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Syrian Jewish communities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Present-day_Syrian_Jewish_communities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Present-day Syrian Jewish communities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Present-day_Syrian_Jewish_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halabi/Shami_divide_in_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halabi/Shami_divide_in_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Halabi/Shami divide in diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halabi/Shami_divide_in_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions_and_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions_and_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Traditions and customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions_and_customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditions and customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions_and_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pizmonim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pizmonim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pizmonim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pizmonim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baqashot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baqashot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Baqashot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baqashot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pronunciation of Hebrew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation_of_Hebrew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaeo-Arabic_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaeo-Arabic_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Judaeo-Arabic dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaeo-Arabic_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aleppo_Codex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aleppo_Codex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Aleppo Codex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aleppo_Codex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_to_conversion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_to_conversion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Attitudes to conversion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_to_conversion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Prayer books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Historic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriya_y%C9%99hudil%C9%99ri" title="Suriya yəhudiləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Suriya yəhudiləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judentum_in_Syrien" title="Judentum in Syrien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judentum in Syrien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADos_sirios" title="Judíos sirios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judíos sirios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juifs_syriens" title="Juifs syriens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juifs syriens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Suriah" title="Yahudi Suriah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Suriah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei_siriani" title="Ebrei siriani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei siriani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="יהדות סוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות סוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeus_s%C3%ADrios" title="Judeus sírios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeus sírios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrei_sirieni" title="Evrei sirieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Evrei sirieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Сирийские евреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирийские евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சிரிய யூதர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரிய யூதர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سوری یہودی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوری یہودی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1840268#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish ethnic group</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Syrian Jews<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יהודי סוריה</span>‎<br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اليهود السوريون</span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_family_in_Damascus,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewish_family_in_Damascus%2C_1910.jpg/250px-Jewish_family_in_Damascus%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewish_family_in_Damascus%2C_1910.jpg/375px-Jewish_family_in_Damascus%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Jewish_family_in_Damascus%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Jewish family in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, pictured in their ancient Damascene home, in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Syria, 1901</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">175,000 to 275,000+ (est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">75,000-90,000<sup id="cite_ref-nyt-article_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-article-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">40,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,300</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Modern Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabic" title="Syrian Arabic">Syrian Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">other Jewish groups</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Syrian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian people">Syrian people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantines</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a 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<p><b>Syrian Jews</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">יהודי סוריה</span> <i>Yehudey Surya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الْيَهُود السُّورِيُّون</span> <i>al-Yahūd as-Sūriyyūn</i>, colloquially called <b>SYs</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> in the United States) are Jews who live in the region of the modern state of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and their descendants born outside Syria. Syrian Jews derive their origin from two groups: from the Jews who inhabited the region of today's Syria from <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">ancient times</a> (known as <a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Musta'arabi Jews</a>), and sometimes classified as <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> (<i>Mizrahi</i> is a generic term for the Jews with an extended history in Asia or North Africa); and from the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> (referring to Jews with an extended history in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, i.e. Spain and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>) who fled to Syria after the <a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a> forced the expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. </p><p>There were large communities in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> ("Halabi Jews", <i>Halab</i> is "Aleppo" in Arabic) and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> ("Shami Jews") for centuries, and a smaller community in <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a> on the Turkish border near <a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a>. In the first half of the 20th century a large percentage of Syrian Jews immigrated to the U.S., Latin America and Israel. Most of the remaining Jews left in the 28 years following 1973, due in part to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Judy_Feld_Carr" title="Judy Feld Carr">Judy Feld Carr</a>, who claims to have helped some 3,228 Jews emigrate; emigration was officially allowed in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest number of Jews of Syrian descent live in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Outside Israel, the largest Syrian Jewish community is in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, New York and is estimated at 75,000 strong.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are smaller communities elsewhere in the United States and in Latin America. </p><p>In 2011, there had been about 250 Jews still living within Syria, mostly in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ninemonthsinsyria.blogspot.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ninemonthsinsyria.blogspot.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of December 2014, fewer than 50 Jews remained in the area due to increasing violence and war.<sup id="cite_ref-wsj141201_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wsj141201-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2015, with the threat of <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> nearby, nearly all of the remaining Jews in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo,_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo, Syria">Aleppo</a> were rescued in a covert operation and moved to <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon, Israel</a>. It was estimated in November 2015 that only 18 Jews remain in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-rescuingaleppo_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rescuingaleppo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2016, the last Jews of Aleppo were rescued, ending the Jewish presence in Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-rescuingaleppo_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rescuingaleppo-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2019, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Arabic" title="BBC Arabic">BBC Arabic</a> visited some of the last remaining Jews living in Damascus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, only four Jews remain in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">History of the Jews in Syria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JewishPupilsDamascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JewishPupilsDamascus.jpg/220px-JewishPupilsDamascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JewishPupilsDamascus.jpg/330px-JewishPupilsDamascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/JewishPupilsDamascus.jpg/440px-JewishPupilsDamascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Jewish pupils in the Maimonides school in 'Amārah al Juwwānīyah, in the historic Maison Lisbona in Damascus. The photo was taken shortly before the exodus of most of the remaining Syrian Jewish community in 1992</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alepporabbiwithsecretary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alepporabbiwithsecretary.jpg/220px-Alepporabbiwithsecretary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alepporabbiwithsecretary.jpg/330px-Alepporabbiwithsecretary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Alepporabbiwithsecretary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>Chief Rabbi Jacob Saul Dwek, <a href="/wiki/Hakham_Bashi" title="Hakham Bashi">Hakham Bashi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, 1907.