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class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Moskva" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Moscow_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moscow (disambiguation)">Moscow (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moskva_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Moskva (disambiguation)">Moskva (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Moscow<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">largest city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The city stands on the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_(river)" title="Moskva (river)">Moskva River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">Central Russia</a>, with a population estimated at over 13 million residents within the city limits,<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-6">[6]</a> over 19.1 million residents in the urban area,<a href="#cite_note-Urban-7">[7]</a> and over 21.5 million residents in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">its metropolitan area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Megapolis-15">[14]</a> The city covers an area of 2,511 square kilometers (970 sq mi), while the urban area covers 5,891 square kilometers (2,275 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-Urban-7">[7]</a> and the metropolitan area covers over 26,000 square kilometers (10,000 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Megapolis-15">[14]</a> Moscow is among the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">largest cities</a>, being the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">most populous city</a> in its entirety in Europe, the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Europe" title="List of urban areas in Europe">urban</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">metropolitan area</a> in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Urban-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Megapolis-15">[14]</a> and the largest city by land area on the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-Plan%C3%A8te_%C3%89nergies-16">[15]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Moscow</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Москва</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_and_the_Red_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_and_the_Red_Square.jpg/288px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_and_the_Red_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_and_the_Red_Square.jpg/432px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_and_the_Red_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_and_the_Red_Square.jpg/576px-Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral_and_the_Red_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2499" data-file-height="1406"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Spasskaya_Tower" title="Spasskaya Tower">Spasskaya Tower</a> (left), <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Tower" title="Ostankino Tower">Ostankino Tower</a> (background)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-1.jpg/120px-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-1.jpg/180px-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-1.jpg/240px-Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3048" data-file-height="2770"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Savior" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Christ the Savior">Cathedral of Christ the Savior</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div style="height:108px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_(52078730783).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg/164px-Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg/246px-Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg/328px-Moscow_%2852078730783%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5912" data-file-height="3925"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow-City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)" title="Third Ring Road (Moscow)">Third Ring Road</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/169px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/254px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/338px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4425" data-file-height="2489"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(Moscow)" title="Gorky Park (Moscow)">Gorky Park</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/115px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/173px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg/230px-Moscow-Bolshoi-Theare-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6728" data-file-height="5598"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/288px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/432px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg/576px-Moscow_International_Business_Center7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></a></div><div class="text-align-center">View along the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_(river)" title="Moskva (river)">Moskva River</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> (right) and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow International Business Center</a> (left)</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Moscow,_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Moscow"><img alt="Flag of Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/120px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/180px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg/240px-Flag_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="356"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Moscow" title="Flag of Moscow">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Moscow"><img alt="Coat of arms of Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="663"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow" title="Coat of arms of Moscow">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: "<a href="/wiki/Moya_Moskva" title="Moya Moskva">My Moscow</a>" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-mwtitle="My_Moscow.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/My_Moscow.ogg" type="audio/ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/My_Moscow.ogg/My_Moscow.ogg.ogg" type='audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"' data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/My_Moscow.ogg/My_Moscow.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"></source><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMy_Moscow.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMy_Moscow.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr"></track></audio></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_of_Moscow,_Russia_(2014%E2%80%932022).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Moscow"><img alt="Location of Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Locator_map_of_Moscow%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/295px-Locator_map_of_Moscow%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="295" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Locator_map_of_Moscow%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/443px-Locator_map_of_Moscow%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Locator_map_of_Moscow%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg/590px-Locator_map_of_Moscow%2C_Russia_%282014%E2%80%932022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="7" data-lat="55.6" data-lon="37.6" data-overlays='["_7952701a77814afc89944e60e19a44b453d17278"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/55.6/37.6/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,55.6,37.6,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Moscow&revid=1258399555&groups=_7952701a77814afc89944e60e19a44b453d17278" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,7,55.6,37.6,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Moscow&revid=1258399555&groups=_7952701a77814afc89944e60e19a44b453d17278 2x" alt="Map"></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Moscow&params=55_45_2_N_37_37_3_E_type:adm1st_region:RU-MOS">55°45′2″N 37°37′3″E / 55.75056°N 37.61750°E / 55.75056; 37.61750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_districts_of_Russia" title="Federal districts of Russia">Federal district</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Federal_District" title="Central Federal District">Central</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Economic_regions_of_Russia" title="Economic regions of Russia">Economic region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_economic_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central economic region">Central</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">1147<a href="#cite_note-dolgorukiy-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Duma" title="Moscow City Duma">City Duma</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Moscow" title="Mayor of Moscow">Mayor</a><a href="#cite_note-mayor-3">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin" title="Sergey Sobyanin">Sergey Sobyanin</a><a href="#cite_note-mayor-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,561.5<a href="#cite_note-InfostatArea-4">[4]</a> km2 (989.0 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,154 km2 (2,376 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">48,360 km2 (18,670 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">156 m (512 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2021)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2021)">2021 Census</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-6">[6]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 13,010,112</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">5,080/km2 (13,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-7">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 19,100,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,762/km2 (7,150/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"> 21,534,777<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Muscovite</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">₽</a>28.51 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000,000" class="mw-redirect" title="1,000,000,000,000">trillion</a> (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>387.06 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a>) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">₽2.18 million (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>29,638.33) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">RU-MOW</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799, 977<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data">45000000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mos.ru/en">mos.ru</a></td></tr></tbody></table> First documented in 1147, Moscow grew to serve as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> was proclaimed, Moscow remained the political and economic center for most of its history. Under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, the Russian capital was moved to the newly founded city of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1712, decreasing Moscow's influence. Following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, where it later became the political center of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Moscow remained the capital city of the newly established Russian Federation. The northernmost and coldest <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a> in the world, Moscow is governed as a <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">federal city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> where it serves as the political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. As an <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">alpha world city</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Moscow has one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">largest urban economies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The city is one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> and is one of Europe's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">most visited cities</a>. Moscow has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">sixth-highest number of billionaires</a> of any city.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow International Business Center</a> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centers</a> in the world and features the majority of <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">Europe's tallest skyscrapers</a>. Moscow was the host city of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> and one of the host cities of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The city contains several UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> and is known for its display of <a href="/wiki/Russian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian architecture">Russian architecture</a>, particularly in areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> and buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>, the latter of which is the seat of power of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of Russia</a>. Moscow is home to <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Russia" title="List of companies of Russia">Russian companies</a> in different industries and is served by a comprehensive transit network, which includes <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Airport_(disambiguation)#Commercial_passenger_and_cargo_traffic_airports" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Moscow Airport (disambiguation)">four international airports</a>, ten railway terminals, a <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Moscow" title="Trams in Moscow">tram system</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Monorail" title="Moscow Monorail">monorail system</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>, which is the busiest metro system in Europe and one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> systems in the world. The city has over 40 percent of its territory covered by greenery, making it one of the greenest cities in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Plan%C3%A8te_%C3%89nergies-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prehistory">2.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Early_history_(1147%E2%80%931284)">2.2 Early history (1147–1284)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Grand_Duchy_(1283%E2%80%931547)">2.3 Grand Duchy (1283–1547)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Tsardom_(1547%E2%80%931721)">2.4 Tsardom (1547–1721)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Empire_(1721%E2%80%931917)">2.5 Empire (1721–1917)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Soviet_period_(1917%E2%80%931991)">2.6 Soviet period (1917–1991)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#1991%E2%80%93present">2.7 1991–present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Location">3.1 Location</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Time">3.2 Time</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Climate">3.3 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Paleontology">4 Paleontology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Demographics">5 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Population">5.1 Population</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">5.2 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Vital_statistics">5.3 Vital statistics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Religion">5.4 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cityscape">6 Cityscape</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Architecture">6.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Parks_and_landmarks">6.2 Parks and landmarks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Moscow_rings">7 Moscow rings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Transport_rings_in_Moscow">7.1 Transport rings in Moscow</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Culture">8 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Museums_and_galleries">8.1 Museums and galleries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Performing_arts">8.2 Performing arts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Sports">9 Sports</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Football_clubs">9.1 Football clubs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Entertainment">10 Entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Authorities">11 Authorities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Moscow_authorities">11.1 Moscow authorities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Federal_authorities">11.2 Federal authorities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Safety">11.3 Safety</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">12 Administrative divisions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Economy">13 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Overview">13.1 Overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Industry">13.2 Industry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Cost_of_living">13.3 Cost of living</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Public_utilities">13.4 Public utilities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Education">14 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Transportation">15 Transportation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Metro">15.1 Metro</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Monorail">15.2 Monorail</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Bus,_trolleybus_and_electric_bus">15.3 Bus, trolleybus and electric bus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-46"><a href="#Moscow_cable_car">15.4 Moscow cable car</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Tram">15.5 Tram</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Taxi">15.6 Taxi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Railway">15.7 Railway</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-50"><a href="#Moscow_Central_Circle">15.7.1 Moscow Central Circle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-51"><a href="#Moscow_Central_Diameters">15.7.2 Moscow Central Diameters</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Roads">15.8 Roads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Air">15.9 Air</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-54"><a href="#Water">15.10 Water</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-55"><a href="#Sharing_system">15.11 Sharing system</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Future_development">15.12 Future development</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Media">16 Media</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-58"><a href="#Newspapers">16.1 Newspapers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="#TV_and_radio">16.2 TV and radio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#People">17 People</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-61"><a href="#International_relations">18 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">18.1 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="#Cooperation_agreements">18.2 Cooperation agreements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-64"><a href="#Former_twin_towns_and_sister_cities">18.3 Former twin towns and sister cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="#See_also">19 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-66"><a href="#Notes">20 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-67"><a href="#References">21 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-68"><a href="#External_links">22 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The city's name is thought to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smol-26">[25]</a> Theories of the origin of the name of the river have been proposed. The most linguistically well-grounded and widely accepted is from the Proto-Balto-Slavic root *mŭzg-/muzg- from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> *meu- "wet",<a href="#cite_note-Smol-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trubach-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> so the name Moskva might signify a river at a wetland or marsh.<a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-25">[24]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: музга, muzga "pool, puddle", <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: mazgoti and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>: mazgāt "to wash", <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: májjati "to drown", <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: mergō "to dip, immerse".<a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trubach-27">[26]</a> In many Slavic countries Moskov is a surname, most common in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Additionally, there are similarly named places in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mozgawa" title="Mozgawa">Mozgawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smol-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trubach-27">[26]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> hypothesis, the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Merya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a> people, who were among the pre-Slavic tribes which inhabited the area, called the river Mustajoki "Black river", and the name of the river derives from this term.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Other theories, having little or no scientific basis, are rejected by linguists.<a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smol-26">[25]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old Russian</a> form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky,<a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smol-26">[25]</a> hence it was one of a few Slavic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_v-stem_nouns" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic v-stem nouns">ū-stem nouns</a>. As with other nouns of that declension, it had been undergoing a morphological transformation at the early stage of the development of the language, as a result, the first written references in the 12th century were Московь, Moskovĭ (<a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a>), Москви, Moskvi (<a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative case</a>), Москвe/Москвѣ, Moskve/Moskvě (<a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Vasmer-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smol-26">[25]</a> From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, which is a result of <a href="/wiki/Morphological_leveling" title="Morphological leveling">morphological generalization</a> with the numerous Slavic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Proto-Slavic_hard_a-stem_nouns" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Proto-Slavic hard a-stem nouns">ā-stem nouns</a>. The form Moskovĭ has left traces in other languages, including English: Moscow; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Moskau;<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Moscou;<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Moscou, Moscovo;<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Moscú.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Moscow has acquired <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithets</a>, such as The <a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Third Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Moscow is one of twelve <a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero Cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for a Moscow resident is rendered as Muscovite in English. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Moscow" title="History of Moscow">History of Moscow</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Moscow" title="Timeline of Moscow">Timeline of Moscow</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> The site of modern-day Moscow has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Among the earliest finds are relics of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyalovo_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyalovo culture (page does not exist)">Lyalovo culture</a>, which experts assign to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> They confirm that the first inhabitants of the area were hunters and gatherers. Around 950 AD, two Slavic tribes, <a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krivichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Krivichi">Krivichi</a>, settled here. The Vyatichi may have formed the majority of Moscow's indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history_(1147–1284)">Early history (1147–1284)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png/180px-Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="2856"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png/180px-Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png" data-width="180" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png/270px-Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png/360px-Kyivan_Rus%27_1220-1240.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a>, a principality on the northeastern periphery of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>, grew into the Grand Duchy of Moscow.</figcaption></figure> The first known reference to Moscow was in 1147, as a meeting place of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Dolgorukiy" title="Yuri Dolgorukiy">Yuri Dolgorukiy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Olgovich" title="Sviatoslav Olgovich">Sviatoslav Olgovich</a>. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 1156, Dolgorukiy fortified the town by creating a wooden wall; this structure became the Kremlin.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'</a>, the Mongols under <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The timber fort na Moskvě "on the Moscow River" was inherited by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Moscow" title="Daniel of Moscow">Daniel</a>, the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>, in the 1260s. Daniel was still a child at the time, and the big fort was governed by tiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of the principality with lasting success, siding with his brother <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry</a> in his bid for the rule of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>. From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Vladimir" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Vladimir">Grand Duke of Vladimir</a>. Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Duchy_(1283–1547)">Grand Duchy (1283–1547)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a></div> <table class="graytable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kremlenagrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kremlenagrad.jpg/320px-Kremlenagrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="2098"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 320px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kremlenagrad.jpg/320px-Kremlenagrad.jpg" data-width="320" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kremlenagrad.jpg/480px-Kremlenagrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Kremlenagrad.jpg/640px-Kremlenagrad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10,_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg/140px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="796"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 140px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg/140px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg" data-width="140" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg/210px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg/280px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.049_-_Tokhtamysh_at_Moscow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg/280px-Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="967"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg/280px-Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg/420px-Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg/560px-Mikhail_Feodorovich_Izbranie.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> in the late 16th century </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Moscow_(1382)" title="Siege of Moscow (1382)">1382 siege of Moscow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city that would eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s. On the right bank of the Moskva River, at a distance of eight kilometres (5 mi) from the Kremlin, by 1282 Daniel founded the first monastery with the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite, which is now the Danilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, aged 42. Before his death, he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery. Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicing <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons. By 1304, <a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yury of Moscow</a> contested with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a> for the throne of the principality of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan I of Russia">Ivan I</a> eventually defeated <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a> to become the sole collector of taxes for the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> rulers, making Moscow the capital of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a>. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from the <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg/150px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg/150px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg/225px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg/300px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8E_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spasskaya_Tower" title="Spasskaya Tower">Spasskaya Tower</a>, built in 1491</figcaption></figure> While the Khan of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a> of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a>. Afterward, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a> had <a href="/wiki/Great_standing_on_the_Ugra_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Great standing on the Ugra river">finally broken the Russians free</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar">Tatar</a> control, and Moscow became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and parts of many other lands. In 1462 Ivan III became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory of Muscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. Thus he enlarged the territory sevenfold, from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometres (170,000 to 1,080,000 square miles). He took control of the ancient "<a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod Chronicle">Novgorod Chronicle</a>" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> was built in the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects from <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance Italy">Renaissance Italy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Antonius_Solarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrus Antonius Solarius">Petrus Antonius Solarius</a>, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Ruffo" title="Marco Ruffo">Marco Ruffo</a> who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600. A trading settlement, or posad, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known as Zaradye. In the time of Ivan III, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>, originally named the Hollow Field appeared. In 1508–1516, the Italian architect <a href="/wiki/Aloisio_the_New" title="Aloisio the New">Aleviz Fryazin (Novy)</a> arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neglinnaya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neglinnaya River">Neglinnaya</a> and be filled with water from Neglinnaya. Known as the Alevizov moat and with a length of 541 metres (1,775 feet), width of 36 metres (118 feet), and depth of 9.5 to 13 metres (31–43 feet) was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, four-metre-thick (13-foot) cogged-brick walls. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tsardom_(1547–1721)">Tsardom (1547–1721)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg/180px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg/180px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg/270px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg/360px-Moscow_StBasilCathedral_d28.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a>, built in 1561</figcaption></figure> In the 16th and 17th centuries, three circular defenses were built: <a href="/wiki/Kitay-gorod" title="Kitay-gorod">Kitay-gorod</a>, the White City and the Earthen City. However, in 1547, fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">captured Moscow</a>, burning everything except the Kremlin.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG/220px-Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6600" data-file-height="5100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG/220px-Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG/330px-Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG/440px-Polish_plan_of_Moscow_1610.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Sigismundian" Plan of Moscow (1610), before the city's destruction in 1612 and changes to streets. North is to the right.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanate of Crimea">Crimean Tatars</a> attacked again in 1591, but were held back by new walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman named <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Kon" title="Fyodor Kon">Fyodor Kon</a>. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Convent" title="Novodevichy Convent">Novodevichy Convent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donskoy_Monastery" title="Donskoy Monastery">Donskoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danilov_Monastery" title="Danilov Monastery">Danilov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simonov_Monastery" title="Simonov Monastery">Simonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novospassky_Monastery" title="Novospassky Monastery">Novospasskiy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andronikov_Monastery" title="Andronikov Monastery">Andronikov</a> monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known as Bielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The city's limits as marked by the ramparts, are now marked by the <a href="/wiki/Garden_Ring" title="Garden Ring">Garden Ring</a>. Three square gates existed on the east side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (after the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Saviour and St. Nicholas that hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%9303" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1601–03">Russian famine of 1601–03</a> killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. Between 1610 and 1612, troops of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> occupied Moscow, as its ruler <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III</a> tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a> and other Russian cities led by prince <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pozharsky" title="Dmitry Pozharsky">Dmitry Pozharsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a> rose against the Polish occupants, <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them</a>. In 1613, the <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> elected <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I of Russia">Michael Romanov</a> tsar, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a>. The 17th century saw several risings, such as the liberation of Moscow from the Polish–Lithuanian invaders (1612), the <a href="/wiki/Salt_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Riot">Salt Riot</a> (1648), the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Riot" title="Copper Riot">Copper Riot</a> (1662), and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Uprising_of_1682" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Uprising of 1682">Moscow Uprising of 1682</a>. During the first half of the 17th century, the population doubled from 100,000 to 200,000, and it expanded beyond its ramparts in the latter part of the century. In the middle of the 17th century, 20% of Moscow suburb's inhabitants were from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, being driven from their homeland by Muscovite invaders.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, by <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> abducted from their hometowns in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a>. These new outskirts became known as the Meshchanskaya <a href="/wiki/Sloboda_(settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloboda (settlement)">sloboda</a>, after Ruthenian meshchane "town people". The term meshchane acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The entire city of the late 17th century are contained within what is today Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Central_Administrative_Okrug" title="Central Administrative Okrug">Central Administrative Okrug</a>. Numerous disasters befell the city. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">plague</a> epidemics ravaged Moscow in 1570–1571, 1592 and 1654–1656.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The plague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In 1712 <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> moved his government to the newly built <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> on the Baltic coast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire_(1721–1917)">Empire (1721–1917)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Governorate" title="Moscow Governorate">Moscow Governorate</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1969px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Moscow from the Spasskaya Tower in 1819–1823"><noscript><img alt="Panorama of Moscow in 1819-1823" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/1961px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="1961" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8854" data-file-height="790"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1961px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/1961px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" data-alt="Panorama of Moscow in 1819-1823" data-width="1961" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/2942px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg/3922px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8F.jpg" title="File:Круговая панорама Москвы со Спасской башни Кремля.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A <a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">panoramic</a> view of Moscow from the <a href="/wiki/Spasskaya_Tower" title="Spasskaya Tower">Spasskaya Tower</a> in 1819–1823</div></div></div></div> After losing the status as capital, the population at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915. The <a href="/wiki/1770%E2%80%931772_Russian_plague" title="1770–1772 Russian plague">1770–1772 Russian plague</a> killed up to 100,000 people in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In 1730, permanent street lights were introduced, and by 1867 many streets had a gaslight. In 1883, near the Prechistinskiye Gates, arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 40 kilometres (25 mi) long, the Kamer-Kollezhskiy barrier, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by several streets called val ("ramparts"). In the early 19th century, the Arch of Konstantino-Elenensky gate was paved with bricks, but the Spassky Gate was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge and stone platforms were built nearby for guns – "raskats". The <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Cannon" title="Tsar Cannon">Tsar Cannon</a> was located on the platform of the <a href="/wiki/Lobnoye_mesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobnoye mesto">Lobnoye mesto</a>. The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now the <a href="/wiki/M10_highway_(Russia)" title="M10 highway (Russia)">M10 highway</a>, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the old <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a> road, which had existed since the 16th century. It became known as <a href="/wiki/Leningradsky_Prospekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningradsky Prospekt">Peterburskoye Schosse</a> after it was paved in the 1780s. <a href="/wiki/Petrovsky_Palace" title="Petrovsky Palace">Petrovsky Palace</a> was built in 1776–1780 by <a href="/wiki/Matvey_Kazakov" title="Matvey Kazakov">Matvey Kazakov</a>. Between 1781 and 1804 the Mytischinskiy water pipe (the first in Russia) was built. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fireofmoscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fireofmoscow.jpg/220px-Fireofmoscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="496"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fireofmoscow.jpg/220px-Fireofmoscow.