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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定義及公式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義及公式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>定義及公式</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義及公式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比熱容計算" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比熱容計算"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>比熱容計算</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-比熱容計算-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>因素</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-因素-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关因素子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>分子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基本物質比熱列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基本物質比熱列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>基本物質比熱列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基本物質比熱列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>用途</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-用途-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关用途子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-冷卻劑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#冷卻劑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>冷卻劑</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-冷卻劑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-水" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>水</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比熱的應用與影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比熱的應用與影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>比熱的應用與影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-比熱的應用與影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-計算" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#計算"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>計算</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-計算-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-熱能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>熱能</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-熱容" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#熱容"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>熱容</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-熱容-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-內部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#內部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>內部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-內部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">比熱容</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。58种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_especifica" title="Calor especifica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Calor especifica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حرارة نوعية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرارة نوعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Calor específico – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calor específico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BCsusi_istilik_tutumu" title="Xüsusi istilik tutumu – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xüsusi istilik tutumu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezifische_W%C3%A4rmekapazit%C3%A4t" title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%91%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Удзельная цеплаёмістасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Удзельная цеплаёмістасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Специфичен топлинен капацитет – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Специфичен топлинен капацитет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplota" title="Specifična toplota – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Specifična toplota" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="گەرمیی جۆری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەرمیی جۆری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Brn%C3%A1_tepeln%C3%A1_kapacita" title="Měrná tepelná kapacita – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měrná tepelná kapacita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0_%C4%83%D1%88%C4%83%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83%D1%88" title="Пайлавла ăшăшăнăçтарăш – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пайлавла ăшăшăнăçтарăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmefylde" title="Varmefylde – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Varmefylde" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spezifische_W%C3%A4rmekapazit%C3%A4t" title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spezifische Wärmekapazität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Specific heat capacity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masa_varmokapacito" title="Masa varmokapacito – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masa varmokapacito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Calor específico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calor específico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erisoojus" title="Erisoojus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erisoojus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bero_espezifiko" title="Bero espezifiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bero espezifiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98%D9%87" title="ظرفیت گرمایی ویژه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظرفیت گرمایی ویژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ominaisl%C3%A4mp%C3%B6kapasiteetti" title="Ominaislämpökapasiteetti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ominaislämpökapasiteetti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique_massique" title="Capacité thermique massique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Capacité thermique massique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfica" title="Calor específica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calor específica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विशिष्ट ऊष्मा धारिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplina" title="Specifična toplina – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Specifična toplina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80_%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տեսակարար ջերմունակություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսակարար ջերմունակություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalor_jenis" title="Kalor jenis – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalor jenis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B0lisvarmi" title="Eðlisvarmi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eðlisvarmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calore_specifico" title="Calore specifico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calore specifico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="比熱容量 