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href="#Marriage_to_Daniel_Parke_Custis_(1749–1757)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Marriage to Daniel Parke Custis (1749–1757)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Daniel_Parke_Custis_(1749–1757)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_George_Washington_(1758–1774)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_George_Washington_(1758–1774)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marriage to George Washington (1758–1774)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage_to_George_Washington_(1758–1774)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marriage to George Washington (1758–1774) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_George_Washington_(1758–1774)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Courtship_and_wedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courtship_and_wedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Courtship and wedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courtship_and_wedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mount_Vernon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mount_Vernon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mount Vernon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mount_Vernon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution_(1775–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>American Revolution (1775–1789)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Revolution_(1775–1789)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle American Revolution (1775–1789) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution_(1775–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Independent United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Postwar retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1789–1797)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1789–1797)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>First lady of the United States (1789–1797)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1789–1797)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First lady of the United States (1789–1797) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1789–1797)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Public image</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death_(1797–1802)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death_(1797–1802)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life and death (1797–1802)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death_(1797–1802)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historian_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historian_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Historian assessments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historian_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martha Washington</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86" title="مارثا واشنطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارثا واشنطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Va%C5%9Finqton" title="Marta Vaşinqton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marta Vaşinqton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="মার্থা ওয়াশিংটন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্থা ওয়াশিংটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марта Вашынгтон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марта Вашынгтон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марта Вашынгтон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Марта Вашынгтон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марта Вашингтон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марта Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washingtonov%C3%A1" title="Martha Washingtonová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martha Washingtonová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%B1_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Μάρθα Ουάσινγκτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρθα Ουάσινγκτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%86" title="مارتا واشنگتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتا واشنگتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%82%AC_%EC%9B%8C%EC%8B%B1%ED%84%B4" title="마사 워싱턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마사 워싱턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Մարթա Վաշինգտոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարթա Վաշինգտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Custis_Washington" title="Martha Custis Washington – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Martha Custis Washington" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מרתה וושינגטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרתה וושינגטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მართა ვაშინგტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მართა ვაშინგტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марта Уошингтон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марта Уошингтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="മാർത്ത വാഷിങ്ടൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർത്ത വാഷിങ്ടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="मार्था वॉशिंग्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्था वॉशिंग्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="مارثا واشينطون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارثا واشينطون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марта Вашингтон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марта Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="マーサ・ワシントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーサ・ワシントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86" title="مارتھا واشنگٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارتھا واشنگٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Dandridge_Custis_Washington" title="Martha Dandridge Custis Washington – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martha Dandridge Custis Washington" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вашингтон, Марта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вашингтон, Марта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washingtonov%C3%A1" title="Martha Washingtonová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martha Washingtonová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марта Вашингтон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марта Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Custis_Washington" title="Martha Custis Washington – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Martha Custis Washington" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="มาร์ธา วอชิงตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์ธา วอชิงตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%94_%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%BE" title="ᎹᏔ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎹᏔ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Марта Вашингтон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марта Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86" title="مارتھا واشنگٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارتھا واشنگٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martha Washington" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="马莎·华盛顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马莎·华盛顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="马莎·华盛顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马莎·华盛顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First Lady of the United States from 1789 to 1797</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the comic book character, see <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington_(comics)" title="Martha Washington (comics)">Martha Washington (comics)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Martha Washington</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Martha Washington [copy after Gilbert Stuart] (early-mid-19th century, National Portrait Gallery, Washington)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Martha_washington.jpg/220px-Martha_washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Martha_washington.jpg/330px-Martha_washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Martha_washington.jpg/440px-Martha_washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1946" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait after <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>, early-mid-19th century</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In role</b></span><br />April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Martha Dandridge</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1731-06-02</span>)</span>June 2, 1731<br /><a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Grove_(plantation)" title="Chestnut Grove (plantation)">Chestnut Grove</a>, Virginia, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 22, 1802<span style="display:none">(1802-05-22)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon,_Virginia" title="Mount Vernon, Virginia">Mount Vernon, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Mount Vernon, Virginia, U.S.<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Martha_Washington&params=38_42_28.4_N_77_05_09.9_W_region:US-VA_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°42′28.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°05′09.9″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.707889°N 77.086083°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.707889; -77.086083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Daniel Parke Custis</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1750; died 1757)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1759; died 1799)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Daniel</li><li>Frances</li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Parke_Custis" title="Martha Parke Custis">Martha</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Dandridge" title="John Dandridge">John Dandridge</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frances_Jones_(colonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Jones (colonist)">Frances Dandridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Washingtons_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martha Washington's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Martha_Washingtons_Signature.svg/128px-Martha_Washingtons_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Martha_Washingtons_Signature.svg/192px-Martha_Washingtons_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Martha_Washingtons_Signature.svg/256px-Martha_Washingtons_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="63" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martha Dandridge Custis Washington</b> (June 2, 1731 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a> – May 22, 1802) was the wife of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, who was the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. Although the title was not coined until after her death, she served as the inaugural <a href="/wiki/First_lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First lady of the United States">first lady of the United States</a>, defining the role of the president's wife and setting many precedents that future first ladies observed. During her tenure, she was referred to as "Lady Washington". Washington is consistently ranked in the upper half of first ladies by historians. </p><p>Martha Dandridge married <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Daniel Parke Custis</a> on May 15, 1750, and the couple had four children, only one of whom survived to adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was widowed in 1757 at the age of 26, inheriting a large estate. She was remarried to George Washington in 1759, moving to his plantation, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>. Her youngest daughter died of epilepsy in 1773, and the Washingtons were unable to conceive any children of their own. Washington became a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> after her husband was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. During the war, she played a maternal role, visiting encampments when fighting stalled each winter. Her only surviving child, <a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a>, died from a camp illness during the war. After the war ended in 1783, she sought retirement at Mount Vernon, but returned to public life when her husband became president of the United States in 1789. </p><p>Washington took on the social role of the president's wife reluctantly, becoming a national celebrity in the process. She found this life unpleasant, feeling that she was restricted and wishing for retirement. In addition to hosting weekly social events, Washington understood that how she composed herself would reflect on the nation, both domestically and abroad. As such, she struck a careful balance between the dignity associated with a <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>'s wife and the humility associated with <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> government. The Washingtons returned to Mount Vernon in 1797, and she spent her retirement years greeting admirers and advising her successors. She was widowed for a second time in 1799, and she died two-and-a-half years later in 1802. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1731–1748)"><span id="Early_life_.281731.E2.80.931748.29"></span>Early life (1731–1748)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1731–1748)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Dandridge_(when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old)_1739.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Martha_Dandridge_%28when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old%29_1739.jpg/150px-Martha_Dandridge_%28when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old%29_1739.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Martha_Dandridge_%28when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old%29_1739.jpg/225px-Martha_Dandridge_%28when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old%29_1739.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Martha_Dandridge_%28when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old%29_1739.jpg/300px-Martha_Dandridge_%28when_Martha_Washington_was_eight_years_old%29_1739.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>Dandridge at age eight</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Dandridge_Custis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Martha_Dandridge_Custis.jpg/150px-Martha_Dandridge_Custis.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Martha_Dandridge_Custis.jpg/225px-Martha_Dandridge_Custis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Martha_Dandridge_Custis.jpg/300px-Martha_Dandridge_Custis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Martha Dandridge Custis in 1757: <a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">mezzotint</a> by John Folwell (1863) after a portrait by John Wollaston</figcaption></figure> <p>Martha Dandridge was born on June 2, 1731, on her parents' tobacco plantation,<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chestnut_Grove_(plantation)" title="Chestnut Grove (plantation)">Chestnut Grove</a> Plantation in <a href="/wiki/New_Kent_County,_Virginia" title="New Kent County, Virginia">New Kent County</a> the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>. She was the oldest daughter of <a href="/wiki/Frances_Jones_(colonist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Jones (colonist)">Frances Jones</a>, the granddaughter of an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> rector,<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/John_Dandridge" title="John Dandridge"><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup></a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dandridge" title="John Dandridge">John Dandridge</a>, a Virginia planter<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> and county clerk<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> who emigrated <a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">from England</a>. She had three brothers and four sisters: John (1733–1749), William (1734–1776), Bartholomew (1737–1785), Anna Maria "Fanny" Bassett (1739–1777), Frances Dandridge (1744–1757), Elizabeth Aylett Henley (1749–1800), and Mary Dandridge (1756–1763).