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><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概述" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概述"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概述</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概述-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-宗教文獻翻譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教文獻翻譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>宗教文獻翻譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教文獻翻譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-原则" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原则"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>原则</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-原则-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关原则子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-原则-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-回譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#回譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>回譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-回譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科技與技術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科技與技術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>科技與技術</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-科技與技術-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关科技與技術子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-科技與技術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-机器翻译" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#机器翻译"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>机器翻译</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-机器翻译-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電腦輔助翻譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電腦輔助翻譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>電腦輔助翻譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電腦輔助翻譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-翻譯記憶庫" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#翻譯記憶庫"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>翻譯記憶庫</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-翻譯記憶庫-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-電话翻譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#電话翻譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>電话翻譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-電话翻譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-視像翻譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#視像翻譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>視像翻譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-視像翻譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-翻譯家" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#翻譯家"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>翻譯家</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-翻譯家-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-误译" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#误译"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>误译</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-误译-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">翻译</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。131种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-131" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">131种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertaling" title="Vertaling – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vertaling" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbersetzung_(Linguistik)" title="Übersetzung (Linguistik) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Übersetzung (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducci%C3%B3n" title="Traducción – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Traducción" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ترجمة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترجمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="طرجامة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طرجامة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="অনুবাদ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অনুবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducci%C3%B3n" title="Traducción – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Traducción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99rc%C3%BCm%C9%99" title="Tərcümə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tərcümə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Тәржемә – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәржемә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pargold%C4%ABms" title="Pargoldīms – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pargoldīms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Пераклад – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пераклад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Пераклад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пераклад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Превод – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Превод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अनुबाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अनुबाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="অনুবাদ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trei%C3%B1_ha_troidigezh" title="Treiñ ha troidigezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Treiñ ha troidigezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevo%C4%91enje" title="Prevođenje – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prevođenje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjamahan" title="Tarjamahan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Tarjamahan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Оршуулга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Оршуулга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducci%C3%B3_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica" title="Traducció lingüística – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Traducció lingüística" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Гоч – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гоч" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8E%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وەرگێڕان – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەرگێڕان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercime" title="Tercime – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tercime" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99eklad" title="Překlad – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Překlad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%C3%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83" title="Куçару – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Куçару" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyfieithu" title="Cyfieithu – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyfieithu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overs%C3%A6ttelse" title="Oversættelse – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oversættelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cbersetzung_(Linguistik)" title="Übersetzung (Linguistik) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Übersetzung (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Μετάφραση – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μετάφραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" title="Translation – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Translation" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduko" title="Traduko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Traduko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducci%C3%B3n" title="Traducción – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traducción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5lkimine" title="Tõlkimine – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tõlkimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itzulpengintza" title="Itzulpengintza – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itzulpengintza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87" title="ترجمه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترجمه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%A4minen" title="Kääntäminen – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kääntäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduction" title="Traduction – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traduction" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auersaatang" title="Auersaatang – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Auersaatang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduzion" title="Traduzion – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Traduzion" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oersetting" title="Oersetting – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oersetting" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aistri%C3%BAch%C3%A1n" title="Aistriúchán – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aistriúchán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadar-theangachadh" title="Eadar-theangachadh – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eadar-theangachadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduci%C3%B3n" title="Tradución – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tradución" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BDasa" title="Ñe’ẽasa – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe’ẽasa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9D" title="תרגום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרגום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अनुवाद – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनुवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuwaad" title="Anuwaad – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Anuwaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevo%C4%91enje" title="Prevođenje – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prevođenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradiksyon" title="Tradiksyon – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tradiksyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%C3%ADt%C3%A1s" title="Fordítás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fordítás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Թարգմանություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թարգմանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terjemahan" title="Terjemahan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Terjemahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panagipatarus" title="Panagipatarus – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panagipatarus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%BD%C3%B0ing" title="Þýðing – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þýðing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduzione" title="Traduzione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Traduzione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%A8%B3" title="翻訳 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="翻訳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Аударма – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аударма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%B0" title="ಭಾಷಾಂತರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾಷಾಂತರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%88%EC%97%AD" title="번역 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="번역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werger" title="Werger – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Werger" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treylyans" title="Treylyans – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Treylyans" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretatio" title="Interpretatio – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Interpretatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduzion" title="Traduzion – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Traduzion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert%C4%97jas" title="Vertėjas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vertėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulko%C5%A1ana" title="Tulkošana – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tulkošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ётафтомась – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ётафтомась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandikan-teny" title="Fandikan-teny – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fandikan-teny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Преведување – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Преведување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="വിവർത്തനം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Орчуулга – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Орчуулга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B2%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="ပွမကၠာဲဘာသာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပွမကၠာဲဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अनुवाद – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनुवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penterjemahan" title="Penterjemahan – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penterjemahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduzzjoni" title="Traduzzjoni – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Traduzzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Ютавтома – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ютавтома" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96versetten" title="Översetten – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Översetten" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="अनुवाद – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अनुवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo%27ali" title="Fo'ali – 尼亚斯语" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fo'ali" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertalen" title="Vertalen – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vertalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsetjing" title="Omsetjing – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Omsetjing" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversettelse" title="Oversettelse – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oversettelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduccion" title="Traduccion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Traduccion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਅਨੁਵਾਦ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨੁਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erterduccion" title="Erterduccion – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Erterduccion" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82umaczenie_(przek%C5%82ad)" title="Tłumaczenie (przekład) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tłumaczenie (przekład)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81" title="ترجمہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترجمہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87" title="ژباړه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ژباړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradu%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Tradução – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tradução" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimay_t%27ikray" title="Rimay t'ikray – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Rimay t'ikray" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducere" title="Traducere – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Traducere" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Перевод – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перевод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Переклад (языконаука) – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Переклад (языконаука)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Тылбаас – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тылбаас" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱚᱨᱡᱚᱢᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88" title="ترجمو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترجمو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevo%C4%91enje" title="Prevođenje – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prevođenje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9B%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ලිඛිත භාෂා පරිවර්තනය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලිඛිත භාෂා පරිවර්තනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" title="Translation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Translation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preklad_(jazykoveda)" title="Preklad (jazykoveda) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Preklad (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevajanje" title="Prevajanje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prevajanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%27aliliuga" title="Fa'aliliuga – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Fa'aliliuga" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushandura" title="Kushandura – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kushandura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrkthimi" title="Përkthimi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përkthimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Превођење – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Превођење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terjemahan" title="Terjemahan – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Terjemahan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vers%C3%A4ttning" title="Översättning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Översättning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafsiri" title="Tafsiri – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tafsiri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மொழிபெயர்ப்பு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொழிபெயர்ப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="అనువాదం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అనువాదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тарҷума – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тарҷума" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5" title="การแปล – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแปล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasalin" title="Pagsasalin – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsasalin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87eviri" title="Çeviri – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çeviri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuhundzuluxeri" title="Vuhundzuluxeri – 聪加语" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Vuhundzuluxeri" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="聪加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%80%D2%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Тәрҗемә – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тәрҗемә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Переклад – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Переклад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81" title="ترجمہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترجمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjima" title="Tarjima – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tarjima" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradusion" title="Tradusion – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tradusion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%8Bch_thu%E1%BA%ADt" title="Dịch thuật – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dịch thuật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratournaedje_(langue)" title="Ratournaedje (langue) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ratournaedje (langue)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghubad" title="Paghubad – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paghubad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="翻译 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="翻译" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მათანგალი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მათანგალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="איבערזעצונג – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איבערזעצונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoiz" title="Hoiz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hoiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%96%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵙⵓⵖⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%AF" title="譯 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="譯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoan-e%CC%8Dk" title="Hoan-e̍k – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoan-e̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="翻譯 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="翻譯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukuhumusha" title="Ukuhumusha – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ukuhumusha" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7553#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li 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title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BF%25BB%25E8%25AF%2591"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%25BF%25BB%25E8%25AF%2591"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Translation" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7553" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-cb59c544" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="翻譯">翻譯</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint"><span class="noviewer skin-invert hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A" title="Wikipedia:避免自我提及"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/25px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/38px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/50px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span>關於如何翻译外文条目，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Help:翻译">Help:翻译</a></b>」。關於请求翻译维基百科条目，请見「<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%AF%B7%E6%B1%82" title="Wikipedia:翻译请求">Wikipedia:翻译请求</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是語言上的翻譯。关于生物學上依据<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="信使RNA">信使RNA</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="遗传信息">遗传信息</a>合成<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>的过程，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (生物学)">翻译 (生物学)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84596247">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{display:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>，請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Talk:翻译">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2022年11月2日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%22">"翻译"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation" class="extiw" title="en:Translation">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年9月19日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Copy_edit plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/48px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/72px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Ambox_spelling.svg/96px-Ambox_spelling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">編修</a>，以確保文法、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:避免使用的字詞">用詞、语气</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" title="Wikipedia:格式手册">格式</a>、<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E6%A0%87%E7%82%B9%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/标点符号">標點</a>等使用恰当。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年7月24日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>請按照<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A6%82%E4%BD%95%E5%AF%A9%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:如何審核校對">校對指引</a>，幫助<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit">编辑</a>這個條目。（<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:编辑">幫助</a>、<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Talk:翻译">討論</a>）</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">翻译</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> 種類</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法律翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法律翻譯（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Legal translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>文學</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E8%AD%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="聖經譯本">聖經</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古蘭經翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quran translations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古蘭經翻譯（页面不存在）">古蘭經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations" class="extiw" title="en:Quran translations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quran translations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="佛經翻譯">佛經</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言验证" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linguistic validation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言验证（页面不存在）">语言验证</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_validation" class="extiw" title="en:Linguistic validation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linguistic validation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="醫學翻譯">醫學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行政法規翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regulatory translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行政法規翻譯（页面不存在）">行政法規</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Regulatory translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regulatory translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技術翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technical translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術翻譯（页面不存在）">技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Technical translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technical translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AD%AF" title="口譯">口譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="手語翻譯">手譯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化翻譯（页面不存在）">文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AF%91" title="直译">直译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%91" title="意译">意译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%91" title="音译">音译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%89%E5%85%BC%E8%AF%91" title="音义兼译">音义双译</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> 理論</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="翻譯研究">翻譯研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BA" title="翻译目的论">目的論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻譯計劃" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Translation project"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻譯計劃（页面不存在）">翻譯計劃</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_project" class="extiw" title="en:Translation project"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Translation project</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻譯評論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Translation criticism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻譯評論（页面不存在）">翻譯評論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_criticism" class="extiw" title="en:Translation criticism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Translation criticism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E5%8F%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89" title="动态对等及形式对等">動態對等及形式對等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="对照语言学">对照语言学</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> 技術</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="電腦輔助翻譯">電腦輔助翻譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">机器翻译</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行動設備翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mobile translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行動設備翻譯（页面不存在）">行動設備（機器）翻譯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mobile translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="配音">配音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕">字幕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" title="译后编辑">译后编辑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多媒體翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multimedia translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多媒體翻譯（页面不存在）">多媒體翻譯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Multimedia translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multimedia translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> 在地化</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="全球在地化">全球在地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8E%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="国际化与本地化">国际化与本地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="语言本地化">語言本地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="电子游戏本地化">电子遊戲本地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%91%E5%88%B6%E7%89%87" title="译制片">译制片</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> 組織</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="Category:翻译协会">協會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%A5%96%E9%A1%B9" title="Category:翻译奖项">獎項</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:翻譯組織">組織</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:翻譯學校" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:翻譯學校（页面不存在）">學校</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Translation and interpreting schools"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Translation and interpreting schools</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> 相關主題</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="轉錄 (語言學)">轉錄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="字母转写">字母轉寫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="视频中继服务" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Video relay service"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E4%B8%AD%E7%BB%A7%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视频中继服务（页面不存在）">视频中继服务 (VRS)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_relay_service" class="extiw" title="en:Video relay service"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Video relay service</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%91" title="电话口译">电话口译</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言隔阂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Language barrier"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E9%9A%94%E9%98%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言隔阂（页面不存在）">语言隔阂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_barrier" class="extiw" title="en:Language barrier"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Language barrier</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%84" title="汉化组">汉化组</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95%E7%B5%84" title="字幕組">字幕組</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Fandub" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fandub"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fandub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fandub（页面不存在）">Fandub</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandub" class="extiw" title="en:Fandub"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fandub</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%83%E8%AD%AF" title="掃譯">掃譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="新闻翻译">新闻翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E8%AF%AD%E7%A7%8D%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E8%AF%91%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:各语种圣经译本">不同語言的聖經譯本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:翻译家">翻译家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BE%E4%BA%BA%E8%AD%AF%E8%80%85" title="聾人譯者">聾人譯者</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_sidebar" title="Template:Translation sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_sidebar" title="Template talk:Translation sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Translation_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Translation sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>翻译</b>，是指在准确通顺的基础上，把一种语言信息转变成另一种语言信息的活动。 </p><p>这个过程从逻辑上可以分为两个阶段：首先，必须从源语言中译码含义，然后把信息重新编码成目标语言。所有的这两步都要求对语言<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">语义学</a>的知识以及对语言使用者<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>的了解。除了要保留原有的意思外，一个好的翻译，对于目标语言的使用者来说，應該要能像是以母語使用者说或写得那般流畅，並要符合譯入语的习惯（除非是在特殊情况下，演说者并不打算像一个本语言使用者那样说话，例如在戏剧中）。 </p><p>翻譯分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AD%AF" title="口譯">口譯</a>、筆譯和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="手語">手語</a>翻译。口譯又稱為「傳譯」，顧名思義，是指譯員以口語的方式，將譯入語轉換為譯出語。由於口語出現早於文字，因此口譯的出現也因此早於筆譯。承擔翻譯工作的職業人士可總稱為「翻譯家」，並可細分為「口譯員」、「筆譯員」、或是如果兩者都做，稱為「口筆譯員」。不過民間常使用「翻譯」作為此職位的稱呼，這是錯誤的，因為「翻譯」是指這項工作和活動，作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>，而不是指執行此工作的人士。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg/220px-Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg/330px-Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg/440px-Rosetta_Stone_BW.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%A1%9E%E5%A1%94%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91" title="羅塞塔石碑">羅塞塔石碑</a>，上面同一段內容分別記錄了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="古埃及象形文字">古埃及象形文字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BF%97%E9%AB%94" title="世俗體">世俗体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="古希腊文">古希腊文</a></figcaption></figure> <p>口譯可以分為“同聲傳譯”（Simultaneous interpreting）和“交替傳譯”（Consecutive interpreting）。“同聲傳譯”是在講者發表演說的同時，譯者以相隔較短的時差開始即時翻譯，譯者需要一邊聆聽、理解並記住講者的內容，重組成自然的語句表達成目標語言。因所費精神較大，一場較長的會議需要由至少2-3名同聲傳譯員，每15-20分鐘輪流交替工作。“交替傳譯”並不是在同聲傳譯時接手翻譯的意思，而是另一種傳譯模式，指在講者完成一段說話後停頓，然後由譯者翻譯，接著講者繼續下一段演說，再由譯者翻譯，講者、譯者兩人交替發言直至演說終結。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所有與語言相關的事物（例如文学和演讲）基本上都可以进行翻译，包括小说、电影、诗歌、演讲等等。但是不同的领域，翻译的困难度也不同。例如，诗歌几乎是不可能准确翻译的，因为诗歌的形式、音韻等，都是組成其含义的一份子。 </p><p>很多非文学類文本的翻译工作，包括軟體手册和其他商业及专业文本，注重的是意義的傳達，以能通順傳意為主要要求。在全球化的潮流下，不但有越來越多的國際組織，同時企業的經營也越來越以全球觀點出發，這也帶動了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="國際化與本地化">國際化與本地化</a>產業的興起。 </p><p>如果说非文学作品的翻译是一项可以學習的技能的话，那么翻译文學作品甚至诗歌，往往可以说是一门艺术，需要一些天賦。文學翻譯出於美學的考量，在翻译時不能僅注重字對字、詞對詞的翻译，更不能忽略了文化间的不同点，否則經常會導致譯文在語意、美感、風格上的流失。總之，一个优秀的翻译人员必须在准确性和可读性之间找到很好的平衡。 </p><p>除了出版業以及本地化相關產業外，很多國家政府或國際組織，也需要大量的翻译人才。例如官方語言有兩種的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>政府，所有的政府文件都必須翻译為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>；另外像拥有很多官方语言的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="欧盟">欧盟</a>，更是必须雇用大量的翻译人员。 </p><p>對於翻譯的理論與實踐進行研究的學科，一般稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="翻譯研究">翻譯研究</a>。 </p><p>美國學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%91%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E9%81%94" title="尤金·奈達">尤金·奈达</a>（Nida,1964）將翻譯的過程區分為三個階段：1.分析（analysis）、2.轉換（transfer）、3.重建（restructuring）<sup id="cite_ref-NidaTaber2003_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NidaTaber2003-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>翻譯理論也有「異化（Foreignization）」與「歸化（Domestication）」之分，是以原文與譯文各自所屬的文化背景為準區分。譯文若保留原文的文化背景則屬「異化」的翻譯，若偏向取用譯文當地的文化背景以尋求對等則屬「歸化」。歸化的譯法因為在無損原意的前提下改用了當地的文化元素以代替原文中對譯語讀者陌生的文化元素，遂較易取得當地的觀眾共鳴。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教文獻翻譯"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB.E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF"></span>宗教文獻翻譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：宗教文獻翻譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="佛經翻譯">佛經翻譯</a></div> <p>由於中國早期歷史所處的環境，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中華文化">中華文化</a>的近鄰在很長時間內都沒有自己的文字，所以直到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>傳入前，翻譯並不廣泛存在。 </p><p>宗教文獻翻譯在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">歷史</a>中佔非常重要的地位，如在佛經翻譯中，譯者在翻譯<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="經藏">經藏</a>的時候往往會在文件中修飾，令譯文更切合中國文化。他們會在譯本中增加一些中國的傳統觀念，如孝道等。 </p><p>在西方，其中一項最早被記錄的翻譯活動是將<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E7%B4%84%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="舊約聖經">舊約聖經</a>譯成<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>，此亦是著名的「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E5%8D%81%E5%A3%AB%E8%AD%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="七十士譯本">七十士譯本</a>」。公元前3世紀，七十名（一說七十二）譯者被委派擔任翻譯聖經的工作，他們在佩浮思島上，分別在不同的單人小室內進行翻譯工作，後來他們發現所有的譯本竟然完全一模一樣。自此，七十士譯本有著崇高的地位，其他語言（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="科普特語">科普特語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞美尼亞語">亞美尼亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="喬治亞語">喬治亞語</a>）版本的聖經在翻譯時亦參考了七十士譯本。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="哲罗姆">聖哲傑羅姆</a>，更被譽為翻譯歷史中的聖人，因為他將聖經翻譯成拉丁語。而幾個世紀以來，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>都是使用這個譯本（亦稱作「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E6%9C%AC%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通俗本聖經（页面不存在）">通俗本聖經</a>」），不過，這譯本在當初面世時亦惹來不少爭議。 </p><p>隨著<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>，聖經被翻譯成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>各地的當地語言，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99" title="新教">新教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>的分歧亦愈來愈大，這是因為兩者對於一些特別字眼和段落的翻譯有著不同的見解。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="馬丁·路德">馬丁·路德</a>所譯的德文版聖經、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakub_Wujek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakub Wujek（页面不存在）">Jakub Wujek</a>所譯的波蘭版聖經以及以英文寫成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E7%89%88%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="欽定版聖經">欽定版聖經</a>無論在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="文化">文化</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>方面都對當地有深遠影響。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="原则"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.88.99"></span>原则</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：原则"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%A4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="严复">严复</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BC%94%E8%AB%96" title="天演論">天演论</a>》：信、达、雅<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（後來著名翻譯家<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E9%9B%B7" title="傅雷">傅雷</a>即開此例。）</li> <li>准确、通顺、贴切。</li> <li>人名和地名的翻译应该名从主人<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>如有公眾通用之文法字句，應照公眾通用之筆法。（例見《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A7%80%E4%BD%B3%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="清秀佳人">清秀佳人</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%81%9C%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B5%AA%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈德遜河流浪記（页面不存在）">哈德遜河流浪記</a>》（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%90%90%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克·吐溫">馬克·吐溫</a>著））</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="回譯"><span id=".E5.9B.9E.E8.AD.AF"></span>回譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：回譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“<b>回譯</b>”（英語：<span lang="en"><b>back-translation</b></span>）指對譯文翻譯回原文語言，同時不參照原文<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在中文世界，<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E8%88%8D" title="老舍">老舍</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E5%90%8C%E5%A0%82" title="四世同堂">四世同堂</a>》最后的残缺部分也是经由<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%86%B0%E5%AE%BE" title="毕冰宾">黑马</a>等译者的英文回译得以重见天日<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="方法"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對於新接觸或不熟練的語言，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="機械翻譯">機械翻譯</a>的<b>辭典法</b>（即逐字翻譯）是翻譯方法的最根本，所以把欲翻譯的文字的字面意思表達出來，是商務翻譯中的重要應用，也是翻譯的最初通行方法。 </p><p>翻譯家<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="思果">思果</a>指出，理想的譯法是這樣的：先把原文看懂，照原文譯出來，看看念不念得下去，試刪掉幾個不一定用得著的字，看看是否有損文義和文氣。