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="比熱容量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/glanejni_sroka%27e" title="glanejni sroka'e – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="glanejni sroka'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%97%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კუთრი თბოტევადობა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კუთრი თბოტევადობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="비열용량 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비열용량" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savitoji_%C5%A1ilumin%C4%97_talpa" title="Savitoji šiluminė talpa – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Savitoji šiluminė talpa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Специфичен топлински капацитет – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Специфичен топлински капацитет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muatan_haba_tentu" title="Muatan haba tentu – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muatan haba tentu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soortelijke_warmte" title="Soortelijke warmte – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soortelijke warmte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesifikk_varmekapasitet" title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spesifikk_varmekapasitet" title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciep%C5%82o_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwe" title="Ciepło właściwe – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciepło właściwe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calor_espec%C3%ADfico" title="Calor específico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calor específico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Capacitate termică masică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Удельная теплоёмкость – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Удельная теплоёмкость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caluri_spic%C3%ACficu" title="Caluri spicìficu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Caluri spicìficu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplota" title="Specifična toplota – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Specifična toplota" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat" title="Specific heat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Specific heat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmotnostn%C3%A1_tepeln%C3%A1_kapacita" title="Hmotnostná tepelná kapacita – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hmotnostná tepelná kapacita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifi%C4%8Dna_toplota" title="Specifična toplota – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Specifična toplota" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Специфична топлота – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Специфична топлота" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specifik_v%C3%A4rmekapacitet" title="Specifik värmekapacitet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Specifik värmekapacitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0" title="ความจุความร้อนจำเพาะ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความจุความร้อนจำเพาะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%BCl_%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Özgül ısı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Özgül ısı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Питома теплоємність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Питома теплоємність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="حرارت اضافی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارت اضافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solishtirma_issiqlik_sig%CA%BBimi" title="Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Solishtirma issiqlik sigʻimi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C5%82or_spesifego" title="Całor spesifego – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Całor spesifego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_dung_ri%C3%AAng" title="Nhiệt dung riêng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt dung riêng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%83%AD%E5%AE%B9" title="比热容 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比热容" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="比熱容量 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="比熱容量" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q487756#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&oldid=85606729" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&id=85606729&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25AF%2594%25E7%2586%25B1%25E5%25AE%25B9"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25AF%2594%25E7%2586%25B1%25E5%25AE%25B9"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Specific_heat_capacity" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q487756" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-8428c24e" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>的物理量。关于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>的一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="法国传统地区">地区</a>，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%83%AD_(%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA)" title="比热 (地区)">比热 (地区)</a></b>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-8428c24e" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" title="卡诺热机"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.65em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">经典的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="卡诺热机">卡诺热机</a><br />T（<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%BA%AB" title="熱庫">熱庫</a>）、Q（<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">熱量</a>）、W（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>）<br /> <sub>H</sub>（高溫）、<sub>C</sub>（低溫）</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6#分支学科" title="热力学">分支</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="统计力学">统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子热力学">量子热力学</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="平衡热力学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Equilibrium thermodynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平衡热力学（页面不存在）">平衡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_thermodynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Equilibrium thermodynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Equilibrium