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the oldest of eight, including one sister that was 25 years her junior, Dandridge played a maternal and domestic role beginning early in life.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Dandridge may have also had an illegitimate half-sister born into slavery, Ann Dandridge Costin,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an illegitimate white half-brother, Ralph Dandridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 26–27">: 26–27 </span></sup> </p><p>Dandridge's father was well connected with the Virginia aristocracy despite his relative lack of wealth, and she was taught to behave as a woman of the upper class.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She received a relatively high quality education for the daughter of a planter, though it was still inferior to that of her brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-longo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She took to <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrianism</a>, at one point riding her horse up and down the stairs of her uncle's home and escaping chastisement because her father was so impressed by her skill.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_to_Daniel_Parke_Custis_(1749–1757)"><span id="Marriage_to_Daniel_Parke_Custis_.281749.E2.80.931757.29"></span>Marriage to Daniel Parke Custis (1749–1757)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage to Daniel Parke Custis (1749–1757)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1749, Dandridge met <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Daniel Parke Custis</a>, the son of a wealthy planter in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They wished to marry, but the father of Dandridge's prospective groom, <a href="/wiki/John_Custis" title="John Custis">John Custis</a>, was highly selective of what woman would marry into the family's fortune. She eventually won his approval, and Dandridge married Custis, who was two decades her senior, on May 15, 1750.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> After they were married, Custis moved with her husband to his residence at <a href="/wiki/White_House_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="White House Plantation">White House Plantation</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Pamunkey_River" title="Pamunkey River">Pamunkey River</a>. Here they had four children: Daniel, born 1751; Frances, born 1753; John, born 1754; and Martha, born 1756. Daniel died in 1754 and Frances died in 1757.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Daniel Parke Custis was one of the wealthiest men in the Virginia colony as well as one of the largest slaveowners, owning nearly 300 slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-slaves_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaves-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Custis became a widow at the age of 26 when her husband died (possibly from a severe infection of the throat).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, she inherited the large estate that he had previously inherited from his father.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death in 1757, she received <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">one third of his estate</a> outright, and the remaining two thirds were granted to their two young children. The total inheritance amounted to approximately $33,000 (equivalent to $1,104,439 in 2023), 17,000 acres of land, and hundreds of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The legal and financial matters of the inheritance presented a considerable burden on Custis while she was raising her two surviving children and grieving the losses of her husband, two children, and her father.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> She was also left with the responsibility of managing the farmland and overseeing the well-being of the slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 2">: 2 </span></sup> According to her biographer, "she capably ran the five plantations left to her when her first husband died, bargaining with London merchants for the best tobacco prices".<sup id="cite_ref-Schulte_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schulte-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_to_George_Washington_(1758–1774)"><span id="Marriage_to_George_Washington_.281758.E2.80.931774.29"></span>Marriage to George Washington (1758–1774)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage to George Washington (1758–1774)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtship_and_wedding">Courtship and wedding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Courtship and wedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_and_Martha_Washington_wedding,_January_6,_1759.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/George_and_Martha_Washington_wedding%2C_January_6%2C_1759.png/220px-George_and_Martha_Washington_wedding%2C_January_6%2C_1759.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/George_and_Martha_Washington_wedding%2C_January_6%2C_1759.png 1.5x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption><i>The Marriage of Washington to Martha Custis</i> by Junius Brutus Stears (1849)</figcaption></figure> <p>By one account Custis met George Washington during the <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a> social season, and they courted over the following months during his leaves from the military.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> By another, they were introduced by Colonel Chamberlayne, a mutual acquaintance, when they both stayed the night at his home in May 1758.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> They married on January 6, 1759, at the White House plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>The couple honeymooned at the Custis family's White House plantation,<sup id="cite_ref-Bryan_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryan-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">: 124 </span></sup> followed by a stay in Williamsburg where her husband was a representative in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> before setting up house at his <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> estate.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> At the time of their wedding, she was one of the wealthiest widows in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-beasley_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beasley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 27">: 27 </span></sup> Their marriage remained happy over the following 40 years, in part because of their similar worldviews.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> It was a marriage based in mutual respect and shared habits, with both maintaining similar schedules in day-to-day life and both prioritizing family and image over excitement and vice.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mount_Vernon">Mount Vernon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mount Vernon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1759 to 1775, the Washingtons lived at Mount Vernon where they tended to their plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington ran the household and regularly entertained visitors. She knitted and oversaw the making of clothes, and she became talented in <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">curing</a> meat in their <a href="/wiki/Smokehouse" title="Smokehouse">smokehouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Washington entertained almost daily, having visitors for dinner or for longer stays as the family became more prominent in the political and social life of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Washington's husband used her wealth to expand their home at Mount Vernon and turn it into a profitable estate.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>The Washingtons had no children together, but they raised Martha's two surviving children. She was highly protective of them, especially after her two previous children had died and Patsy was found to have <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> In 1773, Patsy died when she was 17 during an <a href="/wiki/SUDEP" class="mw-redirect" title="SUDEP">epileptic seizure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yates_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington's last surviving child, John, left King's College that fall and married <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Calvert" title="Eleanor Calvert">Eleanor Calvert</a> in February 1774.<sup id="cite_ref-Yates_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Washingtons hoped for more children throughout their marriage, but they were unable to conceive.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Revolution_(1775–1789)"><span id="American_Revolution_.281775.E2.80.931789.29"></span>American Revolution (1775–1789)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: American Revolution (1775–1789)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_revolution">Early revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png/170px-Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png/255px-Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png/340px-Martha_Washington_by_Rembrandt_Peale_c1856.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>Martha Washington by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_Peale" title="Rembrandt Peale">Rembrandt Peale</a>, <i>circa</i> 1856, based on a portrait by his father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Life for the Washingtons was interrupted as the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> escalated in the 1770s.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> Though rumors were spread that she was a <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a>, Washington consistently shared her husband's political beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup> She strongly supported his role in the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> movement and his work to advance his beliefs in the cause. She stayed at Mount Vernon when he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> in 1775, overseeing the construction of new wings to their home. She then moved to the home of her brother-in-law so as not to be so conspicuous a target during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> </p><p>The revolution was the first time in their marriage that they were apart for an extended period. In the fall of 1775, Washington traveled to Massachusetts to meet with her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> On the journey north, she experienced her newfound celebrity status for the first time as the wife of a famed general.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> She joined him in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>, from where he and the other Continental Army officers were operating. While staying in Cambridge, she served as a hostess for guests of the officers.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> She would also sew clothes for the soldiers while at camp, encouraging other officers' wives to do the same, leading to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Sewing_circle" title="Sewing circle">sewing circle</a> that contributed to the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Though she hid it from those around her, Washington was frightened by the gunfire that could be heard from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup> She accompanied her husband when operations were relocated to New York, but she was sent to Philadelphia as British forces came closer.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Each spring, when conflict resumed, she returned to Mount Vernon.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_United_States">Independent United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independent United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American Revolution became increasingly stressful for Martha after the signing of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, as George faced increased risks on the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Each winter, Washington would join her husband at his encampment while fighting was stalled. The quality of her housing varied during these visits, both in comfort and in safety.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">General Lafayette</a> observed that she loved "her husband madly".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington was kept informed of the war's developments by her husband, sometimes performing clerical work for him, and she was even permitted to know military secrets.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> She became a symbol of the war effort, alongside George Washington, as a grandmotherly figure that cared for the soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p><p>The Continental Army settled in Valley Forge, the third of the eight winter encampments of the Revolution, on December 19, 1777. Washington traveled 10 days and hundreds of miles to join her husband in Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 6, Elizabeth Drinker and three friends arrived at Valley Forge to plead with the General to release their husbands from jail; the men, all Quakers, had refused to swear a loyalty oath to the American revolutionaries. Because the commander was not available at first, the women visited with Martha.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drinker described her later in her diary as "a sociable pretty kind of Woman".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington's son John was serving as a civilian aide to his father during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown_(1781)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Yorktown (1781)">siege of Yorktown</a> in 1781 when he died of "camp fever", a diagnosis for <a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">epidemic typhus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yates_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yates-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his death, she and George took in the youngest two of John's four children, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parke_Custis_Lewis" title="Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis">Eleanor (Nelly) Parke Custis</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke (Washy) Custis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The Washingtons also provided personal and financial support to the children of many of their relatives and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_retirement">Postwar retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Postwar retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Washingtons returned to Mount Vernon in 1783.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> They stayed at Mount Vernon for much of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a>, living in retirement with their nephew, nieces, and grandchildren.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Washington, now in poorer health, believed that her husband was finished with public service.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> She spent her time raising their grandchildren, constantly worried for their health after having all four of her children and many other relatives die of illness. She also resumed hosting company at Mount Vernon, recruiting several of her nieces and other young women to assist her, as the house was overwhelmed with visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> Their life at Mount Vernon was interrupted again when he was asked to participate at the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787 and again when he was chosen as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_lady_of_the_United_States_(1789–1797)"><span id="First_lady_of_the_United_States_.281789.E2.80.931797.29"></span>First lady of the United States (1789–1797)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First lady of the United States (1789–1797)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_(Lady_Washington%27s_Reception_Day)_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_%28Lady_Washington%27s_Reception_Day%29_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_%28Lady_Washington%27s_Reception_Day%29_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_%28Lady_Washington%27s_Reception_Day%29_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_%28Lady_Washington%27s_Reception_Day%29_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_%28Lady_Washington%27s_Reception_Day%29_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Republican_Court_%28Lady_Washington%27s_Reception_Day%29_-_Daniel_Huntington_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption><i>Republican Court, or, Lady Washington's Reception Day</i> by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Huntington_(artist)" title="Daniel Huntington (artist)">Daniel Huntington</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1861</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Washington was not fully supportive of her husband's agreeing to be president of the newly formed United States.