如果有損，再補回來。試把不可少的字加進去，看看是否超出原文範圍，增減以後和原文再校對一次。有些地方是否譯錯，語氣的輕重是否恰如其分，原文的弦外之音譯文裡找不找得到？原文的意思要消化；譯文的文字要推敲。有經驗的譯者，可能一下筆就譯好了，不過還是要花更多时间来推敲疑问的遣词造句。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>在《与音乐工作者谈话》中说：“鲁迅是民族化的，但是他还主张过硬译，我倒赞成理论书硬译，有个好处，准确。”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科技與技術"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E6.8A.80.E8.88.87.E6.8A.80.E8.A1.93"></span>科技與技術</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：科技與技術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="机器翻译"><span id=".E6.9C.BA.E5.99.A8.E7.BF.BB.E8.AF.91"></span>机器翻译</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：机器翻译"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>所謂<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">机器翻译</a>，是指利用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦程式">電腦程式</a>對譯入語文本進行分析，然後<b>自動</b>將譯入語翻译為譯出語，亦即翻譯程序本質上是由機器進行，沒有經過人工潤飾，它是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="自然語言理解">自然語言理解</a>的一種應用，也是自然语言处理技术的一項主要目标。目前的一些翻译机器，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E8%99%8E" title="雅虎">雅虎</a>翻譯（收購前稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E8%B2%9D%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="寶貝魚">寶貝魚</a>，Babel Fish）和<a href="/wiki/Google%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Google翻譯">Google翻譯</a>，有時是可以將譯入語的信息，转变成某種程度上尚可理解的譯出語（翻译），但是想要得到較有意義的翻譯結果，往往必須在輸入語句時適當地編輯，以利電腦程式分析。在僅應用有限詞彙，同時文句<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="語法">語法</a>單純的領域，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣象報告（页面不存在）">氣象報告</a>等，機器翻譯往往能發揮較大的功能。 </p><p>但是，機器翻譯的結果好壞，往往取決於譯入跟譯出語之間在詞彙、文法結構、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="語系">語系</a>甚至文化上的差異，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="法文">法文</a>這兩種語言間的機器翻譯結果表現極為優良，而<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="中文">中文</a>與英文間機器對譯的結果則相對不準確。一般而言，大眾使用機器翻譯的目的，可能只是為了要得知原文句子或段落的<b>要旨</b>，而不是精確的翻譯。總的說來，機器翻譯还没有达到可以威胁（人工）专业翻译的程度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電腦輔助翻譯"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E8.85.A6.E8.BC.94.E5.8A.A9.E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF"></span>電腦輔助翻譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：電腦輔助翻譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="電腦輔助翻譯">電腦輔助翻譯</a>（又稱機器輔助翻譯），顧名思義，是以電腦程式軟體<b>輔助</b>人工翻譯，協助譯者更快速地翻譯以及維持詞彙的一致性。 </p><p>電腦輔助翻譯中最常見的工具，便是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="翻譯記憶庫">翻譯記憶庫</a>（Translation Memory，簡稱 TM），這是以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="資料庫">資料庫</a>的方式儲存原文與譯文，譯者在翻譯時可利用電腦分析與搜尋翻譯記憶庫，找出相同或類似的句子，供譯者使用或參考。使用翻譯記憶庫，對於維持文件中詞彙用法以及句型的一致性，有很大的幫助。一般而言，句型變化較少、內容重複性高的文件，諸如法律、技術或說明書等文件，比較適合使用翻譯輔助軟體。因此在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="國際化與本地化">國際化與本地化</a>領域中，電腦輔助翻譯軟體是很重要的工具。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="翻譯記憶庫"><span id=".E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF.E8.A8.98.E6.86.B6.E5.BA.AB"></span>翻譯記憶庫</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：翻譯記憶庫"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>翻譯記憶庫的優點<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>在翻譯高重複性且多專業術語的技術性文件時，翻譯記憶庫可是譯者的無價至寶！它能夠使這些頻繁使用的專業術語和詞彙，在譯文中保有一致性</li> <li>翻譯大型文檔時，通常需要數名譯者協作，此時翻譯記憶庫能夠保證每一位譯者所翻譯出的專業術語和行文措辭皆一致且準確。</li> <li>當前後需要翻譯多個文檔時，一份有效的翻譯記憶庫能節省譯者重新翻譯常用詞彙，或是翻譯固定段落格式的時間。</li></ul> <p>翻譯記憶庫的侷限性 </p> <ul><li>當詞彙在上下文的使用方式一致，翻譯記憶庫可發揮極大功效。反之，當相同詞彙卻有著不同的意思及用法時，翻譯記憶庫則難以依照語境，判斷出適切的譯語。</li> <li>翻譯記憶庫有助於翻譯出具有一定水準的國際化文件，但若要將文件當地化，則需要針對在地語言的使用方式，建立一個新的語言翻譯記憶庫。</li> <li>一份文件交由不同的翻譯社來進行翻譯，除非他們使用同一術語庫和翻譯記憶庫，否則翻譯的結果極有可能不一致。尤其是翻譯過程可能有兼職譯者參與，這讓翻譯記憶庫的運作更為困難。這點也正好牴觸了翻譯記憶庫最大的優勢。</li> <li>若一段文字最初就被錯譯，除非錯誤經發現後校正，否則這段錯誤譯文將繼續被使用於類似的翻譯之中。因為譯者可能會順著翻譯記憶庫的建議譯法，不一定會逐字檢查翻譯內容是否符合文件上下文的語境。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="電话翻譯"><span id=".E9.9B.BB.E8.AF.9D.E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF"></span>電话翻譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：電话翻譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E8%AF%9D%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電话翻譯（页面不存在）">電话翻譯</a>，顧名思義，是以现代通讯手段的电话或手机，进行实时的交传或同传，协助不同语种人员的语言交流和沟通。这是各国在努力发展的一项重要应用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="視像翻譯"><span id=".E8.A6.96.E5.83.8F.E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF"></span>視像翻譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：視像翻譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>視像翻譯，是以現代通訊手段的電話或手機，進行視像通話，為聾人和健聽人士之間進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="手語">手語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="口語">口語</a>的傳譯服務，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E8%80%B3%E6%89%8B%E8%AD%AF%E5%AF%B6" title="龍耳手譯寶">龍耳手譯寶</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="翻譯家"><span id=".E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF.E5.AE.B6"></span>翻譯家</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：翻譯家"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>稱職的翻譯家具有以下的特質： </p> <ul><li>對於源語言有非常好的了解，不論是書面文字或者是口語。</li> <li>他的翻譯使溝通變得容易<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>在目的語言上有優美的文筆。</li> <li>熟悉被翻译文本的主題。</li> <li>對於二個語言的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%BA%90%E5%AD%A6" title="语源学">语源</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熟語">熟語</a>有深入的認識。</li> <li>可以巧妙的判斷何時要<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AF%91" title="直译">直译</a>，何者要<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%91" title="意译">意译</a>，確保目的文本可以真實反應被翻译文本<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>稱職的翻譯家不止是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="多语主义">多语主义者</a>，也是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雙文化主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="biculturalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙文化主義（页面不存在）">雙文化主義者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biculturalism" class="extiw" title="en:biculturalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">biculturalism</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>不只是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="文法">文法</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語法學">語法</a>規則的組合而已，也是巨大的互連系統，其中包括許多內涵及文化在內。<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學家">語言學家</a>Mario Pei曾說「（翻譯）差不多是要用一輩子來完成的工作」<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>翻譯工作的複雜程度再怎麼強調也不為過，有作者認為翻譯者在語言和文化上都已有很好的基礎知識後，需要十年的經驗才能成為優秀的翻譯者。以這種觀點來看，認為「一個人只要兩種語言都很流利，就一定可以勝任翻譯的工作」是很嚴重的誤解<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>翻譯者和文本之間的關係曾和藝術家和其藝術作品的關係相比。翻譯和其他藝術一様，不可避免的需要有選擇的成份在內，而選擇也代表了詮釋<sup id="cite_ref-Kasparek_p._85_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kasparek_p._85-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>英文<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA%E5%AE%B6" title="小說家">小說家</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7" title="约瑟夫·康拉德">约瑟夫·康拉德</a>曾告訴他的侄女，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="波兰文">波蘭文</a>翻譯者Zagórska： <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>不要太過嚴格。...我可以（用法文）告訴你我的看法<i>"il vaut mieux interpréter que traduire"</i> ["詮釋比翻譯要好"].... <i>Il s'agit donc de trouver les équivalents. Et là, ma chère, je vous prie laissez vous guider plutôt par votre tempérament que par une conscience sévère....</i> [尋找對等的詞句常常是個問題，若遇到那種情形，親愛的，我求你更多讓你的氣質來引導你，而不是被嚴格的理性控制....]<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>翻譯者可能只翻譯原文中的一部份，只是這是翻譯者的原意即可。不過翻譯者不應該有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="审查制度">审查者</a>的角色，為了取悅某政治利益或道德利益而暗中刪除相關的文字<sup id="cite_ref-Billiani,_Francesca_2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billiani,_Francesca_2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>翻譯是許多作者訓練文筆的方式之一。翻譯者，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東亞">東亞</a>翻譯<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛經">佛經</a>的僧侶，以及近代早期<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>的聖經翻譯者，在翻譯過程中也將語言或文字使用的一些特徵帶入作品中。翻譯者是不同文化之間傳播知識的橋梁，翻譯者將源語言中的許多特質及概念帶到目的語言中，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="外來語">外來語</a>、文法結構的<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="借译">借譯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熟語">熟語</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="詞語">詞語</a>等。 </p><p>以下是一些華人著名的翻譯家。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E5%BE%A9" title="嚴復">嚴復</a>（譯作包括《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%BC%94%E8%AB%96" title="天演論">天演論</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AF%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="原富">原富</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E5%AD%B8%E8%82%84%E8%A8%80" title="群學肄言">群學肄言</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E5%B7%B1%E6%9D%83%E7%95%8C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="群己权界论">群己權界論</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%80%9A%E8%A9%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會通詮（页面不存在）">社會通詮</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%84%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="法意">法意</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%B8%E6%B7%BA%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名學淺說（页面不存在）">名學淺說</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92%E5%90%8D%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆勒名學（页面不存在）">穆勒名學</a>》等書）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%94%9F%E8%B1%AA" title="朱生豪">朱生豪</a>（主要譯作為《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="莎士比亞">莎士比亞</a>戲劇集》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%AF%A6%E7%A7%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="梁實秋">梁實秋</a>（譯作有《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="莎士比亞">莎士比亞</a>全集》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E9%9B%B7" title="傅雷">傅雷</a>（譯作有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%89%8E%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="巴爾扎克">巴爾扎克</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%97%B4%E5%96%9C%E5%89%A7" title="人间喜剧">人間喜劇</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E7%81%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="幻灭">幻滅</a>》，