thermodynamics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> / <a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E6%85%8B%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="非平衡態熱力學">非平衡</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6#熱力學定律" title="热力学">定律</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第零定律">第零</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第一定律">第一</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第二定律">第二</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第三定律">第三</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="热力学系统">系统</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="封閉系統">封閉系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="孤立系統">孤立系統</a></li></ul> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="熱力學狀態">状态</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="状态方程">状态方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="理想氣體">理想氣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%9A%9B%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94" title="實際氣體">實際氣體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="物质状态">相 / 物质状态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡">平衡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D" title="控制體積">控制體積</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热力学仪器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermodynamic instruments"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热力学仪器（页面不存在）">仪器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_instruments" class="extiw" title="en:Thermodynamic instruments"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermodynamic instruments</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="热力学过程">过程</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%8E%8B%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等压过程">等压</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E5%AE%B9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等容过程">等体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%B8%A9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等温过程">等温</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E7%83%AD%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="绝热过程">绝热</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%86%B5%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="等熵过程">等熵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E7%84%93%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="等焓過程">等焓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E9%9D%9C%E6%85%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="準靜態過程">准静态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%B9%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="多方过程">多方</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9" title="自由膨脹">自由膨脹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="可逆过程">可逆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E6%80%A7" title="不可逆性">不可逆</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内可逆热力学（页面不存在）">内可逆</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="热力学循环">循环</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA" title="热机">热机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%B5%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%B7%E5%87%8D%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="熱泵及冷凍循環">热泵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="热效率">热效率</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="熱力學性質列表">系统性质</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%9C%96" title="熱力學圖">性质图</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%90%AB%E5%8F%8A%E5%A4%96%E5%BB%B6%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" title="內含及外延性質">强度和广延性质</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%80%81%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="态函数">状态函数</a><br /><small>（<i>斜体</i><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%9B%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E9%87%8F_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="共軛物理量 (熱力學)">共軛物理量</a>）</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="热力学温度">温度</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a></i></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熵的简介" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Introduction to entropy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵的简介（页面不存在）">熵的简介</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_entropy" class="extiw" title="en:Introduction to entropy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Introduction to entropy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压强</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="體積 (熱力學)">体积</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" title="化学势">化学势</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" title="粒子數">粒子數</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E9%87%8F" title="蒸氣量">蒸氣量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%94%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="对比性质">简化性质</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="過程函數">過程函數</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="功 (热力学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Work (thermodynamics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功 (热力学)（页面不存在）">功</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(thermodynamics)" class="extiw" title="en:Work (thermodynamics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Work (thermodynamics)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">热</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8_(%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6)" title="材料性质 (热力学)">材料性质</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9%E9%87%8F" title="熱容量">比热容</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E7%BC%A9%E6%80%A7" title="压缩性">压缩性</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%80%E5%86%B7%E7%BC%A9" title="热胀冷缩">热膨胀</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%AF%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纯物质的热力学数据库（页面不存在）">性质数据库</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热力学方程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermodynamic equations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="熱力學方程">方程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equations" class="extiw" title="en:Thermodynamic equations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermodynamic equations</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86_(%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="卡諾定理 (熱力學)">卡诺定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="克劳修斯定理">克劳修斯定理</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="热力学基本关系">基本关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="理想气体状态方程">理想气体定律</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%BC%8F" title="麦克斯韦关系式">麦克斯韦关系</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%82%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%92%E6%98%93%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="昂萨格倒易关系">昂萨格倒易关系</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E6%9B%BC%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布里奇曼热力学方程（页面不存在）">布里奇曼热力学方程</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热力学方程表（页面不存在）">热力学方程表</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="热力学势">势</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" title="热力学自由能">自由能</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%86%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由熵（页面不存在）">自由熵</a></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%83%BD" title="内能">内能</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD" title="亥姆霍兹自由能">亥姆霍兹自由能</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.35em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%83%BD" title="吉布斯能">吉布斯能</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">历史／文化</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%92%8C%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热和统计物理哲学（页面不存在）">哲学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5_(%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%AE%AD%E5%A4%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵 (时间箭头)（页面不存在）">熵与时间</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵与生活（页面不存在）">熵与生活</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E6%A3%98%E8%BC%AA" title="布朗棘輪">布朗棘轮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6%E5%A6%96" title="麦克斯韦妖">麦克斯韦妖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%AF%82%E4%BD%AF%E8%B0%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热寂佯谬（页面不存在）">热寂佯谬</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9%E4%BD%AF%E8%B0%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛施密特佯谬（页面不存在）">洛施密特佯谬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%90%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="协同学">协同学</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 历史</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="热力学史">总史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热的历史（页面不存在）">热</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熵的历史（页面不存在）">熵</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气体定律（页面不存在）">气体定律</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永动机的历史（页面不存在）">永动机</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 理论</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%B4%A8%E8%AF%B4" title="热质说">热质说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B" title="活力">活力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%B4" title="热动说">热动说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9F%E5%BD%93%E9%87%8F" title="热功当量">热功当量</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动力（页面不存在）">动力</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="物理著作">关键著作</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E6%BF%80%E8%B5%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%83%AD%E6%BA%90" title="论摩擦激起的热源">论摩擦激起的热源</a>》</div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%A4%9A%E7%9B%B8%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="关于多相物质平衡">关于多相物质平衡</a>》</div></li></ul> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;">《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="论火的动力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BA%E7%81%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="论火的动力（页面不存在）">论火的动力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Motive_Power_of_Fire" class="extiw" title="en:Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>》</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 年表</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热力学年表（页面不存在）">热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E6%9C%BA%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热机技术年表（页面不存在）">热机</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;">科学家</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%BC" title="拉斯·昂萨格">昂萨格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%8A%AA%E5%88%A9" title="丹尼尔·伯努利">伯努利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%98%82" title="皮埃尔·迪昂">迪昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">亥姆霍兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="约西亚·吉布斯">吉布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">焦耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8C" title="康斯坦丁·卡拉西奥多里">卡拉西奥多里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" title="尼古拉·卡诺">卡诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%A9%E9%BE%99" title="埃米尔·克拉佩龙">克拉佩龙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="鲁道夫·克劳修斯">克劳修斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·兰金">兰金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔">冯·迈尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·麦克斯韦">麦克斯韦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%B1%B3%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·斯米顿（页面不存在）">斯米顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·恩斯特·斯塔尔">斯塔尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森">开尔文男爵汤姆森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="伦福德伯爵本杰明·汤普森">伦福德伯爵汤普森</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·沃特斯顿（页面不存在）">沃特斯顿</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template:熱力學"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Template talk:熱力學"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:熱力學"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>比熱容</b>（英語：<span lang="en"><b>specific heat capacity</b></span>，符號<b>c或s</b>），簡稱<b>比熱</b>，亦稱<b>比熱容量，比熱容積</b>，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學">熱力學</a>中常用的一个物理量，在數值上等於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D_(%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A1)" class="mw-redirect" title="单位 (度量衡)">單位</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>的某種<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物質</a>升高或下降單位<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>所吸收或放出的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="熱量">熱量</a>。比熱容可用來衡量物質(同種相態下)在吸熱或放熱時，其溫度上升或下降的難易程度。其國際單位制中的單位是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>每<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">千克</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="開爾文">開爾文</a>[J/( kg · K )]，即令1公斤的物質的溫度上升1开尔文所需的能量。根據此定理，最基本便可得出以下公式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {Q}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>Q</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {Q}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ff3fc5853998bdcfb9dedcd1aad71b08a808a613" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:10.941ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {Q}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"></span></dd> <dd>其中Q是能量，单位是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>（J）。m是质量，单位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E5%85%8B" title="千克">千克</a>（kg）。 ΔT是温度变化，单位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">开尔文</a>（K）。當比熱容越大，該物質便需要更多熱能来加熱。以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9" title="油">油</a>為例，水和油的比熱容分別约为4200 J/(kg·K)和2000 J/(kg·K)，即把水加熱所需熱能是油所需热能的約2.1倍。若以相同的熱能分別把水和油加熱的話，油的温升將比水的温升大。</dd></dl> <p>比熱容的符號是<b>c</b>，必須為小写，而大写<b>C</b>則為<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="熱容">熱容</a>的符號。以水為例，一千克（kg）重的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>需要4200<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>（J），温度能升高一开尔文（K）。