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She did not immediately join him at the capital in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, only arriving in May 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journey was followed by the press, which was unprecedented in the attention that it paid to a woman's actions, and the entourage was met with admirers and fanfare in each town that it passed through. It was during this journey that she gave her only public speech as first lady, thanking those that came to see her.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 15">: 15 </span></sup> She arrived on the presidential barge, escorted by her husband, immediately establishing the president's wife as a public figure.<sup id="cite_ref-caroli_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> After arriving at the capital, Washington became the inaugural <a href="/wiki/First_lady_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First lady of the United States">first lady of the United States</a>, though the term would not be used until later. Instead, she was referred to as "Lady Washington".<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p><p>As the inaugural first lady, many of Washington's practices in the White House became traditions for future first ladies, including the opening of the White House to the public on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, a practice that would continue until the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover administration">Hoover administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-diller_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diller-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She hosted many affairs of state at New York City and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> during their years as temporary capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> Taking her responsibility as the lady of the house seriously, Washington returned the official calls of every lady that left her card at the heavily-trafficked presidential home to ensure that everyone could reach the president, always doing so within three days.<sup id="cite_ref-caroli_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> </p><p>Washington was also tasked by her husband with the responsibility of hosting <a href="/wiki/Drawing_room" title="Drawing room">drawing room</a> events on Fridays in which ladies were permitted to attend.<sup id="cite_ref-caroli_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> She would remain seated during such events while the president greeted their guests.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> The guests were at first uncertain as to whether they should follow the royal custom of waiting for the hostess to leave before they do, and she resolved the issue by announcing her husband always retired at nine.<sup id="cite_ref-caroli_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> She was careful during these events to avoid political talk, encouraging a change of subject when it came up.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup> The social circles that developed among those in American politics at this time became known as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Court" title="Republican Court">Republican Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9911" data-file-height="7398" /></a><figcaption><i>The Washington Family</i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Savage_(artist)" title="Edward Savage (artist)">Edward Savage</a></figcaption></figure><p>The first presidential residence was a house on <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Cherry Street (Manhattan)">Cherry Street</a>, followed by a house on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>. The capital was moved to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1790, and the presidential residence again moved,<sup id="cite_ref-caroli_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> this time to a house on High Street (now <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(Philadelphia)" title="Market Street (Philadelphia)">Market Street</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Washington much preferred the Philadelphia residence, as it had a greater social life and was closer to Mount Vernon.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Early in her husband's presidency, she had little opportunity to go out, as any action she took would have political implications.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> After their move to Philadelphia, the Washingtons loosened their self-imposed limits on personal activity.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> While serving as first lady, Washington became close to Polly Lear, the wife of her husband's secretary <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Lear" title="Tobias Lear">Tobias Lear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> She also associated with <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Flucker_Knox" title="Lucy Flucker Knox">Lucy Flucker Knox</a>, wife of war secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_United_States" title="Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States">second lady</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 10">: 10 </span></sup> The time she spent with her grandchildren was another high point for Washington, who would sometimes take them to shows and museums.<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 60">: 60 </span></sup> She also made a point of frequently attending church, owing to her firm <a href="/wiki/Episcopalian" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopalian">Episcopalian</a> beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>Washington was forced to take control of the presidential residence at one point shortly after her husband's presidency began, forbidding guests from entering, as he was undergoing the removal of a tumor.<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 67–68">: 67–68 </span></sup> In July 1790, artist <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a> gave Washington a full-length portrait painting of her husband as a gift. It was displayed in their home at Mount Vernon in the New Room.<sup id="cite_ref-mountvernon_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mountvernon-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Washington learned that her husband might take on a second term as president, she uncharacteristically protested against the decision. Despite her opposition, he was reelected in 1793, and she reluctantly accepted four more years as the wife of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> The young <a href="/wiki/Georges_Washington_de_La_Fayette" title="Georges Washington de La Fayette">Georges Washington de La Fayette</a> joined the Washington family in 1795 while his father, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, was held as a political prisoner in France. He would live with the Washingtons until fall of 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> In 1796, Washington's slave and personal maid <a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Oney Judge</a> escaped and fled to New Hampshire. Despite Washington's insistence to her husband that Judge should be returned and again should be Washington's slave, the president did not attempt to pursue Judge.<sup id="cite_ref-longo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-longo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington's tenure as first lady ended in 1797.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_image">Public image</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Public image"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg/170px-Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg/255px-Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg/340px-Lady_Washington_MET_DT2081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2852" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><i>Lady Washington</i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a> (date unknown)</figcaption></figure> <p>As the wife of both the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, Washington was immediately faced with the pressure of representing the United States. She had to present the United States as a dignified nation to establish credibility among the countries of Europe, but she also had to respect the spirit of democracy by refusing to present herself as a queen.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> She was also aware that the precedent she set would be inherited by future presidential wives.<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> Washington balanced these responsibilities by playing the role of a social hostess at presidential events, a role that would become the primary function of the first lady. In turn, this made the position of first lady an important point of contact between the president and the people.<sup id="cite_ref-beasley_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beasley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 27–29">: 27–29 </span></sup> </p><p>Washington presented an image of herself as an amiable wife, but privately she complained about the restrictions placed on her life.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She found the pageantry of the presidency to be boring and artificial.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Washington was not exempt from the political attacks often levied at her husband's administration by opposition-owned newspapers. While her social role was celebrated by her husband's supporters, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">anti-Federalists</a> criticized her as emulating royalty and encouraging aristocracy.<sup id="cite_ref-beasley_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beasley-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 29–30">: 29–30 </span></sup> At the same time, other critics accused her social activities of being too informal.<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 19">: 19 </span></sup> To her displeasure, she found that she was constantly the subject of public attention, and she was forced to pay increased attention to her hair and clothes each day.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> Despite this, she still opted to dress simply in homespun clothes, feeling that it was more appropriate in a republic.<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 37">: 37 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_death_(1797–1802)"><span id="Later_life_and_death_.281797.E2.80.931802.29"></span>Later life and death (1797–1802)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later life and death (1797–1802)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collier%27s_1921_Washington_George_Martha%27s_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Collier%27s_1921_Washington_George_Martha%27s_chamber.jpg/220px-Collier%27s_1921_Washington_George_Martha%27s_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Collier%27s_1921_Washington_George_Martha%27s_chamber.jpg/330px-Collier%27s_1921_Washington_George_Martha%27s_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Collier%27s_1921_Washington_George_Martha%27s_chamber.jpg/440px-Collier%27s_1921_Washington_George_Martha%27s_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Washington's chambers after her husband's death</figcaption></figure> <p>The Washingtons left the capital immediately after the <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Adams">inauguration of John Adams</a>, making the return journey to Mount Vernon, which by then had begun to decay.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> Again they went into retirement, and they saw to several renovations for their home.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> In the years after the presidency, the Washingtons received more visitors than ever, from friends and strangers alike. They eventually took in one of the former president's nephews, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lewis_(1767%E2%80%931839)" title="Lawrence Lewis (1767–1839)">Lawrence Lewis</a>, to serve as secretary, and he would eventually marry Washington's granddaughter Nelly.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 13">: 13 </span></sup> </p><p>Washington feared that her husband would again be called away to lead a <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Army_of_the_United_States" title="Provisional Army of the United States">provisional army</a> against France, but no such conflict took place. Her husband died of a severe throat infection on December 14, 1799, at the age of 67.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a widow, Washington spent her final years living in a <a href="/wiki/Garret" title="Garret">garret</a> where she knitted, sewed, and responded to letters. Though she was the legal owner of her husband's property, she gave control of its business affairs to her relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-schneider_3-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> She also inherited her husband's slaves on the condition that they be freed upon her death. Fearing that these slaves might hurt her, she freed them. She did not have the authority to free her dower slaves, and she chose not to free the one slave, Elish, whom she personally owned.<sup id="cite_ref-slaves_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaves-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Washington retained an interest in the presidency after her tenure as first lady, beginning the tradition of advising her successors.<sup id="cite_ref-feinberg_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feinberg-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">: 124 </span></sup> The Washington family long disliked <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a> politics, in part because of the central role he played in criticizing the Washington administration.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Washington took offense when Jefferson became president, as she felt that he did not give adequate respect to the office.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg/93px-Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg/139px-Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg/186px-Tomb_of_George_and_Martha_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption> Tomb of George Washington (Right) and Martha Washington (Left)</figcaption></figure> <p>Washington's health, always somewhat precarious, declined after her husband's death.<sup id="cite_ref-life_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had anticipated her death since that of her husband. When she developed a fever in 1802, she burned all of her husband's letters to her, summoned a clergyman to administer last communion, and chose her funeral dress.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Two and a half years after the death of her husband, Washington died on May 22, 1802, at the age of 70.<sup id="cite_ref-life_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-life-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following her death, Washington's body was interred in the original Washington family tomb vault at Mount Vernon.<sup id="cite_ref-tomb_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomb-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1831, the surviving executors of George's estate removed the bodies of the Washingtons from the old vault to a similar structure within the present enclosure at Mount Vernon.<sup id="cite_ref-tomb_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomb-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as her husband had set the precedent for the presidency, Washington established what would eventually become the role of first lady. She was prominent in the ceremonial aspects of the presidency, assisting her husband in his role as head of state, but she had very little public involvement in his administrative role as head of government. This would be the standard of presidential wives for the next century.