House Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/axiology">Entry on Axiology.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon</i>. 1889.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=An+Intermediate+Greek-English+Lexicon&amp;rft.date=1889&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKidder2003" class="citation book cs1">Kidder, Rushworth (2003). <i>How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living</i>. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harper_Collins&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harper Collins (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Harper Collins</a>. p.&#160;63. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-688-17590-0" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/978-0-688-17590-0"><bdi>978-0-688-17590-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=How+Good+People+Make+Tough+Choices%3A+Resolving+the+Dilemmas+of+Ethical+Living&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Collins&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-688-17590-0&amp;rft.aulast=Kidder&amp;rft.aufirst=Rushworth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFKidder2003" class="citation book cs1">Kidder, Rushworth (2003). <i>How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living</i>. New York: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harper_Collins&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Harper Collins (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Harper Collins</a>. p.&#160;63. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-688-17590-0" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/978-0-688-17590-0"><bdi>978-0-688-17590-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=How+Good+People+Make+Tough+Choices%3A+Resolving+the+Dilemmas+of+Ethical+Living&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=63&amp;rft.pub=Harper+Collins&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-688-17590-0&amp;rft.aulast=Kidder&amp;rft.aufirst=Rushworth&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Deigh in Robert Audi (ed), <i>The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy</i>, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPaulElder2006" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Richard; Elder, Linda (2006). <i>The Miniature Guide to Understanding the Foundations of Ethical Reasoning</i>. United States: Foundation for Critical Thinking Free Press. p.&#160;np. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-0-944583-17-3" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/978-0-944583-17-3"><bdi>978-0-944583-17-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Miniature+Guide+to+Understanding+the+Foundations+of+Ethical+Reasoning&amp;rft.place=United+States&amp;rft.pages=np&amp;rft.pub=Foundation+for+Critical+Thinking+Free+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-944583-17-3&amp;rft.aulast=Paul&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.au=Elder%2C+Linda&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_dictionary&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="کينډۍ:Cite dictionary (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">کينډۍ:Cite dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Bernard. <i>Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy</i>. p.&#160;2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+Limits+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Bernard. <i>Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy</i>. p.&#160;1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+Limits+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.pages=1&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Bernard&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Tanguay2014" class="citation web cs1">David Tanguay (جنوري 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140722174808/http://soulofwit.com/2014/01/24/Buddha-And-Socrates-Share-Common-Ground">"Buddha and Socrates share Common ground"</a>. Soul of Wit. خوندي شوی له <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soulofwit.com/2014/01/24/Buddha-And-Socrates-Share-Common-Ground">the original</a> on July 22, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Buddha+and+Socrates+share+Common+ground&amp;rft.pub=Soul+of+Wit&amp;rft.date=2014-01-24&amp;rft.au=David+Tanguay&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoulofwit.com%2F2014%2F01%2F24%2FBuddha-And-Socrates-Share-Common-Ground&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Are We Professionals? A Critical Look at the Social Role of Bioethicists". <i>Daedalus</i>. 1999. pp.&#160;253–274.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Daedalus&amp;rft.atitle=Are+We+Professionals%3F+A+Critical+Look+at+the+Social+Role+of+Bioethicists.&amp;rft.pages=253-274&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028131348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml">"What is ethics?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">BBC</a>. خوندي شوی له <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/intro_1.shtml">the original</a> on October 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=What+is+ethics%3F&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fethics%2Fintroduction%2Fintro_1.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/non-cogn/">"Non-Cognitivism in Ethics &#124; Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Non-Cognitivism+in+Ethics+%26%23124%3B+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fnon-cogn%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, C (2009). "The Conditions of Moral Realism". <i>The Journal of Philosophical Research</i>. <b>34</b>: 123–155. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fjpr_2009_5">10.5840/jpr_2009_5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Philosophical+Research&amp;rft.atitle=The+Conditions+of+Moral+Realism&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=123-155&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fjpr_2009_5&amp;rft.aulast=Miller&amp;rft.aufirst=C&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFSinnott-Armstrong2019" class="citation cs2">Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/skepticism-moral/">"Moral Skepticism"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Summer 2019&#160;ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2020-07-28</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Moral+Skepticism&amp;rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.edition=Summer+2019&amp;rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&amp;rft.date=2019&amp;rft.aulast=Sinnott-Armstrong&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2019%2Fentries%2Fskepticism-moral%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐6699496d4f‐qfbqc Cached time: 20250212042339 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc, vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.228 seconds Real time usage: 0.270 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1981/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 109152/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 46839/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40314/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.122/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 4324992/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 222.960 1 -total 46.46% 103.584 1 کينډۍ:د_فلسفې_سرليکونه 45.36% 101.139 1 کينډۍ:چلېدنبکس 44.13% 98.384 1 کينډۍ:چلېدنبکس/کره 36.03% 80.331 7 کينډۍ:Cite_book 19.22% 42.862 2 کينډۍ:Navbox_subgroups 17.80% 39.679 2 کينډۍ:Navbox 16.59% 36.998 1 کينډۍ:Tnavbar 4.27% 9.510 3 کينډۍ:Cite_web 3.89% 8.673 4 کينډۍ:· --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key pswiki:pcache:9815:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250212042339 and revision id 273485. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&amp;type=1x1&amp;usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اخلاق&amp;oldid=273485">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=اخلاق&amp;oldid=273485</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" title="ځانگړی:وېشنيزې">وېشنيزې</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D9%87%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%86%DB%90_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="وېشنيزه:هغه مخونه چې دوه اړخیزه استدلالونه د کينډۍ په خبرتيا کي کاروي">هغه مخونه چې دوه اړخیزه استدلالونه د کينډۍ په خبرتيا کي کاروي</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:مات سوی بکس (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">مات سوی بکس</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="وېشنيزه:اخلاق">اخلاق</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D9%87%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%BC%D9%8A_%DA%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF_%D8%AC%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%90_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:هغه پاڼي چي د جېسن کنفیګرېشن غزونکې اله کاروي (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">هغه پاڼي چي د جېسن کنفیګرېشن غزونکې اله کاروي</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> دا مخ وروستی ځل په ۰۹:۰۷، ۱۴ نومبر ۲۰۲۱ بدلون موندلی.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">دا متن د <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">کريټيف کامنز ورته-شريکېدنې-اړوندتيا منښتليک</a> له مخې خپور شوی؛ اضافه شرطونه به هم کارېدلي وي. د لا تفصيل لپاره <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">د کارولو شرطونه</a> وگورئ.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">د پټنتيا تگلاره</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87">د ويکيپېډيا په اړه</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%BE%DB%90%DA%89%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9">ردادعاليکونه</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">د چلند تگلاره</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">پرمختگگران:</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/ps.wikipedia.org">شمار</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">د کوکيز ويناليک</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//ps.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">د موبايل په بڼې کتل</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>پلټنه</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="ويکيپېډيا پلټل"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="ځانگړی:پلټنه"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">پلټل</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">اخلاق</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>۱۴۳ ژبې</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>سرليک ورگډول</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-gbzrg","wgBackendResponseTime":139,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.228","walltime":"0.270","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1981,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":109152,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":46839,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":40314,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 222.960 1 -total"," 46.46% 103.584 1 کينډۍ:د_فلسفې_سرليکونه"," 45.36% 101.139 1 کينډۍ:چلېدنبکس"," 44.13% 98.384 1 کينډۍ:چلېدنبکس/کره"," 36.03% 80.331 7 کينډۍ:Cite_book"," 19.22% 42.862 2 کينډۍ:Navbox_subgroups"," 17.80% 39.679 2 کينډۍ:Navbox"," 16.59% 36.998 1 کينډۍ:Tnavbar"," 4.27% 9.510 3 کينډۍ:Cite_web"," 3.89% 8.673 4 کينډۍ:·"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.122","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4324992,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6699496d4f-qfbqc","timestamp":"20250212042339","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642","url":"https:\/\/ps.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9465","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9465","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2010-05-31T14:47:25Z","dateModified":"2021-11-14T09:07:52Z"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages： 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10