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the community's tradition, Jews have been in Syria since ancient times, since the time of King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a> and certainly since early Roman times. Jews from this ancient community were known as <a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Musta'arabim</a> "Arabizers" to themselves or <i>Moriscos</i> to the Sephardim. Many Sephardim arrived following the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">expulsion from Spain</a> in 1492 and quickly took a leading position in the community. For example, five successive Chief Rabbis of Aleppo were drawn from the Laniado family. </p><p>In the 18th and 19th centuries, some Jews from <a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italy</a> and elsewhere, known as <i>Señores Francos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Farang" title="Farang">Frank</a> Lords), notable Franco families are the Ancona, Silvera, and Pichotto families they settled in Syria for trading reasons, while retaining their European nationalities. </p><p>Kurdish Jews, hailing from the region of Kurdistan, represent another sub-group of Syrian Jews. Their presence in Syria predates the arrival of Sephardic Jews following the <i><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient communities of <a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfa</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ermik" title="Çermik">Çermik</a> also formed part of the broader Syrian community and the Aleppo community included some migrants from these cities. </p><p>Today, some distinctions between these sub-groups are preserved because particular families have traditions about their origins. However, there is considerable intermarriage among the groups, and all regard themselves as "Sephardim" in a broader sense. One can tell Aleppo families of Spanish descent by the fact that they light an extra <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> candle. This custom was established in gratitude for their acceptance by the more native Syrian-based community. </p><p>In the 19th century, following the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in Egypt in 1869, trade shifted to that route from the overland route through Syria, and the commercial importance of Aleppo and Damascus underwent a marked decline. Many families left Syria for Egypt (and a few for Lebanon) in the following decades, and with increasing frequency until the First World War, many Jews left the Middle East for western countries, mainly Great Britain, the United States, Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. Further emigration followed the establishment of the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948. </p><p>Beginning on the Passover holiday of 1992, the 4,000 remaining members of the Damascus Jewish community, as well as the Aleppo community and the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, were permitted under the government of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> to leave Syria provided they did not immigrate to Israel. Within a few months, thousands of Syrian Jews made their way to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, with a few families choosing to go to France and Turkey. The majority settled in Brooklyn with the help of their kin in the Syrian Jewish community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present-day_Syrian_Jewish_communities">Present-day Syrian Jewish communities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Present-day Syrian Jewish communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg/220px-%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg/330px-%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg/440px-%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Syrian Jews worship in <a href="/wiki/Ades_Synagogue" title="Ades Synagogue">Ades Synagogue</a>. Renowned as a center for <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Cantors" title="Syrian Cantors">Syrian Hazzanut</a> (Syrian Jewish liturgical singing), Ades is one of only two synagogues in the world that maintains the ancient Syrian Jewish tradition of <a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a>, the marathon Kabbalistic singing held in the early hours of Shabbat morning to welcome the sunrise over winter months.</figcaption></figure> <p>There has been a Jewish Syrian presence in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> since before 1850, with many rabbinical families having members both there and in Damascus and Aleppo. These had some contact with their <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> opposite numbers of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a>, leading to a tradition of strict orthodoxy:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example in the 1860s there was a successful campaign to prevent the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> synagogue in Aleppo.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Syrian traditions, such as the singing of <a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a>, were accepted by the mainstream Jerusalem Sephardi community.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further group immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> around 1900, and formed the <a href="/wiki/Ades_Synagogue" title="Ades Synagogue">Ades Synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nachlaot" title="Nachlaot">Nachlaot</a>. This still exists, and is the main Aleppo rite synagogue in Israel, though its membership now includes Asiatic Jews of all groups, especially Turkish Jews. There is also a large Syrian community in <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a>. </p><p>Many Jews fled from Syria to Palestine during the <a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">anti-Jewish riots of 1947</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, the Syrian government clamped down and allowed no emigration, though some Jews left illicitly. In the last two decades, some emigration has been allowed, mostly to America, though some have since left America for Israel, under the leadership of Rabbi Abraham Hamra.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older generation from prior to the establishment of the Israeli state retains little or no Syrian ethnic identity of its own and is well integrated into mainstream Israeli society. The most recent wave is integrating at different levels, with some concentrating on integration in Israel and others retaining closer ties with their kin in New York and Mexico.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a <i>Merkaz 'Olami le-Moreshet Yahadut Aram Tsoba</i> (World Center for the Heritage of Aleppo Jewry) in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, which publishes books of Syrian Jewish interest.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main settlement of Syrian Jews was in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, where they joined the local <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews#Great_Britain" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese synagogues</a>, which had a mixed community that included North African, Turkish, Egyptian and Iraqi as well as Syrian Jews. This community founded two synagogues; one (<i>Shaare Tephillah</i>) in north central Manchester, which has since moved to <a href="/wiki/Salford,_Greater_Manchester" class="mw-redirect" title="Salford, Greater Manchester">Salford</a>, and the other (<i>Shaare Hayim</i>) on Queenston Road in <a href="/wiki/West_Didsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="West Didsbury">West Didsbury</a>, in the southern suburbs. A breakaway synagogue (<i>Shaare Sedek</i>) was later formed on Old Lansdowne Road with more of a Syrian flavor; it and the Queenston Road congregation later merged, while retaining both buildings. They remained known as the "Lansdowne Road synagogue" and the "Queen's Road synagogue", after the names those streets bore in the 1930s. While there are still Sephardim in the Manchester area, a number have left for communities in the Americas. The <i>Sha'are Sedek</i> synagogue has since been sold, and a new synagogue with the same name has been opened in <a href="/wiki/Hale,_Greater_Manchester" title="Hale, Greater Manchester">Hale</a>, to be closer to the current centers of the Sephardic and general Jewish populations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_communities_of_the_United_States" title="Syrian Jewish communities of the United States">Syrian Jewish communities of the United States</a></div> <p>Syrian Jews first immigrated to New York in 1892. The first Syrian Jew to arrive was Jacob Abraham Dwek, along with Ezra Abraham Sitt. They initially lived on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Later settlements were in <a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst,_Brooklyn" title="Bensonhurst, Brooklyn">Bensonhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwood,_Brooklyn" title="Midwood, Brooklyn">Midwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flatbush,_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatbush, Brooklyn">Flatbush</a>, and along <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Parkway_(Brooklyn)" title="Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)">Ocean Parkway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend</a>, Brooklyn. These Brooklyn residents spend the summers in <a href="/wiki/Deal,_New_Jersey" title="Deal, New Jersey">Deal</a>, New Jersey. Many of the older residents have a third home in <a href="/wiki/Aventura,_Florida" title="Aventura, Florida">Aventura</a>, Florida to escape the cold weather. There had been a further wave of immigration from Syria in 1992, when the Syrian government under <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> began allowing emigration of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a>, comedian, is of Syrian Jewish descent from his mother's side.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:109px;max-width:109px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Synagogue_Or_Torah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2_Synagogue_Or_Torah.JPG/107px-2_Synagogue_Or_Torah.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2_Synagogue_Or_Torah.JPG/161px-2_Synagogue_Or_Torah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/2_Synagogue_Or_Torah.JPG/214px-2_Synagogue_Or_Torah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synagogue_Or_Torah,_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synagogue Or Torah, Buenos Aires (page does not exist)">Synagogue Or Torah</a>, built by Damascene Jews</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Templo_Congregaci%C3%B3n_Sefarad%C3%AD_Yesod_Hadat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Templo_Congregaci%C3%B3n_Sefarad%C3%AD_Yesod_Hadat.jpg/177px-Templo_Congregaci%C3%B3n_Sefarad%C3%AD_Yesod_Hadat.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Templo_Congregaci%C3%B3n_Sefarad%C3%AD_Yesod_Hadat.jpg/266px-Templo_Congregaci%C3%B3n_Sefarad%C3%AD_Yesod_Hadat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Templo_Congregaci%C3%B3n_Sefarad%C3%AD_Yesod_Hadat.jpg/354px-Templo_Congregaci%C3%B3n_Sefarad%C3%AD_Yesod_Hadat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4070" data-file-height="3259" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yesod_Hadat_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yesod Hadat Synagogue (page does not exist)">Yesod Hadat Synagogue</a>, built by Aleppine Jews</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Argentina has the third largest Syrian Jewish community after Israel and the United States. The largest Jewish community is in the capital <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. The Sephardim, and especially the Syrians, are a sizeable community. Syrian Jews are most visible in the <a href="/wiki/Balvanera" title="Balvanera">Once</a> district, where there are many community schools and temples. For some decades there has been a good-natured rivalry between the <i>Shami</i> (<a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascene</a>) community of "Shaare Tefila (Pasito)" synagogue and the <i>Halebi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppan</a>) community of "Sucath David" across the street. The most influential rabbinic authority was Rabbi Isaac Chehebar from the "Yessod Hadat" congregation on Lavalle street; he was consulted from all across the globe, and had an influential role in the recovery of parts of the <i><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a></i>. There are many <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher butchers and restaurants</a> catering to the community. There were important communities in <a href="/wiki/Villa_Crespo" title="Villa Crespo">Villa Crespo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flores,_Buenos_Aires" title="Flores, Buenos Aires">Flores</a> neighborhoods as well. Many Syrian Jews own clothing stores along Avellaneda avenue in Flores, and there is a community school on Felipe Vallese (formerly Canalejas) street. Some important clothing chains such as Chemea and Tawil, with tens of shops each, were started by Syrian Jews. <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Duer" title="Carolina Duer">Carolina Duer</a> is an Argentine-Syrian Jewish world champion boxer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of the Syrian community of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> come from <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, where most have settled between the late 19th century and the fall of the Ottoman Empire. A lot of the Halabi merchant traders maintained links and resided between Aleppo and Beirut a far back as the 18th century. A later arrival of Syrian Jews to Lebanon took place due to their expulsion from Syria following the creation of the State of Israel in 1948 and the subsequent violent anti-Jewish pogroms perpetrated by their Muslim neighbours. They left Beirut in wake of the first <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. Most Syrian Jews established themselves in the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, being attracted there by the many commercial opportunities it offered. The community became very prosperous, and several of its members are among the wealthiest and the politically and economically most influential families in São Paulo. The community first attended Egyptian synagogues, but later founded their own synagogues, most notably the Beit Yaakov synagogues in the neighbourhoods of Jardins and Higienopolis. The community has its own school and youth movement, and claims a strong Jewish identity and low assimilation rate. The majority of the community affiliates itself institutionally with <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, though few could be described as personally fully Orthodox. There are approximately 7,000 Syrian Jews in Brazil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With its liberal immigration policy, Chile attracted some Syrian Jews, particularly from Damascus, beginning in the late 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Syrian Jews also escaped from Syria and Palestine, provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the World War I. At present there are 2,300 Syrian Jews in Chile. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinagoga_Plat%C3%B3n_338.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sinagoga_Plat%C3%B3n_338.jpg/220px-Sinagoga_Plat%C3%B3n_338.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sinagoga_Plat%C3%B3n_338.jpg/330px-Sinagoga_Plat%C3%B3n_338.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sinagoga_Plat%C3%B3n_338.jpg/440px-Sinagoga_Plat%C3%B3n_338.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Polanco,_Mexico_City" title="Polanco, Mexico City">Polanco, Mexico City</a> founded by immigrants from Damascus </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been Syrian Jews from Damascus and Aleppo in Mexico City since the early years of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally they worshipped in a private house transformed into a synagogue – Sinagoga Ketana (<i>Bet Haknesset HaKatan</i>) located in Calles de Jesús María. The first organized Jewish community in Mexico was Alianza Monte Sinai founded on June 14, 1912, mainly by natives of Damascus (together with a few Sephardi Jews) and led by Isaac Capon. They later founded the first synagogue, Monte Sinaí, on Justo Sierra street in downtown Mexico City, originally led by Rabbi Laniado, which still holds a daily service of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer#Mincha_(afternoon_prayers)" title="Jewish prayer">mincha</a> (afternoon prayer). The Damascene community also bought the first Jewish burial place in Tacuba street on June 12, 1914, which is in use to this day and has been expanded by the recent purchase of the adjacent land. </p><p>The Rodfe Sedek synagogue, for Aleppan Jews, was established in 1931, largely through the efforts of Rabbi Mordejay Attie. This synagogue, known also as Knis de Cordoba, is situated at 238 Cordoba Street in the Colonia Roma quarter of Mexico City. At the time this neighborhood was home to the largest concentration of Jews from Aleppo in Mexico City. The first <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> (ritual bath) in Mexico was established within the Rodfe Sedek synagogue. In 1982 a funeral house was built in the courtyard of the synagogue. </p><p>Also in the 1930s the members of Monte Sinaí established a large synagogue for Damascene Jews situated at 110 Querétaro Street in the Colonia Roma area. They have welcomed Jews of all backgrounds into their midst, which has allowed tremendous growth over the years. In 1938 Jewish immigrants from Aleppo set up Sociedad de Beneficencia Sedaká u Marpé, which evolved into a separate Jewish community: since 1984 it has been known as Comunidad Maguen David. Monte Sinai and Maguen David are now the largest Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, having more than 30 synagogues, a community center and a school each, with Maguen David having at least 5 schools and plans for more (Colegio Hebreo Maguen David, Yeshiva Keter Torah, Beit Yaakov, Emek HaTorah, Colegio Atid and Colegio Or HaJaim). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Panama">Panama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> also received a large number of Syrian Jewish immigrants, mostly from Halab (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>), where they constitute the largest group in Panama's 15,000 strong Jewish Sephardic community. The first wave of immigrants arrived in the late 1940s after riots in Aleppo due to the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>. The community consists of many synagogues all united under its flagship, Shevet Ahim Synagogue, where their late Chief Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zion_Levy" title="Zion Levy">Zion Levy</a> officiated. The community maintains close contact with their counterparts in North America as well as Israel. In his later years, Rabbi Levy oversaw the construction of new synagogues in Panama City and worked for smooth relations with the country's Arab and Muslim communities. He frequently phoned the country's imam for a talk. By the time of his death, the Shevet Ahim community numbered 10,000 Jews, 6,000 of whom are Torah-observant. The community now includes several synagogues, mikvahs, three Jewish schools, a yeshiva, a kollel, and a girls' seminary, along with several kosher restaurants and supermarkets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a large community of <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Jamaicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Jamaicans">Lebanese Jamaicans</a>, estimated at about 20,000, a number of whom remain practicing Jews to this day. Studies have estimated that there are over 400,000 descendants of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaican Jews</a> in Jamaica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halabi/Shami_divide_in_diaspora"><span id="Halabi.2FShami_divide_in_diaspora"></span>Halabi/Shami divide in diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Halabi/Shami divide in diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shami Jews" redirects here. For the Yemenite Jews who adopted the Sephardic rite of Damascus, as opposed to the actual Jews of Damascene origin, see <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Religious_groups" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews § Religious groups</a>.</div> <p>As Syrian Jews migrated to the New World and established themselves, a divide frequently persisted between those with roots in Aleppo (the Halabi Jews, alternately spelled Halebi or Chalabi) and Damascus (the Shami Jews), which had been the two main centers of Jewish life in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Shelemay_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelemay-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeanOlmstead_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeanOlmstead-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This split persists to the present day, with each community maintaining some separate cultural institutions and organizations, and to a lesser-extent, a preference for in-group marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Shelemay_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shelemay-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DeanOlmstead_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeanOlmstead-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions_and_customs">Traditions and customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditions and customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs#Liturgy" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs § Liturgy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbiandofficialsofaleppogreatsynagogue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rabbiandofficialsofaleppogreatsynagogue.jpg/220px-Rabbiandofficialsofaleppogreatsynagogue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Rabbiandofficialsofaleppogreatsynagogue.jpg/330px-Rabbiandofficialsofaleppogreatsynagogue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Rabbiandofficialsofaleppogreatsynagogue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Rabbi Jacob Saul Dwek, Rabbi Reuven Ancona and officials of the great synagogue of Aleppo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg/220px-Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg/330px-Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Aleppo-Jewish201914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Jewish wedding in Aleppo, Syria, 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>There exists a fragment of the old Aleppo prayer book for the High Holy Days, published in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in 1527, and a second edition, starting with the High Holy Days but covering the whole year, in 1560. This represents the liturgy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Musta'arabim</a></i> (native Arabic-speaking Jews) as distinct from that of the Sephardim proper (immigrants from Spain and Portugal): it recognizably belongs to the "Sephardic" family of rites in the widest sense, but is different from any liturgy used today. For more detail, see <a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews#Old_Aleppo_ritual" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Old Aleppo ritual</a>. </p><p>Following the immigration of Jews from Spain following the expulsion, a compromise liturgy evolved containing elements from the customs of both communities, but with the Sephardic element taking an ever-larger share.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Syria, as in North African countries, there was no attempt to print a <a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a> containing the actual usages of the community, as this would not generally be commercially viable. Major publishing centres, principally <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, would produce standard "Sephardic" prayer books suitable for use in all communities, and particular communities such as the Syrians would order these in bulk, preserving any special usages by oral tradition. (For example, Ḥacham Abraham Ḥamwi of Aleppo commissioned a series of prayer-books from Livorno, which were printed in 1878, but even these were "pan-Sephardic" in character, though they contained some notes about the specific "minhag Aram Tsoba".) As details of the oral tradition faded from memory, the liturgy in use came ever nearer to the "Livorno" standard. In the early years of the 20th century, this "Sephardic" rite was almost universal in Syria. The only exception (in Aleppo) was a "Musta'arabi" <a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a>, but the liturgy of this group only differed from the "Sephardic" by a few textual variants and the order of some of the hymns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The liturgy of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> differed from that of Aleppo in some details, mostly because of its greater proximity to the Holy Land. Some of the laws specific to Eretz Yisrael are regarded as extending to Damascus,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the city had ties both to the <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalists</a> and to the Jerusalem Sephardic community. </p><p>The liturgy now used in Syrian communities round the world is textually speaking Oriental-Sephardic. That is to say, it is based on the Spanish rite as varied by the customs of <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>, and resembles those in use in Greek, Turkish and North African Jewish communities. In earlier decades some communities and individuals used "<a href="/wiki/Siddur#Edot_Ha-mizrach_(Iraqi)" title="Siddur">Edot ha-Mizraḥ</a>" prayer-books which contained a slightly different text, based on the Baghdadi rite, as these were more commonly available, leaving any specifically Syrian usages to be perpetuated by oral tradition. The nearest approach to a current official prayer book is entitled <i>Kol Ya'akob</i>, but many other editions exist and there is still disagreement on some textual variants. </p><p>The musical customs of Syrian communities are very distinctive, as many of the prayers are chanted to the melodies of the <a href="/wiki/Pizmonim" title="Pizmonim">pizmonim</a>, according to a complicated annual rota designed to ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">maqam</a> (musical mode) used suits the mood of the festival or of the Torah reading for the week.