<sup id="cite_ref-caroli_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caroli-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> Washington was recognized for her humility and her mild-mannered nature, to the point that her contemporaries were often taken by surprise when meeting her.<sup id="cite_ref-boller_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boller-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 3">: 3 </span></sup> No personal records of Washington exist from before the death of her first husband, and she destroyed many letters that she had written since then. Many recipients of her letters kept them, however, and those letters have been preserved in archives such as at Mount Vernon and the Virginia Historical Society. Several collections of these letters have been published.<sup id="cite_ref-gould_10-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gould-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg/120px-Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg/180px-Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg/240px-Martha_Washington22_1903_Issue-8c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Martha Washington 1902 issue stamp</figcaption></figure><p>During the Revolutionary War, one of the regiments at Valley Forge named themselves "Lady Washington's Dragoon" in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 14">: 14 </span></sup>The Martha Washington College for Women was founded in Abingdon, Virginia in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was merged with <a href="/wiki/Emory_%26_Henry_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Emory & Henry College">Emory & Henry College</a> in 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the main original building of Martha Washington College was converted to the <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington_Inn" title="Martha Washington Inn">Martha Washington Inn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martha Washington Seminary, a finishing school for young women in Washington, DC, was opened in 1905,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it ceased operations in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> featuring Martha Washington, the first stamp to honor an American woman, was issued as part of the <a href="/wiki/Series_of_1902_(United_States_postage_stamps)" title="Series of 1902 (United States postage stamps)">1902 stamp series</a>. An <span class="nowrap">8-<a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">cent</a></span> stamp, it was printed in violet-black ink.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second stamp issued in her honor,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <span class="nowrap">4-cent</span> <a href="/wiki/Definitive_stamp" title="Definitive stamp">definitive stamp</a> printed in yellow-brown ink, was released in <a href="/wiki/US_Regular_Issues_of_1922%E2%80%931931" title="US Regular Issues of 1922–1931">1923</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-cent</span> stamp was issued in 1938 to honor Washington as part of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Issue" title="Presidential Issue">Presidential Issue</a> series.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington's image was featured on the one dollar silver certificate banknote beginning in 1886, making her the second woman to appear on an American banknote after <a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To prevent confusion with existing coinage, <a href="/wiki/Pattern_coin" title="Pattern coin">pattern coins</a> testing new metals have been produced by the U.S. mint, or a company contracted to it, with Martha Washington on the obverse.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historian_assessments">Historian assessments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Historian assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1982 <a href="/wiki/Siena_College_Research_Institute" title="Siena College Research Institute">Siena College Research Institute</a> has periodically conducted surveys asking historians to assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score on the independent criteria of their background, value to the country, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, leadership, being their own women, public image, and value to the president.<sup id="cite_ref-Siena2014_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siena2014-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consistently, Washington has been ranked in the upper-half of first ladies by historians in these surveys. In terms of cumulative assessment, Washington has been ranked: </p> <ul><li>9th-best of 42 in 1982<sup id="cite_ref-Siena2008_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>12th-best of 37 in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-Siena2008_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>13th-best of 38 in 2003<sup id="cite_ref-Siena2008_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9th-best of 38 in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-Siena2008_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>9th-best of 39 in 2014<sup id="cite_ref-2014Sienna1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014Sienna1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the 2008 Siena Research Institute survey, Washington was ranked 3rd-highest in the criteria of public image.<sup id="cite_ref-Siena2008_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siena2008-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2014 survey, Washington and her husband were ranked the 2nd-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being a "power couple".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood_House" title="Samuel Osgood House">Samuel Osgood House</a> — First Presidential Mansion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_House" title="Alexander Macomb House">Alexander Macomb House</a> — Second Presidential Mansion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House (Philadelphia)</a> — Third Presidential Mansion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandridge,_Tennessee" title="Dandridge, Tennessee">Dandridge, Tennessee</a> — the only town in the United States named after Martha Dandridge Washington</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/marthas-first-marriage-children/">"First Marriage and Children"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Marriage+and+Children&rft.pub=Mount+Vernon+Ladies%27+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fgeorge-washington%2Fmartha-washington%2Fmarthas-first-marriage-children%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2001" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiesofuni0000wats"><i>First Ladies of the United States: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 9–18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781626373532">10.1515/9781626373532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-353-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62637-353-2"><bdi>978-1-62637-353-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:249333854">249333854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies+of+the+United+States%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=9-18&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A249333854%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781626373532&rft.isbn=978-1-62637-353-2&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiesofuni0000wats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneider-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schneider_3-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderSchneider2010" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiesbiogr0000schn_k5c3"><i>First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a> (3rd ed.). Facts on File. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0815-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-0815-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=1-10&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0815-5&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Carl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiesbiogr0000schn_k5c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCary1896" class="citation journal cs1">Cary, Wilson Miles (July 1896). "The Dandridges of Virginia". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 30–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1921234">10.2307/1921234</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921234">1921234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Dandridges+of+Virginia&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-39&rft.date=1896-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1921234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1921234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=Wilson+Miles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiencek2013" class="citation book cs1">Wiencek, Henry (November 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wr1AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA286"><i>An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America</i></a>. Macmillan + ORM. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5659-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-5659-2"><bdi>978-1-4668-5659-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Imperfect+God%3A+George+Washington%2C+His+Slaves%2C+and+the+Creation+of+America&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Macmillan+%2B+ORM&rft.date=2013-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-5659-2&rft.aulast=Wiencek&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Wr1AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryan-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryan_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2002" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Helen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aM9jR3aJZKUC&pg=PA26"><i>Martha Washington, First Lady of Liberty</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15892-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15892-9"><bdi>978-0-471-15892-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Washington%2C+First+Lady+of+Liberty&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-471-15892-9&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaM9jR3aJZKUC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diller-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diller_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diller_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diller_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diller_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diller_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diller_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillerRobertson2001" class="citation book cs1">Diller, Daniel C.; Robertson, Stephen L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentsfirstl0000dill/"><i>The Presidents, First Ladies, and Vice Presidents: White House Biographies, 1789–2001</i></a>. CQ Press. pp. 145–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-573-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56802-573-5"><bdi>978-1-56802-573-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%2C+First+Ladies%2C+and+Vice+Presidents%3A+White+House+Biographies%2C+1789%E2%80%932001&rft.pages=145-146&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56802-573-5&rft.aulast=Diller&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentsfirstl0000dill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-longo-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-longo_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-longo_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongo2011" class="citation book cs1">Longo, James McMurtry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVFkQJD7b1wC"><i>From Classroom to White House: The Presidents and First Ladies as Students and Teachers</i></a>. McFarland. pp. 8–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8846-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8846-9"><bdi>978-0-7864-8846-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Classroom+to+White+House%3A+The+Presidents+and+First+Ladies+as+Students+and+Teachers&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8846-9&rft.aulast=Longo&rft.aufirst=James+McMurtry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVFkQJD7b1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boller-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boller_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller1988" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialwive0000boll"><i>Presidential Wives</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Wives&rft.pages=3-12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialwive0000boll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gould-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gould_10-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1996" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Patricia (1996). "Martha (Dandridge Custis) Washington". In Gould, Lewis L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780815325857/"><i>American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy</i></a>. Garland Publishing. pp. 2–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1479-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-1479-5"><bdi>0-8153-1479-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martha+%28Dandridge+Custis%29+Washington&rft.btitle=American+First+Ladies%3A+Their+Lives+and+Their+Legacy&rft.pages=2-15&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8153-1479-5&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780815325857%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-slaves-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-slaves_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-slaves_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905135455/http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/martha-washington-slavery/">"Martha Washington & Slavery"</a>. <i>George Washington's Mount Vernon: Digital Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a>. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/martha-washington-slavery/">the original</a> on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Martha+Washington+%26+Slavery&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon%3A+Digital+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Mount+Vernon+Ladies%27+Association&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fgeorge-washington%2Fmartha-washington%2Fmartha-washington-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2020" class="citation web cs1">Brady, Patricia (December 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/custis-daniel-parke-1711-1757">"Daniel Parke Custis (1711–1757)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Humanities#Encyclopedia_Virginia" title="Virginia Humanities">Encyclopedia Virginia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Virginia_Biography" title="Dictionary of Virginia Biography">Dictionary of Virginia Biography</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daniel+Parke+Custis+%281711%E2%80%931757%29&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Virginia%2FDictionary+of+Virginia+Biography&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Fcustis-daniel-parke-1711-1757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schulte-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schulte_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2009" class="citation news cs1">Schulte, Brigid (February 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/01/AR2009020102023.html">"Fresh Look at Martha Washington: Less First Frump, More Foxy Lady"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fresh+Look+at+Martha+Washington%3A+Less+First+Frump%2C+More+Foxy+Lady&rft.date=2009-02-02&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Brigid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F02%2F01%2FAR2009020102023.