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fireofmoscow.jpg/330px-Fireofmoscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Fireofmoscow.jpg/440px-Fireofmoscow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Napoleon retreating during the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">Fire of Moscow</a>, after the failed <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg/220px-Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5167" data-file-height="3774"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg/220px-Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg/330px-Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg/440px-Moscou._Le_Kremlin_LOC_ppmsca.52725.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moskva_(river)" title="Moskva (river)">Moskva</a> riverfront in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_invasion_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon's invasion of Russia">invaded</a> Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. The <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1812)" title="Fire of Moscow (1812)">Moscow fire</a> was principally the effect of Russian sabotage. Napoleon's <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> was forced to retreat and nearly annihilated by the devastating Russian winter. In 1813, following the destruction during the French occupation, a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the centre. Among many buildings constructed, or reconstructed, was the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Kremlin_Palace" title="Grand Kremlin Palace">Grand Kremlin Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Armoury" title="Kremlin Armoury">Kremlin Armoury</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow University">Moscow University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Manege" title="Moscow Manege">Moscow Manege</a> (Riding School), and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arbat_Street" title="Arbat Street">Arbat Street</a> had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Giliardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Domenico Giliardi">Domenico Giliardi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moskovskiye_Vedomosti" title="Moskovskiye Vedomosti">Moskovskiye Vedomosti</a> newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper. In the 1830s, general <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bashilov" title="Alexander Bashilov">Alexander Bashilov</a> planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace. <a href="/wiki/Khodynka_Field" title="Khodynka Field">Khodynka field</a> south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Belorussky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussky Rail Terminal">Belorussky Rail Terminal</a>) was inaugurated in 1870. <a href="/wiki/Sokolniki_Park" title="Sokolniki Park">Sokolniki Park</a>, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburban <a href="/wiki/Savyolovsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Savyolovsky Rail Terminal">Savyolovsky Rail Terminal</a> was built in 1902. In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, or <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a>, was officially introduced, and Alexander Adrianov became Moscow's first official mayor. When <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a> came to power in 1762, the city's filth and the smell of sewage were depicted by observers as a symptom of disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improved sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less discussion about the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in the Crimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put it back on the agenda.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> In 1903 the Moskvoretskaya water supply was completed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_period_(1917–1991)">Soviet period (1917–1991)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg/150px-Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8368" data-file-height="11923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg/150px-Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg/225px-Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg/300px-Plan_of_Moscow_1917.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>City plan of Moscow, 1917</figcaption></figure> In November 1917, upon learning of <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">the uprising in Petrograd</a>, Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Moscow Bolshevik Uprising">began their uprising</a>. On 2 November (15), 1917, after heavy fighting, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet power">Soviet power</a> was established in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, fearing invasion, moved the capital back to Moscow on 12 March 1918.<a href="#cite_note-prlib-52">[51]</a> The Kremlin once again became the seat of power, political centre of the new state. With the <a href="/wiki/Russian_cultural_heritage_register#Denial_of_heritage_(1917%E2%80%931941)" title="Russian cultural heritage register">change in values imposed by communist ideology</a>, the tradition of preserving cultural heritage was broken. Independent preservation societies, even those that defended only secular landmarks, were disbanded by the end of the 1920s. A new anti-religious campaign, launched in 1929, coincided with the collectivization of peasants; the destruction of churches in the cities peaked around 1932. In 1937 letters were written to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> to rename Moscow to "Stalindar" or "Stalinodar".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Stalin rejected this suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> During World War II, the Soviet State Committee of Defence and the General Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions, and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. Between October 1941 and January 1942, the German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Centre" title="Army Group Centre">Army Group Centre</a> was stopped at the outskirts of the city, then driven off in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from 20 October the city was declared to be in a siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On 1 May 1944, a medal "For the defence of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" was instituted. <a href="/wiki/German_casualties_in_World_War_II" title="German casualties in World War II">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">Soviet casualties</a> during the battle have been debated, as sources provide different estimates. Total casualties between 30 September 1941, and 7 January 1942, are estimated to be between 248,000 and 400,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> and 650,000-1,280,000 for the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg/220px-Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="855"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg/220px-Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg/330px-Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg/440px-Stalin%27s_funeral_procession_entering_Manezhnaya_Square_from_Okhotny_Ryad.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Stalin's funeral procession, 1953</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><noscript><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" data-alt="video icon" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9p20dxtTkY">Stalin's Moscow in 1953</a></td></tr></tbody></table> During the postwar years, there was a housing crisis, solved by the invention of <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">high-rise apartments</a>. There are over 11,000 of these standardised and prefabricated apartment blocks, housing most of Moscow's population, making it by far the city with the most high-rise buildings.<a href="#cite_note-hrranking-58">[57]</a> Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory, before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic film <a href="/wiki/Irony_of_Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Irony of Fate">Irony of Fate</a> parodies this construction method. The city of <a href="/wiki/Zelenograd" title="Zelenograd">Zelenograd</a> was built in 1958 at 37 kilometres (23 miles) from the city centre to the north-west, along with the <a href="/wiki/Leningradskoye_Shosse" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningradskoye Shosse">Leningradskoye Shosse</a>, and incorporated as one of Moscow's <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moscow" title="Administrative divisions of Moscow">administrative okrugs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> moved to its campus on <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Hills" title="Sparrow Hills">Sparrow Hills</a> in 1953. In 1959 Nikita Khrushchev launched <a href="/wiki/Russian_cultural_heritage_register#Khrushchev's_offensive_(1959%E2%80%931964)" title="Russian cultural heritage register">his anti-religious campaign</a>. Of Moscow's fifty churches operating in 1959, thirty were closed and six demolished. On 8 May 1965, due to the actual 20th <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">anniversary of the victory</a> in World War II, Moscow was awarded a title of the <a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Ring_Road" title="Moscow Ring Road">Moscow Ring Road</a> (MKAD) was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 kilometres (68 miles) along the city borders. The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road were incorporated. In 1980, Moscow hosted the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympic Games</a>, which were boycotted by the US and other Western countries due to the Soviet Union's invasion of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in 1979. In 1991 Moscow was the scene of a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet coup attempt of 1991">coup attempt</a> by conservative communists opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">liberal reforms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1991–present">1991–present</h3></div> When the USSR was dissolved in 1991, Moscow remained the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. Since then, a market economy has emerged, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles. The city continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–97 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. In December 2002 <a href="/wiki/Bulvar_Dmitriya_Donskogo" title="Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo">Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo</a> became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)" title="Third Ring Road (Moscow)">Third Ring Road</a>, intermediate between the early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Garden_Ring" title="Garden Ring">Garden Ring</a> and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Multiple old churches and other examples of architectural heritage that had been demolished during the Stalin era have been restored, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a>. In 2010s Moscow's Administration has launched some long duration projects like the Moja Ulitsa (in English: My Street) urban redevelopment program<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> or the Residency renovation one.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> By its territorial expansion on 1 July 2012, southwest into the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1,091 to 2,511 square kilometers (421 to 970 sq mi), resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of 233,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Merger2-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mos.ru-63">[62]</a> The annexed territory was officially named Новая Москва (New Moscow). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-05-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg/220px-Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7296" data-file-height="7521"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg/220px-Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg/330px-Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg/440px-Moscow_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-05-11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite view of Moscow and its nearby suburbs</figcaption></figure> Moscow is situated on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a>, which flows for just over 500 km (311 mi) through the <a href="/wiki/East_European_Plain" title="East European Plain">East European Plain</a> in central Russia, not far from the natural border of the forest and forest-<a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> zone. <a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Moscow" title="List of bridges in Moscow">49 bridges</a> span the river and its canals within the city's limits. The <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> of Moscow at the All-Russia Exhibition Center (VVC), where the leading Moscow weather station is situated, is 156 metres (512 feet). <a href="/wiki/Teplostan_Upland" title="Teplostan Upland">Teplostan Upland</a> is the city's highest point at 255 metres (837 feet).<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The width of Moscow city (not limiting <a href="/wiki/MKAD" class="mw-redirect" title="MKAD">MKAD</a>) from west to east is 39.7 km (24.7 mi), and the length from north to south is 51.8 km (32.2 mi). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time">Time</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">Moscow Time</a></div> Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a>. The areas operate in what is referred to in international standards as Moscow Standard Time (MSK, МСК), which is 3 hours ahead of <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>, or <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a> is no longer observed. According to the geographical <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> the average <a href="/wiki/Solar_noon" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar noon">solar noon</a> in Moscow occurs at 12:30.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Moscow" title="Climate of Moscow">Climate of Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow,_VDNKh,_Central_Alley_after_rain_(30580970263).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg/220px-Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2178"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg/220px-Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg/330px-Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg/440px-Moscow%2C_VDNKh%2C_Central_Alley_after_rain_%2830580970263%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_Achievements_of_National_Economy" title="Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy">VDNKh</a> after rain</figcaption></figure> Moscow has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Dfb) with long, cold (although average by Russian standards) winters usually lasting from mid-November to the end of March, and warm summers. More extreme continental climates at the same latitude – such as parts of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> or <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> – have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea. Weather can fluctuate widely, with temperatures ranging from −25 °C (−13 °F) in the city and −30 °C (−22 °F) in the suburbs to above 5 °C (41 °F) in the winter, and from 10 to 35 °C (50 to 95 °F) in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0,_2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="3506"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg/255px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg/340px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86_%28%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C_2018%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petrovsky_Palace" title="Petrovsky Palace">Petrovsky Palace</a> on <a href="/wiki/Leningradsky_Avenue" title="Leningradsky Avenue">Leningradsky Avenue</a> in winter</figcaption></figure> Typical high temperatures in the warm months of June, July, and August are around a comfortable 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F), but during heat waves (which can occur between May and September), daytime high temperatures often exceed 30 °C (86 °F), sometimes for a week or two at a time. In the winter, average temperatures normally drop to approximately −10 °C (14 °F), though almost every winter there are periods of warmth with day temperatures rising above 0 °C (32 °F), and periods of cooling with night temperatures falling below −20 °C (−4 °F). These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for 156 days usually around 1 May to 5 October.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The highest temperature ever recorded was 38.2 °C (100.8 °F)<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/VVC_weather_station" title="VVC weather station">VVC weather station</a> and 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) in the center of Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Domodedovo airport">Domodedovo airport</a> on 29 July 2010, during the unusual <a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves">2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves</a>. Record high and average temperatures were recorded for January, March, April, May, June, July, August, November, and December in 2007–2022.<a href="#cite_note-pogoda_(data)-69">[68]</a> The average July temperature from 1991 to 2020 is 19.7 °C (67.5 °F). The lowest ever recorded temperature was −42.1 °C (−43.8 °F) in January 1940. Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in late November and melts at the end of March. On average, Moscow has 1731 hours of sunshine per year, varying from a low of 8% in December to 52% from May to August.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> This large annual variation is due to convective cloud formation. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions. However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>. Between 2004 and 2010, the average was between 1800 and 2000 hours with a tendency to more sunshine in summer months, up to a record 411 hours in July 2014, 79% of possible sunshine. December 2017 was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter. For example, if the average January temperature in the north-east of Moscow is −6.2 °C (20.8 °F), in the suburbs it is about −8.3 °C (17.1 °F).<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The temperature difference between the centre of Moscow and nearby areas of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> can sometimes be more than 10 °C (18 °F) on frosty winter nights. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Moscow (<a href="/wiki/VVC_weather_station" title="VVC weather station">VVC</a>) normals 1991–2020, records 1879–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE2C6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 (47.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.3 (99.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0 (75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.2 (100.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3 (27) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4 (72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7 (72.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3 (27.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.1 (50.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2 (20.8) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.9 (21.4) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6 (63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5 (31.1) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4 (24.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.7 (16.3) </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.8 (16.2) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 (46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2 (54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0 (46.4) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2.6 (36.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−42.1 (−43.8) </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.2 (−36.8) </td> <td style="background: #3737FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.4 (−26.3) </td> <td style="background: #7575FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−21 (−6) </td> <td style="background: #BEBEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.5 (18.5) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.3 (27.9) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2 (29.8) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.5 (16.7) </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.3 (−4.5) </td> <td style="background: #3535FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−32.8 (−27.0) </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−38.8 (−37.8) </td> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−42.1 (−43.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44 (1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 (1.5) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61 (2.4) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78 (3.1) </td> <td style="background: #99FF99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66 (2.6) </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 (2.8) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 (2.0) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">713 (28.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (9.4) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (14) </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 (11) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 (0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (1.6) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 (4.7) </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35 (14) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #3333FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #2D2DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">155 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">25 </td> <td style="background: #0000C6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">23 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">116 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">78 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #3C3C3C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #909090; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">128 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">170 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">265 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB05; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">271 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238 </td> <td style="background: #C4C408; color:#000000;" class="notheme">147 </td> <td style="background: #8E8E8E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #3C3C3C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">32 </td> <td style="background: #202020; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #C2C216; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,731 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #AFAF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #ABAB9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #6C6C6C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">34 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,<a href="#cite_note-Pogoda.ru.net_archive_1820-2010-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate_monitor_2005-2011-75">[74]</a> Thermograph.ru,<a href="#cite_note-thermograph.ru-76">[75]</a> Meteoweb.ru (sunshine hours)<a href="#cite_note-Meteoweb.ru_Average_monthly_Sunshine_hours-77">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Moscow (<a href="/wiki/VVC_weather_station" title="VVC weather station">VVC</a>) normals 1961–1990 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3 (20.7) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.4 (65.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8811; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.7 (71.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1 (73.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3 (15.3) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.7 (18.1) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 (42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6 (61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2 (64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 (41.2) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2 (29.8) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1 (21.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.0 (41.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.3 (9.9) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.1 (12.0) </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.6 (21.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 (45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.6 (16.5) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="#cite_note-thermograph-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Climate-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meteoweb-82">[81]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> Recent changes in Moscow's regional climate, since it is in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, are often cited by climate scientists as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> though by definition, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> is global, not regional. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city (2001, 2002, 2003, <a href="/wiki/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave">2010</a>, 2011, <a href="/wiki/Heat_waves_of_2021#June" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat waves of 2021">2021</a>). Along with a southern part of <a href="/wiki/Central_Federal_District" title="Central Federal District">Central Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Koppen_Dfa" title="Humid continental climate">hot-summer classification</a> trends. Winter also became significantly milder: for example, the average January temperature in the early 1900s was −12.0 °C (10.4 °F), while now it is about −7.0 °C (19.4 °F).<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> At the end of January–February it is often colder, with frosts reaching −30.0 °C (−22.0 °F) a few nights per year (2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013). The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below: <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Moscow (2014–2024, <a href="/wiki/VVC_weather_station" title="VVC weather station">VVC</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2 (24.4) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCD9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.7 (53.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.9 (73.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2 (28) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.2 (20.8) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.7 (25.3) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1 (57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6 (67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0 (55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 (32.5) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.4 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.9 (17.8) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 (48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5 (54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.9 (58.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2 (29.8) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.6 (38.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #434343; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #828282; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65 </td> <td style="background: #C0C023; color:#000000;" class="notheme">142 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">274 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">299 </td> <td style="background: #F3F318; color:#000000;" class="notheme">323 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">242 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0A0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #3E3E3E; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">33 </td> <td style="background: #191919; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,901 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: weatheronline.co.uk<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8">Wind direction in Moscow from 2002 to 2012 (average values) </th></tr> <tr> <td>North </td> <td>Northeast </td> <td>East </td> <td>South East </td> <td>Southern </td> <td>Southwest </td> <td>West </td> <td>Northwest </td></tr> <tr> <td>15% </td> <td>6.8% </td> <td>7.8% </td> <td>12.2% </td> <td>12.6% </td> <td>14.6% </td> <td>16.4% </td> <td>14.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/">world-weather.ru</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160726055137/http://world-weather.ru/archive/russia/moscow/">Archived</a> 26 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Moscow is one of the few cities with paleontological monuments of world significance on its territory.<a href="#cite_note-Malenkina2017-88">[87]</a> One of them is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorodnya_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorodnya River (page does not exist)">Gorodnya River</a> with its tributaries, on the banks of which outcrops of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> and older <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> periods are located. <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">Fossils</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> mollusk <a href="/wiki/Inoceramus" title="Inoceramus">Inoceramus kleinii</a> and tubular passages of burrowing animals, described in 2017 as a new <a href="/wiki/Ichnospecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnospecies">ichnospecies</a> <a href="/wiki/Skolithos" title="Skolithos">Skolithos gorodnensis</a>, were discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Coniacian" title="Coniacian">Coniacian</a> deposits near the stream bed of the Bolshaya Glinka River.<a href="#cite_note-Malenkina2017-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ichnogenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnogenus">Ichnogenera</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplocraterion" title="Diplocraterion">Diplocraterion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Planolites" title="Planolites">Planolites</a>, Skolithos and possibly <a href="/wiki/Ophiomorpha" title="Ophiomorpha">Ophiomorpha</a> were found in the <a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a> deposits. <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> flint tools were discovered in the Quaternary deposits of the Bolshaya Glinka stream bed.<a href="#cite_note-Malenkina2017-88">[87]</a> In 1878, paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Trautschold" title="Hermann Trautschold">Hermann Trautschold</a> discovered the left flipper of an <a href="/wiki/Ichthyosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichthyosaur">ichthyosaur</a> near the village of Mnevniki, which later became part of Moscow. In 2014, the animal was named <a href="/wiki/Undorosaurus" title="Undorosaurus">Undorosaurus trautscholdi</a>, after its discoverer. Trautschold determined the age of the sediments from which the specimen was taken to be <a href="/wiki/Kimmeridgian" title="Kimmeridgian">Kimmeridgian</a>, but, according to more recent studies, they were formed in the <a href="/wiki/Tithonian" title="Tithonian">Tithonian</a> age of the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-Arkhangelsky2014-89">[88]</a> Albian <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonites</a> also known from the Moscow deposits.<a href="#cite_note-Malenkina2017-88">[87]</a> Fossils of various organisms are on display in Moscow museums, including the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Paleontological_Museum" title="Moscow Paleontological Museum">Orlov Museum of Paleontology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vernadsky_State_Geological_Museum" title="Vernadsky State Geological Museum">Vernadsky State Geological Museum</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,038,625</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,995,252</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+92.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,141,633</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+107.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,045,905</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,941,961</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+37.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,830,509</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,769,117</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,382,754</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+18.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">11,503,501</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,010,112</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.1%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Source: Censuses<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/2021_Russian_census" title="2021 Russian census">2021 Russian census</a>, the population was 13,010,112;<a href="#cite_note-2021Census-6">[6]</a> up from 11,503,501 in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Russian_census" title="2010 Russian census">2010 Russian census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2014_objectively_assess-94">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="793"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png" data-width="330" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png/495px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png/660px-Life_expectancy_in_Russian_subject_-Moscow_-diff.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Life expectancy at birth since 1990, with gender difference. Life expectancy has been declining since 2019.</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Moscow" title="Ethnic groups in Moscow">Ethnic groups in Moscow</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Russia" title="Ethnic groups in Russia">Ethnicity</a> </th> <th colspan="11">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>1897<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[b]</a> </th> <th>1939<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> </th> <th>1959<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> </th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> </th> <th>1979<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> </th> <th>1989<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> </th> <th>2002<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2010<a href="#cite_note-2014_objectively_assess-94">[93]</a> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<a href="#cite_note-census2021-103">[101]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number (% of population) </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>% of ethnicity declared </th> <th>Number (%) </th> <th>% of ethnicity declared </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>987,044 (95.0%) </td> <td>3,614,430 (87.4%) </td> <td>4,507,899 (88.6%) </td> <td>6,301,247 (89.2%) </td> <td>7,146,682 (90.1%) </td> <td>7,963,246 (89.7%) </td> <td>8,808,009 (84.8%) </td> <td>9,930,410 (86.3%) </td> <td>91.6% </td> <td>9,074,375 (69.7%) </td> <td>90.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> </td> <td>4,288 (0.1%) </td> <td>57,687 (1.4%) </td> <td>80,489 (1.6%) </td> <td>109,252 (1.5%) </td> <td>131,328 (1.7%) </td> <td>157,376 (1.8%) </td> <td>166,083 (1.6%) </td> <td>149,043 (1.3%) </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>84,373 (0.6%) </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td>1,604 (0.1%) </td> <td>13,682 (0.3%) </td> <td>18,379 (0.4%) </td> <td>25,584 (0.4%) </td> <td>31,414 (0.4%) </td> <td>43,989 (0.5%) </td> <td>124,425 (1.2%) </td> <td>106,466 (0.9%) </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>68,018 (0.5%) </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>4,478 (0.4%) </td> <td>90,479 (2.2%) </td> <td>115,489 (2.3%) </td> <td>184,885 (2.6%) </td> <td>206,875 (2.6%) </td> <td>252,670 (2.8%) </td> <td>253,644 (2.4%) </td> <td>154,104 (1.3%) </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>58,788 (0.5%) </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td>677 (–) </td> <td>2,528 (–) </td> <td>4,889 (–) </td> <td>7,967 (0.1%) </td> <td>20,727 (0.2%) </td> <td>95,563 (0.9%) </td> <td>57,123 (0.5%) </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>37,259 (0.3%) </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td>659 (–) </td> <td>2,478 (–) </td> <td>5,973 (–) </td> <td>4,222 (–) </td> <td>9,183 (0.1%) </td> <td>9,183 (0.1%) </td> <td>35,595 (0.3%) </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>29,526 (0.2%) </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> </td> <td>5,070 (0.4%) </td> <td>250,181 (6.0%) </td> <td>239,246 (4.7%) </td> <td>251,350 (3.6%) </td> <td>222,900 (2.8%) </td> <td>174,728 (2.0%) </td> <td>79,359 (0.8%) </td> <td>53,145 (0.5%) </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>28,014 (0.2%) </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td>4,251 (0.1%) </td> <td>6,365 (0.1%) </td> <td>9,563 (0.1%) </td> <td>12,180 (0.2%) </td> <td>19,608 (0.2%) </td> <td>54,387 (0.5%) </td> <td>38,934 (0.3%) </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>26,222 (0.2%) </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td>184 (–) </td> <td>1,005 (–) </td> <td>1,652 (–) </td> <td>1,221 (–) </td> <td>2,893 (–) </td> <td>35,385 (0.4%) </td> <td>27,280 (0.2%) </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>22,783 (0.2%) </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> </td> <td>1,016 (–) </td> <td>24,952 (0.6%) </td> <td>34,370 (0.7%) </td> <td>50,257 (0.7%) </td> <td>59,193 (0.7%) </td> <td>73,005 (0.8%) </td> <td>59,353 (0.6%) </td> <td>39,225 (0.3%) </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>17,632 (0.1%) </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td>77 (–) </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td>1,173 (–) </td> <td>3,044 (–) </td> <td>4,102 (–) </td> <td>18,736 (0.2%) </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>16,858 (0.1%) </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td> </td> <td>76,173 (–) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>225,031 (2.0%) </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>595,543 (4.6%) </td> <td>5.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>No ethnicity declared </td> <td>– (–) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>668,409 (5.8%) </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,950,721 (22.7%) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>1,038,591 (100%) </th> <th>4,137,018 (100%) </th> <th>5,085,581 (100%) </th> <th>7,061,008 </th> <th>7,931,602 (100%) </th> <th>8,875,579 (100%) </th> <th>10,382,754 (100%) </th> <th>11,503,501 (100%) </th> <th>100% (10,835,092) </th> <th>13,010,112 (100%) </th> <th>100% (10,059,391) </th></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt></dt></dl> <ul><li>668,409 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vital_statistics">Vital statistics</h3></div> The official population of Moscow is based on those holding "<a href="/wiki/Resident_registration_in_Russia" title="Resident registration in Russia">permanent residency</a>". According to Russia's Federal Migration Service, Moscow holds 1.8 million official "guests" who have temporary residency on the basis of visas or other documentation, giving a legal population of 14.8 million. The number of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration in Russia">Illegal immigrants</a>, the vast majority originating from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, is estimated to be an additional 1 million people,<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> giving a total population of about 15.8 million. Vital statistics for 2022:<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> <ul><li>Births: 123,654 (9.8 per 1,000)</li> <li>Deaths: 126,988 (10.1 per 1,000)</li></ul> Total fertility rate (2022):<a href="#cite_note-gks.ru-tfr-108">[106]</a> 1.42 children per woman Life expectancy (2021):<a href="#cite_note-rosstat-109">[107]</a> Total — 74.55 years (male — 71.00, female — 77.94) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tleft" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Moscow (2020)<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:55%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">55%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Black; width:28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other religions</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Christians</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Undeclared</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg/172px-Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5430" data-file-height="4765"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg/172px-Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="172" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg/258px-Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg/344px-Moscow_July_2011-6a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg/162px-Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="4068"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 162px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg/162px-Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="162" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg/243px-Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg/324px-Moscow_Immaculate_Conception_Church_asv2019-06_img1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/172px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/172px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="172" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/258px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/344px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg/162px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3618" data-file-height="3618"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 162px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg/162px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="162" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg/243px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg/324px-Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque_01-2016.