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Cantors" title="Syrian Cantors">Syrian Cantors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Maqam">Weekly Maqam</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pizmonim">Pizmonim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pizmonim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pizmonim" title="Pizmonim">Pizmonim</a></div> <p>Syrian Jews have a large repertoire of hymns, sung on social and ceremonial occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Weddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Weddings">weddings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar_mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar mitzvah">bar mitzvahs</a>. Pizmonim are also used in the prayers of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and holidays. Some of these are ancient and others were composed more recently as adaptations of popular Arabic songs; sometimes they are written or commissioned for particular occasions, and contain coded allusions to the name of the person honoured. There is a standard Pizmonim book called "Shir uShbaha Hallel veZimrah", edited by Cantor Gabriel A. Shrem under the supervision of the Sephardic Heritage Foundation, in which the hymns are classified according to the musical mode (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">maqam</a>) to which the melody belongs. As time passes, more and more pizmonim are getting lost, and therefore efforts are being made by the Sephardic Pizmonim Project, under the leadership of Dr. David M. Betesh, to preserve as many pizmonim as possible. A website to facilitate its preservation was set up at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pizmonim.com/">Pizmonim.com</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baqashot">Baqashot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Baqashot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a></div> <p>It was a custom in Syrian Jewish communities (and some others), to sing <a href="/wiki/Baqashot" title="Baqashot">Baqashot</a> (petitionary hymns), before the morning service on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. In the winter months, the full corpus of 66 hymns is sung, finishing with <a href="/wiki/Adon_Olam" title="Adon Olam">Adon Olam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaddish" title="Kaddish">Kaddish</a>. This service generally lasts about four hours, from 3:00am to 7:00am. </p><p>This tradition still obtains full force in the <a href="/wiki/Ades_Synagogue" title="Ades Synagogue">Ades Synagogue</a> in Jerusalem. In other communities such as New York, it is less widespread; though the <a href="/wiki/Hymns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hymns">hymns</a> are sung on other occasions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronunciation_of_Hebrew">Pronunciation of Hebrew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Pronunciation of Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi Hebrew</a></div> <p>The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is similar to that of other <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> communities and is influenced both by <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a> and by the Syrian dialect of <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>. The Syrian pronunciation of Hebrew is less archaic than the Iraqi Hebrew of <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jews">Iraqi Jews</a> and closer to standard Sephardic Hebrew. That affects especially the interdentals. Nevertheless, Syrian and Iraqi Hebrew are very closely related because of their location and geographic proximity, as is the case with most eastern Jewish communities in the Arabic world other than <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a>. Particular features are as follows: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></i> without <i><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">dagesh</a></i>) is traditionally <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, but in Israel, it is often now <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Hebrew">Israeli Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></i> without <i>dagesh</i>) is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɣ]</span>, like Arabic غ (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">voiced velar fricative</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.8.2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.8.2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></i> without <i>dagesh</i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> as in Israeli Hebrew, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ð]</span> as in <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He</a></i> with <i><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">mappiq</a></i>) is often pronounced with a very short postpended schwa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.11.2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.11.2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Waw</a></i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span>, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Heth</a></i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span>, like Arabic ح (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">voiceless pharyngeal fricative</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Teth</a></i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span>, like Arabic ط (<a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">pharyngealized</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_and_alveolar_stops" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental and alveolar stops">voiceless alveolar plosive</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaph</a></i> without <i>dagesh</i>) is often pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[x]</span>, like Arabic خ (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʕ]</span>, like Arabic ع (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">voiced pharyngeal fricative</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsade</a></i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sˤ]</span>, like Arabic ص (pharyngealized <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar fricative</a>), like English voiceless "s" but with the tongue a little retracted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.6.2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.6.2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Qoph</a></i>) is supposed to be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span>, like Classical Arabic ق (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless uvular stop">voiceless uvular stop</a>) but sometimes slips historically into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔ]</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>, as in colloquial Syrian Arabic, and today into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>, in conformity with English and Israeli Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Taw</a></i> without <i>dagesh</i>) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> as in Israeli Hebrew, not <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θ]</span> as in the Yemenite and Iraqi pronunciations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.2.2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.2.2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The retention of distinct emphatic sounds such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ħ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span> differentiates Syrian pronunciation from many other Sephardic/Mizrahi pronunciations, which have failed to maintain these phonemic or phonological distinctions, such as between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tˤ]</span>. </p><p>Vowels are pronounced as in most other Sephardi and Mizrahi traditions. For example, there is little or no distinction between <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">pataḥ</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">qamats gadol</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>) or between <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">segol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">tsere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">vocal sheva</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e]</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Ḥiriq</a></i> is sometimes reduced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ə]</span> in an unstressed closed syllable or near an emphatic or guttural consonant.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A semivocalic sound is heard before <i>pataḥ ganuv</i> (<i>pataḥ</i> coming between a long vowel and a final guttural): thus <i>ruaḥ</i> (spirit) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈruːwaħ]</span>, and <i>siaḥ</i> (speech) is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsiːjaħ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19816.4.2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19816.4.2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaeo-Arabic_dialect">Judaeo-Arabic dialect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Judaeo-Arabic dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jews in Syria had distinctive dialects of <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judaeo-Arabic</a> called <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Syrian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Syrian Arabic">Judeo-Syrian Arabic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are not known to have any current speakers. </p><p>Syrian Jews had a distinctive traditional <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_(Arabic)#Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translations (Arabic)">sharḥ</a> (translation of the Bible into <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Syrian Judaeo-Arabic</a>), which was used in teaching children, though not for any liturgical purpose. One version of this was printed in about 1900: another (from the so-called Avishur Manuscript) was printed by the <i>Merkaz Olami le-Moreshet Yahadut Aram Tsoba</i> in 2006, with pages of translation facing pages from the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Crown" title="Jerusalem Crown">Jerusalem Crown</a>. This print contains the Torah only, but volumes for the rest of the Bible are planned. </p><p>Many Syrian Jews have the custom of reciting each paragraph of the Passover <a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">Haggadah</a> first in Hebrew and then in Judaeo-Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aleppo_Codex">Aleppo Codex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aleppo Codex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>, now known in Hebrew as <i>Keter Aram Tsoba</i>, is the oldest and most famous manuscript of the Bible. Written in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> in the year 920, and annotated by <a href="/wiki/Aaron_ben_Moses_ben_Asher" title="Aaron ben Moses ben Asher">Aaron ben Asher</a>, it has become the most authoritative Biblical text in Jewish culture. The most famous halachic authority to rely on it was <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, in his exposition of the laws governing the writing of Torah scrolls in his codification of Jewish law (<a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>). After its completion, the Codex was brought to Jerusalem. Toward the end of the 11th century, it was stolen and taken to Egypt, where it was redeemed by the Jewish community of Cairo. At the end of the 14th century the Codex was taken to Aleppo, Syria (called by the Jews Aram <a href="/wiki/Zobah" title="Zobah">Zobah</a>, the biblical name of part of Syria)—this is the origin of the manuscript's modern name. </p><p>For the next five centuries, it was kept closely guarded in the basement of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a>, and was considered the community's greatest treasure. Scholars from round the world would consult it to check the accuracy of their Torah scrolls. In the modern era the community would occasionally allow academics, such as <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Cassuto" title="Umberto Cassuto">Umberto Cassuto</a>, access to the Codex, but would not permit it to be reproduced photographically or otherwise. </p><p>The Codex remained in the keeping of the Aleppo Jewish community until the <a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">anti-Jewish riots of December 1947</a>, during which the ancient synagogue where it was kept was broken into and burned. The Codex itself disappeared. In 1958, the Keter was smuggled into Israel by Murad Faham and wife Sarina, and presented to the President of the State, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Ben-Zvi" title="Yitzhak Ben-Zvi">Yitzhak Ben-Zvi</a>. Following its arrival, it was found that parts of the Codex, including most of the Torah, had been lost. The Codex was entrusted to the keeping of the <a href="/wiki/Yad_Ben_Zvi" title="Yad Ben Zvi">Ben-Zvi Institute</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>, though the <a href="/wiki/Porat_Yosef_Yeshiva" title="Porat Yosef Yeshiva">Porat Yosef Yeshivah</a> has argued that, as the spiritual heir of the Aleppo community, it was the legitimate guardian. Some time after the arrival of the Codex, <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Breuer" title="Mordechai Breuer">Mordechai Breuer</a> began the monumental work of reconstructing the lost sections, on the basis of other well-known ancient manuscripts. Since then a few other leaves have been found. </p><p>Modern editions of the Bible, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a>'s "Jerusalem Crown" and <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a>'s "Mikraot Gedolot ha-Keter", have been based on the Codex. The missing sections have been reconstructed on the basis of cross-references in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> of surviving sections, of the notes of scholars who have consulted the Codex and of