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beasley-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beasley_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beasley_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beasley_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasley2005" class="citation book cs1">Beasley, Maurine H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiespress0000beas"><i>First Ladies and the Press: The Unfinished Partnership of the Media Age</i></a>. Northwestern University Press. pp. 27–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810123120" title="Special:BookSources/9780810123120"><bdi>9780810123120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Ladies+and+the+Press%3A+The+Unfinished+Partnership+of+the+Media+Age&rft.pages=27-30&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780810123120&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=Maurine+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstladiespress0000beas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoherty2004" class="citation journal cs1">Doherty, Michael J. (August 2004). "The sudden death of Patsy Custis, or George Washington on sudden unexplained death in epilepsy". <i>Epilepsy & Behavior</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 598–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2004.03.010">10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.03.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15256201">15256201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21485281">21485281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+sudden+death+of+Patsy+Custis%2C+or+George+Washington+on+sudden+unexplained+death+in+epilepsy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=598-600&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21485281%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15256201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2004.03.010&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yates-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yates_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yates_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yates_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates2003" class="citation book cs1">Yates, Bernice-Marie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8Z8e4-XIVEC&pg=PA34"><i>The Perfect Gentleman: The Life and Letters of George Washington Custis Lee</i></a>. Fairfax, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Xulon_Press" title="Xulon Press">Xulon Press</a>. pp. 34–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59160-451-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59160-451-6"><bdi>1-59160-451-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54805966">54805966</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Gentleman%3A+The+Life+and+Letters+of+George+Washington+Custis+Lee&rft.place=Fairfax%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=34-39&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54805966&rft.isbn=1-59160-451-6&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Bernice-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8Z8e4-XIVEC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lafayette to Adrienne de Noailles de Lafayette, January 6, 1778," in <i><a href="//archive.org/details/lafayetteinageof01lafa/page/225/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:lafayetteinageof01lafa/page/225/mode/1up">Lafayette in the Age of the American Revolution</a>,</i> ed. Stanley J. Idzerda (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977), 1: 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nathanael Greene to Gen. Alexander McDougall, February 5, 1778", in <i>The Papers of General Nathanael Greene,</i> ed. Richard K. Showman (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 2:276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Martha Washington." <i>Encyclopedia of World Biography</i>. Vol. 32. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Biography in Context. Web. October 15, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinker2011" class="citation book cs1">Drinker, Elizabeth (October 11, 2011). Crane, Elaine Forman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zw67boMtNYUC"><i>The Diary of Elizabeth Drinker: The Life Cycle of an Eighteenth-Century Woman</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0682-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0682-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-0682-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+Elizabeth+Drinker%3A+The+Life+Cycle+of+an+Eighteenth-Century+Woman&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0682-1&rft.aulast=Drinker&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZw67boMtNYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2010" class="citation book cs1">Chernow, Ron (2010). "Chapter Forty-One "The Ruins of the Past"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Washington, A Life</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 507. <q>Washington offered to pay for the education of ... George Washington Greene. It was yet another example of Washington's extraordinary generosity in caring for the offspring of friends and family</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Forty-One+%22The+Ruins+of+the+Past%22&rft.btitle=Washington%2C+A+Life&rft.pages=507&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/the-first-first-lady/">"The First First Lady"</a>. <i>mountvernon.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mountvernon.org&rft.atitle=The+First+First+Lady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fgeorge-washington%2Fmartha-washington%2Fthe-first-first-lady%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caroli-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-caroli_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroli_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroli_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroli_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroli_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-caroli_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaroli2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Boyd_Caroli" title="Betty Boyd Caroli">Caroli, Betty Boyd</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladiesfromm0000caro"><i>First Ladies: From Martha Washington to Michelle Obama</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Pleasant&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780738544069&rft.aulast=Cherkasky&rft.aufirst=Mara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8leSBRqU5CYC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/second-bureau-issues-1902-1908">"Second Bureau Issues (1902-1908)"</a>. <i>postalmuseum.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621234742/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/second-bureau-issues-1902-1908">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postalmuseum.si.edu&rft.atitle=Second+Bureau+Issues+%281902-1908%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fabout-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues%2Fsecond-bureau-issues-1902-1908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/fourth-bureau-issues-1922-1930">"Fourth Bureau Issues (1922-1930)"</a>. <i>postalmuseum.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621212009/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/fourth-bureau-issues-1922-1930">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postalmuseum.si.edu&rft.atitle=Fourth+Bureau+Issues+%281922-1930%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fabout-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues%2Ffourth-bureau-issues-1922-1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.2263">"4c Martha Washington single"</a>. <i>postalmuseum.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621235951/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.2263">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postalmuseum.si.edu&rft.atitle=4c+Martha+Washington+single&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpm_1980.2493.2263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/presidential-series-1938">"Presidential Series (1938)"</a>. <i>postalmuseum.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601134341/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/about-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues/presidential-series-1938">Archived</a> from the original on June 1, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=postalmuseum.si.edu&rft.atitle=Presidential+Series+%281938%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Fabout-us-stamps-bureau-period-1894-1939-definitive-issues%2Fpresidential-series-1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2016" class="citation web cs1">Fuller, Harcourt (April 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/who-was-the-first-woman-depicted-on-american-currency-58245">"Who was the first woman depicted on American currency?"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Who+was+the+first+woman+depicted+on+American+currency%3F&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Harcourt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fwho-was-the-first-woman-depicted-on-american-currency-58245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coinworld.com/news/us-coins/martha-washington-fascinating-pattern-coin.html">"Martha Washington featured on this fascinating 1965 pattern coin"</a>. <i>CoinWorld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CoinWorld&rft.atitle=Martha+Washington+featured+on+this+fascinating+1965+pattern+coin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coinworld.com%2Fnews%2Fus-coins%2Fmartha-washington-fascinating-pattern-coin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siena2014-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siena2014_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf">"Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scri.siena.edu</i>. Siena Research Institute. February 15, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu&rft.atitle=Eleanor+Roosevelt+Retains+Top+Spot+as+America%27s+Best+First+Lady+Michelle+Obama+Enters+Study+as+5th%2C+Hillary+Clinton+Drops+to+6th+Clinton+Seen+First+Lady+Most+as+Presidential+Material%3B+Laura+Bush%2C+Pat+Nixon%2C+Mamie+Eisenhower%2C+Bess+Truman+Could+Have+Done+More+in+Office+Eleanor+%26+FDR+Top+Power+Couple%3B+Mary+Drags+Lincolns+Down+in+the+Ratings&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FFirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siena2008-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siena2008_43-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf">"Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5th to 4th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Siena Research Institute. December 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ranking+America%27s+First+Ladies+Eleanor+Roosevelt+Still+%231+Abigail+Adams+Regains+2nd+Place+Hillary+moves+from+5th+to+4th%3B+Jackie+Kennedy+from+4th+to+3rd+Mary+Todd+Lincoln+Remains+in+36th&rft.pub=Siena+Research+Institute&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FFL_2008Release.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014Sienna1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014Sienna1_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf">"Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scri.siena.edu</i>. Sienna College Research Institute/C-SPAN. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu&rft.atitle=Siena+College+Research+Institute%2FC-SPAN+Study+of+the+First+Ladies+of+the+United+States+2014+FirstLadies2014_Full+Rankings.xls&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FAppendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf">"2014 Power Couple Score"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>scri.siena.edu/</i>. Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scri.siena.edu%2F&rft.atitle=2014+Power+Couple+Score&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscri.siena.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2FAppendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_United_States_presidential_spouses_and_first_ladies" title="Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies">Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady2005" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Patricia (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marthawashington0000brad"><i>Martha Washington: An American Life</i></a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780670034307" title="Special:BookSources/9780670034307"><bdi>9780670034307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Washington%3A+An+American+Life&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780670034307&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarthawashington0000brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2002" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Helen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/marthawashington00brya_0"><i>Martha Washington: First Lady of Liberty</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471158929" title="Special:BookSources/9780471158929"><bdi>9780471158929</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martha+Washington%3A+First+Lady+of+Liberty&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780471158929&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarthawashington00brya_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2006" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Bruce (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalmrswashin00bruc"><i>General and Mrs. Washington: The Untold Story of a Marriage and a Revolution</i></a>. Sourcebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402206955" title="Special:BookSources/9781402206955"><bdi>9781402206955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+and+Mrs.+Washington%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+a+Marriage+and+a+Revolution&rft.pub=Sourcebooks&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781402206955&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralmrswashin00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields1994" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Joseph E., ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worthypartner00jose"><i>Worthy Partner: The Papers of Martha Washington</i></a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313280245" title="Special:BookSources/9780313280245"><bdi>9780313280245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worthy+Partner%3A+The+Papers+of+Martha+Washington&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780313280245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworthypartner00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser,_Flora2015" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Flora (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonsgeorg0000fras_o7c8"><i>The Washingtons: George and Martha. "Join'd by Friendship, Crown'd by Love"</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27278-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27278-2"><bdi>978-0-307-27278-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washingtons%3A+George+and+Martha.+%22Join%27d+by+Friendship%2C+Crown%27d+by+Love%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27278-2&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Flora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonsgeorg0000fras_o7c8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartha+Washington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Martha_Washington" class="extiw" title="commons:Martha Washington"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Martha Washington</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Martha_Washington" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Martha_Washington" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marthawashington.us/">Martha Washington letters</a>. A collaborative project of George Washington's Mount Vernon and the Center for History and New Media.