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Clockwise from left: the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a>, demolished during the Soviet period and reconstructed from 1990–2000; <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_(Moscow)" title="Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Moscow)">Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Cathedral_Mosque" title="Moscow Cathedral Mosque">Moscow Cathedral Mosque</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Choral_Synagogue" title="Moscow Choral Synagogue">Moscow Choral Synagogue</a></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> form the majority of the city's population; most of whom adhere <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Moscow_and_all_Rus%27" title="Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'">Patriarch of Moscow</a> serves as the head of the church and resides in the <a href="/wiki/Danilov_Monastery" title="Danilov Monastery">Danilov Monastery</a>. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to 1917. Moscow is Russia's capital of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>, which has been the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">country's traditional religion</a>. Other religions practiced in Moscow include <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Russia" title="Hinduism in Russia">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rodnovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodnovery">Rodnovery</a>. The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 million of the city's population in 2010;<a href="#cite_note-Spie-112">[110]</a> There are four <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Moscow" title="List of tallest buildings in Moscow">List of tallest buildings in Moscow</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Estatal_de_Historia,_Mosc%C3%BA,_Rusia,_2016-10-03,_DD_49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/220px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6255" data-file-height="4681"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/220px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/330px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg/440px-Museo_Estatal_de_Historia%2C_Mosc%C3%BA%2C_Rusia%2C_2016-10-03%2C_DD_49.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">State Historical Museum</a>, an example of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival_architecture" title="Russian Revival architecture">Neo-Russian style</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg/220px-Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="4516"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg/220px-Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg/330px-Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg/440px-Moscow_July_2011-7a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Byzantine_architecture_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire">Neo-Byzantine architecture</a></figcaption></figure> Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a>, with its elegant <a href="/wiki/Onion_dome" title="Onion dome">onion domes</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Savior" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Christ the Savior">Cathedral of Christ the Savior</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(Moscow)" title="Seven Sisters (Moscow)">Seven Sisters</a>. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century. Medieval Moscow's design was of concentric walls and intersecting radial thoroughfares. This layout, as well as Moscow's rivers, helped shape Moscow's design in subsequent centuries. The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance. From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches. The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways, some of them over ten lanes wide, which, while greatly simplifying movement through the city, were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the <a href="/wiki/Sukharev_Tower" title="Sukharev Tower">Sukharev Tower</a>, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings. The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> nation, made religiously significant buildings especially vulnerable to demolition. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Moscow" title="Kazan Cathedral, Moscow">Kazan Cathedral</a> and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_(25795529393).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/220px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4786" data-file-height="3169"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/220px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/330px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg/440px-0169_-_Moskau_2015_-_Roter_Platz_%2825795529393%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GUM_(department_store)" title="GUM (department store)">GUM</a> department store, facing the <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostankino_Tower,_2015.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG/170px-Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="3571"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG/170px-Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG/255px-Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG/340px-Ostankino_Tower%2C_2015.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Tower" title="Ostankino Tower">Ostankino Tower</a>, the tallest freestanding structure in Europe, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_freestanding_structures_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest freestanding structures in the world">eighth-tallest in the world</a></figcaption></figure> While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects associated with <a href="/wiki/VKHUTEMAS" class="mw-redirect" title="VKHUTEMAS">VKHUTEMAS</a>, responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Shukhov" title="Vladimir Shukhov">Vladimir Shukhov</a>, famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many <a href="/wiki/Hyperboloid_structure" title="Hyperboloid structure">hyperboloid towers</a> designed by Shukhov. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.<a href="#cite_note-stako-116">[114]</a> Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivist</a> architecture of early Soviet Russia. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the <a href="/wiki/GUM_(department_store)" title="GUM (department store)">GUM</a> department store on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>,<a href="#cite_note-stako-116">[114]</a> bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow,_Hotel_Ukraina_(30585861673).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg/220px-Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2178"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg/220px-Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg/330px-Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg/440px-Moscow%2C_Hotel_Ukraina_%2830585861673%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(Moscow)" title="Seven Sisters (Moscow)">Seven Sisters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radisson_Royal_Hotel,_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Radisson Royal Hotel, Moscow">Hotel Ukraina</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">tallest hotel in Europe</a>, and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hotels" title="List of tallest hotels">tallest hotels in the world</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg/220px-Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="529"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg/220px-Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg/330px-Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg/440px-Zhivopisny_Bridge1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zhivopisny_Bridge" title="Zhivopisny Bridge">Zhivopisny Bridge</a>, the highest cable-stayed bridge in Europe</figcaption></figure> Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(Moscow)" title="Seven Sisters (Moscow)">Seven Sisters</a>, seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin. A defining feature of Moscow's skyline, their imposing form was allegedly inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Municipal_Building" title="Manhattan Municipal Building">Manhattan Municipal Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and their style—with intricate exteriors and a large central spire—has been described as <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist Gothic architecture</a>. All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the <a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Tower" title="Ostankino Tower">Ostankino Tower</a>, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world's seventy-second tallest, ranking among buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Burj_Khalifa" title="Burj Khalifa">Burj Khalifa</a> in Dubai, <a href="/wiki/Taipei_101" title="Taipei 101">Taipei 101</a> in Taiwan and the <a href="/wiki/CN_Tower" title="CN Tower">CN Tower</a> in Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The Soviet goal of providing housing for every family, and the rapid growth of Moscow's population, led to the construction of large, monotonous housing blocks. Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power (Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc.). They are usually badly maintained. Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mid-1960s, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>. It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. Moslift, one of the city's major elevator operating companies, has about 1500 elevator mechanics on call, to release residents trapped in elevators.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist-era buildings</a>, mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a> motifs that imitate <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">classical</a> themes. However, small churches—almost always <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>– found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old <a href="/wiki/Arbat_Street" title="Arbat Street">Arbat Street</a>, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façades</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tverskaya_Street" title="Tverskaya Street">Tverskaya Street</a>, for example) are also examples of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> architecture typical of Tsarist times. <a href="/wiki/Ostankino_Palace" title="Ostankino Palace">Ostankino Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuskovo" title="Kuskovo">Kuskovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzkoye" title="Uzkoye">Uzkoye</a> and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some <a href="/wiki/Template:Cloisters_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Cloisters of Moscow">convents, and monasteries</a>, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_(Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2992"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%28Unsplash_-kgrPSetNW8%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Modern methods of skyscraper construction were implemented in the city for the first time with the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">MIBC</a>.</figcaption></figure> Attempts are being made to restore many of the city's best-kept examples of pre-Soviet architecture. These restored structures are easily spotted by their bright new colors and spotless façades. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> work too, such as the house of the architect <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Melnikov" title="Konstantin Melnikov">Konstantin Melnikov</a> in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. <a href="/wiki/Facadism" title="Facadism">Facadism</a> is also widely practiced.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> Later examples of interesting Soviet architecture are usually marked by their impressive size and the semi-<a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">Modernist</a> styles employed, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Novy_Arbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Novy Arbat">Novy Arbat</a> project, familiarly known as "false teeth of Moscow" and notorious for the wide-scale disruption of a historic area in central Moscow involved in the project. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borovitskaya_square1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Borovitskaya_square1.jpg/220px-Borovitskaya_square1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Borovitskaya_square1.jpg/220px-Borovitskaya_square1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Borovitskaya_square1.jpg/330px-Borovitskaya_square1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Borovitskaya_square1.jpg/440px-Borovitskaya_square1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Borovitskaya square, <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Vladimir_the_Great" title="Monument to Vladimir the Great">Monument to Vladimir the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashkov_House" title="Pashkov House">Pashkov House</a></figcaption></figure> Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside (or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside) of Russia. There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city. Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing, with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> to make space for luxury apartments and hotels.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Some critics also wonder if the money used for the reconstruction of razed buildings could not be used for the renovation of decaying structures, which include many works by architect Konstantin Melnikov<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayakovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)">Mayakovskaya</a> metro station. Some organizations, such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> and Save Europe's Heritage,<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <table class="graytable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg/445px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg" decoding="async" width="445" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 445px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg/445px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg" data-width="445" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg/668px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg/890px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg/442px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg" decoding="async" width="442" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="804"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 442px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg/442px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg" data-width="442" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg/663px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg/884px-Panoramic_view_of_Moscow3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Panoramic view of Moscow </td> <td>Panoramic view of Moscow </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_landmarks">Parks and landmarks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Moscow_tourist_attractions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moscow tourist attractions">List of Moscow tourist attractions</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red Square is a World Heritage Site."><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/1500px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="1500" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8773" data-file-height="1452"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1500px;height: 248px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/1500px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1500" data-height="248" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/2250px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg/3000px-Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_360_Red_Square_edit.jpg" title="File:Panorama 360 Red Square edit.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</div></div></div> There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical gardens</a>. There are 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of forests.<a href="#cite_note-mosru-stats-127">[125]</a> Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, 7.5 in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and 8.6 in New York.<a href="#cite_note-greendress-128">[126]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/220px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4425" data-file-height="2489"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/220px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/330px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg/440px-Moscow_Gorky_Park_main_portal_08-2016_img1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(Moscow)" title="Gorky Park (Moscow)">Gorky Park</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(Moscow)" title="Gorky Park (Moscow)">Gorky Park</a> (officially the <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(Moscow)" title="Gorky Park (Moscow)">Central Park of Culture and Rest</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a>), was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square metres or 170 acres)<a href="#cite_note-greendress-128">[126]</a> along the Moskva river contains <a href="/wiki/Architectural_glossary#Estrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural glossary">estrades</a>, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the <a href="/wiki/Neskuchny_Garden" title="Neskuchny Garden">Neskuchny Garden</a> (408,000 square metres or 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Dreams2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Dreams2.jpg/220px-Island_of_Dreams2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="899"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Dreams2.jpg/220px-Island_of_Dreams2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Dreams2.jpg/330px-Island_of_Dreams2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Island_of_Dreams2.jpg/440px-Island_of_Dreams2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dream_Island_(amusement_park)" title="Dream Island (amusement park)">Dream Island</a>, the largest indoor theme park in Europe</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Izmaylovsky_Park" title="Izmaylovsky Park">Izmaylovsky Park</a>, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a> in London. Its area of 15.34 square kilometres (5.92 sq mi) is six times greater than that of <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-greendress-128">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauman_Garden_(Moscow)" title="Bauman Garden (Moscow)">Bauman Garden</a>, officially founded in 1920 and renamed in 1922 after the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bauman" title="Nikolay Bauman">Nikolay Bauman</a>, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow. It is standing on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/House_of_Golitsyn" title="House of Golitsyn">Golitsyn</a> estate and eighteenth-century public garden.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg/220px-Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg/220px-Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg/330px-Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg/440px-Novodevichy_Convent_Night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Convent" title="Novodevichy Convent">Novodevichy Convent</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sokolniki_Park" title="Sokolniki Park">Sokolniki Park</a>, named after the <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a> hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds. <a href="/wiki/Losiny_Ostrov_National_Park" title="Losiny Ostrov National Park">Losiny Ostrov National Park</a> ("Elk Island" National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia's first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" – elk can be seen there. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_(19.08.2018).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg/170px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4782" data-file-height="6217"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 221px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg/170px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg/255px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg/340px-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%2819.08.2018%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Church of Ascension in <a href="/wiki/Kolomenskoye" title="Kolomenskoye">Kolomenskoye</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tsytsin Main <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Botanical_Garden_of_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences">Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences</a>, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> It covers the territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land.<a href="#cite_note-greendress-128">[126]</a> The All-Russian Exhibition Center (Всероссийский выставочный центр), formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later <a href="/wiki/VDNKh_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="VDNKh (Russia)">Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy</a> (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the 1990s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center (most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses), it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains (<a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Flower_Fountain" title="The Stone Flower Fountain">Stone Flower</a> and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In 2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square,<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kolomenskoye#The_White_Column_of_Kolomenskoye" title="Kolomenskoye">Church of the Ascension</a> at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> Near the <a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">new Tretyakov Gallery</a> there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called "<a href="/wiki/The_graveyard_of_fallen_monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="The graveyard of fallen monuments">the graveyard of fallen monuments</a>" that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution. Other attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Zoo" title="Moscow Zoo">Moscow Zoo</a>, a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens.<a href="#cite_note-moszoo-136">[134]</a> Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors.<a href="#cite_note-moszoo-136">[134]</a> Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments. <table class="graytable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaryadye31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zaryadye31.jpg/230px-Zaryadye31.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1155"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zaryadye31.jpg/230px-Zaryadye31.jpg" data-width="230" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zaryadye31.jpg/345px-Zaryadye31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Zaryadye31.jpg/460px-Zaryadye31.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:GL(176155)(10).webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp/331px-GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="331" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 331px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp/331px-GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp.png" data-width="331" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp/497px-GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp/662px-GL%28176155%29%2810%29.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="width:33%;"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg/314px-Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg" decoding="async" width="314" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 314px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg/314px-Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg" data-width="314" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg/471px-Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg/628px-Victory_park_on_Poklonnaya_Hill1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zaryadye_Park" title="Zaryadye Park">Zaryadye Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VDNKh_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="VDNKh (Russia)">VDNKh</a> </td> <td>Victory park on <a href="/wiki/Poklonnaya_Hill" title="Poklonnaya Hill">Poklonnaya Hill</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Moscow_rings">Moscow rings</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> Moscow's road system is centered roughly on the Kremlin at the heart of the city. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads ("rings"). <ol><li>The first and innermost major ring, Bulvarnoye Koltso (<a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Ring" title="Boulevard Ring">Boulevard Ring</a>), was built at the former location of the 16th-century city wall around what used to be called <a href="/wiki/Bely_Gorod" title="Bely Gorod">Bely Gorod</a> (White Town).<a href="#cite_note-golden-ring-137">[135]</a> The Bulvarnoye Koltso is technically not a ring; it does not form a complete circle, but instead a <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe-shaped" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseshoe-shaped">horseshoe-shaped</a> arc that begins at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior and ends at the <a href="/wiki/Yauza_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yauza River">Yauza River</a>.</li> <li>The second primary ring, located outside the Boulevard Ring, is the Sadovoye Koltso (<a href="/wiki/Garden_Ring" title="Garden Ring">Garden Ring</a>). Like the Boulevard Ring, the Garden Ring follows the path of a 16th-century wall that used to encompass part of Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-golden-ring-137">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/290px-ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/290px-ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/435px-ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg/580px-ISS-38_Nighttime_image_of_Moscow%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Moscow as viewed from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, 29 January 2014</figcaption></figure></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)" title="Third Ring Road (Moscow)">Third Ring Road</a>, was completed in 2003 as a high-speed <a href="/wiki/Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeway">freeway</a>.</li> <li>The Fourth Transport Ring, another freeway, was planned, but cancelled in 2011. A system of chordal highways will replace it.</li></ol> Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a> is a circle-shaped <a href="/wiki/Loop_line_(railway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop line (railway)">looped</a> subway line (hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya, literally "ring line"), which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring. Two modern overlapping lines of Moscow Metro form "two hearts": <ul><li>Line 14. Since 10 September 2016, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Circle" title="Moscow Central Circle">Moscow Central Circle</a> renovated railroad (former Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga) was introduced as Line 14 of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>. The cone-shaped railroad initially opened in 1908 (freight-only railway from 1934 until the 2016 reopening).</li> <li>Line 11. Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line (<a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line" title="Bolshaya Koltsevaya line">Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya</a>) is under construction and will be finished in 2023. <a href="/wiki/Kakhovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Kakhovskaya (Moscow Metro)">Kakhovskaya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Savyolovskaya_(Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line)" title="Savyolovskaya (Bolshaya Koltsevaya line)">Savyolovskaya</a> western half of the line was launched in late 2021.</li></ul> The outermost ring within Moscow is the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Ring_Road" title="Moscow Ring Road">Moscow Ring Road</a> (often called MKAD, acronym word for Russian Московская Кольцевая Автомобильная Дорога), which forms the cultural boundary of the city, and was established in the 1950s. It is to note the method of building the road (usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way) formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself). <ul><li>Before 2012 expansion of Moscow, MKAD was considered an approximate border for Moscow boundaries.</li></ul> Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of Betonka roads (highways A107 and A108), originally made of concrete pads. In order to reduce transit traffic on MKAD, the new ring road (called CKAD - Centralnaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga, Central Ring Road) is now under construction beyond the MKAD. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_rings_in_Moscow">Transport rings in Moscow</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Length </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Type </th></tr> <tr> <td>9 km</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Ring" title="Boulevard Ring">Boulevard Ring</a> – Bulvarnoye Koltso (not a full ring)</td> <td>Road </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 km</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garden_Ring" title="Garden Ring">Garden Ring</a> – Sadovoye Koltso ("B")</td> <td>Road </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 km</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koltsevaya_line" title="Koltsevaya line">Koltsevaya line</a> (Line 5)</td> <td>Metro </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 km</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)" title="Third Ring Road (Moscow)">Third Ring Road</a> – Third Transport Ring – Tretye Transportnoye Koltso (TTK)</td> <td>Road </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 km</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Little_Ring_of_the_Moscow_Railway" title="Little Ring of the Moscow Railway">Little Ring of the Moscow Railway</a>, re-opened as <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Central Ring">Moscow Central Ring</a> (MCC) – Line 14</td> <td>Railway </td></tr> <tr> <td>20.2 km</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Koltsevaya_line" title="Bolshaya Koltsevaya line">Bolshaya Koltsevaya line</a> – Line 11</td> <td>Metro </td></tr> <tr> <td>109 km</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Automobile_Ring_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Automobile Ring Road">Moscow Automobile Ring Road</a> – Moskovskaya Koltsevaya Avtomobilnaya Doroga (MKAD)</td> <td>Road </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3></div> One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the <a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">Tretyakov Gallery</a>, which was founded by <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tretyakov" title="Pavel Tretyakov">Pavel Tretyakov</a>, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the <a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">Tretyakovskaya</a> area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition.<a href="#cite_note-trety-139">[137]</a> The works of famous pre-<a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Revolutionary</a> painters, such as <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, as well as the works of early Russian <a href="/wiki/Icon_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon painting">icon painters</a> can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconographer</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rublev" title="Andrei Rublev">Andrei Rublev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trety-139">[137]</a> The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tatlin" title="Vladimir Tatlin">Vladimir Tatlin</a>'s famous <a href="/wiki/Tatlin%27s_Tower" title="Tatlin's Tower">Monument to the Third International</a> and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like <a href="/wiki/Kazimir_Malevich" title="Kazimir Malevich">Kazimir Malevich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a>. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gmii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gmii.jpg/220px-Gmii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gmii.jpg/220px-Gmii.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gmii.jpg/330px-Gmii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gmii.jpg/440px-Gmii.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts</a></figcaption></figure> Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts</a>, which was founded by, among others, the father of <a href="/wiki/Marina_Tsvetaeva" title="Marina Tsvetaeva">Marina Tsvetaeva</a>. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Monet" title="Claude Monet">Claude Monet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9zanne" title="Paul Cézanne">Paul Cézanne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> are present in the museum's collection. The <a href="/wiki/State_Historical_Museum" title="State Historical Museum">State Historical Museum</a> of Russia (Государственный Исторический музей) is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and <a href="/wiki/Manezhnaya_Square,_Moscow" title="Manezhnaya Square, Moscow">Manege Square</a> in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million. The <a href="/wiki/Polytechnical_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnical Museum">Polytechnical Museum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The Borodino Panorama<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">diorama</a>. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon's army, that includes also the <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Moscow" title="Triumphal Arch of Moscow">triumphal arch</a>, erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware. <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> at the end of <a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a> is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials. The <a href="/wiki/Shchusev_State_Museum_of_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shchusev State Museum of Architecture">Shchusev State Museum of Architecture</a> is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Shchusev" title="Alexey Shchusev">Alexey Shchusev</a> near the Kremlin area. Moscow will get its own branch of the Hermitage Museum in 2024, with authorities having agreed upon the final project, to be executed by Hani Rashid, co-founder of New York-based 'Asymptote Architecture' - the same bureau that's behind the city's stock market building, the Busan-based World Business Center Solomon Tower and the Strata Tower in Abu-Dhabi.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/162px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6839" data-file-height="4380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 162px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/162px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="162" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/243px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg/324px-%D0%97%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg/222px-Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="104" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="913"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 222px;height: 104px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg/222px-Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="222" data-height="104" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg/333px-Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg/444px-Inside_Moscow_Bolshoi_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including <a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">ballet</a> and film, with 68 museums<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> 103<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow's theaters and ballet studios is the <a href="/wiki/Bolshoi_Theatre" title="Bolshoi Theatre">Bolshoi Theatre</a> and the Malyi Theatre<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Vakhtangov_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhtangov Theatre">Vakhtangov Theatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a>. The Moscow International Performance Arts Center,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> opened in 2003, also known as <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_House_of_Music" title="Moscow International House of Music">Moscow International House of Music</a>, is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest <a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">organ</a> in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall. There are also two large circuses in Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_Circus" title="Moscow State Circus">Moscow State Circus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Circus_on_Tsvetnoy_Boulevard" title="Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard">Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Nikulin" title="Yuri Nikulin">Yuri Nikulin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mosfilm" title="Mosfilm">Mosfilm</a> studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> collection are shown regularly. International film festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Film_Festival" title="Moscow International Film Festival">Moscow International Film Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stalker_(film_festival)" title="Stalker (film festival)">Stalker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artdocfest" title="Artdocfest">Artdocfest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Jewish_Film_Festival" title="Moscow Jewish Film Festival">Moscow Jewish Film Festival</a> are staged in Moscow. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Moscow" title="Football in Moscow">Football in Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuzhnikiStadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/LuzhnikiStadium.jpg/220px-LuzhnikiStadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/LuzhnikiStadium.jpg/220px-LuzhnikiStadium.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/LuzhnikiStadium.jpg/330px-LuzhnikiStadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/LuzhnikiStadium.jpg/440px-LuzhnikiStadium.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Luzhniki Stadium</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 FIFA World Cup Final">2018 FIFA World Cup Final</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg/220px-Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg/220px-Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg/330px-Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg/440px-Sparrow_Hills_fanzone_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Hills" title="Sparrow Hills">Sparrow Hills</a> fanzone during <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4344" data-file-height="2896"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg/330px-Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg/440px-Moscow_05-2017_img48_Olimpiysky_Arena.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Moscow)" title="Olympic Stadium (Moscow)">SC Olimpiyskiy</a> was built for the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a>.</figcaption></figure> Over 500 Olympic sports champions lived in the city by 2005.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Luzhniki Stadium</a> is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe (it hosted the <a href="/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Cup" title="1998–99 UEFA Cup">1998–99 UEFA Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Champions_League" title="2007–08 UEFA Champions League">2007–08 UEFA Champions League</a> finals, the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a> with 7 games total, including the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 FIFA World Cup Final">final</a>). Forty other sports complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Moscow_arena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic Stadium (Moscow arena)">Olympic Stadium</a> was the world's first indoor arena for <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> and hosted the <a href="/wiki/Bandy_World_Championship" title="Bandy World Championship">Bandy World Championship</a> twice.