other manuscripts. </p><p>The codex is now kept in the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>, in the building known as "<a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">The Shrine of The Book</a>." It lies there along with the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> and many other ancient Jewish relics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_to_conversion">Attitudes to conversion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Attitudes to conversion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the Mahzor Aram Soba of 1527 and 1560, conversions were clearly accepted, as there are blessings in the Mahzor on the rituals of conversions. However, in the early 20th century the Syrian Jewish communities of New York and Buenos Aires adopted rulings designed to discourage intermarriage. The communities would not normally carry out <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversions to Judaism</a>, particularly where the conversion is suspected of being for the sake of marriage, or accept such converts from other communities, or the children of mixed marriages or marriages involving such converts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ben-Zion_Meir_Hai_Uziel" title="Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel">Ben-Zion Meir Hai Uziel</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi#Sephardi" title="Chief Rabbi">Sephardi Chief Rabbi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, was asked to rule on the validity of this ban. He acknowledged the right of the community to refuse to carry out conversions and to regard as invalid conversions carried out by other communities in which marriage is a factor. At the same time, he cautioned that persons converted out of genuine conviction and recognized by established rabbinic authorities should not be regarded as non-Jewish, even if they were not allowed to join the Syrian community. </p><p>The ban is popularly known within the Syrian community as the "edict" or "proclamation" (in Hebrew, <i><a href="/wiki/Takkanah" title="Takkanah">takkanah</a></i>). Every 20 years or so, the edict is reaffirmed by all leaders and rabbis of the community, often with extra clauses. A full list is as follows: </p> <ul><li>Buenos Aires, 1937 (R. David Setton)</li> <li>New York, 1935 (Hacham Hayim Tawil)</li> <li>New York, 1946 "Clarification"</li> <li>New York, 1972 "Affirmation"</li> <li>New York, 1984 "Reaffirmation"</li> <li>New York, 2006 "Reaffirmation"</li></ul> <p>There has been some argument as to whether the ruling amounts to a blanket ban on all converts or whether sincere converts from other communities, not motivated by marriage, may be accepted. The relevant sentence in the English language summary is "no male or female member of our community has the right to intermarry with non-Jews; this law covers conversions which we consider to be fictitious and valueless". In the 1946 "Clarification" a comma appears after the word "conversions", which makes it appear that <i>all</i> conversions are "fictitious and valueless", though this understanding is contested, and there is no equivalent change in the Hebrew text. </p><p>However, there are exceptions to the rule, such as conversions for the sake of adoptions always being permitted. Additionally, communal rabbis (such as the late Chief Rabbi Jacob S. Kassin) have occasionally recognized conversions carried out by certain rabbis, such as members of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>. Nonetheless, these rulings strongly discourage people from converting into the Syrian Jewish community as they require them to show commitment to Judaism above and beyond what is required by the normative rabbinical laws of conversion. </p><p>Supporters of the edict argue that it has been demographically successful, in that the rate of intermarriage with non-Jews in the Syrian community is believed to be less than 3%, as opposed to anything up to 50% in the general American Jewish population. Opponents argue that this fact is not a result of the edict, but of widespread attendance at Orthodox day schools, and that a similarly low rate of intermarriage is found among other Orthodox day-schooled Jews despite the absence of any equivalent of the edict.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:lavender;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/260px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/390px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg/520px-Mordecai_and_Esther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hulaul%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulaulá language">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishana_Deni" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishana Deni">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzani_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanure_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lishanid_Noshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishanid Noshan">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Djerbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Yemenite</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Jewish diaspora languages</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yevanic">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalanic language">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italkian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italkian">Italkian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Gruzinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi">Dzhidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani language">Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani dialect">Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuadit" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuadit">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Berber">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis 1">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden Fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promised_Land" title="Promised Land">Promised Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrod" title="Nimrod">Nimrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Babel" title="Tower of Babel">Tower of Babel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Sodom and Gomorrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Cain and Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_bush" title="Burning bush">Burning bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Plagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Plagues">Ten Plagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Red_Sea" title="Crossing the Red Sea">Crossing the Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_calf" title="Golden calf">Golden calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Canaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Canaan">Conquest of Canaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">Gehenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon" title="Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_and_Goliath" class="mw-redirect" title="David and Goliath">David and Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_(biblical_figure)" title="Ruth (biblical figure)">Ruth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobiel" title="Dobiel">Dobiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouza">Ouza</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_folklore" title="Jewish folklore">Jewish folklore</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dybbuk" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golem" title="Golem">Golem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behemoth" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shedim" title="Shedim">Shedim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin_(monster)" title="Tannin (monster)">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahab_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahab (Egypt)">Rahab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdana_(Judaism)" title="Bagdana (Judaism)">Bagdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estries" title="Estries">Estries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belial" title="Belial">Belial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samael" title="Samael">Samael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%27em" title="Re'em">Re'em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baal Berith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilin" title="Lilin">Lilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Juchne" title="Bar Juchne">Bar Juchne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziz" title="Ziz">Ziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamah_(demon)" title="Naamah (demon)">Naamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arariel" title="Arariel">Arariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%27irim" title="Se'irim">Se'irim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumah_(angel)" title="Dumah (angel)">Dumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armilus" title="Armilus">Armilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broxa" title="Broxa">Broxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elioud" title="Elioud">Elioud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alukah" title="Alukah">Alukah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rephaite" title="Rephaite">Rephaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossele_the_Holy_Miser" title="Yossele the Holy Miser">Yossele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_ants" title="Valley of the ants">Valley of the ants</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical literature">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish#Literature" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_English_Jewish_literature" title="Early English Jewish literature">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews#Yemenite_Jewish_literature" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_literature" title="Musar literature">Musar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Jewish poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_poetry" title="Biblical poetry">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_poetry_from_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jewish_poetry" title="Yemenite Jewish poetry">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Jewish_epic_poetry" title="Hebrew and Jewish epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature#Poetry" title="Jewish literature">Medieval Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust literature">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niggun" class="mw-redirect" title="Niggun">Niggun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemirot" title="Zemirot">Zemirot</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Tat theatre">Judeo-Tat theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Jewish dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews_associated_with_the_visual_arts" title="Lists of Jews associated with the visual arts">List of Jews in the visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_film_directors" title="List of Jewish film directors">List of Jewish film directors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_American_cinema" title="Jews in American cinema">Jews in American cinema</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology" title="Jewish culture">Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_medicine" title="Jewish medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_mathematicians" title="List of Jewish mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_scientists_and_philosophers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Jewish scientists and philosophers">Scientists</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sport</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports" title="List of Jews in sports">List of Jews in sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_association_football" title="Jews in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_baseball" title="Jews in baseball">Baseball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_Sports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame">Jewish Sports Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Yom_Kippur_by_Jewish_athletes" title="Observance of Yom Kippur by Jewish athletes">Jewish athletes and Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Mizrahi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:lavender;;background:lavender;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Other aspects</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue_architecture" title="Synagogue architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal:Judaism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_culture" title="Category:Jewish culture">Category:Jewish culture</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_culture" title="Template talk:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian Jewish cuisine</a></div> <p>As in most Arab and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> countries, Syrian Jewish cuisine is fairly similar to other types of <a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian cuisine</a> (which in turn reflect some <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a> influence), although some dishes have different names among Jewish members. This is partly because of the eastern Mediterranean origins of Judaism as such and partly because the similarity of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic dietary laws</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> laws. Some dishes of Spanish and Italian origin have become part of the repertoire through the influence of the Sephardi and <i>Franco</i> waves of immigration: a few of these have become part of the wider Syrian cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syrian (and Egyptian) recipes remain popular in Syrian Jewish communities around the world. There are traditions linking different dishes to the Jewish festivals. </p><p>Popular dishes are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Riz: Mixture of white rice and short cut noodles</li> <li>Hamid: Soup made with lemon juice, parsley, mint, onion, potato, celery and garlic</li> <li>Fetteh: Chickpea broth cooked with <a href="/wiki/Tequesquite" title="Tequesquite">Tequesquite</a>. Often eaten with <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> and yoghurt</li> <li>Kibbeh riz: Mashed cooked rice and ground beef shaped into a patty and fried</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a></i> Nabulsieh: minced meat with pine nuts and pomegranate seeds in a <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">burghul</a> torpedo shaped fried shell often served with peas</li> <li><i>Kibbeh ħamda</i>: Small kibbeh balls used in soups</li> <li><i>Kibbeh bisfarjal</i>: Same as above but with <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a> instead of potatoes; eaten on (<a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a>)</li> <li><i>Kibbeh Yakhnieh</i>: Meat balls with chick peas and spinach</li> <li><i>Kibbeh bisfiha</i>: Meat burgers with eggplant</li> <li><i>Fawleh blahmeh</i> or <i>Loubieh blahmeh</i>: Lamb or veal cubes with string beans or black-eyed peas</li> <li><i>Ijjeh</i> or <i>eggah</i>: Egg dish, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_omelette" title="Spanish omelette">Spanish omelette</a> with <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, potato or cheese</li> <li><i>Ijjeh blahmeh</i>: Fried meat burgers with eggs served with lemon and radishes</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Muħshi Badinjan</a></i>: Stuffed eggplant with rice, meat, and chickpeas</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Muħshi Kousa</a></i>: Stuffed zucchini with rice, meat, nana mint, and lemon</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Yaprak</a></i>: Stuffed vine leaves with rice and meat</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></i>: Meat balls (sometimes with cherries or pomegranate paste)</li> <li>Chicken <i><a href="/wiki/Sofrito_(stew)" title="Sofrito (stew)">sofrito</a></i>: Chicken sautéed with lemon juice, turmeric, and cardamom</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avgolemono" title="Avgolemono">Beida bi-lemoune</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Chicken_soup" title="Chicken soup">Chicken soup</a> mixed with an egg and lemon</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">Dfeena</a></i>: Shabbat meat and bean stew equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Cholent" title="Cholent">cholent</a></li> <li><i>Ḥammin</i> eggs: Hard-boiled eggs stained brown by being baked with <i>dfeena</i> or boiled with onion skins, sometimes adding tea leaves or coffee grounds<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lahmacun" title="Lahmacun">Laħmajeen</a></i> (or <i>Laħmabajeen</i>): Meat (sometimes with pomegranate paste or prune juice) on a small, round pastry base</li> <li><i>Maoudeh</i>: A stew of fried cube-shaped potatoes with lamb, beef, or chicken meat</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matambre" title="Matambre">Matambre</a></i>: Boiled squash, cheese, eggs, and pieces of <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a></li> <li><i>Mfarraket al-ful</i>: Cold minced beef with <a href="/wiki/Fava_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava beans">fava beans</a> and scrambled eggs (for Shabbat)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Sambousak</a></i>: Small half-moon pastry filled with cheese or meat</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salep" title="Salep">Sahlab</a></i>: Hot milk with starch and sugar often served with cinnamon</li> <li><i>Kousa b'jibn</i>: Squash baked with cheese</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mujaddara" title="Mujaddara">M'jadra</a></i>: Rice and lentil or burghul and lentil kedgeree</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">Tabbouleh</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">Burghul</a> salad with vine leaves</li> <li><i>Bazirjan or <a href="/wiki/Muhammara" title="Muhammara">Muhammara</a></i>: Burghul crushed wheat with pomegranate paste or prune juice</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">Shakshouka</a></i> or <i>Beid bifranji</i>: Boiled tomato puree with onion and eggs</li> <li><i>Beid blaban</i>: Boiled yogurt with garlic, nana mint, and scrambled eggs</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaak" class="mw-disambig" title="Kaak">Ka'ak</a></i>: Aniseed-flavored bracelets with sesame seeds</li> <li><i>Ghreibe</i>: Shortbread biscuits, often in bracelet form</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma%27amoul" title="Ma'amoul">Ma'amoul</a></i>: Shortbread pastries with date or nut fillings (the Jewish version differs from the Arab in not using semolina flour)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanafeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanafeh">Kanafeh</a> mabroumeh or ballorieh</i>: Fine threads of shredded filo dough filled with pistachios or ricotta</li> <li>Orange <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> cakes derived from Spanish recipes through Sephardic immigration</li> <li>Coconut jam: (used at Passover)</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Almond_milk" class="extiw" title="b:Cookbook:Almond milk">Sharab al-loz</a></i>: Iced drink made from almond syrup; generally a summer drink, but also used before <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>. Additionally, it is most commonly shared at happy occasions such as when a couple gets engaged.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_People">Notable People</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a> – American comedian, his mother was from Aleppo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_W._Sciama" title="Dennis W. Sciama">Dennis W. Sciama</a> – British physicist of Syrian descent who, through his own work and that of his students, played a major role in developing British physics after the Second World War.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harary" title="Frank Harary">Frank Harary</a> – mathematician, widely recognized as the father of modern graph theory</li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Abdul" title="Paula Abdul">Paula Abdul</a> – American singer, her mother was from Aleppo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Malley" title="Robert Malley">Robert Malley</a> – American diplomat, he was the lead negotiator on the Iran 2015 nuclear deal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Safdie" title="Moshe Safdie">Moshe Safdie</a> – world-renowned architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Safra" title="Joseph Safra">Joseph Safra</a> – was the richest banker in the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Safra" title="Edmond Safra">Edmond Safra</a> – billionaire banker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moise_Safra" title="Moise Safra">Moise Safra</a> – billionaire businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Chera" title="Stanley Chera">Stanley Chera</a> – billionaire real estate developer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sutton_(real_estate_developer)" title="Jeff Sutton (real estate developer)">Jeff Sutton</a> – billionaire real estate developer, founder of Wharton Properties</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sitt" title="Joseph Sitt">Joseph Sitt</a> – founder of <a href="/wiki/Thor_Equities" title="Thor Equities">Thor Equities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Stewart" title="Ashley Stewart">Ashley Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Gindi" title="Sonny Gindi">Sonny Gindi</a> & Family – founders of <a href="/wiki/Century_21_(department_store)" title="Century 21 (department store)">Century 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Mugrabi" title="Jose Mugrabi">Jose Mugrabi</a> – billionaire businessman and art collector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nakash" title="Joseph Nakash">Joseph Nakash</a> – American billionaire, founded, with his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Jordache" title="Jordache">Jordache</a> clothing company.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nahmad" title="David Nahmad">David Nahmad</a> – billionaire art dealer, his sons <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nahmad" title="Joseph Nahmad">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helly_Nahmad_(New_York_art_collector)" title="Helly Nahmad (New York art collector)">Helly Nahamd</a> are also art dealers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Nahmad" title="Ezra Nahmad">Ezra Nahmad</a> – billionaire art dealer and collector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Saba_Raffoul" title="Isaac Saba Raffoul">Isaac Saba Raffoul</a> – Mexican billionaire businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Bigio" title="Gilbert Bigio">Gilbert Bigio</a> – businessman and the only billionaire in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elie_Horn" title="Elie Horn">Elie Horn</a> – Brazilian billionaire</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Mourad_Cohen" title="Ronald Mourad Cohen">Ronald Mourad</a> – British businessman</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cayre" title="Joseph Cayre">Joseph Cayre</a> – businessman and real estate developer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Halabi" title="Simon Halabi">Simon Halabi</a> – Syrian-British businessman</li> <li>Joseph Matalon – the richest billionaire in Jamaica, his father emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Matalon" title="Eli Matalon">Eli Matalon</a> – Jamaican businessman and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Haddad" title="William Haddad">William Haddad</a> – American lobbyist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Mansour" title="Joyce Mansour">Joyce Mansour</a> – French author and <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealist</a> poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Hedaya" title="Dan Hedaya">Dan Hedaya</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Maslat%C3%B3n" title="Carlos Maslatón">Carlos Maslatón</a> – Argentine lawyer and Financial analyst</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ades_Synagogue" title="Ades Synagogue">Ades Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Synagogue_of_Aleppo" title="Central Synagogue of Aleppo">Central Synagogue of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_of_Damascus" title="Jewish Quarter of Damascus">Jewish Quarter of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Cantors" title="Syrian Cantors">Syrian Cantors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Maqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekly Maqam">Weekly Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrians" title="List of Syrians">List of Syrians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nyt-article-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-article_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine+Months+in+Syria&rft.pub=Ninemonthsinsyria.blogspot.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fninemonthsinsyria.blogspot.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj141201-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wsj141201_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEntous2014" class="citation web cs1">Entous, Adam (2014-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/a-brief-history-of-the-syrian-jewish-community-1417491186">"A Brief History of the Syrian Jewish Community"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. wsj.