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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ترجمة ثقافية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترجمة ثقافية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traducci%C3%B3n_cultural" title="Traducción cultural – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Traducción cultural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traduction_culturelle" title="Traduction culturelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traduction culturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մշակութային առանձնահատկությունների թարգմանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մշակութային առանձնահատկությունների թարգմանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerjemahan_budaya" title="Penerjemahan budaya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerjemahan budaya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturbasert_oversettelse" title="Kulturbasert oversettelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kulturbasert oversettelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaniy_xususiyatlar_tarjimasi" title="Madaniy xususiyatlar tarjimasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Madaniy xususiyatlar tarjimasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Перевод культурных особенностей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перевод культурных особенностей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Культурний переклад – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культурний переклад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A practice of translation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Translation" title="Category:Translation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/100px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/150px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg/200px-%C3%86toms_-_Translation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_translation" title="Legal translation">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation#Literary_translation" title="Translation">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_translations" title="Quran translations">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukkural_translations" title="Tirukkural translations">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_validation" title="Linguistic validation">Linguistic validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_translation" title="Medical translation">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_translation" title="Regulatory translation">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_translation" title="Technical translation">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">Word-for-word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense-for-sense_translation" title="Sense-for-sense translation">Sense-for-sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophonic_translation" title="Homophonic translation">Homophonic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translation studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopos_theory" title="Skopos theory">Skopos theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">Translation project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_criticism" title="Translation criticism">Translation criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">Dynamic and formal equivalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrastive_linguistics" title="Contrastive linguistics">Contrastive linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysystem_theory" title="Polysystem theory">Polysystem theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Technologies</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_translation" title="Computer-assisted translation">CAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_translation" title="Machine translation">Machine translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_translation" title="Mobile translation">Mobile translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_management_system" title="Translation management system">Translation management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing" title="Dubbing">Dubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtitles" title="Subtitles">Subtitling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-editing" title="Pre-editing">Pre-editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postediting" title="Postediting">Postediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_translation" title="Multimedia translation">Multimedia translation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Localization</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glocalization" title="Glocalization">Glocalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_localisation" title="Language localisation">Language localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Video game localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubbing_(filmmaking)#Localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubbing (filmmaking)">Dub localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website_localization" title="Website localization">Website localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Software localization</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Institutional</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_associations" title="Category:Translation associations">Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_awards" title="Category:Translation awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_organizations" title="Category:Translation organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_and_interpreting_schools" title="Category:Translation and interpreting schools">Schools</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:antiquewhite;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">Untranslatability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">Transcription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_relay_service" title="Video relay service">Video relay service</a> (VRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">Telephone interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">Language barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">of video games</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansub" title="Fansub">Fansub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandub" title="Fandub">Fandub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanlation" title="Scanlation">Scanlation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_translation" title="Journalistic translation">Journalistic translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translation_publications" title="Category:Translation publications">Books and magazines on translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bible_translations_by_language" title="Category:Bible translations by language">Bible translations by language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translations" title="Category:Translations">Translated books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_works_by_number_of_translations" title="List of literary works by number of translations">List of most translated works</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators" title="Category:Translators">Translators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tirukkural_translations_by_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Tirukkural translations by language">Kural translations by language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Translation_info" title="Template:Translation info"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Translation_info" title="Template talk:Translation info"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Translation_info" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Translation info"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cultural translation</b> is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> while respecting and showing cultural differences. This kind of <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> solves some issues linked to culture, such as <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a>, food or architecture. </p><p>The main issues that cultural translation must solve consist of translating a text as showing the cultural differences of that text while also respecting the source culture as well. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Translation_of_cultures">Translation of cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_translation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Translation of cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural translation is studied through <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>, a field of anthropology focused on cultural issues among humans. This discipline questions translation through cultural differences. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">translation studies</a> are not only based on language issues, but also on cultural contexts between people. </p><p>An anthropological translator of cultures needs to deal with the issues between the source and the target language, that is to say he must respect at the same time the cultural source of point of view and the target culture. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a> shared this opinion of translation in a letter addressed to <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel"> A. W. Schlegel</a>, dated July 23, 1796: “All translation seems to me simply an attempt to solve an impossible task. Every translator is doomed to be done in by one of two stumbling blocks: he will either stay too close to the original, at the cost of taste and the language of his nation, or he will adhere too closely to the characteristics peculiar to his nation, at the cost of the original. The medium between the two is not only difficult, but downright impossible”.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skepticism_towards_translation_of_cultures">Skepticism towards translation of cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_translation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Skepticism towards translation of cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropologists">anthropologists</a> raise objections to <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of cultures. According to these <a href="/wiki/Researchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Researchers">researchers</a>, culture seeks a certain coherence that can be found in people's thinking and <a href="/wiki/Practice_(social_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Practice (social theory)">practices</a>. In this case, a <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> <a href="/wiki/Translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Translator">translator</a> must have a much more widespread <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> than the text actually provides. </p><p>Besides, <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of cultures cannot be as equal as it should be, as some cultures and societies remain dominant compared to others, therefore power is a limit to <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of cultures. Indeed, within a translation of cultures, the target language may dominate the source culture in order to make the text comprehensible in a sense of culture for the readers. The meaning of culture is quite difficult to understand, therefore <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of cultures is certainly limited, all the more so borders exist between cultures, which must be thus distinguished. This limit of <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of cultures was also explained in the <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> : “The worlds in which different societies live are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached”.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Each linguistic community has its own perception of the world, which differs from that of other linguistic communities, implies the existence of different worlds determined by language”. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a> assume that <a href="/wiki/Untranslatability" title="Untranslatability">untranslatability</a> doesn't only come from <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> limits but also from cultural barriers within <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>. According to some <a href="/wiki/Linguists" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguists">linguists</a>, such as C.L. Wren, differences of point of view between peoples relatively impose narrow limits to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_translatability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural translatability (page does not exist)">cultural translatability</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of universal <a href="/wiki/Translatability" class="mw-redirect" title="Translatability">translatability</a> is disapproved by some <a href="/wiki/Researchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Researchers">researchers</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Martinet" title="André Martinet">André Martinet</a>, who is convinced that <a href="/wiki/Human_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Human experience">human experience</a> cannot be well communicated because it is unique. <a href="/wiki/Catford" title="Catford">Catford</a> rationalised this <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> in his book "Linguistic Theory of Translation" : "Cultural untranslatability arises when a situational feature, functionally relevant for the source language text, is completely absent from the culture of which the TL is a part. For instance, the names of some institutions, clothes, foods and abstract concepts, amongst others."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anton_Popovi%C4%8D" title="Anton Popovič">Anton Popovič</a> also assumes that there is a difference between <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_untranslatability&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cultural untranslatability (page does not exist)">cultural untranslatability</a>, an idea that he defends in “A Dictionary for the Analysis of Literary Translation” : “A situation in which the linguistic elements of the original cannot be replaced adequately in structural, linear, functional or semantic terms in consequence of a lack of denotation or connotation”. </p><p>Dominance of some cultures is consequently obvious within the <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World History</a>, for instance during the time when <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> represented a main ideology among many different countries. Indeed, some cultures were represented as pure and as the essence of the world's functioning. One should say that <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of cultures may reflect an inequality between cultures and peoples. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> of cultures provides other issues, such as conflicts between cultures and historical changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A_two-fold_process">A two-fold process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_translation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: A two-fold process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a> may be obviously linked to exchanges, <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Population_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Population mobility">mobility</a>, terms which are the essence of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. Therefore, this <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">discipline</a> presents a two-fold process, that is to say the <a href="/wiki/Transnationality" title="Transnationality">transnational</a> (across borders) and translational (exchange of translations) <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>. This two-fold process withdraws the separation between the source and the target language and enables to negotiate cultural differences. </p><p>These global 'negotiations of difference' <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are especially crucial in <a href="/wiki/Postcolonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcolonial">postcolonial</a> settings and can be read as 'performative negotiations of cultural differences in a process of de- and recontextualization'.