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> Moscow was again the host of the competition in 2010, this time in <a href="/wiki/Ice_Palace_Krylatskoye" title="Ice Palace Krylatskoye">Krylatskoye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> That arena has also hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Speed_Skating_Championships" title="World Speed Skating Championships">World Speed Skating Championships</a>. There are also seven <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> tracks in Moscow,<a href="#cite_note-mosru-stats-127">[125]</a> of which <a href="/wiki/Central_Moscow_Hippodrome" title="Central Moscow Hippodrome">Central Moscow Hippodrome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> founded in 1834, is the largest. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSKA_Arena_(Quintin_Soloviev).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg/220px-CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg/220px-CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg/330px-CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg/440px-CSKA_Arena_%28Quintin_Soloviev%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/CSKA_Arena" title="CSKA Arena">CSKA Arena</a> during a game of <a href="/wiki/Kontinental_Hockey_League" title="Kontinental Hockey League">KHL</a>, considered to be the second-best ice hockey league in the world</figcaption></figure> Moscow was the host city of the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Yachting" title="Yachting">yachting</a> events being held at <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics. Moscow had made a bid for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>. However, when final voting commenced on 6 July 2005, Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">London</a>. The most titled <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> team in the Soviet Union and in the world, <a href="/wiki/HC_CSKA_Moscow" title="HC CSKA Moscow">HC CSKA Moscow</a> comes from Moscow. Other big ice hockey clubs from Moscow are <a href="/wiki/HC_Dynamo_Moscow" title="HC Dynamo Moscow">HC Dynamo Moscow</a>, which was the second most titled team in the Soviet Union, and <a href="/wiki/HC_Spartak_Moscow" title="HC Spartak Moscow">HC Spartak Moscow</a>. The most titled Soviet, Russian, and one of the most titled <a href="/wiki/Euroleague" class="mw-redirect" title="Euroleague">Euroleague</a> clubs, is the <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a> club from Moscow <a href="/wiki/PBC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PBC CSKA Moscow">PBC CSKA Moscow</a>. Moscow hosted the <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket" title="EuroBasket">EuroBasket</a> in 1953 and 1965. Moscow had more winners at the <a href="/wiki/USSR_Chess_Championship" title="USSR Chess Championship">USSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Chess_Championship" title="Russian Chess Championship">Russian Chess Championship</a> than any other city. The most titled <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> team in the Soviet Union and in Europe (<a href="/wiki/CEV_Champions_League" title="CEV Champions League">CEV Champions League</a>) is <a href="/wiki/VC_CSKA_Moscow" title="VC CSKA Moscow">VC CSKA Moscow</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow" title="FC Spartak Moscow">FC Spartak Moscow</a> has won more championship titles in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Russian Premier League</a> than any other team. They were second only to <a href="/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Kyiv" title="FC Dynamo Kyiv">FC Dynamo Kyiv</a> in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Top_League" title="Soviet Top League">Soviet times</a>. <a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PFC CSKA Moscow">PFC CSKA Moscow</a> became the first Russian football team to win a <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> title, the <a href="/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_UEFA_Cup" title="2004–05 UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Europa League</a>). <a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow" title="FC Lokomotiv Moscow">FC Lokomotiv Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow" title="FC Dynamo Moscow">FC Dynamo Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow" title="FC Torpedo Moscow">FC Torpedo Moscow</a> are other professional football teams also based in Moscow. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_(08.01.2024)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lukoil Arena, home of FC Spartak Moscow"><noscript><img alt="Lukoil Arena, home of FC Spartak Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg/200px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg/200px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg" data-alt="Lukoil Arena, home of FC Spartak Moscow" data-width="200" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg/300px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg/400px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%C2%BB_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2808.01.2024%29_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_Arena" title="Lukoil Arena">Lukoil Arena</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow" title="FC Spartak Moscow">FC Spartak Moscow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Arena_CSKA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VEB Arena, home of PFC CSKA Moscow"><noscript><img alt="VEB Arena, home of PFC CSKA Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arena_CSKA.jpg/200px-Arena_CSKA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arena_CSKA.jpg/200px-Arena_CSKA.jpg" data-alt="VEB Arena, home of PFC CSKA Moscow" data-width="200" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arena_CSKA.jpg/300px-Arena_CSKA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Arena_CSKA.jpg/400px-Arena_CSKA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/VEB_Arena" title="VEB Arena">VEB Arena</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moscow" title="PFC CSKA Moscow">PFC CSKA Moscow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:VTB_Arena8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="VTB Arena, home of FC Dynamo Moscow and HC Dynamo Moscow"><noscript><img alt="VTB Arena, home of FC Dynamo Moscow and HC Dynamo Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VTB_Arena8.jpg/200px-VTB_Arena8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VTB_Arena8.jpg/200px-VTB_Arena8.jpg" data-alt="VTB Arena, home of FC Dynamo Moscow and HC Dynamo Moscow" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VTB_Arena8.jpg/300px-VTB_Arena8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/VTB_Arena8.jpg/400px-VTB_Arena8.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/VTB_Arena" title="VTB Arena">VTB Arena</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow" title="FC Dynamo Moscow">FC Dynamo Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/HC_Dynamo_Moscow" title="HC Dynamo Moscow">HC Dynamo Moscow</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="RZD Arena, home of FC Lokomotiv Moscow"><noscript><img alt="RZD Arena, home of FC Lokomotiv Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg/200px-Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="501"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg/200px-Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg" data-alt="RZD Arena, home of FC Lokomotiv Moscow" data-width="200" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg/300px-Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg/400px-Lokomotiv_Stadium.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/RZD_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="RZD Arena">RZD Arena</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moscow" title="FC Lokomotiv Moscow">FC Lokomotiv Moscow</a></div> </li> </ul> Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. Because sports organisations in the Soviet Union were once highly centralized, two of the best Union-level teams represented defence and law-enforcing agencies: the Armed Forces (<a href="/wiki/CSKA_Moscow" title="CSKA Moscow">CSKA</a>) and the Ministry of Internal Affairs (<a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Sports_Club" title="Dynamo Sports Club">Dinamo</a>). There were army and police teams in most major cities. As a result, Spartak, CSKA, and Dinamo were among the best-funded teams in the USSR. The <a href="/wiki/Irina_Viner-Usmanova_Gymnastics_Palace" title="Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace">Irina Viner-Usmanova Gymnastics Palace</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Olympic_Complex" title="Luzhniki Olympic Complex">Luzniki Olympic Complex</a>. The building works started in 2017 and the opening ceremony took place on 18 June 2019. The investor of the Palace is the billionaire <a href="/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov" title="Alisher Usmanov">Alisher Usmanov</a>, husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach <a href="/wiki/Irina_Viner-Usmanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Irina Viner-Usmanova">Irina Viner-Usmanova</a>. The total surface of the building is 23,500 m2, which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved for referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved for journalists, and a hotel for athletes.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Because of Moscow's cold local climate, <a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">winter sports</a> have a following. Many of Moscow's large parks offer marked trails for skiing and frozen ponds for skating. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg/220px-2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg/220px-2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg/330px-2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg/440px-2018_World_Cup_Final_-_France_v_Croatia_-_1st_Half.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Luzhniki Stadium</a> in Moscow, which hosted games of the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> Moscow hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Cup" title="Kremlin Cup">Kremlin Cup</a>, a popular tennis tournament on both the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">ATP</a> tours. It is one of the ten Tier-I events on the women's tour and a host of Russian players feature every year. <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Moscow)" title="Olympic Stadium (Moscow)">SC Olimpiyskiy</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2009">Eurovision Song Contest 2009</a>, the first and so far the only <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> arranged in Russia. <a href="/wiki/Slava_Moscow" title="Slava Moscow">Slava Moscow</a> is a professional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> club, competing in the national <a href="/wiki/Professional_Rugby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional Rugby League">Professional Rugby League</a>. Former <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> heavyweights <a href="/wiki/RC_Lokomotiv_Moscow" title="RC Lokomotiv Moscow">RC Lokomotiv</a> have entered the same league as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit">[update]</a>. The Luzhniki Stadium also hosted the <a href="/wiki/2013_Rugby_World_Cup_Sevens" title="2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens">2013 Rugby World Cup Sevens</a>. In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times <a href="/wiki/Russian_Bandy_Super_League" title="Russian Bandy Super League">Russian League</a> champions <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_Moscow_Bandy_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamo Moscow Bandy Club">Dynamo Moscow</a>. They have also won the <a href="/wiki/Bandy_World_Cup" title="Bandy World Cup">World Cup</a> thrice and <a href="/wiki/European_Cup_(bandy)" title="European Cup (bandy)">European Cup</a> six times. <a href="/wiki/MFK_Dinamo_Moskva" title="MFK Dinamo Moskva">MFK Dinamo Moskva</a> is one of the major <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> clubs in Europe, having won the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Futsal_Champions_League" title="UEFA Futsal Champions League">Futsal Champions League</a> title once. When Russia was selected to host the <a href="/wiki/2018_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2018 FIFA World Cup">2018 FIFA World Cup</a>, the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the <a href="/wiki/VTB_Arena" title="VTB Arena">Dynamo Stadium</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lukoil_Arena" title="Lukoil Arena">Spartak Stadium</a>, although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football_clubs">Football clubs</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club</th> <th>Founded</th> <th>League</th> <th>League Rank</th> <th>Stadium </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Spartak Moskva">Spartak Moscow</a></td> <td>1922</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Premier League</a></td> <td>1st</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lukoil_Arena" title="Lukoil Arena">Lukoil Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PFC_CSKA_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="PFC CSKA Moskva">CSKA Moscow</a></td> <td>1911</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Premier League</a></td> <td>1st</td> <td><a href="/wiki/VEB_Arena" title="VEB Arena">VEB Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Lokomotiv_Moskva" class="mw-redirect" title="FC Lokomotiv Moskva">Lokomotiv Moscow</a></td> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Premier League</a></td> <td>1st</td> <td><a href="/wiki/RZD_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="RZD Arena">RZD Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Dynamo_Moscow" title="FC Dynamo Moscow">Dynamo Moscow</a></td> <td>1923</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Premier_League" title="Russian Premier League">Premier League</a></td> <td>1st</td> <td><a href="/wiki/VTB_Arena" title="VTB Arena">VTB Arena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Torpedo_Moscow" title="FC Torpedo Moscow">Torpedo Moscow</a></td> <td>1924</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_First_League" title="Russian First League">First League</a></td> <td>2nd</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Streltsov_Stadium" title="Eduard Streltsov Stadium">Eduard Streltsov Stadium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Rodina_Moscow" title="FC Rodina Moscow">Rodina Moscow</a></td> <td>2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_First_League" title="Russian First League">First League</a></td> <td>2nd</td> <td>Spartakovets Stadium </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FC_Veles_Moscow" title="FC Veles Moscow">Veles Moscow</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Second_League" title="Russian Second League">Second League</a></td> <td>3rd</td> <td>Avangard Stadium </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Moscow" title="List of shopping malls in Moscow">List of shopping malls in Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg/220px-Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg/220px-Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg/330px-Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg/440px-Arbat_Street_in_MSK.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arbat_Street" title="Arbat Street">Arbat Street</a>, in the historical centre of Moscow</figcaption></figure> The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. <a href="/wiki/Tverskaya_Street" title="Tverskaya Street">Tverskaya Street</a> is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow. The adjoining <a href="/wiki/Tretyakovsky_Proyezd" title="Tretyakovsky Proyezd">Tretyakovsky Proyezd</a>, also south of Tverskaya Street, in <a href="/wiki/Kitai-gorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitai-gorod">Kitai-gorod</a>, is host to upmarket boutique stores such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiffany_%26_Co." title="Tiffany & Co.">Tiffany & Co.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armani" title="Armani">Armani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-go-mag-156">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nightlife" title="Nightlife">Nightlife</a> in Moscow has moved on since Soviet times and today the city has many of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Nightclubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightclubs">nightclubs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The hottest area is located around the old chocolate factory, where bars, nightclubs, galleries, cafés and restaurants are placed.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dream_Island_(amusement_park)" title="Dream Island (amusement park)">Dream Island</a> is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on 29 February 2020.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> It is the largest indoor theme park in Europe. The park covers 300,000 square meters. The complex includes a landscaped park along with a concert hall, a cinema, a hotel, a children's sailing school, restaurants, and shops. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Authorities">Authorities</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moscow_authorities">Moscow authorities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/220px-Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="2734"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/220px-Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/330px-Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg/440px-Tverskaya13_Moscow_06-2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moscow" title="Government of Moscow">Government of Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of the Russian Federation</a>, Moscow is an independent <a href="/wiki/Federal_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal subject">federal subject</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">city of federal importance</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Moscow" title="Mayor of Moscow">Mayor of Moscow</a> is the leading official in the executive, leading the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moscow" title="Government of Moscow">Government of Moscow</a>, which is the highest organ of executive power. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Duma" title="Moscow City Duma">Moscow City Duma</a> is the <a href="/wiki/City_duma" title="City duma">city duma</a> (<a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> or local <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>) and local laws must be approved by it. It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">single-mandate constituency</a> basis. From 2006 to 2012, direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_city_of_Moscow" title="Charter of the city of Moscow">Charter of the city of Moscow</a>, with the mayor appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the <a href="/wiki/2003_Moscow_mayoral_election" title="2003 Moscow mayoral election">2003 vote</a> were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in 2015, however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in <a href="/wiki/2013_Moscow_mayoral_election" title="2013 Moscow mayoral election">September 2013</a>. Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and 125 regional administrations. According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of 2003, the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_authorities">Federal authorities</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%A4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">The House of the Government of the Russian Federation</a></figcaption></figure> In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Russia" title="Constitution of Russia">Constitution of the Russian Federation</a>, the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia" title="Constitutional Court of Russia">Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation</a>, which has been located in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> since 2008. The supreme executive authority – the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government of the Russian Federation</a> – is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation (the <a href="/wiki/White_House_(Moscow)" title="White House (Moscow)">White House</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Krasnopresnenskaya_Embankment" title="Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment">Krasnopresnenskaya Embankment</a> in the center of Moscow. The <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> sits on <a href="/wiki/Okhotny_Ryad_(street)" title="Okhotny Ryad (street)">Okhotny Ryad</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_Council_(Russia)" title="Federation Council (Russia)">Federation Council</a> is located in a building on <a href="/wiki/Bolshaya_Dmitrovka_Street" title="Bolshaya Dmitrovka Street">Bolshaya Dmitrovka</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Russia" title="Supreme Court of Russia">Supreme Court of the Russian Federation</a> is also located in Moscow. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a> is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The president's working residence in the Kremlin is located in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Senate" title="Kremlin Senate">Senate Palace</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Police_bmw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Police_bmw.jpg/220px-Police_bmw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Police_bmw.jpg/220px-Police_bmw.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Police_bmw.jpg/330px-Police_bmw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Police_bmw.jpg/440px-Police_bmw.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/BMW_5_Series" title="BMW 5 Series">BMW 5 Series</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_City_Police" title="Moscow City Police">Moscow Police</a> on patrol</figcaption></figure> In a ranking of the safest cities by <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">The Economist</a> in 2019, Moscow occupied the 37th position with a score of 68.5 points percent.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> The general level of crime is quite low.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> More than 170,000 surveillance cameras in Moscow are connected to the facial recognition system. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time – and deployed the system to the whole city. The network of video surveillance unites access video cameras (95% of residential apartment buildings in the capital), cameras in the territory and in buildings of schools and kindergartens, at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Circle" title="Moscow Central Circle">MCC</a> stations, stadiums, public transport stops, and bus stations, in parks, underground passages.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: 112 is the Single Emergency Number, 101 is the number of the Fire Service and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Emergency_Situations_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)">Ministry of Emergency Situations</a>, 102 is the <a href="/wiki/Police_of_Russia" title="Police of Russia">Police</a> one, 103 is the ambulance one, 104 is the Emergency Gas number.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Moscow's EMS is the second most efficient one among the world's megacities, as reported by PwC during the presentation of the international study Analysis of EMS Efficiency in Megacities of the World.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moscow" title="Administrative divisions of Moscow">Administrative divisions of Moscow</a></div> <table border="1" align="right" class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 1em; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding-left:50px; background:#ccf">Federal city of Moscow </th> <td width="50px"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Moscow"><noscript><img alt="Coat of arms of Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="663"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 59px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png" data-alt="Coat of arms of Moscow" data-width="50" data-height="59" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Moscow.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>City administrative divisions </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>City districts </td> <td>125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>City settlements </td> <td>21 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Moscow is divided into 12 administrative districts: </td> <td rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_all_districts.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Moscow_all_districts.svg/320px-Moscow_all_districts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="425" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4842" data-file-height="6437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 320px;height: 425px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Moscow_all_districts.svg/320px-Moscow_all_districts.svg.png" data-width="320" data-height="425" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Moscow_all_districts.svg/480px-Moscow_all_districts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Moscow_all_districts.svg/640px-Moscow_all_districts.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Administrative_Okrug" title="Central Administrative Okrug">Central Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Administrative_Okrug" title="Northern Administrative Okrug">Northern Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Administrative_Okrug" title="North-Eastern Administrative Okrug">North-Eastern Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Administrative_Okrug" title="Eastern Administrative Okrug">Eastern Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Eastern_Administrative_Okrug" title="South-Eastern Administrative Okrug">South-Eastern Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Administrative_Okrug" title="Southern Administrative Okrug">Southern Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Administrative_Okrug" title="South-Western Administrative Okrug">South-Western Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Administrative_Okrug" title="Western Administrative Okrug">Western Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Administrative_Okrug" title="North-Western Administrative Okrug">North-Western Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelenogradsky_Administrative_Okrug" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug">Zelenogradsky Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novomoskovsky_Administrative_Okrug" title="Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug">Novomoskovsky Administrative Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troitsky_Administrative_Okrug" title="Troitsky Administrative Okrug">Troitsky Administrative Okrug</a></li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif/220px-Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif/220px-Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif" data-width="220" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif/330px-Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif/440px-Moscow_territory_1922_1995.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Territorial change of Moscow from 1922 to 1995</figcaption></figure> The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor (<a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin" title="Sergey Sobyanin">Sergey Sobyanin</a>). The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and 125 districts. The Russian capital's town-planning development began to show as early as the 12th century when the city was founded. The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements. The first circular defence walls set the trajectory of Moscow's rings, laying the groundwork for the future planning of the Russian capital. The following fortifications served as the city's circular defense boundaries at some point in history: the Kremlin walls, Zemlyanoy Gorod (Earthwork Town), the Kamer-Kollezhsky Rampart, the Garden Ring, and the small railway ring. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD) has been Moscow's boundary since 1960. Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in 2005. Hence, the characteristic radial-circle planning continues to define Moscow's further development. However, contemporary Moscow has also engulfed a number of territories outside the MKAD, such as Solntsevo, Butovo, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Zelenograd" title="Zelenograd">Zelenograd</a>. A part of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>'s territory was merged into Moscow on 1 July 2012; as a result, Moscow is no longer fully surrounded by Moscow Oblast and now also has a border with <a href="/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast" title="Kaluga Oblast">Kaluga Oblast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Merger-166">[164]</a> In all, Moscow gained about 1,500 square kilometers (580 sq mi) and 230,000 inhabitants. Moscow's Mayor Sergey Sobyanin lauded the expansion that will help Moscow and the neighboring region, a "mega-city" of twenty million people, to develop "harmonically".<a href="#cite_note-Merger2-62">[61]</a> All administrative okrugs and districts have their own <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a> and flags as well as individual heads of the area. In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status. These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. Such is the case with the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Botanical_Garden_of_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences">Botanical Garden</a>, large parks, and industrial zones. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> that exist in some <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a> cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, although the city itself is not a part of the oblast.<a href="#cite_note-MoscowO-168">[166]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Economy of Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3></div> <table class="toc" style="float:right; font-size:90%; text-align:center; margin:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:tan;">Largest private companies based in Moscow (ranked by 2019 revenues) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#ccc;"> <td>Moscow</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#ccc;">corporation</td> <td></td> <td style="background:#ccc;">Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></td> <td></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X5_Retail_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="X5 Retail Group">X5 Retail Group</a></td> <td></td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Novatek" title="Novatek">Novatek</a></td> <td></td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nornickel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nornickel">Nornickel</a></td> <td></td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rusal" title="Rusal">UC Rusal</a></td> <td></td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sibur" title="Sibur">Sibur</a></td> <td></td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Coal_Energy_Company" title="Siberian Coal Energy Company">SUEK</a></td> <td></td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS</a></td> <td></td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metalloinvest" title="Metalloinvest">Metalloinvest</a></td> <td></td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/EuroChem" title="EuroChem">EuroChem</a></td> <td></td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">MegaFon</a></td> <td></td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M.video" title="M.video">M.video</a></td> <td></td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/OAO_TMK" title="OAO TMK">TMK</a></td> <td></td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mechel" title="Mechel">Mechel</a></td> <td></td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">Source: Forbes<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg/220px-Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="875"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg/220px-Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg/330px-Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg/440px-Moscow_International_Business_Center2022.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow International Business Center</a>, one of the largest financial centres of Europe and the world</figcaption></figure> Moscow has one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_GDP" title="List of cities by GDP">largest municipal economies in Europe</a> and it accounts more than one-fifth of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP).<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gross_Regional_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Regional Product">GRP</a> of Moscow reached almost ₽24.5 trillion(<a href="/wiki/US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>332 billion).<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> GMP of Moscow Region was ₽31.3 trillion or around US$425 billion. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg/170px-Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg/170px-Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg/255px-Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg/340px-Moscow_Exhacnge_main_building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Exchange" title="Moscow Exchange">Moscow Exchange</a></figcaption></figure> The average gross monthly wage in the city is ₽123,688<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> (<a href="/wiki/US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>2,000), which is around twice the national average of ₽66,572 (<a href="/wiki/US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>1,000), and one of the highest among the federal subjects of Russia. Moscow is home to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of cities by number of billionaires">third-highest number of billionaires</a> of any city in the world,<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe. It is the financial center of Russia and home to the country's largest banks and many of its largest companies, such as oil giant <a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a>. Moscow accounts for 17% of retail sales in Russia and for 13% of all construction activity in the country.<a href="#cite_note-bofit_42_2010-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/1998_Russian_financial_crisis" title="1998 Russian financial crisis">1998 Russian financial crisis</a>, business sectors in Moscow have shown exponential rates of growth. Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3></div> Primary <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a> in Moscow include the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy production">energy production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machinery</a> industries. The <a href="/wiki/Mil_Moscow_Helicopter_Plant" title="Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant">Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant</a> is one of the world's leading producers of military and civil helicopters. <a href="/wiki/Khrunichev_State_Research_and_Production_Space_Center" title="Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center">Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center</a> produces various space equipment, including modules for space stations <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salyut" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut">Salyut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton (rocket)">Proton launch vehicles</a> and military <a href="/wiki/ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">ICBMs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi" title="Sukhoi">Sukhoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin" title="Ilyushin">Ilyushin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan" title="Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tupolev" title="Tupolev">Tupolev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev" title="Yakovlev">Yakovlev</a> aircraft design bureaus also situated in Moscow. <a href="/wiki/NPO_Energomash" title="NPO Energomash">NPO Energomash</a>, producing the <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a> for Russian and American space programs, as well as <a href="/wiki/Lavochkin" title="Lavochkin">Lavochkin</a> design bureau, which built <a href="/wiki/Fighter_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter plane">fighter planes</a> during WWII, but switched to <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a>, are in nearby <a href="/wiki/Khimki" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>, an independent city in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides. Automobile plants <a href="/wiki/ZiL" title="ZiL">ZiL</a> and <a href="/wiki/AZLK" title="AZLK">AZLK</a>, as well as the Voitovich Rail Vehicle plant, are situated in Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Metrovagonmash" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrovagonmash">Metrovagonmash</a> metro wagon plant is located just outside the city limits. The <a href="/wiki/Poljot" title="Poljot">Poljot Moscow watch factory</a> produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia. The Kristall distillery<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> is the oldest distillery in Russia producing <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodka</a> types, including "<a href="/wiki/Stolichnaya" title="Stolichnaya">Stolichnaya</a>" while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The Moscow Jewelry Factory<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> and the Jewellerprom<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> are producers of jewelry in Russia. There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including <a href="/wiki/Ruselectronics" title="Ruselectronics">Ruselectronics</a> companies. Gazprom, the largest extractor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> in the world and the largest <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russian company</a>, has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies. Moscow hosts headquarters of the many of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">technology</a> companies, including <a href="/wiki/1C_Company" title="1C Company">1C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABBYY" title="ABBYY">ABBYY</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beeline_(brand)" title="Beeline (brand)">Beeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaspersky_Lab" title="Kaspersky Lab">Kaspersky Lab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail.Ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail.Ru">Mail.Ru Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/MegaFon" title="MegaFon">MegaFon</a>, <a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rambler_(portal)" title="Rambler (portal)">Rambler&Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostelecom" title="Rostelecom">Rostelecom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yandex" title="Yandex">Yandex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yota" title="Yota">Yota</a>. Some industry is being transferred out of the city to improve the ecological state of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cost_of_living">Cost of living</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hotels_in_Moscow" title="Hotels in Moscow">Hotels in Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg/170px-Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="3876"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg/170px-Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg/255px-Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg/340px-Moscow_09-13_img11_Tretyakovsky_Passage.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tretyakovsky_Proyezd" title="Tretyakovsky Proyezd">Tretyakovsky Proyezd</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg/220px-2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3811" data-file-height="2531"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg/220px-2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg/330px-2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg/440px-2019-07-25-3032-Moscow-Nikolskaya-Street.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nikolskaya_Street" title="Nikolskaya Street">Nikolskaya Street</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg/220px-Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3941" data-file-height="2214"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg/220px-Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg/330px-Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg/440px-Mitino-3_from_d40_2011-09N28.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">microdistrict</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mitino_District" title="Mitino District">Mitino</a> built in the 1990s</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times, apartments were lent to people by the government according to the square meters-per-person norm (some groups, including people's artists, heroes, and prominent scientists had bonuses according to their honors). <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">Private ownership</a> of apartments was limited until the 1990s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area. The price of <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> in Moscow continues to rise. Today, one could expect to pay $4,000 on average per square meter (11 sq ft) on the outskirts of the city<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> or US$6,500–$8,000 per square meter in a prestigious district. The price sometimes may exceed US$40,000 per square meter in a flat.