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-15</span></span>. <q>By 2008, when Mr. Marcus visited Syria to research a book on the Jewish community there, the number of Jews had shrunk to between 60 and 70 in Damascus. Another six Jews remained in Aleppo, he said. "You could say it was a community on the way to extinction," he said. "The internal war in Syria has just expedited that process." Around 17 Jews remain in Damascus today, according to community leaders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Syrian+Jewish+Community&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.aulast=Entous&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fa-brief-history-of-the-syrian-jewish-community-1417491186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rescuingaleppo-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rescuingaleppo_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rescuingaleppo_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah2015" class="citation news cs1">Shah, Khushbu (27 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/27/middleeast/last-jews-aleppo-syria/index.html">"Rescuing the last Jews of Aleppo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Rescuing+the+last+Jews+of+Aleppo&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Khushbu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F11%2F27%2Fmiddleeast%2Flast-jews-aleppo-syria%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAQ0PzO42KM">"بي بي سي تتجول في حارة اليهود في دمشق"</a> [BBC roams around the Jewish quarter of Damascus]. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i> (in Arabic). 8 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/KAQ0PzO42KM">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D9%8A+%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKAQ0PzO42KM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/article-717885">"President of Syria's Jewish community passed away; Damascus has 4 Jews"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i>. 2022-09-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=President+of+Syria%27s+Jewish+community+passed+away%3B+Damascus+has+4+Jews&rft.date=2022-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Farticle-717885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishencyclopedia-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishencyclopedia_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9557-kurdistan">"KURDISTAN - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. jewishencyclopedia.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KURDISTAN+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft.pub=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F9557-kurdistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zvi Zohar, <i>Rabbinic Creativity in the Modern Middle East</i> (London 2013), chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yaron Harel, <i>Intrigue and Revolution</i> (Oxford 2015), ch 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Seroussi" title="Edwin Seroussi">Seroussi, Edwin</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.piyut.org.il/articles/259.html">"On the Beginnings of the Singing of Bakkashot in 19th Century Jerusalem"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071436/http://www.piyut.org.il/articles/259.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Pe'amim 56 (1993), 106-124. [H]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman" class="citation web cs1">Friedman, Matti. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-different-history-of-displacement-and-loss/">"A different history of displacement and loss"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=A+different+history+of+displacement+and+loss&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fa-different-history-of-displacement-and-loss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard" class="citation web cs1">Bard, Mitchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/syrianjews.html#5">"The Jews of Syria"</a>. <i>The Jewish Virtual Library</i>. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>. <q>Hamra is also known as Albert Hamra, Abraham Hamra, and Ibrahim al-Hamra (NY Daily News, 19 December 2017, 'Aliza was the daughter of Ibrahim al-Hamra, the former chief rabbi of Syria who moved to Israel')</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=The+Jews+of+Syria&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fanti-semitism%2Fsyrianjews.html%235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelfaxx.com/webarchive/1994/10/4fax1019.html">"Syrian Chief Rabbi Makes Aliyah"</a>. <i>IsraelNewsFaxx</i>. Electronic World Communications, Inc. 20 October 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IsraelNewsFaxx&rft.atitle=Syrian+Chief+Rabbi+Makes+Aliyah&rft.date=1994-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelfaxx.com%2Fwebarchive%2F1994%2F10%2F4fax1019.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aleppojews.com/">Official website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190217200447/http://aleppojews.com/">Archived</a> 2019-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Hebrew).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=109590">Carl Hoffman, "My brother lives in Paris, my sister is in Mexico City", Jerusalem Post, 31 July 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101024065219/http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=109590">Archived</a> 24 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSam_Sokol2013" class="citation web cs1">Sam Sokol (2 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Amid-civil-war-Syrias-remaining-Jews-to-celebrate-High-Holy-Days-325004">"Amid civil war, Syria's remaining Jews to celebrate High Holy Days"</a>. Jpost<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amid+civil+war%2C+Syria%27s+remaining+Jews+to+celebrate+High+Holy+Days&rft.pub=Jpost&rft.date=2013-09-02&rft.au=Sam+Sokol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewish-World%2FJewish-Features%2FAmid-civil-war-Syrias-remaining-Jews-to-celebrate-High-Holy-Days-325004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/24/nyregion/24records.html">"The Paper Trail of Jerry Seinfeld Leads Back to Ellis Island and Beyond"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. April 24, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Paper+Trail+of+Jerry+Seinfeld+Leads+Back+to+Ellis+Island+and+Beyond&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F24%2Fnyregion%2F24records.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span> Her family identified their nationality as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> when they emigrated to the United States in 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2005" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Ben G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RdT1r60f-eAC&pg=PA405"><i>A Travel Guide to the Jewish Caribbean and Latin America</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelican Publishing">Pelican Publishing</a>. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781455613304" title="Special:BookSources/9781455613304"><bdi>9781455613304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Travel+Guide+to+the+Jewish+Caribbean+and+Latin+America&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781455613304&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Ben+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdT1r60f-eAC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For many of the details in this section, see Paulette Kershenovich Schuster, "Keeping the Home Fires Burning: the Role of Syrian Jewish Women in Preserving Communal Identity" and Liz Hamui Sutton, "Contemporary Religious Movements within Mexico's Halebi Jewish Community: Three Case Studies", in Yaron Harel (ed.), <i>Syrian Jewry: History, Culture and Identity</i>: Ramat Gan 2015 (Hebrew and English).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shelemay-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shelemay_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shelemay_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelemay1998" class="citation book cs1">Shelemay, Kay Kaufman (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgoFDZeHhF4C&q=halabi"><i>Let Jasmine Rain Down: Song and Remembrance Among Syrian Jews</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 75, 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226752112" title="Special:BookSources/9780226752112"><bdi>9780226752112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Let+Jasmine+Rain+Down%3A+Song+and+Remembrance+Among+Syrian+Jews&rft.pages=75%2C+243&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780226752112&rft.aulast=Shelemay&rft.aufirst=Kay+Kaufman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpgoFDZeHhF4C%26q%3Dhalabi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeanOlmstead-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeanOlmstead_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeanOlmstead_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean-Olmstead2009" class="citation journal cs1">Dean-Olmstead, Evelyn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018021445/https://ojcs.siue.edu/ojs/index.php/ssa/article/view/774/344">"Arabic and Syrian Jewish Identities in Mexico City, A Century after Migration"</a>. <i>Syrian Studies Association Bulletin</i>. <b>15</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Edwardsville" title="Southern Illinois University Edwardsville">Southern Illinois University Edwardsville</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojcs.siue.edu/ojs/index.php/ssa/article/view/774/344">the original</a> on 18 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Syrian+Studies+Association+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Arabic+and+Syrian+Jewish+Identities+in+Mexico+City%2C+A+Century+after+Migration&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dean-Olmstead&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojcs.siue.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fssa%2Farticle%2Fview%2F774%2F344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The reasons for the dominance of the Sephardic rite are explored in <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs#Liturgy" title="Sephardic law and customs">Sephardic law and customs#Liturgy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abraham Ades, <i>Derekh Ere"ts</i>, pp. 224 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other Israel-specific laws, such as omitting <i>tikkun Rahel</i> in <a href="/wiki/Shemittah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shemittah">shemittah</a> years, were regarded as extending to Aleppo but not to Damascus, because of the tradition of David's conquest of "Aram Zoba".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kligman, Mark, <i>Maqam and Liturgy: Ritual, Music and Aesthetics of Syrian Jews in Brooklyn</i>, Detroit 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">No distinction was made between <i>beth</i> with or without <i>dagesh</i>, but occasionally, the sound of both letters slipped into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[β]</span> (bilabial v): <a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.1.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.8.2-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.8.2_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.8.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.11.2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.11.2_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.11.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> pronunciation occurred very occasionally but was regarded as a mistake made under the influence of Arabic: <a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.1.4 note 2. It is just possible that it was the older pronunciation that was "corrected" to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> under the influence of Turkish Sephardim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.10.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.6.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.1-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.10.1_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.10.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.6.2-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.6.2_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.6.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pronunciation of <i>qof</i> as <i>aleph</i>, while regarded as a mistake, was diagnostic of Syrian identity. Care was taken to avoid it since Sephardic rabbis from Turkey queried why Aleppans said "adosh, adosh, adosh": <a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.9.1. note 11. Very occasionally, an <i>aleph</i> meant to be a glottal stop is <a href="/wiki/Hypercorrection" title="Hypercorrection">hypercorrected</a> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q]</span>: <a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.11.3.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.2.2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19811.2.2_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 1.2.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Tiberian Masoretic rule, according to which the pronunciation of vocal <i>sheva</i> changes before <i>yod</i> or a guttural consonant, is recorded in the literature (Sethon, Menasheh, <i>Kelale Diqduq ha-Qeriah</i>), but it does not appear to have been observed in practice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 6.