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BC%E7%BE%85%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="羅曼羅蘭">羅曼羅蘭</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%B5%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·克里斯朵夫">約翰·克裏斯朵夫</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E5%A4%9A%E8%8A%AC%E5%82%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝多芬傳（页面不存在）">貝多芬傳</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97%E7%90%AA%E7%BE%85%E5%82%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米開朗琪羅傳（页面不存在）">米開朗琪羅傳</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%B0%E5%82%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托爾斯泰傳（页面不存在）">托爾斯泰傳</a>》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="林纾">林纾</a>（譯作包括《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%A2%E5%AF%93%E8%A8%80" title="伊索寓言">伊索寓言</a>》（與嚴璩合譯）、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E8%8C%B6%E8%8A%B1%E5%A5%B3%E9%81%BA%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴黎茶花女遺事（页面不存在）">巴黎茶花女遺事</a>》（與王壽昌合譯）、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A5%B4%E7%B1%B2%E5%A4%A9%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="黑奴籲天錄">黑奴籲天錄</a>》（與魏易合譯））</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A0%85" title="馬堅">馬堅</a>（譯作包括《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%98%AD%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="古蘭經">古蘭經</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊斯蘭哲學史（页面不存在）">伊斯蘭哲學史</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回教哲學（页面不存在）">回教哲學</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回教教育史（页面不存在）">回教教育史</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="阿拉伯通史">阿拉伯通史</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教義學大綱（页面不存在）">教義學大綱</a>》、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回教真相（页面不存在）">回教真相</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="論語">論語</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%93%E6%94%BF" title="论人民民主专政">論人民民主專政</a>》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%BA%B6%E6%BA%B6" title="任溶溶">任溶溶</a>（主要譯作為《<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%92%E7%94%9F%E7%AB%A5%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="安徒生童話">安徒生童话</a>》等）</li> <li>林文月，譯作：紫氏部《源氏物語》、清少納言《枕草子》等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="误译"><span id=".E8.AF.AF.E8.AF.91"></span>误译</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：误译"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stir_Fried_Wikipedia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stir_Fried_Wikipedia.jpg/250px-Stir_Fried_Wikipedia.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stir_Fried_Wikipedia.jpg/375px-Stir_Fried_Wikipedia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stir_Fried_Wikipedia.jpg/500px-Stir_Fried_Wikipedia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>錯誤的翻譯示範</figcaption></figure> <p>事件： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%9C%E5%B8%B8%E5%87%AF%E7%94%B3%E2%80%9D%E8%AF%AF%E8%AF%91%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="“常凯申”误译事件">“常凯申”误译事件</a>，当事人：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%A5%87_(%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="王奇 (历史学家)">王奇</a>，是將<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AD%A3" title="蔣中正">蔣中正</a>的英文名字Chiang Kai-shek誤譯為其他的人名。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%9C%E9%97%A8%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E2%80%9D%E8%AF%AF%E8%AF%91%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="“门修斯”误译事件">“门修斯”误译事件</a>，当事人：<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%93%AD%E9%93%AD" title="王铭铭">王铭铭</a>（校对），<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%B3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胡宗泽（页面不存在）">胡宗泽</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%B5%E5%8A%9B%E6%B6%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赵力涛（页面不存在）">赵力涛</a>（翻译），是將<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>的英文Mencius誤譯為门修斯。</li></ul> <p>图书： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%80%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%AA%E5%8F%8D%E8%88%8C%E9%B8%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="杀死一只反舌鸟">杀死一只反舌鸟</a>，误译作<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%80%E6%AD%BB%E4%B8%80%E5%8F%AA%E7%9F%A5%E6%9B%B4%E9%B8%9F" title="杀死一只知更鸟">杀死一只知更鸟</a></li></ul> <p>水果： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC" title="香柠檬">香柠檬</a>，常误译作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%8B%E6%9F%91" title="佛手柑">佛手柑</a></li></ul> <p>電子遊戲： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B8%A2%E7%89%99%E8%80%81%E5%A5%B6%E5%A5%B6" title="踢牙老奶奶">踢牙老奶奶</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globelang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/32px-Globelang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/48px-Globelang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Globelang.svg/64px-Globelang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Portal:语言">语言主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:语言学">语言学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_culture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/31px-P_culture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/47px-P_culture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/P_culture.svg/62px-P_culture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="Portal:文化">文化主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Portal:国际关系">国际关系主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><b>翻译</b>的英语對應詞有：“translation” 和 “interpretation” <ul><li>“interpretation”又可指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AD%AF" title="口譯">口譯</a>。</li> <li>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a>中，“translation”指將<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>上的密碼转錄到<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>的过程，这个过程中文稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E8%AF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="转译">转译</a>。</li></ul></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D" title="官方译名">官方译名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="國際化與本地化">國際化與本地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="应用语言学">应用语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="借译">借譯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中文翻譯理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chinese translation theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中文翻譯理論（页面不存在）">中文翻譯理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_translation_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Chinese translation theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chinese translation theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="对照语言学">对照语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%82%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="同形异义词">同形异义词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="辭書學">辭書學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AD%AF" title="口譯">口譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%A7%BB%E8%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="語言移轉">語言移轉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AF%91" title="直译">直译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">机器翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%91" title="意译">意译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" title="译后编辑">譯後編輯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="音譯">音譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6" title="翻譯記憶">翻譯記憶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="翻譯研究">翻譯研究</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" class="mw-redirect" title="转写">转写</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="手語翻譯">手語翻譯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%93%A1%E4%BC%B4%E8%AE%80" title="手語翻譯員伴讀">手語翻譯員伴讀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E6%97%A5" title="国际翻译日">国际翻译日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%BE%E4%BA%BA%E8%AD%AF%E8%80%85" title="聾人譯者">聾人譯者</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NidaTaber2003-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NidaTaber2003_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Eugene Albert Nida; Charles Russell Taber. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140919052301/http://books.google.com/books?id=JtSeXat1wxQC&pg=PA33">The Theory and Practice of Translation</a>. BRILL. 1 January 2003: 33– <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/90-04-13281-3" title="Special:网络书源/90-04-13281-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 90-04-13281-3</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JtSeXat1wxQC&pg=PA33">原始内容</a>存档于2014-09-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.au=Charles+Russell+Taber&rft.au=Eugene+Albert+Nida&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Translation&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=90-04-13281-3&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJtSeXat1wxQC%26pg%3DPA33&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419011700/http://journal.ipm.edu.mo/index.php/2007-ch/26-2007-2-ch/317-26-2007-2-language-3">嚴復“信、達、雅”新解 ─ 以《天演論》翻譯為例</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.ipm.edu.mo/index.php/2007-ch/26-2007-2-ch/317-26-2007-2-language-3">原始内容</a>存档于2014-04-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.btitle=%E5%9A%B4%E5%BE%A9%E2%80%9C%E4%BF%A1%E3%80%81%E9%81%94%E3%80%81%E9%9B%85%E2%80%9D%E6%96%B0%E8%A7%A3+%E2%94%80+%E4%BB%A5%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A9%E6%BC%94%E8%AB%96%E3%80%8B%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%82%BA%E4%BE%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.ipm.edu.mo%2Findex.php%2F2007-ch%2F26-2007-2-ch%2F317-26-2007-2-language-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903002144/http://archives.cnd.org/HXWK/author/HUA-Xinmin/cm9301e-9.gb.html">也谈译名的大陆和海外腔</a>. Archives.cnd.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-04-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnd.org/HXWK/author/HUA-Xinmin/cm9301e-9.gb.