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> It costs about US$1,200 per month to rent a one-bedroom apartment and about US$1,000 per month for a studio in the center of Moscow. A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres (320 <a href="/wiki/Square_foot" title="Square foot">square feet</a>), a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres (480 square feet), and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres (750 square feet). Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dachas</a> (country houses) outside the city. In 2006, Mercer Human Resources Consulting named Moscow the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities_for_expatriate_employees" title="List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees">most expensive city for expatriate employees</a>, ahead of perennial winner Tokyo, due to the stable <a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> as well as increasing housing prices within the city.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Moscow also ranked first in the 2007 edition and 2008 edition of the survey. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place.<a href="#cite_note-mercer.com-185">[183]</a> In 2008, Moscow ranked top on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most expensive cities">list of most expensive cities</a> for the third year in a row.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> In 2014, according to Forbes, Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In 2019 the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living survey put Moscow to 102nd place in the biannual ranking of 133 most expensive cities.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> ECA International's Cost of Living 2019 Survey ranked Moscow at number 120 among 482 locations worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_utilities">Public utilities</h3></div> The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">central heating system</a>. Before 2004, state <a href="/wiki/Unitary_enterprise" title="Unitary enterprise">unitary enterprises</a> were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the <a href="/wiki/District_heating_substation" title="District heating substation">heating substations</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Moscow" title="Administrative divisions of Moscow">north-eastern part</a> of the city. Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in 2004 consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. The city's main source of heating is the power station of Mosenergo which was reformed in 2005, when around ten subsidiaries were separated from it. One of the newly independent companies was the District Heating Network Company (MTK) (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Московская теплосетевая компания). In 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Moscow" title="Government of Moscow">Government of Moscow</a> bought controlling stakes in the company.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> "Our city" is a geo-information portal created in 2011 under the mayor of Moscow Sergei Sobyanin with the aim of building a constructive dialogue between Moscow residents and the city's executive authorities. The portal is being developed by the State Public Institution "New Management Technologies" together with the Moscow Department of Information Technologies. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1.7 million users have joined the portal, and during this time it has become an effective tool for monitoring the state of urban infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia" title="Education in Russia">Education in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3,_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3946" data-file-height="2610"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%93%D0%A3%2C_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a></figcaption></figure> There are 1,696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.<a href="#cite_note-mosru-stats-127">[125]</a> Besides these, there are 222 institutions of higher education, including 60 state universities<a href="#cite_note-mosru-stats-127">[125]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Lomonosov Moscow State University</a>, which was founded in 1755.<a href="#cite_note-msu-history-192">[190]</a> The main university building located in Vorobyovy Gory (<a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Hills" title="Sparrow Hills">Sparrow Hills</a>) is 240 metres (790 ft) tall and when completed, was the tallest building on the continent.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The university has over 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate</a> and 7,000 <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate</a> students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. The <a href="/wiki/I.M._Sechenov_First_Moscow_State_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</a> named after <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sechenov" title="Ivan Sechenov">Ivan Sechenov</a> or formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Medical_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Medical Academy">Moscow Medical Academy</a> (1stMSMU) is a medical university situated in Moscow, Russia. It was founded in 1785 as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is a Russian Federal Agency for Health and Social Development. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than 9200 students are enrolled in 115 academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg/220px-Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg/220px-Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg/330px-Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg/440px-Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University_Frontal_View.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pirogov_Russian_National_Research_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</a> (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian State Medical University">Russian State Medical University</a>) is a medical higher education institution in Moscow, Russia founded in 1906. It is fully accredited and recognized by Russia's Ministry of Education and Science and is currently under the authority of the Ministry of Health and Social Development. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pirogov" title="Nikolay Pirogov">N.I. Pirogov</a> (1810–1888), it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees. Moscow is one of the financial centers of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> countries and is known for its business schools. Among them are the <a href="/wiki/Financial_University_under_the_Government_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation">Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plekhanov_Russian_University_of_Economics" title="Plekhanov Russian University of Economics">Plekhanov Russian University of Economics</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_State_University_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="The State University of Management">The State University of Management</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Research_University_-_Higher_School_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research University - Higher School of Economics">National Research University - Higher School of Economics</a>. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and <a href="/wiki/MBA" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA">MBAs</a>. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg/220px-Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7394" data-file-height="4159"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg/220px-Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg/330px-Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg/440px-Moscow_MSTU_Bauman_main_building_asv2021-08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The main building of the <a href="/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University" title="Bauman Moscow State Technical University">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University" title="Bauman Moscow State Technical University">Bauman Moscow State Technical University</a>, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="2875"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg/220px-Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg/330px-Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg/440px-Moscow_05-2017_img41_Conservatory.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a> building</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conservatory" title="Moscow Conservatory">Moscow Conservatory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> founded in 1866, is a prominent music school in Russia. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vgik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vgik.jpg/220px-Vgik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="2188"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vgik.jpg/220px-Vgik.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vgik.jpg/330px-Vgik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vgik.jpg/440px-Vgik.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography" title="Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography">Russian State Institute of Cinematography</a>, the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Film_school" title="Film school">film school</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography" title="Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography">Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography</a>, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">Cinematography</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gardin" title="Vladimir Gardin">Vladimir Gardin</a> in 1919. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_Institute_of_International_Relations" title="Moscow State Institute of International Relations">Moscow State Institute of International Relations</a>, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best- known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six schools focused on international relations. Approximately 4,500 students make up the university's student body and over 700,000 Russian and foreign-language books—of which 20,000 are considered rare—can be found in the library of the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Other institutions are the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Phystech" class="mw-redirect" title="Phystech">Phystech</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fyodorov_Eye_Microsurgery_Complex" title="Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex">Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex</a>, founded in 1988 by Russian eye surgeon <a href="/wiki/Svyatoslav_Fyodorov" title="Svyatoslav Fyodorov">Svyatoslav Fyodorov</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Aviation_Institute" title="Moscow Aviation Institute">Moscow Aviation Institute</a>, the Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute" title="Moscow Engineering Physics Institute">Moscow Engineering Physics Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Institute_of_Physics_and_Technology" title="Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology</a> has taught numerous <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winners, including <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Pyotr Kapitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Lev Landau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Alexander Prokhorov</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Engineering_Physics_Institute" title="Moscow Engineering Physics Institute">Moscow Engineering Physics Institute</a> is known for its research in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The highest Russian military school is the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Arms_Academy_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation</a>. Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Master of Business Administration">Master of Business Administration</a>. <a href="/wiki/Student_exchange_program" title="Student exchange program">Student exchange programs</a> with numerous countries, specially with the rest of Europe, have also become widespread in Moscow's universities, while schools within the Russian capital also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_1152_(14384525084).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg/170px-Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3587" data-file-height="5380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg/170px-Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg/255px-Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg/340px-Moscow_1152_%2814384525084%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a></figcaption></figure> Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions. The <a href="/wiki/Kurchatov_Institute" title="Kurchatov Institute">Kurchatov Institute</a>, Russia's leading research and development institution in the fields of nuclear energy, where the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> in Europe was built, the <a href="/wiki/Landau_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics" title="Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics">Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Theoretical_and_Experimental_Physics" title="Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics">Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Physical_Problems" title="Institute for Physical Problems">Kapitza Institute for Physical Problems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steklov_Institute_of_Mathematics" title="Steklov Institute of Mathematics">Steklov Institute of Mathematics</a> are all situated in Moscow. There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children.<a href="#cite_note-mosru-stats-127">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_Library" title="Russian State Library">Russian State Library</a>,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> founded in 1862, is the national library of Russia. The library is home to over 275 km (171 mi) of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, 350,000 music scores and sound records, and 150,000 maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world. Items in 247 languages account for 29% of the collection.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library specialising in <a href="/wiki/Russian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian history">Russian history</a>. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages, mostly on Russian and world history, <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In regard to primary and secondary education, in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_J._Levy" title="Clifford J. Levy">Clifford J. Levy</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades."<a href="#cite_note-Levy1-202">[200]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Moscow">Transportation in Moscow</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg&lang=en" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg/220px-Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="1840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 307px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg/220px-Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="307" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg/330px-Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg/440px-Moscow_metro_map_sb.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a> route map with planned stations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg/240px-Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5740" data-file-height="3732"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg/240px-Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg/360px-Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg/480px-Moscow_MayakovskayaMetroStation_0943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mayakovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Mayakovskaya (Moscow Metro)">Mayakovskaya</a> station, opened in 1938</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a> system is famous for its art, <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, and ornate <a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">chandeliers</a>. It started operation in 1935 and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a> was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" (Soviet man).<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Soviet workers did the labour and the artwork, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of 203 stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Park_Pobedy_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Park Pobedy (Moscow Metro)">Park Pobedy</a> station, completed in 2003, at 84 metres (276 ft) underground, has the longest escalators in Europe. The Moscow Metro is the busiest metro system in Europe, as well as <a href="/wiki/Metro_systems_by_annual_passenger_rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro systems by annual passenger rides">one of the world's busiest</a> metro systems, serving about ten million passengers daily (300,000,000 people every month).<a href="#cite_note-metro-207">[205]</a> Facing serious transportation problems, Moscow has plans for expanding its Metro. In 2016, the authorities launched a <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Circle" title="Moscow Central Circle">new circle metro railway</a> that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> Due to the treatment of Metro stations as possible canvas for art, characterized by the fact that workers of Moscow would get to see them every day, many Stalin-era metro stations were built in different "custom" designs (where each station's design would be, initially, a massive installation on a certain theme. For example, <a href="/wiki/Elektrozavodskaya_(Arbatsko%E2%80%93Pokrovskaya_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrozavodskaya (Arbatsko–Pokrovskaya line)">Elektrozavodskaya</a> station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets);<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late 1979. Moscow's metro is one of the world's busiest, handling 2.6 billion passengers in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> In the Russian capital, there are over 21.5 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring. From September 2020 to August 2021, 1,700 new access points to urban Wi-Fi were launched in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monorail">Monorail</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Monorail" title="Moscow Monorail">Moscow Monorail</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg/220px-Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3677" data-file-height="2958"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg/220px-Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg/330px-Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg/440px-Monorail_Moskau_-_Einfahrt_in_Station_Telezentrum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Two trains of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Monorail" title="Moscow Monorail">Moscow Monorail</a></figcaption></figure> The Moscow Metro operates a short <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Monorail" title="Moscow Monorail">monorail line</a> (line 13). The line connects <a href="/wiki/Timiryazevskaya_(Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timiryazevskaya (Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line)">Timiryazevskaya</a> metro station and <a href="/wiki/Ulitsa_Sergeya_Eisensteina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina">Ulitsa Sergeya Eisensteina</a>, passing close to <a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_Achievements_of_National_Economy" title="Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy">VDNH</a> (and Line 6 Metro station "V.D.N.Kh."). The line opened in 2004. It accepts overground interchanges, no additional fare is needed if a ride was spent at Moscow Metro within previous 90 minutes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus,_trolleybus_and_electric_bus">Bus, trolleybus and electric bus</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_buses_in_Moscow" title="Electric buses in Moscow">Electric buses in Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_(09).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1139"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4_500-%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%2809%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Moscow has the <a href="/wiki/Electric_buses_in_Moscow" title="Electric buses in Moscow">largest fleet of electric buses</a> in Europe, with 500 operating as of October 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trolleybus-213">[211]</a></figcaption></figure> As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), a bus network radiates from each station to the surrounding residential zones. Moscow has a bus terminal for long-range and intercity passenger buses (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Bus_Terminal" title="Moscow Central Bus Terminal">Central Bus Terminal</a>) with a daily turnover of about 25 thousand passengers serving about 40% of long-range bus routes in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> route and have trolley wires over them. With the total line length of almost 600 kilometres (370 miles) of a single wire, 8 depots, 104 routes, and 1740 vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus_usage_by_country" title="Trolleybus usage by country">largest in the world</a>. But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in 2014 due the planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses. In 2018 Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring (Sadovoe Koltso) were cut in 2016–2017 due to the reconstruction of central streets ("Moya Ulitsa"). Opened on 15 November 1933, it is also the world's 6th oldest operating trolleybus system. In 2018 the vehicle companies <a href="/wiki/Kamaz" title="Kamaz">Kamaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/GAZ" title="GAZ">GAZ</a> have won the <a href="/wiki/Mosgortrans" title="Mosgortrans">Mosgortrans</a> tender for delivering 200 <a href="/wiki/Electric_bus" title="Electric bus">electric buses</a> and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years. The city will be procuring only electric buses as of 2021, replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by 2019.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moscow_cable_car">Moscow cable car</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River_cable_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River cable car">Moskva River cable car</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg/220px-Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg/220px-Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg/330px-Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg/440px-Moscow_Cable_Car.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cable cars passing across the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Luzhniki Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> On 26 November 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Moscow" title="Mayor of Moscow">mayor of Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin" title="Sergey Sobyanin">Sergey Sobyanin</a> took part in the ceremony to open the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River_cable_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River cable car">cable car</a> above the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva River</a>. The cable car will connect the <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Olympic_Complex" title="Luzhniki Olympic Complex">Luzhniki sports complex</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Hills" title="Sparrow Hills">Sparrow Hills</a> and Kosygin Street. The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to <a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_Stadium" title="Luzhniki Stadium">Luzhniki Stadium</a> will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram">Tram</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Moscow" title="Trams in Moscow">Trams in Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg/220px-Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6192" data-file-height="3483"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg/220px-Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg/330px-Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg/440px-Moscow_TverZastava_Vityaz_asv2018-09.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Vityaz-M tram passing by the <a href="/wiki/Tverskaya_Zastava_Square" title="Tverskaya Zastava Square">Tverskaya Zastava Square</a></figcaption></figure> Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in 1899.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The newest line was built in 1984. Its daily usage by Muscovites is low, making up for approximately 5% of trips because many vital connections in the network have been withdrawn. Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between <a href="/wiki/Universitet_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Universitet (Moscow Metro)">Universitet station</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sokolnicheskaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokolnicheskaya Line">Sokolnicheskaya Line</a> (#1 red line) and <a href="/wiki/Profsoyuznaya_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Profsoyuznaya (Moscow Metro)">Profsoyuznaya station</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line">Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line</a> (#6 orange line) or between <a href="/wiki/Voykovskaya_(Moscow_Metro)" title="Voykovskaya (Moscow Metro)">Voykovskaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strogino_(Moscow_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strogino (Moscow Metro)">Strogino</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg/220px-Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="3750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg/220px-Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg/330px-Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg/440px-Moscow_tram_map_2022-04.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Tram map of Moscow</figcaption></figure> There are three tram networks in the city: <ul><li>Krasnopresnenskoye depot network with the westernmost point at Strogino (depot location) and the easternmost point near platform Dmitrovskaya. This network became separated in 1973, but until 1997 it could easily have been reconnected by about one kilometre (fifty chains) of track and three switches. The network has the highest usage in Moscow and no weak points based on turnover except to-depot lane (passengers serviced by bus) and tram ring at Dmitrovskaya (because now it is neither a normal transfer point nor a repair terminal).</li> <li>The Apakov depot services the south-western part from the Varshavsky lane – Simferopolsky boulevard in the east to the Universitet station in the west and Boulevard lane at the center. This network is connected only by the four-way Dubininskaya and Kozhevnicheskaya streets. A second connection by Vostochnaya (Eastern) street was withdrawn in 1987 due to a fire at the Dinamo plant and has not been recovered, and remains lost (Avtozavodsky bridge) at 1992. The network may be serviced anyway by another depot (now route 35, 38).</li> <li>Main three depot networks with railway gate and tram-repair plant.</li></ul> In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services (metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail) would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams. New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxi">Taxi</h3></div> Commercial taxi services and <a href="/wiki/Route_taxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Route taxi">route taxis</a> are in widespread use. In the mid-2010s, service platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Yandex.Taxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yandex.Taxi">Yandex.Taxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gett" title="Gett">Gett</a> displaced many private drivers and small service providers and were in 2015 servicing more than 50% of all taxi orders in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway">Railway</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komsomolskaya_square_as_seen_from_Leningradskaya_hotel_in_winter_(2014)_-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Komsomolskaya_square_as_seen_from_Leningradskaya_hotel_in_winter_%282014%29_-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2134" data-file-height="1416"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Komsomolskaya_square_as_seen_from_Leningradskaya_hotel_in_winter_%282014%29_-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Komsomolskaya_square_as_seen_from_Leningradskaya_hotel_in_winter_%282014%29_-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Komsomolskaya_square_as_seen_from_Leningradskaya_hotel_in_winter_%282014%29_-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Komsomolskaya_Square_(Moscow)" title="Komsomolskaya Square (Moscow)">Komsomolskaya Square</a> known as "Three Station Square" thanks to three ornate rail terminal situated there: <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Passazhirskaya_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Passazhirskaya railway station">Leningradsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Yaroslavskaya_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Yaroslavskaya railway station">Yaroslavsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kazanskaya_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kazanskaya railway station">Kazansky</a>.</figcaption></figure> Several train stations serve the city. Moscow's ten rail terminals (or vokzals) are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belorussky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussky Rail Terminal">Belorussky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazansky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazansky Rail Terminal">Kazansky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiyevsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiyevsky Rail Terminal">Kiyevsky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kursky Rail Terminal">Kursky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningradsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningradsky Rail Terminal">Leningradsky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paveletsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Paveletsky Rail Terminal">Paveletsky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizhsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rizhsky Rail Terminal">Rizhsky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savyolovsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Savyolovsky Rail Terminal">Savyolovsky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavsky_Rail_Terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal">Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Railway_Terminal_(Moscow)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostochny Railway Terminal (Moscow)">Vostochny railway Terminal</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullet-Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bullet-Train.jpg/220px-Bullet-Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bullet-Train.jpg/220px-Bullet-Train.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bullet-Train.jpg/330px-Bullet-Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bullet-Train.jpg/440px-Bullet-Train.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The high-speed <a href="/wiki/Sapsan" title="Sapsan">Sapsan</a> train links Moscow with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.</figcaption></figure> The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town. Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-mostimestrain-220">[218]</a> There are many smaller railway stations in Moscow. As train tickets are cheap, they are the preferred mode of travel for Russians, especially when departing to Saint Petersburg, Russia's second-largest city. Moscow is the western terminus of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>, which traverses nearly 9,300 kilometres (5,800 mi) of Russian territory to <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> coast. Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter <a href="/wiki/Elektrichka" title="Elektrichka">elektrichka</a> (electric rail) network. Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby (up to 140 km or 87 mi) large railway stations. During the 2010s, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ring_of_the_Moscow_Railway" title="Little Ring of the Moscow Railway">Little Ring of the Moscow Railway</a> was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on 10 September 2016. A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines. This is used by some suburban trains. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moscow_Central_Circle">Moscow Central Circle</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg/220px-MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg/220px-MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg/330px-MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg/440px-MCC_12LUZH_7041_PLAT.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Lastochka" train on "<a href="/wiki/Luzhniki_(Moscow_Central_Circle)" title="Luzhniki (Moscow Central Circle)">Luzhniki</a>" station (Line 14)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Little_Ring_of_the_Moscow_Railway" title="Little Ring of the Moscow Railway">Moskovskaya Okruzhnaya Zheleznaya Doroga</a> formed a ring around the now-downtown Moscow since 1903, but only served as a non-electrified, fueled locomotive-only railway prior to reconstruction into MCC in 2010's. The <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Circle" title="Moscow Central Circle">Moscow Central Circle</a> is a 54-kilometre-long (34 mi) <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">urban-metro railway</a> orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside <a href="/wiki/Little_Ring_of_the_Moscow_Railway" title="Little Ring of the Moscow Railway">Little Ring of the Moscow Railway</a>, taking some of its tracks into itself as well. M.C.C. was opened for passenger use on 10 September 2016. The line is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Government">Moscow Government</a> owned company MKZD through the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Federal Government</a> owned <a href="/wiki/Russian_Railways" title="Russian Railways">Russian Railways</a> selected as the operation subcontractor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moscow_Central_Diameters">Moscow Central Diameters</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_(platform_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg/220px-EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg/220px-EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg/330px-EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg/440px-EG2Tv_arrives_to_Belorussky_rail_terminal_%28platform_4%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ivolga_(train)" title="Ivolga (train)">EG2Tv</a> train arriving at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Belorussky_railway_station" title="Moscow Belorussky railway station">Moscow Belorussky railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg/220px-Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 308px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg/220px-Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="308" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg/330px-Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg/440px-Moscow_Central_Diameters_-_passenger_scheme1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Diameters" title="Moscow Central Diameters">Moscow Central Diameters</a></figcaption></figure> Another system, which forms "genuine S-Bahn" as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Central_Diameters" title="Moscow Central Diameters">Moscow Central Diameters</a>, a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations (e.g. by avoiding the central stations of already existing Moscow Railway, used for both intercity and urban-suburban travel before)<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> and forming a train line across Moscow's centre. Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on 2019-11-21. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3836"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%28%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Intersection at <a href="/wiki/Tverskaya_Zastava_Square" title="Tverskaya Zastava Square">Tverskaya Zastava Square</a></figcaption></figure> There are over 2.6 million cars in the city daily. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems. The Moscow Ring Road (MKAD), along with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)" title="Third Ring Road (Moscow)">Third Transport Ring</a> and the canceled Fourth Transport Ring, is one of only three freeways that run within Moscow city limits. Several other roadway systems form <a href="/wiki/Concentric_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric circles">concentric circles</a> around the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> There are five primary commercial airports serving Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport" title="Sheremetyevo International Airport">Sheremetyevo</a> (SVO), <a href="/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Domodedovo International Airport">Domodedovo</a> (DME), <a href="/wiki/Vnukovo_International_Airport" title="Vnukovo International Airport">Vnukovo</a> (VKO), <a href="/wiki/Zhukovsky_International_Airport" title="Zhukovsky International Airport">Zhukovsky</a> (ZIA), <a href="/wiki/Ostafyevo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostafyevo International Airport">Ostafyevo</a> (OSF). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A319-112,_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg/220px-Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="846"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg/220px-Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg/330px-Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg/440px-Airbus_A319-112%2C_CSA_-_Czech_Airlines_AN2166020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sheremetyevo, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Russia" title="List of the busiest airports in Russia">busiest airport in Russia</a>, is ranked as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Europe" title="List of the busiest airports in Europe">eleventh-busiest airport</a> in Europe.</figcaption></figure> Sheremetyevo International Airport is the most globally connected of Moscow's airports, handling 60% of all international flights.<a href="#cite_note-4airports-222">[220]</a> It is also a home to all <a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a> members, and the main hub for <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> (itself a member of SkyTeam). Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for <a href="/wiki/S7_airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="S7 airlines">S7 airlines</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/OneWorld" class="mw-redirect" title="OneWorld">OneWorld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Vnukovo International Airport handles flights of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wizz_Air_Abu_Dhabi" title="Wizz Air Abu Dhabi">Wizz Air Abu Dhabi</a> and others. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation. Moscow's airports vary in distances from the MKAD beltway: Domodedovo is the farthest at 22 km (14 mi); Vnukovo is 11 km (7 mi); Sheremetyevo is 10 km (6 mi); and Ostafievo, the nearest, is about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from MKAD.<a href="#cite_note-4airports-222">[220]</a> There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow (19 in Moscow Oblast) such as <a href="/wiki/Myachkovo_Airport" title="Myachkovo Airport">Myachkovo Airport</a>, that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3></div> Moscow has two passenger terminals, (<a href="/wiki/South_River_Terminal" title="South River Terminal">South River Terminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_River_Terminal" title="North River Terminal">North River Terminal</a>), on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the <a href="/wiki/Moskva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskva River">Moskva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka</a> rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The <a href="/wiki/North_River_Terminal" title="North River Terminal">North River Terminal</a>, built in 1937, is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharing_system">Sharing system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carsharing_in_Moscow" title="Carsharing in Moscow">Carsharing in Moscow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_(%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%28%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81.