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/martha-dandridge-custis-washington/">Martha Washington</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> (biography)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=1">Martha Washington</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630070333/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=1">Archived</a> June 30, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> at the National First Ladies Library (biography)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/martha-washington/">Martha Washington</a> (George Washington's Mount Vernon)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/2/Martha-Washington.aspx">Martha Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies:_Influence_%26_Image" title="First Ladies: Influence & Image">First Ladies: Influence & Image</a></i></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> </b><br />1789–1797 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></div> 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href="/wiki/Template:US_First_Ladies" title="Template:US First Ladies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_First_Ladies" title="Template talk:US First Ladies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_First_Ladies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US First Ladies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_ladies_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">First ladies of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Jefferson_Randolph" title="Martha Jefferson Randolph">Martha Jefferson Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Monroe" title="Elizabeth Monroe">Elizabeth Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Singleton_Van_Buren" title="Angelica Singleton Van Buren">Angelica Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Harrison" title="Anna Harrison">Anna Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Irwin_Harrison" title="Jane Irwin Harrison">Jane Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letitia_Christian_Tyler" title="Letitia Christian Tyler">Letitia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cooper_Tyler" title="Priscilla Cooper Tyler">Priscilla Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler" title="Julia Gardiner Tyler">Julia Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Taylor" title="Margaret Taylor">Margaret Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Fillmore" title="Abigail Fillmore">Abigail Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Pierce" title="Jane Pierce">Jane Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_McCardle_Johnson" title="Eliza McCardle Johnson">Eliza Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Grant" title="Julia Grant">Julia Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Webb_Hayes" title="Lucy Webb Hayes">Lucy Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Arthur_McElroy" title="Mary Arthur McElroy">Mary McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Cleveland" title="Rose Cleveland">Rose Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Harrison" title="Caroline Harrison">Caroline Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harrison_McKee" title="Mary Harrison McKee">Mary Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cleveland" title="Frances Cleveland">Frances Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Saxton_McKinley" title="Ida Saxton McKinley">Ida McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Axson_Wilson" title="Ellen Axson Wilson">Ellen Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith 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title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as First Lady of the United States">tenure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump" title="Melania Trump">Melania Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Biden" title="Jill Biden">Jill Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_United_States_presidential_spouses_and_first_ladies" title="Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies">bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_family_of_the_United_States" title="First family of the United States">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Lady_of_the_United_States_firsts" title="List of First Lady of the United States firsts">firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memoirs_by_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of memoirs by first ladies of the United States">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_National_Historic_Site" title="First Ladies National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="Category:First ladies of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_the_American_Revolution" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C9A0DC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Template:Women in the American Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Template talk:Women in the American Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in the American Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%">Organizations and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenton_Tea_Party" title="Edenton Tea Party">Edenton Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._David_Wright%27s_Guard" title="Mrs. David Wright's Guard">Mrs. David Wright's Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_bee" title="Spinning bee">Spinning bee</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">American spies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agent_355" title="Agent 355">Agent 355</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Strong_(spy)" title="Anna Strong (spy)">Anna Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Townsend_(spy)" title="Sarah Townsend (spy)">Sarah Townsend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%">Loyalist spies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bates" title="Ann Bates">Ann Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Jenny" title="Miss Jenny">Miss Jenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a><br />Militiawomen and soldiers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bailey" title="Anne Bailey">Anne Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Corbin" title="Margaret Corbin">Margaret Corbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Lane" title="Anna Maria Lane">Anna Maria Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hays_(American_Revolutionary_War)" title="Mary Hays (American Revolutionary War)">Mary Hays</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molly_Pitcher" title="Molly Pitcher">Molly Pitcher</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Sampson" title="Deborah Sampson">Deborah Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_St._Clair" title="Sally St. Clair">Sally St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Thomas_(American_Revolution)" title="Jane Thomas (American Revolution)">Jane Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyonajanegen" title="Tyonajanegen">Tyonajanegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Wright" title="Prudence Wright">Prudence Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Zane" title="Betty Zane">Betty Zane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Adams" title="Hannah Adams">Hannah Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_White_Arnett" title="Hannah White Arnett">Hannah White Arnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Franklin_Bache" title="Sarah Franklin Bache">Sarah Franklin Bache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Barker" title="Penelope Barker">Penelope Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Barry" title="Kate Barry">Kate Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Eliza_Bleecker" title="Ann Eliza Bleecker">Ann Eliza Bleecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bratton" title="Martha Bratton">Martha Bratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Burgin" title="Elizabeth Burgin">Elizabeth Burgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Willing_Byrd" title="Mary Willing Byrd">Mary Willing Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Cooper" title="Polly Cooper">Polly Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Mather_Crocker" title="Hannah Mather Crocker">Hannah Mather Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Darragh" title="Lydia Darragh">Lydia Darragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_de_Berdt" class="mw-redirect" title="Esther de Berdt">Esther de Berdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Norris_Dickinson" title="Mary Norris Dickinson">Mary Norris Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Draper" title="Mary Draper">Mary Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosanna_Waters_Farrow" title="Rosanna Waters Farrow">Rosanna Waters Farrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretta_Faug%C3%A8res" title="Margaretta Faugères">Margaretta Faugères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Freeman" title="Elizabeth Freeman">Elizabeth Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bradlee_Fulton" title="Sarah Bradlee Fulton">Sarah Bradlee Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Geiger" title="Emily Geiger">Emily Geiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Katherine_Goddard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Katherine Goddard">Mary Katherine Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Griffitts" title="Hannah Griffitts">Hannah Griffitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Hager" title="Betsy Hager">Betsy Hager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hart" title="Nancy Hart">Nancy Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Wood_Henry" title="Ann Wood Henry">Ann Wood Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hupp" title="Anne Hupp">Anne Hupp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_Kate" title="Mammy Kate">Mammy Kate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Flucker_Knox" title="Lucy Flucker Knox">Lucy Flucker Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_Ludington" title="Sybil Ludington">Sybil Ludington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Mecom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Mecom">Jane Mecom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lindley_Murray" title="Mary Lindley Murray">Mary Lindley Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonhelema" title="Nonhelema">Nonhelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Willing_Powel" title="Elizabeth Willing Powel">Elizabeth Willing Powel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementina_Rind" title="Clementina Rind">Clementina Rind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Stark" title="Molly Stark">Molly Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Tuers" title="Jane Tuers">Jane Tuers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Bunce_Watson" title="Hannah Bunce Watson">Hannah Bunce Watson</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nurses" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurses">Nurses</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Tarrant" title="Sarah Tarrant">Sarah Tarrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Waters_(nurse)" title="Mary Waters (nurse)">Mary Waters</a></li> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%">Flag makers <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Manny" title="Margaret Manny">Margaret Manny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross" title="Betsy Ross">Betsy Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Young_(flag_maker)" title="Rebecca Young (flag maker)">Rebecca Young</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Greene_Amory" title="Katharine Greene Amory">Katharine Greene Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Brant" title="Molly Brant">Molly Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Green_Draper" title="Margaret Green Draper">Margaret Green Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Franks" title="Rebecca Franks">Rebecca Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_MacDonald" title="Flora MacDonald">Flora MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Montour" title="Catherine Montour">Catherine Montour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederika_Charlotte_Riedesel" title="Frederika Charlotte Riedesel">Frederika Charlotte Riedesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Sneden" title="Mollie Sneden">Mollie Sneden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e4daed;;width:1%">Mixed loyalty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Kemble_Gage" title="Margaret Kemble Gage">Margaret Kemble Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_McCrea" title="Jane McCrea">Jane McCrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Ward" title="Nancy Ward">Nancy Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C9A0DC;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Women in the American Revolution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Washington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Washington" title="Template:George Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Washington" title="Template talk:George Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the Army</a> (1798–1799)</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> (1775–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Revolutionary War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Jumonville Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">Washington in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Commander-in-chief, Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Aides-de-camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington%27s_Headquarters_during_the_Revolutionary_War" title="List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War">Washington's headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_tent" title="George Washington's tent">office and sleeping tent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Delaware River crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Spy Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgill_Affair" title="Asgill Affair">Asgill Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">Resignation as commander-in-chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Military_Merit" title="Badge of Military Merit">Badge of Military Merit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Before_Boston_Medal" title="Washington Before Boston Medal">Washington Before Boston Medal</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(horse)" title="Nelson (horse)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)" title="Blueskin (horse)">Blueskin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Other U.S.<br />founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">1785 Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution" title="George Washington's political evolution">George Washington's political evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">First inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible" title="George Washington Inaugural Bible">inaugural bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Second inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_reception_at_Trenton" title="George Washington's reception at Trenton">Reception at Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Title of "Mr. President"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_act_to_regulate_the_time_and_manner_of_administering_certain_oaths" title="An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths">Oath Administration Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">Militia Acts of 1792</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1794" title="Neutrality Act of 1794">Neutrality Act of 1794</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1794" title="Slave Trade Act of 1794">Slave Trade Act of 1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1791 State of the Union Address">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1792 State of the Union Address">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1793 State of the Union Address">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1796 State of the Union Address">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington#Administration,_Cabinet_and_Supreme_Court_appointments" title="Presidency of George Washington">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_Washington" title="List of federal judges appointed by George Washington">Federal judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Views and<br />public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Smith_National_Library_for_the_Study_of_George_Washington" title="Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">The Washington Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_George_Washington" title="Religious views of George Washington">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Destroyer" title="Town Destroyer">Town Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_George_Washington" title="Legacy of George Washington">Legacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington#Early_life_(1732–1753)" title="George Washington">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Fishery" title="George Washington's Fishery">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill" title="George Washington's Gristmill">Gristmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Rye_Whiskey" title="George Washington's Rye Whiskey">Whiskey distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn Plantation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfellow_House%E2%80%93Washington%27s_Headquarters_National_Historic_Site" title="Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site">Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Mansion" title="Ford Mansion">Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Hasbrouck House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood_House" title="Samuel Osgood House">First Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_House" title="Alexander Macomb House">Second Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_White_House" title="Germantown White House">Germantown White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis#Estate" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Custis estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_relations_with_the_Iroquois_Confederacy" title="George Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy">Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Company" title="Potomac Company">Potomac Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal" title="James River and Kanawha Canal">James River and Kanawha Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Road_Lottery" title="Mountain Road Lottery">Mountain Road Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a></li> <li>President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_College" title="Washington College">Washington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington" title="Electoral history of George Washington">Electoral history of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Post-presidency of George Washington">Post-presidency of George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">Memorials</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_State_Park" title="Washington Monument State Park">Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)" title="Washington Monument (Baltimore)">Washington Monument (Baltimore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Houdon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Houdon)"><i>George Washington</i> (Houdon)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(copy_of_bust_by_Houdon)" title="George Washington (copy of bust by Houdon)">plaster copy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Ceracchi)" title="George Washington (Ceracchi)"><i>George Washington</i> (Ceracchi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Canova)" title="George Washington (Canova)"><i>George Washington</i> (Canova)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)"><i>George Washington</i> (Greenough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Trumbull)" title="George Washington (Trumbull)"><i>George Washington</i> (Trumbull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passage_of_the_Delaware" title="The Passage of the Delaware">The Passage of the Delaware</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_at_Trenton" title="General George Washington at Trenton">General George Washington at Trenton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Verplanck%27s_Point" title="Washington at Verplanck's Point">Washington at Verplanck's Point</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_Portrait" title="Athenaeum Portrait">Unfinished portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_portrait" title="Lansdowne portrait">Lansdowne portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Family" title="The Washington Family">The Washington Family portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton"><i>Washington at Princeton</i> paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_George_Washington_Taking_the_Salute_at_Trenton" title="Portrait of George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton">George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_to_Washington_on_April_21,_1789,_at_Trenton_on_his_way_to_New_York_to_Assume_the_Duties_of_the_Presidency_of_the_United_States" title="Reception to Washington on April 21, 1789, at Trenton on his way to New York to Assume the Duties of the Presidency of the United States">Reception at Trenton painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_George_Washington" title="List of statues of George Washington">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton_Battle_Monument" title="Trenton Battle Monument">Trenton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battle_Monument" title="Princeton Battle Monument">Princeton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_View_(West)" title="Point of View (West)"><i>Point of View</i> sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_on_Horseback" title="George Washington on Horseback">George Washington on Horseback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Statue of George Washington (Austin, Texas)">Austin statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bartholomew)" title="George Washington (Bartholomew)">Baltimore statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Boston)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Mexico_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of George Washington (Mexico City)">Mexico City statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Morristown,_New_Jersey)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Morristown, New Jersey)">Morristown statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Newark)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Newark)">Newark statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (New York City)">New York City statue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Wall_Street)" title="Statue of George Washington (Wall Street)">Wall Street statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Paris)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Paris)">Paris statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey)" title="Statue of George Washington (Perth Amboy, New Jersey)">Perth Amboy statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bailly)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington (Bailly)">Philadelphia statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Portland, Oregon)">Portland statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Washington_Circle)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)">Washington, D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(West_Point)" title="Washington Monument (West Point)">West Point monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Masonic_National_Memorial" title="George Washington Masonic National Memorial">Washington Masonic National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Arch" title="Washington Square Arch">Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bicentennial_stamps_of_1932" title="Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932">1932 bicentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#George_Washington" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_quarter" title="Washington quarter">Washington quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">50 State Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_quarters" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters">D.C. and territories quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_quarters" title="America the Beautiful quarters">America the Beautiful quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Women_quarters" title="American Women quarters">American Women quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Instructing_Youth" title="History Instructing Youth">History Instructing Youth dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">Washington dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_silver_bullion_coins" title="America the Beautiful silver bullion coins">Silver bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_nickel" title="Washington nickel">Washington nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_half_eagle" title="George Washington half eagle">Washington half eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_250th_Anniversary_half_dollar" title="George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar">250th Anniversary half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">Mount Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(miniseries)" title="George Washington (miniseries)"><i>George Washington</i> (1984 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_II:_The_Forging_of_a_Nation" title="George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation">1986 sequel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(2000_film)" title="The Crossing (2000 film)"><i>The Crossing</i> (2000 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Fight_to_Be_Free" title="We Fight to Be Free"><i>We Fight to Be Free</i> (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn:_Washington%27s_Spies" title="Turn: Washington's Spies"><i>Turn: Washington's Spies</i> (2014–2017 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_that_Made_America" title="The War that Made America"><i>The War that Made America</i> (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles" title="List of George Washington articles">List of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Washington_family" title="Coat of arms of the Washington family">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Locke_Weems#The_cherry-tree_anecdote" title="Mason Locke Weems">Cherry-tree anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Farm#Washington_at_River_Farm" title="River Farm">River Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Crossing" title="Washington's Crossing">Washington's Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" title="Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_House_(Barbados)" title="George Washington House (Barbados)">1751 Barbados trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Foxhound" title="American Foxhound">American Foxhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Mansion_replicas" title="Mount Vernon Mansion replicas">Mount Vernon replicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_theft_of_George_Washington%27s_skull" title="Attempted theft of George Washington's skull">Attempted theft of Washington's skull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Washington</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a> (step-grandson, adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parke_Custis_Lewis" title="Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis">Eleanor Parke Custis</a> (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine Washington</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ball_Washington" title="Mary Ball Washington">Mary Ball Washington</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington_Jr." title="Augustine Washington Jr.">Augustine Washington Jr.</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Washington_Lewis" title="Elizabeth Washington Lewis">Elizabeth Washington Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Washington" title="Samuel Washington">Samuel Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John A. Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Washington" title="Charles Washington">Charles Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1659%E2%80%931698)" title="Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)">Lawrence Washington</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gale" title="Mildred Gale">Mildred Gale</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">George Reade</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Bushrod Washington</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_(slave)" title="Betty (slave)">Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Branham" title="Caroline Branham">Caroline Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costin" title="William Costin">William Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Oney Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)" title="William Lee (valet)">William Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Posey" title="Hercules Posey">Hercules Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sheels" title="Christopher Sheels">Christopher Sheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Squash" title="Deborah Squash">Deborah Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Washington" title="Harry Washington">Harry Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virginia_Women_in_History" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees" title="Template:Virginia Women in History Honorees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees" title="Template talk:Virginia Women in History Honorees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia Women in History Honorees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virginia_Women_in_History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Women_in_History" title="Virginia Women in History">Virginia Women in History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Graham_Agnew" title="Ella Graham Agnew">Ella Graham Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Julia_Baldwin" title="Mary Julia Baldwin">Mary Julia Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brent" title="Margaret Brent">Margaret Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Dean" title="Jennie Dean">Jennie Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lee_Fain" title="Sarah Lee Fain">Sarah Lee Fain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementina_Rind" title="Clementina Rind">Clementina Rind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Meade_Valentine" title="Lila Meade Valentine">Lila Meade Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker" title="Maggie L. Walker">Maggie L. Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Dixon_Bowser" title="Rosa Dixon Bowser">Rosa Dixon Bowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Campbell_(television)" title="Elizabeth Campbell (television)">Elizabeth Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasina_Jordan" title="Thomasina Jordan">Thomasina Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Pollak" title="Theresa Pollak">Theresa Pollak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Louisa_Tompkins" title="Sally Louisa Tompkins">Sally Louisa Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Van_Lew" title="Elizabeth Van Lew">Elizabeth Van Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Adamson" title="Rebecca Adamson">Rebecca Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janie_Porter_Barrett" title="Janie Porter Barrett">Janie Porter Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Lee_Corbin" title="Hannah Lee Corbin">Hannah Lee Corbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Darden" title="Christine Darden">Christine Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lillian_Ward_McDaniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillian Ward McDaniel (page does not exist)">Lillian Ward McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary-Cooke_Branch_Munford" title="Mary-Cooke Branch Munford">Mary-Cooke Branch Munford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_M._Rattley" title="Jessie M. Rattley">Jessie M. Rattley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor" title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor">Nancy Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Whitehead_Bodeker" title="Anna Whitehead Bodeker">Anna Whitehead Bodeker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_Elliott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Ann Elliott (page does not exist)">Mary Ann Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_R._Jenkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Annabella R. Jenkins">Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Benjamin_Johnston" title="Frances Benjamin Johnston">Frances Benjamin Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Dobie_Peebles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Dobie Peebles (page does not exist)">Anne Dobie Peebles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Spencer" title="Anne Spencer">Annie Bannister Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Arents" title="Grace Arents">Grace Arents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockacoeske" title="Cockacoeske">Cockacoeske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Couric" title="Katie Couric">Katie Couric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Makemie_Holden" title="Anne Makemie Holden">Anne Makemie Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Draper_Ingles" title="Mary Draper Ingles">Mary Draper