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-09-03） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.btitle=%E4%B9%9F%E8%B0%88%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E5%92%8C%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E8%85%94&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Archives.cnd.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnd.org%2FHXWK%2Fauthor%2FHUA-Xinmin%2Fcm9301e-9.gb.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124042253/https://edu.qq.com/a/20120202/000182.htm">翻译的“回译”问题：“T形台”英译</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-04-08</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.qq.com/a/20120202/000182.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-01-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.btitle=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E7%9A%84%E2%80%9C%E5%9B%9E%E8%AF%91%E2%80%9D%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9CT%E5%BD%A2%E5%8F%B0%E2%80%9D%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%91&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.qq.com%2Fa%2F20120202%2F000182.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gmw.cn/2019-02/02/content_32456470.htm">岁月里的《四世同堂》——“东方本”与“人文本”回译比较 _光明网</a>. news.gmw.cn. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240724073833/https://news.gmw.cn/2019-02/02/content_32456470.htm">存档</a>于2024-07-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.atitle=%E5%B2%81%E6%9C%88%E9%87%8C%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8A%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96%E5%90%8C%E5%A0%82%E3%80%8B%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E2%80%9C%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%9C%AC%E2%80%9D%E4%B8%8E%E2%80%9C%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E2%80%9D%E5%9B%9E%E8%AF%91%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83+_%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%BD%91&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.gmw.cn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gmw.cn%2F2019-02%2F02%2Fcontent_32456470.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1979年9月8日《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="人民日报">人民日报</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408015055/https://www.ulatus.tw/blog/translation-memory/">機器翻譯的精髓――翻譯記憶庫和術語庫</a>. Ulatus優譯堂. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulatus.tw/blog/translation-memory/">原始内容</a>存档于2020-04-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.btitle=%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%B2%BE%E9%AB%93%E2%80%95%E2%80%95%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E8%A8%98%E6%86%B6%E5%BA%AB%E5%92%8C%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%AB&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Ulatus%E5%84%AA%E8%AD%AF%E5%A0%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulatus.tw%2Fblog%2Ftranslation-memory%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">親愛的翻譯官. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210124042407/https://tranint.pixnet.net/blog/post/230527442">翻譯到底是什麼東西?</a>. 痞客邦部落格. 2018-08-23 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-04-30</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tranint.pixnet.net/blog/post/230527442">原始内容</a>存档于2021-01-24） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.au=%E8%A6%AA%E6%84%9B%E7%9A%84%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%AE%98&rft.btitle=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%88%B0%E5%BA%95%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E9%BA%BC%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%3F&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%97%9E%E5%AE%A2%E9%82%A6%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E6%A0%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftranint.pixnet.net%2Fblog%2Fpost%2F230527442&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Kasparek, "Prus' <i>Pharaoh</i> and Curtin'S Translation," <i>The Polish Review</i>, vol. XXXI, nos. 2–3(1986), p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mario Pei, <i>The Story of Language</i>, p. 424. “comes close to being a lifetime job”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited by Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 87, from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacy_Krasicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacy Krasicki（页面不存在）">Ignacy Krasicki</a>, <span lang="pl">"O tłumaczeniu ksiąg"</span> ("On Translating Books"), in <span lang="pl"><i>Dzieła wierszem i prozą</i></span> (Works in Verse and Prose), 1803, reprinted in Edward Balcerzan, ed., <span lang="pl"><i>Pisarze polscy o sztuce przekładu, 1440–1974: Antologia</i></span> (Polish Writers on the Art of Translation, 1440–1974: an Anthology), p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasparek_p._85-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kasparek_p._85_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zdzisław Najder, <i>Joseph Conrad: A Life</i>, 2007, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billiani,_Francesca_2001-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billiani,_Francesca_2001_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billiani, Francesca (2001)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">廖柏森. 英中筆譯1：基礎翻譯理論與技巧. 眾文圖書公司. 2013-06: 17. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789575324346" title="Special:网络书源/9789575324346"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789575324346</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文网页">（中文）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.au=%E5%BB%96%E6%9F%8F%E6%A3%AE&rft.btitle=%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%AD%E7%AD%86%E8%AD%AF1%EF%BC%9A%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E8%88%87%E6%8A%80%E5%B7%A7&rft.date=2013-06&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789575324346&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=%E7%9C%BE%E6%96%87%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Pei" class="extiw" title="en:Mario Pei">Pei, Mario</a>. <span></span><i>The Story of Language</i> with an Introduction by Stuart Berg Flexner revised ed. New York: New American Library. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-452-25527-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-452-25527-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-452-25527-2</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.aulast=Pei&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Language+with+an+Introduction+by+Stuart+Berg+Flexner&rft.date=1984&rft.edition=revised+ed.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-452-25527-2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:antiquewhite;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Template:语言翻译"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Template talk:语言翻译"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:语言翻译"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="翻译" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">翻译</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:antiquewhite;;width:1%">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法律翻译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法律翻译（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Legal translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#文学翻译">文学</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C/%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5#章節" title="Wikipedia:格式手册/链接"><span title="自2024-07-24">錨點失效</span></a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="圣经翻译">圣经翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="佛經翻譯">佛經翻譯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古兰经翻译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quran translations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B0%E7%BB%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古兰经翻译（页面不存在）">古兰经</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran_translations" class="extiw" title="en:Quran translations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quran translations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒂魯古拉爾翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tirukkural translations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%82%E9%AD%AF%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒂魯古拉爾翻譯（页面不存在）">蒂魯古拉爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirukkural_translations" class="extiw" title="en:Tirukkural translations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tirukkural translations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言学验证" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linguistic validation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言学验证（页面不存在）">语言学验证</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_validation" class="extiw" title="en:Linguistic validation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linguistic validation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="醫學翻譯">医学翻译</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行政法規翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regulatory translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行政法規翻譯（页面不存在）">行政法規</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Regulatory translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regulatory translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技术翻译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technical translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术翻译（页面不存在）">技术翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Technical translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technical translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="口译">口译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="手語翻譯">手語翻譯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文化翻译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cultural translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文化翻译（页面不存在）">文化翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Cultural translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cultural translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%AF%91" title="直译">直译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AF%91" title="意译">意译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%91" title="音译">音译</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二手转译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indirect translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E8%BD%AC%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二手转译（页面不存在）">二手转译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Indirect translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indirect translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:antiquewhite;;width:1%">理论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="翻譯研究">翻譯研究</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E8%BE%BE%E9%9B%85" title="信达雅">信达雅</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%BA" title="翻译目的论">目的论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译项目" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Translation project"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译项目（页面不存在）">翻译项目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_project" class="extiw" title="en:Translation project"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Translation project</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译批评" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Translation criticism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E6%89%B9%E8%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译批评（页面不存在）">翻译批评</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_criticism" class="extiw" title="en:Translation criticism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Translation criticism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89%E5%8F%8A%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E5%AF%B9%E7%AD%89" title="动态对等及形式对等">动态对等和形式对等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%85%A7%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="对照语言学">对照语言学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:antiquewhite;;width:1%">技术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="電腦輔助翻譯">计算机辅助翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">机器翻译</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="统计机器翻译">统计机器翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="神经机器翻译">神经机器翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="機器翻譯史">机器翻译史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="Category:機器翻譯">翻译软件</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="行動設備翻譯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mobile translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%AD%E5%82%99%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行動設備翻譯（页面不存在）">移动翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Mobile translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mobile translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="翻译管理系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Translation management system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译管理系统（页面不存在）">翻译管理系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_management_system" class="extiw" title="en:Translation management system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Translation management system</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="配音">配音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕">字幕</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="预编辑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pre-editing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%84%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="预编辑（页面不存在）">预编辑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-editing" class="extiw" title="en:Pre-editing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pre-editing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" title="译后编辑">译后编辑</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多媒体翻译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Multimedia translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多媒体翻译（页面不存在）">多媒体翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Multimedia translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Multimedia translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:antiquewhite;;width:1%">本地化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%9C%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="全球在地化">全球在地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8C%96%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="国际化和本地化">国际化和本地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="语言本地化">语言本地化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96" title="电子游戏本地化">电子游戏本地化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%8D%E9%9F%B3%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="配音本地化（页面不存在）">配音本地化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="网站本地化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Website localization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="网站本地化（页面不存在）">网站本地化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_localization" class="extiw" title="en:Website localization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Website localization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:antiquewhite;;width:1%">相关议题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="轉錄 (語言學)">轉錄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E5%86%99" title="字母转写">字母轉寫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="视频转播服务" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Video relay service"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E8%BD%AC%E6%92%AD%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视频转播服务（页面不存在）">视频转播服务 (VRS)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_relay_service" class="extiw" title="en:Video relay service"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Video relay service</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%AF%9D%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%91" title="电话口译">电话口译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="語言障礙">语言障碍</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱好者翻译" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fan translation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱好者翻译（页面不存在）">爱好者翻译</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Fan translation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fan translation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95%E7%B5%84" title="字幕組">字幕組</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%84" title="汉化组">汉化组</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Fandub" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fandub"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fandub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fandub（页面不存在）">Fandub</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandub" class="extiw" title="en:Fandub"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fandub</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%AB%E8%AF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="扫译">扫译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="新闻翻译">新闻翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF" title="影像翻譯">影像翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%B4%E8%AF%91" title="古埃及文字的破译">古埃及文字的破译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="權威控制">规范控制</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D" title="官方译名">官方译名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8D" title="中文译名">中文译名</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%8B%E9%96%93%E5%B0%88%E6%9C%89%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E%E4%BA%92%E8%AD%AF" title="漢字使用國間專有名詞互譯">汉字圈名词互译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="化学元素的中文命名法">化学元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%88%E9%87%8F%E7%94%A8%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="計量用漢字">计量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%90%8D%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="國名漢字表記列表">国名</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%91%E5%88%B6%E7%89%87" title="译制片">译制片</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%91%E5%88%B6%E7%89%87" title="汉语译制片">汉语译制片</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7553#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Translating and interpreting"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1154795/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Traducciones"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX534583">西班牙</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Traduction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119336910">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Traduction"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119336910">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Übersetzung"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061418-9">德国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546111705171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Translating and interpreting"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136958">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000063588&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000063600&P_CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="翻訳"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563405">日本</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="překladatelství"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124891&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="překlady"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124902&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300069831">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/030728">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10632699">NARA</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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