%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=edit">[update]</a>, Moscow has the <a href="/wiki/Carsharing_in_Moscow" title="Carsharing in Moscow">largest fleet of carsharing vehicles</a> in the world, with more than 30,000 cars.<a href="#cite_note-Carsharing-224">[222]</a></figcaption></figure> Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several <a href="/wiki/Car_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Car sharing">car sharing</a> companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company. In 2018 the mayor <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sobyanin" title="Sergey Sobyanin">Sergey Sobyanin</a> said Moscow's car sharing system has become the biggest in Europe in terms of vehicle fleet.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Every day about 25,000 people use this service. In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with 16.5K available vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Another sharing system is <a href="/wiki/Bike_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bike sharing">bike sharing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Velobike" title="Velobike">Velobike</a>) of a fleet formed by 3000 traditional and electrical bicycles.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The Delisamokat is a new sharing service that provides electrical scooters.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Future_development">Future development</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="345"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 2020 development concept of <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow International Business Center</a> and its adjacent territory implies the construction of even more skyscrapers during the period of 2020–2027.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1992, the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">Moscow International Business Center</a>, with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. Situated in <a href="/wiki/Presnensky_District" title="Presnensky District">Presnensky District</a> and located at the Third Ring, the Moscow City area is under intense development. The construction of the MIBC takes place on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre (250 acres). The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_Tower" title="Federation Tower">Federation Tower</a>, completed in 2016, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe" title="List of tallest buildings in Europe">second-tallest building in Europe</a>. It is planned to include a <a href="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water park</a> and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a <a href="/wiki/City_Hall_and_City_Duma" title="City Hall and City Duma">new site for the Moscow government</a>. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned. <ul><li>A rail shuttle service, directly connecting <a href="/wiki/Moscow_International_Business_Center" title="Moscow International Business Center">MIBC</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport" title="Sheremetyevo International Airport">Sheremetyevo International Airport</a> is also planned.</li></ul> Major thoroughfares through MIBC are the <a href="/wiki/Third_Ring_Road_(Moscow)" title="Third Ring Road (Moscow)">Third Ring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kutuzovsky_Prospekt" title="Kutuzovsky Prospekt">Kutuzovsky Prospekt</a>. Three metro stations were initially planned for the <a href="/wiki/Filyovskaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Filyovskaya Line">Filyovskaya Line</a>. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in 2005 and was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Vystavochnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vystavochnaya">Vystavochnaya</a> in 2009. The branch extended to the <a href="/wiki/Mezhdunarodnaya_(Moscow_Metro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezhdunarodnaya (Moscow Metro)">Mezhdunarodnaya</a> station in 2006, and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya (between <a href="/wiki/Kiyevskaya_(Filyovskaya)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiyevskaya (Filyovskaya)">Kiyevskaya</a> and Delovoi Tsentr), has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the <a href="/wiki/Savyolovskaya_(Serpukhovsko%E2%80%93Timiryazevskaya_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savyolovskaya (Serpukhovsko–Timiryazevskaya line)">Savyolovskaya</a> station, on the <a href="/wiki/Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line">Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line</a>. The cellphone service provider MTS announced on 5 March 2021, that they would begin the country's first pilot <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a> network in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Russia">Media of Russia</a></div> Moscow is home to nearly all of Russia's nationwide <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">television networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>, newspapers, and magazines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Russia" title="List of newspapers in Russia">List of newspapers in Russia</a></div> English-language media include <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow News">Moscow News</a>, which are, respectively, the largest<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. <a href="/wiki/Kommersant" title="Kommersant">Kommersant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Vedomosti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Gazeta" title="Novaya Gazeta">Novaya Gazeta</a> are Russian-language media headquartered in Moscow. Kommersant and Vedomosti are among the country's leading and oldest Russian-language business newspapers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="TV_and_radio">TV and radio</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Russia" title="Television in Russia">Television in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg/220px-2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg/220px-2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg/330px-2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg/440px-2019-07-28-3422-Moscow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Television_and_Radio_Broadcasting_Network" title="Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network">RTRN</a> building</figcaption></figure> Other media in Moscow include the <a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a>, the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and <a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">NTV</a>, one of the first privately owned Russian television stations. The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near 50. Moscow television networks: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_One_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel One (Russia)">Channel One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-1_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-1 (TV channel)">Russia-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-2_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-2 (TV channel)">Russia-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">NTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Tsentr" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Tsentr">TV Tsentr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_%E2%80%93_Channel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersburg – Channel 5">Channel 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kultura_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kultura (TV channel)">Rossiya Kultura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia-24_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia-24 (TV channel)">Russia-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_of_Russia" title="Public Television of Russia">Public Television of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN_TV" title="REN TV">REN TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STS_(TV_channel)" title="STS (TV channel)">STS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNT_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TNT (Russia)">TNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-3_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-3 (Russia)">TV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(TV_channel)" title="Zvezda (TV channel)">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domashny" title="Domashny">Domashny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carousel_(TV_channel)" title="Carousel (TV channel)">Carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_(TV_channel,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peretz (TV channel, Russia)">Peretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%C3%972_(TV_channel)" title="2×2 (TV channel)">2x2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyatnica!_(TV_channel,_Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyatnica! (TV channel, Russia)">Pyatnica!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disney Channel (Russia)">Disney Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBC_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="RBC TV">RBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_24_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow 24 (TV channel)">Moskva 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dozhd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dozhd">Dozhd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU.TV" title="RU.TV">RU.TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petersburg_%E2%80%93_Channel_5" class="mw-redirect" title="Petersburg – Channel 5">Petersburg – Channel 5</a></li></ul> </div> Moscow radio stations: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li>"Russian (Russkoye) Radio"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Europa_Plus" title="Europa Plus">Europa Plus</a>"</li> <li>"DFM"</li> <li>"NRJ (Russia)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Maximum" title="Radio Maximum">Radio Maximum</a>"</li> <li>"Voice of Russia (in English)"</li> <li>"Radio Freedom (Svoboda)"</li> <li>"Megapolis FM"</li> <li>"Radio Kultura (Culture)"</li> <li>"Pioneer FM"</li> <li>"Zvezda"</li> <li>"Komsomolskaya Pravda"</li> <li>"Orpheus"</li> <li>"Monte Carlo"</li> <li>"Love Radio"</li> <li>"The Main" Главная</li> <li>"Govorit Moskva"</li> <li>"Radio Dacha"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nashe_Radio" title="Nashe Radio">Nashe Radio</a>"</li> <li>"Radio 7"</li> <li>"Humor FM"</li> <li>"Retro FM"</li> <li>"Ultra"</li> <li>"Keks FM"</li> <li>"Carnival"</li> <li>"Dobrye Pesni (Good Songs)"</li> <li>"Voyage FM"</li> <li>"Kino FM"</li> <li>"Finam FM"</li> <li>"First Popular"</li> <li>"Politseiskaya Volna (Police Wave)"</li> <li>"Radio Sport"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Radio_Rossii" title="Radio Rossii">Radio Rossii</a>"</li> <li>"Radio Podmoskovye"</li> <li>"Radiocompany Moscow"</li> <li>"UFM"</li> <li>"Mayak"</li> <li>"Business FM"</li> <li>"Autoradio"</li> <li>"Moya Semia (My Family)"</li> <li>"XFM"</li> <li>"Fresh Radio"</li> <li>"Silver Rain"</li> <li>"Chanson"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/M-Radio" title="M-Radio">M-Radio</a>"</li> <li>"Orphey"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Echo_of_Moscow" title="Echo of Moscow">Echo of Moscow</a>"</li> <li>"Radio Jazz"</li> <li>"Classic Radio"</li> <li>"Vesti FM"</li> <li>"City FM"</li> <li>"Relax FM"</li> <li>"Kommersant FM"</li> <li>"Rock FM"</li> <li>"Children's Radio"</li> <li>"Radio Alla"</li> <li>"Best FM"</li> <li>"Next FM"</li> <li>"Hit FM"</li> <li>"Radio Record"</li> <li>"Capital FM Moscow"</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="People">People</h2></div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Moscow" title="List of people from Moscow">List of people from Moscow</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Moscow" title="Category:People from Moscow">Category:People from Moscow</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_(Orest_Kiprensky,_1827).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Pushkin, the founder of modern Russian literature, was born in Moscow in 1799."><noscript><img alt="Alexander Pushkin, the founder of modern Russian literature, was born in Moscow in 1799." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG/193px-Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="129" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 129px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG/193px-Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG" data-alt="Alexander Pushkin, the founder of modern Russian literature, was born in Moscow in 1799." data-width="129" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG/290px-Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG/386px-Portrait_of_Alexander_Pushkin_%28Orest_Kiprensky%2C_1827%29.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>, the founder of modern <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian literature</a>, was born in Moscow in 1799.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821."><noscript><img alt="Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-alt="Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in 1821." data-width="120" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Vasily_Perov_-_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A4.%D0%9C.%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a> was born in Moscow in 1821.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Suvorov was born in Moscow in 1730."><noscript><img alt="Alexander Suvorov was born in Moscow in 1730." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg/172px-Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 115px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg/172px-Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg" data-alt="Alexander Suvorov was born in Moscow in 1730." data-width="115" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg/259px-Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg/345px-Joseph_Kreutzinger_-_Portrait_of_Count_Alexander_Suvorov_-_WGA12281.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> was born in Moscow in 1730.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_de_Grote.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peter the Great was born in Moscow in 1672."><noscript><img alt="Peter the Great was born in Moscow in 1672." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peter_de_Grote.jpg/160px-Peter_de_Grote.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1687"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peter_de_Grote.jpg/160px-Peter_de_Grote.jpg" data-alt="Peter the Great was born in Moscow in 1672." data-width="107" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peter_de_Grote.jpg/240px-Peter_de_Grote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Peter_de_Grote.jpg/320px-Peter_de_Grote.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> was born in Moscow in 1672.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3></div> Moscow is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan<a href="#cite_note-kazakhstan-234">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan<a href="#cite_note-kazakhstan-234">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco" title="Cusco">Cusco</a>, Peru<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, United Arab Emirates<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a>, Azerbaijan<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, India<a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, Uzbekistan<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_agreements">Cooperation agreements</h3></div> Moscow has cooperation agreements with: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand (1997)<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal (1997)<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain (2006)<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, Israel (2001)<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, Tunisia (1998)<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia (1995)<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Former twin towns and sister cities</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, Czech Republic (terminated due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>)<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, Germany (suspended due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic (suspended since 2014 due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland (terminated due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine)<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Moscow" title="List of churches in Moscow">List of churches in Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Moscow_tourist_attractions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moscow tourist attractions">List of Moscow tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Moscow" title="List of museums in Moscow">List of museums in Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Moscow" title="List of shopping malls in Moscow">List of shopping malls in Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Moscow" title="Mayor of Moscow">Mayor of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Millionaire_Fair" title="Moscow Millionaire Fair">Moscow Millionaire Fair</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɒskoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MOS-koh</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> chiefly <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmɒskaʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">MOS-kow</a>;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Russian: Москва, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Moskva, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[mɐskˈva]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/11\/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B02.oga\/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B02.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u04302.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B02.oga/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B02.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B02.oga" title="File:Москва2.oga">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Taken from language of respondents </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(21)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-21 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-21"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dolgorukiy-1"><a href="#cite_ref-dolgorukiy_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFComins-Richmond" class="citation web cs1">Comins-Richmond, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060517163858/http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm">"The History of Moscow"</a>. Occidental College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.oxy.edu/richmond/csp8/history_of_moscow.htm">the original</a> on 17 May 2006. Retrieved 3 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Moscow&rft.pub=Occidental+College&rft.aulast=Comins-Richmond&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.oxy.edu%2Frichmond%2Fcsp8%2Fhistory_of_moscow.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154646/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572">"The Moscow Statute"</a>. Moscow City Duma. Moscow City Government. 28 June 1995. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14215&documentId=118572">the original</a> on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2010. <q>The supreme and exclusive legislative (representative) body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moscow+City+Duma&rft.atitle=The+Moscow+Statute&rft.date=1995-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.mos.ru%2Fwps%2Fportal%2FEnglishVersion%3FrubricId%3D14215%26documentId%3D118572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayor-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mayor_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mayor_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154527/http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107">"The Moscow City Mayor"</a>. Government of Moscow. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.mos.ru/wps/portal/EnglishVersion?rubricId=14107">the original</a> on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 18 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Moscow+City+Mayor&rft.pub=Government+of+Moscow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.mos.ru%2Fwps%2Fportal%2FEnglishVersion%3FrubricId%3D14107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InfostatArea-4"><a href="#cite_ref-InfostatArea_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/">"Общая площадь Москвы в длинну и ширину"</a>. RosInfoStat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211203140325/https://rosinfostat.ru/ploshhad-moskvy/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83&rft.pub=RosInfoStat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosinfostat.ru%2Fploshhad-moskvy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a> (8,524,665) </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations">"Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707123157/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Agglomerations+of+the+World+-+Population+Statistics+and+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fagglomerations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow_metropolitan_area" title="Moscow metropolitan area">Moscow metropolitan area</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx">"Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016-2022гг"</a>. rosstat.gov.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331184235/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+2016-2022%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FVRP_s_1998.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085"><bdi lang="ru">"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</bdi></a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%22.+%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html">"Автомобильные коды регионов России-2022: таблица с последними изменениями"</a>. РИА Новости (in Russian). 16 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128050947/https://ria.ru/20221116/avtokody-1831987874.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8-2022%3A+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+%D1%81+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2F20221116%2Favtokody-1831987874.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoach2011" class="citation book cs1">Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15253-2"><bdi>978-0-521-15253-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15253-2&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Megapolis-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Megapolis_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Megapolis_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Megapolis_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkishin2017" class="citation web cs1">Akishin, Alexander (17 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417121056/https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration">"A 3-Hour Commute: A Close Look At Moscow The Megapolis"</a>. Strelka Mag. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strelkamag.com/en/article/moscow-agglomeration">the original</a> on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strelka+Mag&rft.atitle=A+3-Hour+Commute%3A+A+Close+Look+At+Moscow+The+Megapolis&rft.date=2017-08-17&rft.aulast=Akishin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstrelkamag.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fmoscow-agglomeration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planète_Énergies-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plan%C3%A8te_%C3%89nergies_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plan%C3%A8te_%C3%89nergies_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation">"Moscow, a City Undergoing Transformation"</a>. Planète Énergies. 11 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027055122/https://www.planete-energies.com/en/medias/close/moscow-city-undergoing-transformation">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plan%C3%A8te+%C3%89nergies&rft.atitle=Moscow%2C+a+City+Undergoing+Transformation&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planete-energies.com%2Fen%2Fmedias%2Fclose%2Fmoscow-city-undergoing-transformation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union</a> - Section VIII, Article 172: "The Capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is the city of Moscow." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007105652/https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/">"A glimpse into history"</a>. mos.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mos.ru/en/city/about/">the original</a> on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mos.ru&rft.atitle=A+glimpse+into+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mos.ru%2Fen%2Fcity%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradeRudolph2004" class="citation journal cs1">Brade, Isolde; Rudolph, Robert (2004). "Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas". Area. 36 (1). <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>: 69–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Area...36...69B">2004Area...36...69B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0004-0894.2004.00306.x">10.1111/j.0004-0894.2004.00306.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-0894">0004-0894</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20004359">20004359</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Area&rft.atitle=Moscow%2C+the+Global+City%3F+The+Position+of+the+Russian+Capital+within+the+European+System+of+Metropolitan+Areas&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=69-80&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0004-0894.2004.00306.x&rft.issn=0004-0894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20004359%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Area...36...69B&rft.aulast=Brade&rft.aufirst=Isolde&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Most_visited_places_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Most visited places in the world">MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamora" class="citation web cs1">Zamora, Gigi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/gigizamora/2023/04/08/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023/">"The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2023"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604161409/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gigizamora/2023/04/08/the-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Cities+With+The+Most+Billionaires+2023&rft.aulast=Zamora&rft.aufirst=Gigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgigizamora%2F2023%2F04%2F08%2Fthe-cities-with-the-most-billionaires-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802231006/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/14/fifa-world-cup-kicks-off-in-russia-1828219.html">"FIFA World Cup kicks off in Russia"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/fifa-world-cup-2018/fifa-worldcup-2018-news/2018/jun/14/fifa-world-cup-kicks-off-in-russia-1828219.html">the original</a> on 2 August 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=FIFA+World+Cup+kicks+off+in+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Ffifa-world-cup-2018%2Ffifa-worldcup-2018-news%2F2018%2Fjun%2F14%2Ffifa-world-cup-kicks-off-in-russia-1828219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bridgetomoscow.com/curious-fact-moscow-parks">"Moscow parks"</a>. Bridge To Moscow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625002804/https://bridgetomoscow.com/curious-fact-moscow-parks">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bridge+To+Moscow&rft.atitle=Moscow+parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbridgetomoscow.com%2Fcurious-fact-moscow-parks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasmer-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_25-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vasmer_25-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasmer1986–1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Max_Vasmer" title="Max Vasmer">Vasmer, Max</a> (1986–1987) [1950–1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0">&method_word=substring&ww_word=on&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on&encoding=utf-rus "Москва"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Trubachyov" title="Oleg Trubachyov">Trubachyov, O. N.</a>; Larin, B. O. (eds.). Этимологический словарь русского языка [Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow: Progress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=Moscow&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Progress&rft.date=1986%2F1987&rft.aulast=Vasmer&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarling.rinet.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fresponse.cgi%3Froot%3Dconfig%26morpho%3D0%26basename%3D%5Cdata%5Cie%5Cvasmer%26first%3D1%26off%3D%26text_word%3D%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0+%26method_word%3Dsubstring%26ww_word%3Don%26ic_word%3Don%26text_general%3D%26method_general%3Dsubstring%26ic_general%3Don%26text_origin%3D%26method_origin%3Dsubstring%26ic_origin%3Don%26text_trubachev%3D%26method_trubachev%3Dsubstring%26ic_trubachev%3Don%26text_editorial%3D%26method_editorial%3Dsubstring%26ic_editorial%3Don%26text_pages%3D%26method_pages%3Dsubstring%26ic_pages%3Don%26text_any%3D%26method_any%3Dsubstring%26sort%3Dword%26ic_any%3Don%26encoding%3Dutf-rus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: Check <code class="cs1-code">|chapter-url=</code> value (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Smol-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smol_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smol_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smol_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smol_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smol_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smol_26-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmolitskaya2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Smolitskaya, G.P. 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Richards (2006). <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 260. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24678-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24678-0">0-520-24678-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАбецедарский1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Абецедарский, Л. С. (1978). Белоруссия и Россия (in Russian). Москва. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pages=213&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%9B.+%D0%A1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> П.В.Сытин, "Из истории московских улиц", М, 1948, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17">Bubonic Plague in Early Modern Russia: Public Health and Urban Disaster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122224545/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcljzNyv4EgC&pg=PA17&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 22 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Martin, "Sewage and the City: Filth, Smell, and Representations of Urban Life in Moscow, 1770–1880", Russian Review (2008) 67#2 pp. 243–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm">"Revolutionary war history. Moscow"</a>. www.aha.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411165331/http://www.aha.ru/~mausoleu/documents/moscow_1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aha.ru&rft.atitle=Revolutionary+war+history.+Moscow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aha.ru%2F~mausoleu%2Fdocuments%2Fmoscow_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prlib-52"><a href="#cite_ref-prlib_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089">"Moscow becomes the capital of the Soviet State"</a>. Presidential Library. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401151158/https://www.prlib.ru/en/history/619089">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 12 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+becomes+the+capital+of+the+Soviet+State&rft.pub=Presidential+Library&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fen%2Fhistory%2F619089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> One from an elderly pensioner whose dream was to "live in Stalinodar" and had selected the name to represent the "gift" (dar) of the genius of Stalin. Sarah Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> And after it was suggested again to him by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, he was outraged, saying "What do I need this for?". This was following Stalin banning the renaming of places in his name in 1936. 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Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+in+Moscow%2C+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdateandtime.info%2Fcity.php%3Fid%3D524901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010"><bdi lang="ru">Погода и Климат – Климатический монитор: погода в Москве</bdi></a> [The weather in Moscow. The air temperature and rainfall. June 2010] (in Russian). Pogoda.ru.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114063819/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=6&year=2010">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82+%E2%80%93+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%3A+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.pub=Pogoda.ru.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpogoda.ru.net%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D27612%26month%3D6%26year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round">"Average Weather in Moscow, Russia, Year Round - Weather Spark"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730194124/https://weatherspark.com/y/100524/Average-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Weather+in+Moscow%2C+Russia%2C+Year+Round+-+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fy%2F100524%2FAverage-Weather-in-Moscow-Russia-Year-Round&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010">"Climate monitoring"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070527/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612&month=7&year=2010">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+monitoring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogoda.ru.net%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D27612%26month%3D7%26year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda_(data)-69"><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_(data)_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm">"Pogoda.ru.net"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121105211/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/climate/27612.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pogoda.ru.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogoda.ru.net%2Fclimate%2F27612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php">"Sunshine hours in 2014 and averages"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125061126/http://meteoweb.ru/2014/pss2014.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sunshine+hours+in+2014+and+averages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoweb.ru%2F2014%2Fpss2014.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxmoore2018" class="citation news cs1">Luxmoore, Matthew (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html">"Moscow Got 6 Minutes of Sunlight in December"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222165701/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/17/world/europe/moscow-darkness-sunlight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Moscow+Got+6+Minutes+of+Sunlight+in+December&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Luxmoore&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F01%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmoscow-darkness-sunlight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931">"How to survive in Moscow without sunshine"</a>. BBC News. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207145307/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-42722931">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+to+survive+in+Moscow+without+sunshine&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-42722931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm">"Climate of Vladimir"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027025756/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27532.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F27532.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pogoda.ru.net_archive_1820-2010-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Pogoda.ru.net_archive_1820-2010_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27612.htm">"Pogoda & Climate (Weather & Climate)"</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pogoda+%26+Climate+%28Weather+%26+Climate%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F27612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate_monitor_2005-2011-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_monitor_2005-2011_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/monitor.php?id=27612">"Climate monitor 2005-2011"</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 29 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+monitor+2005-2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D27612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thermograph.ru-76"><a href="#cite_ref-thermograph.ru_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thermograph.ru/mon/st_27612.htm">"Thermograph.ru averages"</a>. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thermograph.ru+averages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthermograph.ru%2Fmon%2Fst_27612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteoweb.ru_Average_monthly_Sunshine_hours-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Meteoweb.ru_Average_monthly_Sunshine_hours_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php">"Average monthly Sunshine hours"</a> (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+monthly+Sunshine+hours&rft.pub=Meteoweb.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoweb.ru%2Fcl006-7.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/russia/moscow-climate">"Moscow, Russia - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Retrieved 4 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Moscow%2C+Russia+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Frussia%2Fmoscow-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thermograph-79"><a href="#cite_ref-thermograph_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm">"WMO averages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200127062909/http://worldweather.wmo.int/107/c00206.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+averages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldweather.wmo.int%2F107%2Fc00206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50">"VVC info"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120024949/http://meteoinfo.ru/climate/klimatgorod/3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VVC+info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoinfo.ru%2Fclimate%2Fklimatgorod%2F3001-2010-02-25-12-47-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612">"Climate monitor 2005–2011"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217221623/http://pogoda.ru.net/monitor.php?id=27612">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+monitor+2005%E2%80%932011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpogoda.ru.net%2Fmonitor.php%3Fid%3D27612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteoweb-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Meteoweb_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php">"Average monthly Sunshine hours"</a> (in Russian). Meteoweb.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200108014500/http://meteoweb.ru/cl006-7.php">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+monthly+Sunshine+hours&rft.pub=Meteoweb.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteoweb.ru%2Fcl006-7.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html">"Data.GISS: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (V4): Global Maps"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240202101720/https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/index_v4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data.GISS%3A+GISS+Surface+Temperature+Analysis+%28V4%29%3A+Global+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.giss.nasa.gov%2Fgistemp%2Fmaps%2Findex_v4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab">"Temperature – Voronezh – Climate Robot Russia"</a>. weatheronline.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525004255/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=34123&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatheronline.co.uk&rft.atitle=Temperature+%E2%80%93+Voronezh+%E2%80%93+Climate+Robot+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fmaps%2Fcity%3FFMM%3D9%26FYY%3D2006%26LMM%3D8%26LYY%3D2016%26WMO%3D34123%26CONT%3Deuro%26REGION%3D0006%26LAND%3DRS%26ART%3DTEM%26R%3D0%26NOREGION%3D1%26LEVEL%3D162%26LANG%3Den%26MOD%3Dtab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab">"Temperature – Tambov – Climate Robot Russia"</a>. weatheronline.