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz19816.4.2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz19816.4.2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz1981">Katz 1981</a>, 6.4.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Aleppo Jewish dialect is described by Nevo, Moshe, "An Aleppan Judeo-Arabic Dialect", in Harel, Yaron (ed.), <i>Aleppo Studies</i>, vol. 2. 121 [Hebrew]; this is an abridgement of a PhD thesis by the same author at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The full thesis is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.cjh.org:1801/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=1310062&custom_att_2=direct">The Arabic dialect of the Jews of Aleppo: phonology and morphology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415172143/https://digipres.cjh.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE5230094">Archived</a> 2021-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Jewish dialect of Damascus is described by Matsa, Shay in his PhD thesis "The Arabic Dialect of the Jews of Damascus: Distinctive Phonological, Morphological and Lexical Features", also at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The text and a recording of the Damascus version may be found <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shaar-binyamin.com/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97.html">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113095313/http://www.shaar-binyamin.com/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%97.html">Archived</a> 2021-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarina Roffe, "An Analysis of Brooklyn's Rabbinic <i>Takana</i> Prohibiting Syrian and Near Eastern Jews from Marrying Converts", in Yaron Harel (ed.), <i>Syrian Jewry: History, Culture and Identity</i>: Ramat Gan 2015 (Hebrew and English).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although no scientific studies have been completed in regard to the Syrian-Jewish intermarriage rate, anecdotal evidence suggests that the Syrian community's current rate of intermarriage with non-Jews is between 2 and 3%. The National Jewish Population Survey study cited by Gordon and Horowitz <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Gordon_and_Richard_Horowitz" class="citation web cs1">Antony Gordon and Richard Horowitz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/WillYourGrandchildrenBeJews.htm">"Will Your Grandchildren Be Jewish"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+Your+Grandchildren+Be+Jewish&rft.au=Antony+Gordon+and+Richard+Horowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simpletoremember.com%2Fvitals%2FWillYourGrandchildrenBeJews.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span> gives intermarriage rates for Centrist and Hasidic Jews of 3% for those between the ages of 18 and 39 and 6% overall, as compared with 32% for Conservative Jews, 46% for Reform Jews and 49% for secular Jews. Gordon and Horowitz suggest that the main reason for the difference is the growing commitment to Jewish Day School education: "The combination of Jewish commitment and having experienced a complete K-12 Orthodox Jewish Day School education results in an intermarriage rate of not greater than 3%." This suggests that Jewish day schools, rather than the edict, are the decisive factor in discouraging intermarriage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoshi Banit, "Ha-mitbaħ ha-Yehudi ha-Suri ke-bitui le-rav-goniyut ha-tarbutit" (Syrian Jewish Cuisine as an Expression of Ethnic Diversity), in Yaron Harel (ed.), <i>Syrian Jewry</i>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allbaking.net/ch/2001/february/sephardicflavors2.html">"Recipes From Cookbooks at Recipelink.com"</a>. Allbaking.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Recipes+From+Cookbooks+at+Recipelink.com&rft.pub=Allbaking.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allbaking.net%2Fch%2F2001%2Ffebruary%2Fsephardicflavors2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icdgroup.net/our-founders/">"Our Founders - ICD Group"</a>. 2021-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Founders+-+ICD+Group&rft.date=2021-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficdgroup.net%2Four-founders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Abadi, J.F., <i>A Fistful of Lentils: Syrian-Jewish Recipes from Grandma Fritzie's Kitchen</i>: Harvard 2002. Hardback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55832-218-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55832-218-3">1-55832-218-3</a></li> <li>Ades, Abraham, <i>Derech Ere"tz</i>: Bene Berak 1990</li> <li>Assis, Yom Tov, Frenkel, Miriam and Harel, Yaron (eds.), <i>Aleppo Studies. The Jews of Aleppo: their History and Culture</i> (Jerusalem, vol. 1 2009; vol 2 2013) [Hebrew and English]</li> <li>Collins, Lydia, <i>The Sephardim of Manchester: Pedigrees and Pioneers</i>: Manchester 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9552980-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9552980-0-8">0-9552980-0-8</a></li> <li>Dobrinsky, Herbert C.: <i>A treasury of Sephardic laws and customs: the ritual practices of Syrian, Moroccan, Judeo-Spanish and Spanish and Portuguese Jews of North America.</i> Revised ed. Hoboken, N.J. : KTAV; New York, N.Y. : Yeshiva Univ. Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88125-031-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88125-031-7">0-88125-031-7</a></li> <li>Dweck, Poopa and Michael J. Cohen, <i>Aromas of Aleppo: The Legendary Cuisine of Syrian Jews</i>: HarperCollins 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-088818-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-088818-0">0-06-088818-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-088818-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-088818-3">978-0-06-088818-3</a></li> <li>Harel, Yaron, <i>Sifre Ere"tz: ha-Sifrut ha-Toranit shel Ḥachme Aram Tsoba</i> (The Books of Aleppo: Torah Literature of the Rabbis of Aleppo): Jerusalem 1996 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/pdf/aleppo.pdf">summarized here</a></li> <li>Harel, Yaron (ed.), <i>Syrian Jewry: History, Culture and Identity</i>: Ramat Gan 2015 (Hebrew and English)</li> <li>Idelsohn, A.Z., <i>Phonographierte Gesänge und Aussprachsproben des Hebräischen der jemenitischen, persischen und syrischen Juden</i>: Vienna 1917</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1981" class="citation cs2">Katz, Ketsi'ah (1981), "Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ibrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsoba (Ḥalab) bi-qri'at ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah (The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah)", <i>ʻEdah Ṿe-Lashon</i>, Magnes Press, Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0333-5143">0333-5143</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%CA%BBEdah+%E1%B9%BEe-Lashon&rft.atitle=Masoret+ha-lashon+ha-%27Ibrit+shel+Yehude+Aram-Tsoba+%28%E1%B8%A4alab%29+bi-qri%27at+ha-Miqra+ve-ha-Mishnah+%28The+Hebrew+Language+Tradition+of+the+Jews+of+Aleppo+in+the+Reading+of+the+Bible+and+Mishnah%29&rft.date=1981&rft.issn=0333-5143&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Ketsi%27ah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyrian+Jews" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kligman, Mark, <i>Maqam and Liturgy: Ritual, Music and Aesthetics of Syrian Jews in Brooklyn</i>, Detroit 2009</li> <li>Laniado, David Tsion, <i>La-Qedoshim asher ba-are"ts</i>: Jerusalem 1935 repr. 1980</li> <li>Laniado, Samuel, <i>Debash ve-ḤALAB al-leshonech</i>: Jerusalem 1998/9 (Hebrew)</li> <li>Roden, Claudia, <i>A New Book of Middle Eastern Food</i>: London 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-046588-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-046588-X">0-14-046588-X</a></li> <li>Roden, Claudia, <i>The Book of Jewish Food</i>: New York 1997, London 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-046609-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-046609-6">0-14-046609-6</a></li> <li>Sethon, Menasheh, <i>Kelale Diqduq ha-Qeriah</i>, Aleppo 1914, printed in Ḥamwi, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/34521">Peh Eliyahu</a></i> pp. 391–400</li> <li>Shelemay, Kay Kaufman, <i>Let Jasmine Rain Down</i>, Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology: 1998. Hardback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-75211-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-75211-9">0-226-75211-9</a>, Paperback: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-75212-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-75212-7">0-226-75212-7</a>.</li> <li>Smouha, Patricia, <i>Middle Eastern Cooking</i>, London 1955 ASIN: B0000CJAHX</li> <li>Sutton, David, <i>Aleppo: City of Scholars</i>: Artscroll 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57819-056-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57819-056-8">1-57819-056-8</a> (partly based on Laniado, <i>La-Qedoshim asher ba-are"ts</i>)</li> <li>Sutton, Joseph, <i>Aleppo Chronicles: the Story of the Unique Sepharadeem of the Ancient Near East – in their Own Words</i>: Brooklyn 1988</li> <li>Sutton, Joseph, <i>Magic Carpet: Aleppo in Flatbush</i>: Brooklyn 1979</li> <li>Zenner, Walter P., <i>A Global Community: The Jews from Aleppo, Syria</i>: Wayne State University Press 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-2791-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-2791-5">0-8143-2791-5</a></li> <li>Zenner, Walter P., "The Ethnography of Diaspora: Studying Syrian Jewry," <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sklare_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Sklare Award">Marshall Sklare Award</a> address, 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer_books">Prayer books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Prayer books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historic">Historic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Historic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Maḥzor Aram Tsoba</i>: Venice 1527, 1560</li> <li><i>Bet El</i> (seliḥot and morning service), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878 (repr. New York 1982)</li> <li><i>Bet Din</i> (Rosh Hashanah), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878 (repr. Jerusalem 1986)</li> <li><i>Bet ha-Kapporet</i> (Kippur), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1879</li> <li><i>Bet Menuha</i> (Shabbat), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878</li> <li><i>Bet Oved</i> (Daily), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1878</li> <li><i>Bet Simḥah</i> (Sukkot), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1879 (repr. Jerusalem 1970)</li> <li><i>Bet ha-Beḥirah</i> (Pesaḥ), Abraham Ḥamwi: Livorno 1880 (repr. Jerusalem 1985)</li> <li><i>Seder Olat Tamid</i> (<i>minḥah</i> and <i>arbit</i> only): Aleppo 1907 (reflecting the "Musta'arabi" text)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Olat ha-Shaḥar</i>: Aleppo 1915 (reflecting the "Sephardic" text)</li></ul> <p>Some reprints of the originals are available today, and many Siddurim today, especially the <i>Magen Abraham</i> series are heavily influenced by the Livorno prayer books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern">Modern</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Seder Seliḥot</i>, ed. Shehebar: Jerusalem 1973</li> <li><i>Bet Yosef ve-Ohel Abraham</i>: Jerusalem, Manṣur (Hebrew only, based on Baghdadi text) 1974–1980</li> <li><i>Siddur le-Tish'ah be-Ab</i>, ed. Shehebar: Jerusalem 1976</li> <li><i>Mahzor Shelom Yerushalayim</i>, ed. Albeg: New York, Sephardic Heritage Foundation 1982</li> <li><i>Siddur Kol Mordechai</i>, ed. Faham bros: Jerusalem 1984 (<i>minḥah</i> and <i>arbit</i> only)</li> <li><i>Sha'are Ratson</i>, ed. Moshe Cohen: Tel Aviv 1988, repr. 2003 (<a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a> only)</li> <li><i>Kol Yaakob</i>, ed. Alouf: New York, Sephardic Heritage Foundation 1990 (Hebrew only; revised edition 1996, Hebrew and English; a new edition is in preparation)</li> <li><i>The Aram Soba Siddur: According to the Sephardic Custom of Aleppo Syria</i>, Moshe Antebi: Jerusalem, Aram Soba Foundation 1993 (<i>minḥah</i> and <i>arbit</i> only)</li> <li><i>Orḥot Ḥayim</i>, ed. Yedid: Jerusalem 1995 (Hebrew only)</li> <li><i>Orot Sephardic Siddur</i>, Eliezer Toledano: Lakewood, NJ, Orot Inc. (Hebrew and English: Baghdadi text, Syrian variants shown in square brackets)</li> <li><i>Siddur Abodat Haleb / Prayers from the Heart</i>, Moshe Antebi, Lakewood, NJ: Israel Book Shop, 2002</li> <li><i>Abir Yaakob</i>, ed. Haber: Sephardic Press (Hebrew and English, Shabbat only)</li> <li><i>Siddur Ve-ha'arev Na</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_S.D._Sassoon" title="Isaac S.D. Sassoon">Isaac S.D. Sassoon</a>, 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syrian_Jews&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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