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this, the primary aim of the translator must be to find 'conceptual equivalence' between the source and target of what is meant to be translated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_civilization">Culture and civilization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_translation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture and civilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cultural <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> obviously implies the notion of culture, which needs here to be defined, in order to understand well the term cultural <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>. Culture offers two different meanings: the first one defines culture as a <a href="/wiki/Civilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilized">civilized</a> society in a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, whereas the second one considers culture as a whole set of <a href="/wiki/Behaviors" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviors">behaviors</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ways_of_life&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ways of life (page does not exist)">ways of life</a> that a people shares. As previously explained, culture gets an important role and meaning in <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>. According to Katan, culture is a shared <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">model</a> of the world, a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Values" class="mw-redirect" title="Values">values</a> and strategies which can guide action and <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">interaction</a> of people. Culture can be acquired through diverse ways, like education. </p><p>The term <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Urban_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban development">developed</a> human society which managed to create its own culture through people. Through this concept, a <a href="/wiki/Translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Translator">translator</a> is able to <a href="/wiki/Translate" class="mw-redirect" title="Translate">translate</a> a <a href="/wiki/Written_language" title="Written language">text</a> by solving the issue of a culture's development. In this case, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Newmark" title="Peter Newmark">Newmark</a> is convinced that <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> is culturally valued, that is to say <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> improves cultures’ development within the entire world. As <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> lead to the creation of evident ways of communication, such <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dictionaries">dictionaries</a> and to a tremendous development of <a href="/wiki/Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages">languages</a> and literatures, this process raised new questions in cultural <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a>. </p><p>Culture has a huge influence on society and politics of a country, in terms of ideology. According to some <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> <a href="/wiki/Researchers" class="mw-redirect" title="Researchers">researchers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Even-Zohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-Zohar">Even-Zohar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Bassnett" title="Susan Bassnett">Susan Bassnett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trivedi" title="Trivedi">Trivedi</a>, culture is also linked to the <a href="/wiki/Will_(philosophy)" title="Will (philosophy)">will</a> of <a href="/wiki/Power_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (philosophy)">power</a> and to the way people pretend to this power. In this sense, <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> deals with making <a href="/wiki/Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems">systems</a> of ideologies comprehensible for the readers. <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a> of cultures is therefore linked to ethics and explains a new way of thinking. This kind of <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translation</a> must show the context and the personal way of thinking through translated texts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_translation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Italiano, Federico / Rössner, Michael (eds.): <i>Translation. Narration, Media and the Staging of Differences</i>, transcript-Verlag, Bielefeld 2012. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-2114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-2114-3">978-3-8376-2114-3</a></li> <li>Delisle, Jean / Woodsworth, Judith (eds.) <i>Translators through History</i>, Amsterdam, John Benjamin, 2012 [rev. and expanded Version].</li> <li>Bassnett, Susan <i>Translation studies</i>, Tailor and Francis, 2002.</li> <li>Lefevere, André <i>Translation, History and Culture</i>, London, Routledge, 2002</li> <li>Katan, David <i>Translating Cultures, An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators</i>, Manchester, St. Jerome Publishing, 1999, 271 p.</li> <li>Trivedi, Harish <i>Colonial Transactions: English Literature and India</i>, Manchester, Manchester U.P., 1993.</li> <li>Newmark, Peter <i>About translation</i>, Clevedon, Multilingual Matters, 1991.</li> <li>Geertz, Clifford <i>The interpretation of cultures</i>, New York, Basic Books, 1973.</li> <li>Even-Zohar, Itamar 1979. "Polysystem Theory." <i>Poetics Today</i> 1(1-2, Autumn) pp. 287–310.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cultural_translation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakesley2014" class="citation book cs1">Blakesley, Jacob (2014). <i>Modern Italian Poets: Translators of the Impossible</i>. University of Toronto Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442646421" title="Special:BookSources/9781442646421"><bdi>9781442646421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Italian+Poets%3A+Translators+of+the+Impossible&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781442646421&rft.aulast=Blakesley&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1929" class="citation journal cs1">Sapir, E. (1929). "The Status of Linguistics as a Science". <i>Language</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F409588">10.2307/409588</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002C-4321-4">11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4321-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/409588">409588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=The+Status+of+Linguistics+as+a+Science&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=209&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002C-4321-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F409588%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F409588&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatford1965" class="citation book cs1">Catford, John Cunnison (1965). <i>Linguistic Theory of Translation</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000Y4JLOI">B000Y4JLOI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Theory+of+Translation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000Y4JLOI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Catford&rft.aufirst=John+Cunnison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhabha2004" class="citation book cs1">Bhabha, Homi K. (2004). <i>The Location of Culture</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Location+of+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bhabha&rft.aufirst=Homi+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRössner2012" class="citation book cs1">Rössner, Italiano (2012). <i>Translatio. Narration, Media and the Staging of Differences</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translatio.+Narration%2C+Media+and+the+Staging+of+Differences&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6ssner&rft.aufirst=Italiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirbili2000" class="citation web cs1">Birbili, Maria (Winter 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sru.soc.surrey.ac.uk/SRU31.html">"Translating from one language to another"</a>. <i>Social Research Update</i>. Department of Sociology, University of Surrey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Research+Update&rft.atitle=Translating+from+one+language+to+another&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Birbili&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsru.soc.surrey.ac.uk%2FSRU31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACultural+translation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> 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title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a 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mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> 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