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002752/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?FMM=9&FYY=2006&LMM=8&LYY=2016&WMO=27947&CONT=euro&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&ART=TEM&R=0&NOREGION=1&LEVEL=162&LANG=en&MOD=tab">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatheronline.co.uk&rft.atitle=Temperature+%E2%80%93+Tambov+%E2%80%93+Climate+Robot+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fmaps%2Fcity%3FFMM%3D9%26FYY%3D2006%26LMM%3D8%26LYY%3D2016%26WMO%3D27947%26CONT%3Deuro%26REGION%3D0006%26LAND%3DRS%26ART%3DTEM%26R%3D0%26NOREGION%3D1%26LEVEL%3D162%26LANG%3Den%26MOD%3Dtab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201117141540/https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir">"where to stay in moscow"</a>. Gezily. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gezily.com/moskovada-nerede-kalinir">the original</a> on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=where+to+stay+in+moscow&rft.pub=Gezily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgezily.com%2Fmoskovada-nerede-kalinir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024">"Temperature – Moscow"</a>. WeatherOnline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422073042/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=27612&CONT=euro&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0006&LAND=RS&MOD=tab&ART=TEM&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2014&LMM=12&LYY=2024">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WeatherOnline&rft.atitle=Temperature+%E2%80%93+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatheronline.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fmaps%2Fcity%3FLANG%3Den%26PLZ%3D_____%26PLZN%3D_____%26WMO%3D27612%26CONT%3Deuro%26R%3D0%26LEVEL%3D162%26REGION%3D0006%26LAND%3DRS%26MOD%3Dtab%26ART%3DTEM%26NOREGION%3D1%26FMM%3D1%26FYY%3D2014%26LMM%3D12%26LYY%3D2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malenkina2017-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malenkina2017_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenkina2017_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenkina2017_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malenkina2017_88-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Ju._Malenkina,_S._V._Naugolnykh2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">S. Ju. Malenkina, S. V. Naugolnykh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104">Geological and historical monuments of upper streams of the Gorodnya River (Moscow, Bitsa forest). In "Palaeoecology. Methodological basis, factological potential, application for museum expositions"</a> (PDF) (in Russian). Media-Grand. pp. 104–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9904241-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9904241-5-9"><bdi>978-5-9904241-5-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404160624/http://www.ginras.ru/materials/files/paleoecology2017.pdf#page=104">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geological+and+historical+monuments+of+upper+streams+of+the+Gorodnya+River+%28Moscow%2C+Bitsa+forest%29.+In+%22Palaeoecology.+Methodological+basis%2C+factological+potential%2C+application+for+museum+expositions%22&rft.pages=104-120&rft.pub=Media-Grand&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-9904241-5-9&rft.au=S.+Ju.+Malenkina%2C+S.+V.+Naugolnykh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ginras.ru%2Fmaterials%2Ffiles%2Fpaleoecology2017.pdf%23page%3D104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arkhangelsky2014-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Arkhangelsky2014_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkhangelsky_M._S.,_Zverkov_N._G.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Arkhangelsky M. S., Zverkov N. G. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266259363">"On a new ichthyosaur of the genus Undorosaurus"</a>. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS. 318 (3): 187–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31610%2Ftrudyzin%2F2014.318.3.187">10.31610/trudyzin/2014.318.3.187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Institute+RAS&rft.atitle=On+a+new+ichthyosaur+of+the+genus+Undorosaurus&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=187-196&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31610%2Ftrudyzin%2F2014.318.3.187&rft.au=Arkhangelsky+M.+S.%2C+Zverkov+N.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F266259363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php">"(USSR) Urban population of the union republics, and their territorial units"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914185606/https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census.php">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28USSR%29+Urban+population+of+the+union+republics%2C+and+their+territorial+units&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fcensus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203125040/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls">"Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года. Том. 1, таблица 4. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов - райцентров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls">the original</a> on 3 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2002+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC.+1%2C+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+4.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+-+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+3+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2F1_TOM_01_04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093629/http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx">"Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Итоги по Красноярскому краю. 1.10 Численность населения гор.округов, мун.районов, гор. и сел. поселе"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krasstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/krasstat/resources/20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d/1.10.xlsx">the original</a> on 22 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8E.+1.10+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80.%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD.%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80.+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB.+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrasstat.gks.ru%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2Frosstat_ts%2Fkrasstat%2Fresources%2F20d7bd804eba60379580f5263284271d%2F1.10.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Таблица 5. Численность населения России, федеральных округов, субъектов Российской Федерации, городских округов, муниципальных районов, муниципальных округов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов с населением 3000 человек и более - Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2021 года"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">the original</a> on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+5.+%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D1%81+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+3000+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B5+-+%D0%98%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2021+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2Ftab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_objectively_assess-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2014_objectively_assess_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2014_objectively_assess_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. www.demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161022/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=831">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_lan_97_uezd.php%3Freg%3D831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. www.demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185806/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_39.php?reg=39">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_39.php%3Freg%3D39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. www.demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706161009/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_59.php?reg=45">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_59.php%3Freg%3D45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. www.demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614185805/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_70.php?reg=18">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_70.php%3Freg%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. www.demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706172633/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_79.php?reg=19">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_79.php%3Freg%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18">"Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей"</a>. www.demoscope.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625132501/http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nac_89.php?reg=18">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2018. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.demoscope.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF+Weekly+-+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Frus_nac_89.php%3Freg%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070217070612/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls">"NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION FOR REGIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"</a>. 17 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/English/4-2.xls">the original</a> on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NATIONAL+COMPOSITION+OF+POPULATION+FOR+REGIONS+OF+THE+RUSSIAN+FEDERATION&rft.date=2007-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perepis2002.ru%2Fct%2Fdoc%2FEnglish%2F4-2.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-103"><a href="#cite_ref-census2021_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Национальный состав населения"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2022. 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Rg.ru. 9 February 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711032510/http://www.rg.ru/2009/02/09/migrant.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 22 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%22+%D0%BE+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.pub=Rg.ru&rft.date=2009-02-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2009%2F02%2F09%2Fmigrant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093910/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022_t1_2.xlsx">"Information on the number of registered births, deaths, marriages and divorces for January to December 2022"</a>. ROSSTAT. 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Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ROSSTAT&rft.atitle=Information+on+the+number+of+registered+births%2C+deaths%2C+marriages+and+divorces+for+January+to+December+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2FEdn_12-2022.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230302093910/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Edn_12-2022_t1_3.xlsx">"Birth rate, mortality rate, natural increase, marriage rate, divorce rate for January to December 2022"</a>. ROSSTAT. 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Retrieved 1 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service+of+Russia+%28Rosstat%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Ffolder%2F210%2Fdocument%2F13207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494">"Об оскорблении религиозных чувств"</a> (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 17 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420224528/https://fom.ru/TSennosti/14494">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%2C+%D0%A4%D0%9E%D0%9C+%28Public+Opinion+Foundation%29&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffom.ru%2FTSennosti%2F14494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494">"Об оскорблении религиозных чувств"</a> (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 17 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420225121/https://fom.ru/posts/download/14494">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. 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Retrieved 12 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Eid+al-Fitr+2015%3A+Drone+shows+huge+crowds+celebrating+the+end+of+Ramadan+in+Moscow&rft.au=Kiran+Moodley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feid-alfitr-2015-drone-shows-huge-crowds-celebrating-the-end-of-ramadan-in-moscow-10395950.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1989" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Albert J (1 April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_STn96Qeg3D4C">The architecture and planning of classical Moscow: a cultural history</a>. 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Melnikov Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stako.ru/static.php?&id=mem_shukhov&lang=eng&data=mem_shukhov">the original</a> on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial&rft.pub=Melnikov+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stako.ru%2Fstatic.php%3F%26id%3Dmem_shukhov%26lang%3Deng%26data%3Dmem_shukhov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in the world">List of tallest buildings in the world</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrane2012" class="citation cs2">McGrane, Sally (4 December 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html">"The Elevator-Rescue Teams of Moscow"</a>, The New Yorker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329031821/http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2012/12/the-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html">archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2014, retrieved 20 February 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Elevator-Rescue+Teams+of+Moscow&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.aulast=McGrane&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fculture%2F2012%2F12%2Fthe-elevator-rescue-teams-of-moscow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single">"Moscow Architecture Preservation Society"</a>. Maps-moscow.com. 17 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single">the original</a> on 11 January 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+Architecture+Preservation+Society&rft.pub=Maps-moscow.com&rft.date=2006-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maps-moscow.com%2Findex.php%3Fchapter_id%3D204%26data_id%3D92%26do%3Dview_single&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings">"Appetite for destruction"</a>. New Statesman. 29 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629011125/http://www.newstatesman.com/arts-and-culture/2007/11/moscow-russia-buildings">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=Appetite+for+destruction&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Farts-and-culture%2F2007%2F11%2Fmoscow-russia-buildings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm">"Dr. Sergey Zagraevsky. Photogallery of the most serious violations of historical environment of Moscow in the last decade"</a>. Zagraevsky.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718150635/http://www.zagraevsky.com/moscow_engl.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Sergey+Zagraevsky.+Photogallery+of+the+most+serious+violations+of+historical+environment+of+Moscow+in+the+last+decade&rft.pub=Zagraevsky.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zagraevsky.com%2Fmoscow_engl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719044427/http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/">"Art of Russia – The third bulletin of the Moscow Architectural Preservation Society (MAPS)"</a>. Gif.ru. 13 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gif.ru/eng/news/maps-third/">the original</a> on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Art+of+Russia+%E2%80%93+The+third+bulletin+of+the+Moscow+Architectural+Preservation+Society+%28MAPS%29&rft.pub=Gif.ru&rft.date=2004-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gif.ru%2Feng%2Fnews%2Fmaps-third%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClose2005" class="citation news cs1">Close (29 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html">"Eastern blocks"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304212153/http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1580263,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2007. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eastern+blocks&rft.date=2005-09-29&rft.au=Close&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.guardian.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1580263%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111182743/http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single">"Moscow Architecture Preservation Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maps-moscow.com/index.php?chapter_id=204&data_id=92&do=view_single">the original</a> on 11 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+Architecture+Preservation+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maps-moscow.com%2Findex.php%3Fchapter_id%3D204%26data_id%3D92%26do%3Dview_single&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081102100135/http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm">"Save Europe's Heritage"</a>. 2 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/english/english.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Save+Europe%27s+Heritage&rft.date=2008-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.savebritainsheritage.org%2Fenglish%2Fenglish.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82C2116A-568F-4413-A9AF-5528525AEE75.html">"[Russia: Moscow's Architectural Heritage Under Threat] – [Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty © 2008]"</a>. Rferl.org. 22 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080615211819/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/05/82c2116a-568f-4413-a9af-5528525aee75.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BRussia%3A+Moscow%27s+Architectural+Heritage+Under+Threat%26%2393%3B+%E2%80%93+%5BRadio+Free+Europe+%2F+Radio+Liberty+%C2%A9+2008%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=Rferl.org&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeaturesarticle%2F2007%2F05%2F82C2116A-568F-4413-A9AF-5528525AEE75.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosru-stats-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mosru-stats_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mosru-stats_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mosru-stats_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mosru-stats_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mosru-stats_127-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mos.ru/wps/portal/!ut/p/c0/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9SP0o83hXN1e3QHMPIwMDl1BLAyM_y5AAEy8zQwMnI_3InNT0xORK_Qj9KDMkdaauxiB1JkD1fkYG_ob6BTmuigB2wqj-?nID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&cID=6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1&rubricId=1716&documentId=42215"><bdi lang="ru">СТОЛИЦА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЦИФР, ФАКТОВ И СОБЫТИЙ</bdi></a> (in Russian). Moscow government. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A6%D0%90+%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%92+%D0%97%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%95+%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%A4%D0%A0%2C+%D0%A4%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%92+%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%AB%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%99&rft.pub=Moscow+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mos.ru%2Fwps%2Fportal%2F%21ut%2Fp%2Fc0%2F04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9SP0o83hXN1e3QHMPIwMDl1BLAyM_y5AAEy8zQwMnI_3InNT0xORK_Qj9KDMkdaauxiB1JkD1fkYG_ob6BTmuigB2wqj-%3FnID%3D6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1%26cID%3D6_EFEFQ7H2005E302N94DU9N20O1%26rubricId%3D1716%26documentId%3D42215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-greendress-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greendress_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greendress_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greendress_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greendress_128-3">d</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm">Green dress of Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727132007/http://www.screen.ru/moscow/zelen.htm">Archived</a> 27 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy">"Neskuchniy Garden"</a>. Mosday.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424133353/http://mosday.ru/photos/?neskuchniy">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neskuchniy+Garden&rft.pub=Mosday.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmosday.ru%2Fphotos%2F%3Fneskuchniy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVostryshevShokarev2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vostryshev, M.I.; Shokarev, S.Y. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ"><bdi lang="ru">Вся Москва от А до Я. Энциклопедия</bdi></a> [Moscow from A to Z. Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Алгоритм. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4320-0001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4320-0001-9"><bdi>978-5-4320-0001-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213053142/https://books.google.com/books?id=ontKDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%90+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D0%AF.+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-5-4320-0001-9&rft.aulast=Vostryshev&rft.aufirst=M.I.&rft.au=Shokarev%2C+S.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DontKDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gbsad.ru/">The Official Site of the Main Moscow Botanical Garden</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120624024714/http://www.gbsad.ru/">Archived</a> 24 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 18 July 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151112200308/http://vdnh.ru/en/about/">"About VDNH"</a>. vdnh.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vdnh.ru/en/about/">the original</a> on 12 November 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vdnh.ru&rft.atitle=About+VDNH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvdnh.ru%2Fen%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> UNESCO considers the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square to be part of a single World Heritage Site. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545">UNESCO's profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545">Archived</a> 6 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on this site. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545">"Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow"</a>. World Heritage List. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906015318/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Kremlin+and+Red+Square%2C+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634">"Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye"</a>. World Heritage List. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044135/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/634/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Heritage+List&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Ascension%2C+Kolomenskoye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moszoo-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moszoo_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-moszoo_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moscowzoo.ru/">"General Information"</a>. Moscow Zoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060712103540/http://www.moscowzoo.ru/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2006. Retrieved 15 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information&rft.pub=Moscow+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moscowzoo.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden-ring-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-golden-ring_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-golden-ring_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060723084926/http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf">"Along the Moscow Golden Ring"</a> (PDF). Moscow, Russia Tourist Information center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moscow-city.ru/download/source/Golden_Ring_Engl.pdf/8-11.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 July 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Along+the+Moscow+Golden+Ring&rft.pub=Moscow%2C+Russia+Tourist+Information+center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moscow-city.ru%2Fdownload%2Fsource%2FGolden_Ring_Engl.pdf%2F8-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221163028/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/">"The Official site of the Tretyakov Gallery"</a>. Tretyakovgallery.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/en/">the original</a> on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+site+of+the+Tretyakov+Gallery&rft.pub=Tretyakovgallery.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tretyakovgallery.ru%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trety-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trety_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trety_139-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927110355/http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml">"About The State Tretyakov Gallery"</a>. The State Tretyakov Gallery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tretyakovgallery.ru/english/about.shtml">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+State+Tretyakov+Gallery&rft.pub=The+State+Tretyakov+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tretyakovgallery.ru%2Fenglish%2Fabout.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> See also: (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/">The Official Site of the Polytechnical Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/">Archived</a> 16 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 23 July 2006. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/">English version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716112000/http://eng.polymus.ru/rv/">Archived</a> 16 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ) </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719045139/http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1">"The Museum Collections"</a>. Polytechnical Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.polymus.ru/?s=19&lvl=1">the original</a> on 19 July 2006. Retrieved 4 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Museum+Collections&rft.pub=Polytechnical+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.polymus.ru%2F%3Fs%3D19%26lvl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1812panorama.ru/">"The official site of Borodino Panorama museum"</a>. 1812panorama.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608214523/http://www.1812panorama.ru/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+official+site+of+Borodino+Panorama+museum&rft.pub=1812panorama.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1812panorama.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinelschikova2021" class="citation web cs1">Sinelschikova, Yekaterina (2 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum">"Moscow is getting its own Hermitage Museum! (PICS)"</a>. Russia Beyond. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210920003340/https://www.rbth.com/arts/334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=Moscow+is+getting+its+own+Hermitage+Museum%21+%28PICS%29&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft.aulast=Sinelschikova&rft.aufirst=Yekaterina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Farts%2F334157-moscow-own-hermitage-museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html">"Russian Ministry of Culture official statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html#">the original</a> on 2 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Ministry+of+Culture+official+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmkrf.ru%2Fupload%2Fstats-web%2Findex.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150702180223/http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html">"Russian Ministry of Culture official stats"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mkrf.ru/upload/stats-web/index.html#">the original</a> on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Ministry+of+Culture+official+stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmkrf.ru%2Fupload%2Fstats-web%2Findex.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925230442/https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/">"State Academic Maly Theatre"</a>. 8 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moscovery.com/state-academic-maly-theatre/">the original</a> on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Academic+Maly+Theatre&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moscovery.com%2Fstate-academic-maly-theatre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513131136/http://www.mmdm.ru/en/">"The Official Site of the Moscow International Performance Arts Centre"</a>. Mmdm.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmdm.ru/en">the original</a> on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Site+of+the+Moscow+International+Performance+Arts+Centre&rft.pub=Mmdm.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mmdm.ru%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> See also: (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circusnikulin.ru/">The Official Site of the Moscow Nikulun Circus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717153240/http://www.circusnikulin.ru/">Archived</a> 17 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 17 July 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927063958/http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units%2Feng%2Fhistory.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng">"History of the Mosfilm concern studios foundation"</a>. MosFilm. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosfilm.ru/index.php?File=units/eng/history.htm&Style=text&Lang=eng">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 10 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Mosfilm+concern+studios+foundation&rft.pub=MosFilm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosfilm.ru%2Findex.php%3FFile%3Dunits%2Feng%2Fhistory.htm%26Style%3Dtext%26Lang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museikino.ru/">"The Official Site of the Museum of Cinema"</a> (in Russian). Museikino.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120626132633/http://www.museikino.ru/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Site+of+the+Museum+of+Cinema&rft.pub=Museikino.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museikino.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm">"The mood in Moscow"</a>. BBC News. 3 July 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060526121800/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/olympics_2012/4626831.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2006. Retrieved 22 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+mood+in+Moscow&rft.date=2005-07-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fother_sports%2Folympics_2012%2F4626831.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/cwttEMCM-Y8">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110125202043/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwttEMCM-Y8">"Russia grabs World Bandy Championship"</a>. YouTube. Retrieved 15 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+grabs+World+Bandy+Championship&rft.pub=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcwttEMCM-Y8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/2/%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA">"Google Translate"</a>. Translate.google.se. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525002747/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F&prev=%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F%26hl%3Den%26tbo%3Dd%26biw%3D1024%26bih%3D545&sa=X&ei=qyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4&ved=0CC4Q7gEwAA">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Translate&rft.pub=Translate.google.se&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dru%26u%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F%26prev%3D%2Fsearch%253Fq%253Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fstadium%2F2%2F%2526hl%253Den%2526tbo%253Dd%2526biw%253D1024%2526bih%253D545%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DqyW7UPq6KKri4QS03YE4%26ved%3D0CC4Q7gEwAA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> See also: (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmh.ru/">The Official Site of the Central Moscow Hippodrome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325082648/http://www.cmh.ru/">Archived</a> 25 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.investmoscow.ru/calendar-of-events/2019-06/21sergey-sobyanin-otkryl-dvorets-gimnastiki-v-luzhnikakh/Article">about the Palace of Gymnastics on the Moscow Investment Portal</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-go-mag-156"><a href="#cite_ref-go-mag_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220063958/http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497">"Go Magazine"</a>. The Moscow Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.go-magazine.ru/articles/show/497">the original</a> on 20 February 2007. Retrieved 20 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Go+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.go-magazine.ru%2Farticles%2Fshow%2F497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948">"Moscow: The City That Never Sleeps"</a>. The Moscow Times. 3 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504044143/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/06/13/moscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow%3A+The+City+That+Never+Sleeps&rft.pub=The+Moscow+Times&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2019%2F06%2F13%2Fmoscow-city-that-never-sleeps-a65948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124231936/https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots">"Moscow Nightlife: The Best Party Spots"</a>. 19 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.n1ght.com/en/blog/article/moscow-nightlife-best-party-spots">the original</a> on 24 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+Nightlife%3A+The+Best+Party+Spots&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.n1ght.com%2Fen%2Fblog%2Farticle%2Fmoscow-nightlife-best-party-spots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu">"Парк "Остров мечты" откроется в Москве в 2019 году"</a>. Izvestia (in Russian). 3 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135532/https://iz.ru/703885/2018-02-03/park-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Izvestia&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA+%22%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%22+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B2+2019+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiz.ru%2F703885%2F2018-02-03%2Fpark-ostrov-mechty-otkroetsia-v-moskve-v-2019-godu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themeparx.com/dream-island-moscow/">"Dream Island Moscow"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theme+Park+Construction+Board&rft.atitle=Dream+Island+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themeparx.com%2Fdream-island-moscow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/safecitiesindex2019/index.html">"Safe Cities Index 2019 | NEC"</a>. www.nec.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003004430/https://www.nec.com/en/global/ad/safecitiesindex2019/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nec.com&rft.atitle=Safe+Cities+Index+2019+%26%23124%3B+NEC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nec.com%2Fen%2Fglobal%2Fad%2Fsafecitiesindex2019%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow">"Crime in Moscow"</a>. www.numbeo.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002230229/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/in/Moscow">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.numbeo.com&rft.atitle=Crime+in+Moscow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.numbeo.com%2Fcrime%2Fin%2FMoscow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623084209/https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html">"In Moscow, the face recognition system will work through CCTV cameras"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geeks-world.github.io/articles/407023/index.html">the original</a> on 23 June 2020. 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Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moscow+City+Web+Site&rft.atitle=Moscow%27s+EMS+ranks+as+the+second+most+efficient+in+the+world&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mos.ru%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F63830073%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merger-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Merger_166-0">^</a> Official website of the Government of Moscow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/">Draft of adopted measures of the capital and oblast governments with regards to the expansion of the borders of Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110821063010/http://www.mos.ru/about/borders/">Archived</a> 21 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian) </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/"><bdi lang="ru">Цены на Квартиры в Москве по Административным Районам и Станциям Метро</bdi></a>. Metrinfo.ru (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101227235220/http://www.metrinfo.ru/area/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2010. 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However, Moscow is not officially named the administrative centre of the oblast. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.ru//rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes">"200 крупнейших частных компаний России — 2019. Рейтинг Forbes | Бизнес"</a>. Forbes.ru. 16 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027224136/https://www.forbes.ru/rating/383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes.ru&rft.atitle=200+%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%94+2019.+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3+Forbes+%26%23124%3B+%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81&rft.date=2019-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.ru%2F%2Frating%2F383547-200-krupneyshih-chastnyh-kompaniy-rossii-2019-reyting-forbes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArkhipov2010" class="citation news cs1">Arkhipov, Ilya (28 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-28/medvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html">"Medvedev Fires Moscow Mayor Luzhkov After Conflict"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Medvedev+Fires+Moscow+Mayor+Luzhkov+After+Conflict&rft.date=2010-09-28&rft.aulast=Arkhipov&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2010-09-28%2Fmedvedev-fires-moscow-s-mayor-yury-luzhkov-citing-a-loss-of-confidence-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm">""GRP volume at current basic prices (billion rubles)""</a>. rosstat.gov.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414173212/https://77.rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BC%20%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%9F%20%D0%B2%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85%20%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202021%20%D0%B3..htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22GRP+volume+at+current+basic+prices+%28billion+rubles%29%22&rft.pub=rosstat.gov.ru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F77.rosstat.gov.ru%2Fstorage%2Fmediabank%2F%25D0%259E%25D0%25B1%25D1%258A%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BC%2520%25D0%2592%25D0%25A0%25D0%259F%2520%25D0%25B2%2520%25D0%25BE%25D1%2581%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D1%2585%2520%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%2520%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25202021%2520%25D0%25B3..htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries">"Среднемесячная номинальная начисленная заработная плата работников в целом по экономике Российской Федерации в 1991-2022 гг"</a>. rosstat.gov.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319154712/https://rosstat.gov.ru/labor_market_employment_salaries">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rosstat.gov.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B2+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+1991-2022+%D0%B3%D0%B3.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frosstat.gov.ru%2Flabor_market_employment_salaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiacomo_Tognini" class="citation web cs1">Giacomo Tognini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/">"World's Richest Cities: The Top 10 Cities Billionaires Call Home"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407105020/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2020/04/07/worlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=World%27s+Richest+Cities%3A+The+Top+10+Cities+Billionaires+Call+Home&rft.au=Giacomo+Tognini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fgiacomotognini%2F2020%2F04%2F07%2Fworlds-richest-cities-the-top-10-cities-where-most-billionaires-call-home-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bofit_42_2010-174"><a href="#cite_ref-bofit_42_2010_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5tmjrHFzM?url=http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf">"BOFIT Weekly 42/2010"</a> (PDF). Bank of Finland's Institute for Economies in Transition. 