Ingles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Garland_Boyd_Jones" title="Sarah Garland Boyd Jones">Sarah Garland Boyd Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Snyder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annie Snyder (page does not exist)">Annie Snyder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Martha Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Leach_Adams-Ender" class="mw-redirect" title="Clara Leach Adams-Ender">Clara Leach Adams-Ender</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caitlyn_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caitlyn Day (page does not exist)">Caitlyn Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Blount_Griffin" title="Bessie Blount Griffin">Bessie Blount Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Johnston" title="Mary Johnston">Mary Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Johns Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Smith_(fiction_author)" title="Lee Smith (fiction author)">Lee Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Belvin_Wade" title="Mary Belvin Wade">Mary Belvin Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Waller_Barrett" title="Kate Waller Barrett">Kate Waller Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Majella_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Majella Berg">Marie Majella Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John-Geline_MacDonald_Bowman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John-Geline MacDonald Bowman (page does not exist)">John-Geline MacDonald Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benita_Fitzgerald-Brown" title="Benita Fitzgerald-Brown">Benita Fitzgerald-Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Tyler_Freeman_Cheek_McClenahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan (page does not exist)">Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Anne_Richardson" title="G. Anne Richardson">G. Anne Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Virginia_Terhune" title="Mary Virginia Terhune">Mary Virginia Terhune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Willing_Byrd" title="Mary Willing Byrd">Mary Willing Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybelle_Carter" title="Maybelle Carter">Maybelle Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Copenhaver" title="Laura Copenhaver">Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Futrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Futrell">Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Jeffery_Galt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Jeffery Galt (page does not exist)">Mary Jeffery Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Johnson" title="Sheila Johnson">Sheila Crump Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossunoquonuske" title="Opossunoquonuske">Opossunoquonuske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Williams" title="Camilla Williams">Camilla Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Culpeper_Berkeley" title="Frances Culpeper Berkeley">Frances Culpeper Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Goode_Brooks" title="Lucy Goode Brooks">Lucy Goode Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Providencia_Velazquez_Gonzalez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez (page does not exist)">Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_B._Lacy" title="Elizabeth B. Lacy">Elizabeth B. Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_McCrumb" title="Sharyn McCrumb">Sharyn McCrumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Buckley_Moss" title="P. Buckley Moss">P. Buckley Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Wood_Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabel Wood Rogers (page does not exist)">Isabel Wood Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Turner" title="Edith Turner">Edith Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Adams" title="Pauline Adams">Pauline Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bradby_Cook" title="Caroline Bradby Cook">Caroline Bradby Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Emerson" title="Claudia Emerson">Claudia Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust">Drew Gilpin Faust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joann_Hess_Grayson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joann Hess Grayson (page does not exist)">Joann Hess Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Randolph" title="Mary Randolph">Mary Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Randolph" title="Virginia Randolph">Virginia Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Terry" title="Mary Sue Terry">Mary Sue Terry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Holmes_Adams" title="Mollie Holmes Adams">Mollie Holmes Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Furman" title="Ethel Furman">Ethel Furman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edythe_Harrison" title="Edythe Harrison">Edythe C. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Martin" title="Janis Martin">Janis Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mason_Rowland" title="Kate Mason Rowland">Kate Mason Rowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Skipwith" title="Jean Skipwith">Jean Miller Skipwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queena_Stovall" title="Queena Stovall">Queena Stovall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Van_Landingham" title="Marian Van Landingham">Marian Van Landingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Addison" title="Lucy Addison">Lucy Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bontecou" title="Eleanor Bontecou">Eleanor Bontecou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emily_White_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emily White Fleming (page does not exist)">Emily White Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Fu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearl Fu (page does not exist)">Pearl Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Lincoln" title="Lillian Lincoln">Lillian Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Niemeyer_Marshall" title="Bessie Niemeyer Marshall">Bessie Niemeyer Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felicia_Warburg_Rogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felicia Warburg Rogan (page does not exist)">Felicia Warburg Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Henry_Campbell_Russell" title="Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell">Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susie_May_Ames" title="Susie May Ames">Susie May Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Beltran" title="Monica Beltran">Monica Beltran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Burdett_Campbell" title="Christiana Burdett Campbell">Christiana Burdett Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betty_Sams_Christian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betty Sams Christian (page does not exist)">Betty Sams Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peet_McIntosh" title="Elizabeth Peet McIntosh">Elizabeth Peet McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orelena_Hawks_Puckett" class="mw-redirect" title="Orelena Hawks Puckett">Orelena Hawks Puckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Shatin" title="Judith Shatin">Judith Shatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Jackson_Stuart" title="Alice Jackson Stuart">Alice Jackson Stuart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Alexander" title="Mary C. Alexander">Mary C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Archer" title="Louise Archer">Louise Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jaquelin_Ambler_Brent_Carrington" title="Elizabeth Jaquelin Ambler Brent Carrington">Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Compton" title="Ann Compton">Ann Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Falletta" title="JoAnn Falletta">JoAnn Falletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleo_Powell" title="Cleo Powell">Cleo Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Pruitt" title="Inez Pruitt">Inez Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Mae_Fleming_Scott" title="Eva Mae Fleming Scott">Eva Mae Fleming Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Berkeley_Minor_Blackford" title="Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford">Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Silverman_Cohn" title="Naomi Silverman Cohn">Naomi Silverman Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ashburn_Duke" title="Elizabeth Ashburn Duke">Elizabeth Ashburn Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Findlay" title="Rachel Findlay">Rachel Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Herter_Kendall" title="Christine Herter Kendall">Christine Herter Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_and_Richard_Loving" title="Mildred and Richard Loving">Mildred Loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Ryan" title="Debbie Ryan">Debbie Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_Winslett" title="Stoner Winslett">Stoner Winslett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Melvina_Caldwell" title="Nancy Melvina Caldwell">Nancy Melvina Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni" title="Nikki Giovanni">Nikki Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Coles_Harris" title="Ruth Coles Harris">Ruth Coles Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Shoemaker_McDiarmid" title="Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid">Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Dulaney_Peterkin" title="Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin">Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Pinn" title="Vivian Pinn">Vivian Pinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bray_Allen" title="Elizabeth Bray Allen">Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenne_Wood" title="Karenne Wood">Karenne Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_D._Crittenden" title="Flora D. Crittenden">Flora D. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Nottingham_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day">Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_A._Gray" title="Sarah A. Gray">Sarah A. Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwilda_Gustava_Allen_Isaac" title="Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac">Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Ines_Barragan_King" title="Ana Ines Barragan King">Ana Ines Barragan King</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betty_Masters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betty Masters (page does not exist)">Betty Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyera_Oberndorf" title="Meyera Oberndorf">Meyera Oberndorf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Crouse-Mays" title="Doris Crouse-Mays">Doris Crouse-Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corazon_Sandoval_Foley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corazon Sandoval Foley (page does not exist)">Corazon Sandoval Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Houston" title="Nora Houston">Nora Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eppes_Hudson" title="Cynthia Eppes Hudson">Cynthia Eppes Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Virginia_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Virginia Jones (page does not exist)">Mary Virginia Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Harrison_McCraw" title="Louise Harrison McCraw">Louise Harrison McCraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine_Smith_Moore" title="Undine Smith Moore">Undine Smith Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Rollins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Rollins (page does not exist)">Martha Rollins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaye_Adegbalola" title="Gaye Adegbalola">Gaye Todd Adegbalola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Dove" title="Rita Dove">Rita Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marii_Hasegawa" title="Marii Hasegawa">Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Coles_James" title="Kay Coles James">Kay Coles James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_A._R._Marshall" title="Mary A. R. Marshall">Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Flowerdew" title="Temperance Flowerdew">Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharifa_Alkhateeb" title="Sharifa Alkhateeb">Sharifa Alkhateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Ann_(Pamunkey_chief)" title="Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief)">Queen Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Lane_Dodson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Lane Dodson (page does not exist)">Claudia Lane Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Hamilton" title="India Hamilton">India Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgeanna_Seegar_Jones" title="Georgeanna Seegar Jones">Georgeanna Seegar Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Ona Maria Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Randolph_Mason" title="Lucy Randolph Mason">Lucy Randolph Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Peters_Sturgill" title="Kate Peters Sturgill">Kate Peters Sturgill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Adams" title="Pauline Adams">Pauline Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Bayly_King" title="Fannie Bayly King">Fannie Bayly King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dabney_Langhorne_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis">Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_G._Meredith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie G. Meredith">Sophie G. Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Mathes_Norcom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josephine Mathes Norcom (page does not exist)">Josephine Mathes Norcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Pidgeon" title="Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon">Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Brown_Stokes_Perry" title="Ora Brown Stokes Perry">Ora Brown Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Meade_Valentine" title="Lila Meade Valentine">Lila Meade Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Lena_Mitchell_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker">Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krista_N._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krista N. Jones (page does not exist)">Krista N. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lerla_G._Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lerla G. Joseph (page does not exist)">Lerla G. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lillie_Louise_Boone_Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillie Louise Boone Lucas (page does not exist)">Lillie Louise Boone Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reid_Syphax" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Reid Syphax">Evelyn Reid Syphax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191789#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191789#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066746113">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3275294">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/56220/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkXt3cDgdPqt49wGtqvpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119191466">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Washington, Martha, 1731-1802"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80072514">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14571379c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14571379c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20090323017&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007273626005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614909506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500015029">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1171099">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119191466.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119191466">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/186287402">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65v4bjt">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r214dr">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&oldid=1258626559">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martha_Washington&oldid=1258626559</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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