22 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bof.fi/NR/rdonlyres/A0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC/0/w201042.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 23 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BOFIT+Weekly+42%2F2010&rft.pub=Bank+of+Finland%27s+Institute+for+Economies+in+Transition&rft.date=2010-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bof.fi%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FA0C226F8-3D3F-4B6F-8AA3-B621E963D4CC%2F0%2Fw201042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824030354/http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables/UROV-7.htm">"Average monthly salaries"</a>. Federal Service on State Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/gis/tables%5CUROV-7.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+monthly+salaries&rft.pub=Federal+Service+on+State+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Fgis%2Ftables%255CUROV-7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528082514/http://eng.kristall.ru/">"The Official Site of the Moscow Cristall distillery"</a>. Eng.kristall.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.kristall.ru/">the original</a> on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 11 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Site+of+the+Moscow+Cristall+distillery&rft.pub=Eng.kristall.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feng.kristall.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> See also: (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mmvz.ru/">The Official Site of the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010220092957/http://www.mmvz.ru/">Archived</a> 20 February 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 7 July 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> See also: (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miuz.ru/">The Official Site of the Moscow Jewelry Factory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060702194811/http://www.miuz.ru/">Archived</a> 2 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 7 July 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> See also: (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218032111/http://www.jewellerprom.ru/">The Official Site of the Experimental Moscow Jewelry Atelier Jewellerprom</a>. Retrieved on 7 July 2006, </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waybackmachine.org/*/http://rus.intermark.ru/about-us/press/mt_20_10/">"US$4,500 for a Square Meter of Apartment Space. The Moscow Times"</a>. Waybackmachine.org. 19 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US%244%2C500+for+a+Square+Meter+of+Apartment+Space.+The+Moscow+Times&rft.pub=Waybackmachine.org&rft.date=2011-07-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaybackmachine.org%2F%2A%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Frus.intermark.ru%2Fabout-us%2Fpress%2Fmt_20_10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html">"Преодолен абсолютный рекорд роста цен на недвижимость: московский стройкомплекс в зеркале СМИ"</a>. ИА REGNUM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410052915/https://regnum.ru/news/643249.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%90+REGNUM&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%3A+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81+%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D0%9C%D0%98&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregnum.ru%2Fnews%2F643249.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries2006" class="citation news cs1">Humphries, Conor (20 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817152833/http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13">"Dividing the Spoils of the Boom"</a>. The Moscow Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stroi.ru/eng/default.aspx?d=5&dr=901&m=13">the original</a> on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Dividing+the+Spoils+of+the+Boom&rft.date=2006-06-20&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stroi.ru%2Feng%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fd%3D5%26dr%3D901%26m%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006">"Costs of realty in Moscow (2006)"</a> (in Russian). Mosday.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702171121/http://mosday.ru/info/article.php?realty-2006">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Costs+of+realty+in+Moscow+%282006%29&rft.pub=Mosday.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmosday.ru%2Finfo%2Farticle.php%3Frealty-2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahadi2006" class="citation news cs1">Sahadi, Jeanne (23 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm">"World's most expensive cities"</a>. CNNMoney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060703140408/https://money.cnn.com/2006/06/23/pf/expensive_cities/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2006. Retrieved 4 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=World%27s+most+expensive+cities&rft.date=2006-06-23&rft.aulast=Sahadi&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2006%2F06%2F23%2Fpf%2Fexpensive_cities%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mercer.com-185"><a href="#cite_ref-mercer.com_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615061034/http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr">"Worldwide Cost of Living survey 2009"</a>. Mercer.com. 7 July 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercer.com/costoflivingpr#Top_50">the original</a> on 15 June 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Cost+of+Living+survey+2009&rft.pub=Mercer.com&rft.date=2009-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercer.com%2Fcostoflivingpr%23Top_50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805100832/http://realestate.msn.com/buying/Article_forbes.aspx?cp-documentid=8839818&GT1=35000">"Stock Quotes, Business News and Data from Stock Markets | MSN Money"</a>. www.msn.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/money">the original</a> on 5 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&rft.atitle=Stock+Quotes%2C+Business+News+and+Data+from+Stock+Markets+%26%23124%3B+MSN+Money&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fmoney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs" class="citation web cs1">Jacobs, Deborah L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/">"The Most Expensive Cities In The World"</a>. forbes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714004726/https://www.forbes.com/sites/deborahljacobs/2014/07/10/the-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=forbes.com&rft.atitle=The+Most+Expensive+Cities+In+The+World&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Deborah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdeborahljacobs%2F2014%2F07%2F10%2Fthe-most-expensive-cities-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863">"Moscow Nose-Dives in Global Living Cost Rankings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Moscow_Times" title="The Moscow Times">The Moscow Times</a>. 19 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320124846/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/03/19/moscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Moscow+Nose-Dives+in+Global+Living+Cost+Rankings&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2019%2F03%2F19%2Fmoscow-nose-dives-in-global-living-cost-rankings-a64863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eca-international.com/news/june-2019/europe-falls-behind-usa-in-cost-of-living">"Europe falls behind USA in cost of living"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ECA_International" title="ECA International">ECA International</a>. 13 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616212508/https://www.eca-international.com/News/June-2019/Europe-falls-behind-USA-in-cost-of-living">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2019. 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Retrieved 21 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foreignaffairs.co.nz&rft.atitle=MIL-OSI+Submissions%3A+Russian+Federation+%E2%80%93+City+Wi-Fi+network+is+available+in+four+more+student+dormitories+in+Moscow&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignaffairs.co.nz%2F2021%2F06%2F29%2Fmil-osi-submissions-russian-federation-city-wi-fi-network-is-available-in-four-more-student-dormitories-in-moscow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trolleybus-213"><a href="#cite_ref-Trolleybus_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/">"В Москве вышел на линию 500-й электробус"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mos.ru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos.ru">Mos.ru</a> (in Russian). 8 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015115109/https://www.mos.ru/mayor/themes/2299/6851050/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mos.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+500-%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mos.ru%2Fmayor%2Fthemes%2F2299%2F6851050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> See also: (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101064615/http://www.kvartirant.ru/news/?news_id=10891&date=12.05.2006&date2=2006-05-12">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Realty news. 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Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%22%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%22+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82&rft.pub=Rbc.ru&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealty.rbc.ru%2Fnews%2F5f620ab99a794772c9fe4682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lenta.ru/news/2005/12/23/city/"><bdi lang="ru">Москва-Сити начинается строительство Города столиц</bdi></a> (in Russian). 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Retrieved 27 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia%27s+MTS+Launches+Pilot+5G+Network+in+Moscow+Hotspots&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2021%2F03%2F05%2Frussias-mts-launches-pilot-5g-network-in-moscow-hotspots-a73164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706182233/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html">"Advertising Information"</a>. The Moscow Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/doc/Adv.html">the original</a> on 6 July 2006. 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Retrieved 15 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vot.uz&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D1%83%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B9%2C+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%21+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvot.uz%2Farticle%2F2015%2F11%2F10%2Fneobratimi%25D0%25B5-pobratimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7">"گذری بر خواهرخوانده تهران در شرق اروپا"</a>. isna.ir (in Persian). Iranian Students' News Agency. 21 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210528203620/https://www.isna.ir/news/96122915736/%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=isna.ir&rft.atitle=%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%A8%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AF%D8%B1+%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82+%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7&rft.date=2018-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isna.ir%2Fnews%2F96122915736%2F%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B0%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C-%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AE%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587-%25D8%25AA%25D9%2587%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586-%25D8%25AF%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B1%25D9%2582-%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%2588%25D9%25BE%25D8%25A7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metro.tokyo.lg.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm">"Sister Cities(States) of Tokyo"</a>. metro.tokyo.lg.jp. Tokyo Metropolitan Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925190844/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/ENGLISH/ABOUT/LINKS/sister.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018. Retrieved 12 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metro.tokyo.lg.jp&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities%28States%29+of+Tokyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.tokyo.lg.jp%2FENGLISH%2FABOUT%2FLINKS%2Fsister.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/">"Улаанбаатар хоттой ах, дүү хотууд"</a>. barilga.mn (in Mongolian). Barilga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318132843/https://about.barilga.mn/n/946/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barilga.mn&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%85%2C+%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.barilga.mn%2Fn%2F946%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangkok_Metropolitan_AdministrationCity_of_Moscow1997" class="citation web cs1">Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Moscow (19 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190805065125/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/Moscow.pdf">"Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lisboa.pt&rft.atitle=Acordos+de+Coopera%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e%2Fou+Amizade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisboa.pt%2Fmunicipio%2Frelacoes-internacionais%2Facordos%2Facordos-de-cooperacao-e%2Fou-amizade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610162129/https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">"Agreements with cities"</a>. madrid.es. Madrid. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.madrid.es/vgn-ext-templating/v/index.jsp?vgnextoid=76957c275129a310VgnVCM2000000c205a0aRCRD&vgnextchannel=ce069e242ab26010VgnVCM100000dc0ca8c0RCRD&vgnextfmt=default&idCapitulo=7182437">the original</a> on 10 June 2020. 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Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yerevan.am&rft.atitle=Partner+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yerevan.am%2Fen%2Fpartner%2Fpartner-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/">"Brno Ends Partnerships With Russian Cities"</a>. 25 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306130201/https://www.praguemorning.cz/brno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brno+Ends+Partnerships+With+Russian+Cities&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.praguemorning.cz%2Fbrno-ends-partnerships-with-russian-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Mann2022" class="citation web cs1">Sophie Mann (2 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion.">"Chicago cut ties with 'sister city' Moscow, among latest to disassociate with Russia's aggression"</a>. justthenews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510181618/https://justthenews.com/world/chicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow#:~:text=The%20city%20of%20Chicago%20is%20suspending%20its%20relationship,to%20demonstrate%20a%20strong%20condemnation%20of%20the%20invasion.">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justthenews.com&rft.atitle=Chicago+cut+ties+with+%27sister+city%27+Moscow%2C+among+latest+to+disassociate+with+Russia%27s+aggression&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.au=Sophie+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjustthenews.com%2Fworld%2Fchicago-severs-ties-sister-city-moscow%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520city%2520of%2520Chicago%2520is%2520suspending%2520its%2520relationship%2Cto%2520demonstrate%2520a%2520strong%2520condemnation%2520of%2520the%2520invasion.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html">"Düsseldorf legt Städtepartnerschaft mit Moskau auf Eis"</a> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220227224017/https://www.rtl.de/cms/duesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2022. Retrieved 27 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%BCsseldorf+legt+St%C3%A4dtepartnerschaft+mit+Moskau+auf+Eis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtl.de%2Fcms%2Fduesseldorf-legt-staedtepartnerschaft-mit-moskau-auf-eis-4925998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html">"Weltweite Kontakte: Türöffner für Bürger, Wirtschaft und Kultur"</a>. duesseldorf.de (in German). Düsseldorf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627144546/https://www.duesseldorf.de/internationales/partnerschaften.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=duesseldorf.de&rft.atitle=Weltweite+Kontakte%3A+T%C3%BCr%C3%B6ffner+f%C3%BCr+B%C3%BCrger%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Kultur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duesseldorf.de%2Finternationales%2Fpartnerschaften.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/">"Російські міста — більше не побратими Харкову — міський голова"</a>. suspilne.media (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008193659/https://suspilne.media/233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=suspilne.media&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83+%E2%80%94+%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuspilne.media%2F233295-rosijski-mista-bilse-ne-pobratimi-harkovu-miskij-golova%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222191019/https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/">"Kyiv and Moscow - no longer twin cities"</a>. QHA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://old.qha.com.ua/en/society/kyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities/137143/">the original</a> on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=QHA&rft.atitle=Kyiv+and+Moscow+-+no+longer+twin+cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fold.qha.com.ua%2Fen%2Fsociety%2Fkyiv-and-moscow-no-longer-twin-cities%2F137143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130625205859/http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html">"Partnerská města HMP"</a>. zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu (in Czech). Prague. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu/jnp/cz/partnerska_mesta/index.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zahranicnivztahy.praha.eu&rft.atitle=Partnersk%C3%A1+m%C4%9Bsta+HMP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzahranicnivztahy.praha.eu%2Fjnp%2Fcz%2Fpartnerska_mesta%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou%245465-export.html">"Praha pozastavila partnerství s Moskvou. Kvůli Ukrajině (Portál hlavního města Prahy)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122355/https://www.praha.eu/jnp/cz/o_meste/zivot_v_praze/praha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou%245465-export.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Praha+pozastavila+partnerstv%C3%AD+s+Moskvou.+Kv%C5%AFli+Ukrajin%C4%9B+%28Port%C3%A1l+hlavn%C3%ADho+m%C4%9Bsta+Prahy%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.praha.eu%2Fjnp%2Fcz%2Fo_meste%2Fzivot_v_praze%2Fpraha_pozastavila_partnerstvi_s_moskvou%245465-export.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211">"Pražský magistrát pošle Ukrajině deset milionů. Hřib chce konec partnerství s Moskvou - Novinky"</a>. 24 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829122354/https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/domaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pra%C5%BEsk%C3%BD+magistr%C3%A1t+po%C5%A1le+Ukrajin%C4%9B+deset+milion%C5%AF.+H%C5%99ib+chce+konec+partnerstv%C3%AD+s+Moskvou+-+Novinky&rft.date=2022-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novinky.cz%2Fclanek%2Fdomaci-prazsky-magistrat-posle-ukrajine-deset-milionu-hrib-chce-konec-partnerstvi-s-moskvou-40388211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva">"Moskva"</a>. tallinn.ee (in Estonian). Tallinn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803065014/https://www.tallinn.ee/et/valissuhted/moskva">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tallinn.ee&rft.atitle=Moskva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tallinn.ee%2Fet%2Fvalissuhted%2Fmoskva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai">"Miestai partneriai"</a>. ivilnius.lt (in Lithuanian). Vilnius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927093052/http://www.ivilnius.lt/pazink/apie-vilniu/miestai-partneriai">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ivilnius.lt&rft.atitle=Miestai+partneriai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ivilnius.lt%2Fpazink%2Fapie-vilniu%2Fmiestai-partneriai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996">"Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom"</a> (in Polish). 3 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rada+Warszawy%3A+najwa%C5%BCniejszym+zadaniem+jest+stworzy%C4%87+uchod%C5%BAcom+drugi+dom&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvn24.pl%2Ftvnwarszawa%2Fnajnowsze%2Fwarszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMoscow" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(22)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-22 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-22"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Moscow at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moscow" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Moscow">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="c:Москва">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Moscow" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Moscow">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Moscow" class="extiw" title="q:Moscow">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Moscow" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Moscow">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Moscow" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Moscow">Moscow</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mos.ru/en/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map">Interactive map of housing in Moscow from 1785–2018</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623093543/https://strelkamag.com/ru/article/moscow-housing-map">Archived</a> 23 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722083414/http://en.travel2moscow.com/">Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505061015/http://mos.ru/en/index.php">Official Moscow Administration Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/">Informational website of Moscow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527141051/http://www.xn--80adxhks.xn--h1akdx.xn--80aswg/">Archived</a> 27 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html">Old maps of Moscow</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116220851/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/moscow/moscow.html">Archived</a> 16 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Historic Cities Research Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html">Archived</a> 25 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&oldid=1258399555">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moscow&oldid=1258399555</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Moscow&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 November 2024, at 14:17 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%B4w" title="Moskôw – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Moskôw" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83" title="Мэзкуу – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Мэзкуу" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Southern Altai" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Southern Altai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AE" title="ሞስኮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞስኮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मॉस्को – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मॉस्को" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="موسكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%A9%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܡܘܣܩܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܣܩܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A1" title="Մոսկուա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մոսկուա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosuku" title="Mosuku – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mosuku" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="موسکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موسکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B" title="মস্কো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মস্কো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CC%8Dk-su-kho" title="Bo̍k-su-kho – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bo̍k-su-kho" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Мәскәү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәскәү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Масква – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Масква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Масква – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Масква" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मास्को – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मास्को" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མོ་སི་ཁོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མོ་སི་ཁོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskov" title="Moskov – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moskov" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Мускав – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мускав" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(cit%C3%A0)" title="Mosca (cità) – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mosca (cità)" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscfa" title="Moscfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moscfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="موسكو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="موسكو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%AF" title="މޮސްކޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޮސްކޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halzhin_Deezl%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Halzhin Deezlíní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Halzhin Deezlíní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BD%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="མཽས་ཀོ། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མཽས་ཀོ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1" title="Μόσχα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόσχα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5ssca" title="Måssca – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Måssca" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Москов ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Москов ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskvo" title="Moskvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moskvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%BA" title="Moscú – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Moscú" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="مسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosche" title="Mosche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Mosche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%B3" title="Moscó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Moscó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosgo" title="Mosgo – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mosgo" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A4" title="مؤسکؤ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مؤسکؤ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌼𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐍉𐍃𐌺𐍅𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Москва балһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Москва балһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94" title="모스크바 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모스크바" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokekao" title="Mokekao – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Mokekao" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%BE%D5%A1" title="Մոսկվա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոսկվա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मास्को – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मास्को" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscva" title="Moscva – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Moscva" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A8%E1%94%85%E1%91%AF" title="ᒨᔅᑯ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒨᔅᑯ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Мæскуы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæскуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMoskwa" title="IMoskwa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMoskwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(Russia)" title="Mosca (Russia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mosca (Russia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%94" title="מוסקבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוסקבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94s%C9%A9k%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Mɔsɩkʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔsɩkʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B" title="ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಸ್ಕೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Маскау – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Маскау" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მოსკოვი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოსკოვი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ماسکو – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ماسکو" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2skwa" title="Mòskwa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mòskwa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Мәскеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мәскеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B0" title="Мӧскуа – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мӧскуа" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mosko" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscau" title="Moscau – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Moscau" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Москав – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Москав" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%81" title="ມອສໂກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມອສໂກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscua" title="Moscua – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Moscua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskava" title="Maskava – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maskava" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskva" title="Maskva – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maskva" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(%C3%A7itt%C3%A6)" title="Mosca (çittæ) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Mosca (çittæ)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosk%C3%BA" title="Moskú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Moskú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscva" title="Moscva – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Moscva" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovu" title="Moskovu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Moskovu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/moskovas" title="moskovas – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="moskovas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moosko" title="Moosko – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Moosko" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musca_(R%C3%BCssia)" title="Musca (Rüssia) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Musca (Rüssia)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moszkva" title="Moszkva – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Moszkva" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4sikao" title="Môsikao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môsikao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="മോസ്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോസ്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska" title="Moska – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Moska" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohikau" title="Mohikau – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mohikau" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मॉस्को – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॉस्को" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="მოსკოვი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოსკოვი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="موسكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="موسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="موسکو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موسکو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mfantse</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscobo" title="Moscobo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Moscobo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Моску – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Моску" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="မော်စကိုမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်စကိုမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosiko" title="Mosiko – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mosiko" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="मस्को – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मस्को" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF" title="モスクワ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モスクワ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca" title="Mosca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mosca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Москох – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Москох" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosc%C3%B2u" title="Moscòu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Moscòu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Моско – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Моско" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B" title="ମସ୍କୋ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମସ୍କୋ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooskoo" title="Mooskoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Mooskoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਮਾਸਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਸਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ماسکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ماسکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="مسکو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مسکو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masko" title="Masko – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Masko" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Мӧсква – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Мӧсква" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BC" title="ម៉ូស្គូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ូស្គូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca" title="Mosca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mosca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Mosko" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%87%CE%B1" title="Μόσχα – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Μόσχα" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscovo" title="Moscovo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moscovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscova" title="Moscova – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Moscova" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscau" title="Moscau – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Moscau" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskuw" title="Muskuw – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Muskuw" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मास्कोनगरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मास्कोनगरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱥᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca" title="Mosca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mosca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskau" title="Moskau – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Moskau" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska" title="Moska – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moska" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(Russia)" title="Mosca (Russia) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mosca (Russia)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A" title="මොස්කව් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මොස්කව්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%88" title="ماسڪو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماسڪو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%EA%99%91" title="Москꙑ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Москꙑ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86" title="مۆسکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆسکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="மாஸ்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாஸ்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%B9%A3ku" title="Muṣku – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Muṣku" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musku" title="Musku – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Musku" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosche" title="Mosche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mosche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D2%AF" title="Мәскәү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мәскәү" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B" title="మాస్కో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాస్కో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskovu" title="Moskovu – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Moskovu" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="มอสโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอสโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moccow" title="Moccow – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Moccow" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Маскав – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маскав" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosekou" title="Mosekou – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mosekou" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskova" title="Moskova – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Moskova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskwa" title="Moskwa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Moskwa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%CC%B1si%CC%B1kwo" title="Ma̱si̱kwo – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ma̱si̱kwo" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Муско – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Муско" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Москва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Москва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ماسکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ماسکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%DB%8B%D8%A7" title="موسكۋا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="موسكۋا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosca_(R%C3%B9sia)" title="Mosca (Rùsia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mosca (Rùsia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskv" title="Moskv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Moskv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Moskva" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscou" title="Moscou – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Moscou" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Moscow" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosku" title="Mosku – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Mosku" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2" title="מאסקווע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאסקווע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%8D%CC%81sk%C3%B2" title="Mọ́skò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mọ́skò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskowa" title="Moskowa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Moskowa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Moskou" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskva" title="Maskva – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Maskva" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="莫斯科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莫斯科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosko" title="Mosko – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mosko" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Moskow" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99skova" title="Məskova – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Məskova" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 14:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About 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