根據比熱容，便可得出水的比热容： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=4184J\,kg^{-1}\,K^{-1}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4184</mn> <mi>J</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=4184J\,kg^{-1}\,K^{-1}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e05ce18466712f2fe610a1912203b97d42eeb0d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:20.477ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=4184J\,kg^{-1}\,K^{-1}\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">國際單位制</a>中，比热容的单位为“焦耳每千克开尔文”。也可读作焦每千克开、焦耳每千克凯尔文、焦耳每公斤克耳文等。写作J/( kg · K )。焦耳每千克<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">摄氏度</a>[J/( kg · ℃ )]与焦耳每千克开尔文在数值上等同。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Joseph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Black_Joseph.jpg/220px-Black_Joseph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Black_Joseph.jpg/330px-Black_Joseph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Black_Joseph.jpg/440px-Black_Joseph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>提出<b>比熱容</b>的科學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="約瑟夫·布拉克">約瑟夫·布拉克</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>最初在18世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學家">物理學家</a>兼<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="化學家">化學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="約瑟夫·布拉克">約瑟夫·布拉克</a>發現質量相同的不同物質，上升到相同溫度所需的熱量不同，而提出了比熱容的概念。 </p><p>几乎任何物质皆可测量比热容，如化学<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="元素">元素</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="溶液">溶液</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="复合材料">复合材料</a>。 </p><p>历史上，曾以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的比热来定义热量。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="标准大气压">标准大气压</a>下，将1克水升高1摄氏度所需的热量定义为1<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%B7%AF%E9%87%8C" title="卡路里">卡路里</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義及公式"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.AC.E5.BC.8F"></span>定義及公式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：定義及公式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>比熱容是指某物質加熱所需的熱能，此定理最基本便可得出： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56e2817d8e172b97422261966f3ae2d442b931af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:11.025ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>此公式上，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}"></span>是比熱容；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"></span>是所需的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a>；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>；<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e61e7deb9c7c7b7dda762b0935e757add2acc559" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.572ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T}"></span>是溫差。</li></ul> <p><br /> 加上單位後，比熱容便指某物質重一公斤（kg），加熱一<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>（℃）或熱力學溫標（K）所需的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>（J），也就是比熱容的單位： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J\,kg^{-1}\,^{\circ }C^{-1}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>J</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J\,kg^{-1}\,^{\circ }C^{-1}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/165b9c71725f5fb702632dbf524f786e5855361f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:12.48ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J\,kg^{-1}\,^{\circ }C^{-1}\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>物質的比熱與所進行的過程有關。在工程應用上常用的包括：定壓比熱容<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bc37470431fbf62081b69ba870ad3f855178361" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.721ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{p}}"></span>、定容比熱容<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{v}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{v}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e351d30ded09e7d285c21e836f116e14ad5ae28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.691ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{v}}"></span>和飽和狀態比熱容三種。 </p><p>1.定壓比熱容<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{p}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>p</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{p}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6bc37470431fbf62081b69ba870ad3f855178361" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.721ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{p}}"></span>：是單位質量的物質在壓力不變的條件下，溫度升高或下降1℃或1K所吸收或放出的能量。 </p><p>2.定容比熱容<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C_{v}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>v</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C_{v}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4e351d30ded09e7d285c21e836f116e14ad5ae28" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.691ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C_{v}}"></span>：是單位質量的物質在容積（體積）不變的條件下，溫度升高或下降1℃或1K吸收或放出的內能。 </p><p>3.飽和狀態比熱容：是單位質量的物質在某飽和狀態時，溫度升高或下降1℃或1K所吸收或放出的熱量。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="比熱容計算"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E7.86.B1.E5.AE.B9.E8.A8.88.E7.AE.97"></span>比熱容計算</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：比熱容計算"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>設有一質量為m的物體，在某一過程中吸收（或放出）熱量ΔH時，溫度升高（或降低）ΔT，則ΔH/ΔT稱為物體在此過程中的熱容量（簡稱熱容），用C表示，即<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C={\frac {\Delta H}{\Delta T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C={\frac {\Delta H}{\Delta T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ccd3c82f0d3e8d78e7bdc28d09c1e4ad57d4b4d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:9.7ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C={\frac {\Delta H}{\Delta T}}}"></span>。用熱容除以質量，即得比熱容<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{m}}={\frac {\Delta H}{m\Delta T}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>C</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{m}}={\frac {\Delta H}{m\Delta T}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca477f7067f9b9350dc49ca9d1cd6c731f08c9a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.529ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c={\frac {C}{m}}={\frac {\Delta H}{m\Delta T}}}"></span>。對於微小過程的熱容和比熱容，分別有<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C={\frac {dH}{dT}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>H</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C={\frac {dH}{dT}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f6abfd2752bc66aaa5a628464f54c105ed1a9d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:8.98ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C={\frac {dH}{dT}}}"></span>，C=1/m*dH/dT。因此，在物體溫度由T1變化到T2的有限過程中，吸收（或放出）的熱量H=∫（T2,T1）CdT=m∫（T2,T1）cdT。一般情況下，熱容與比熱容均為溫度的函數，但在溫度變化範圍不太大時，可以近似值視為一常數。於是產生一公式<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=C(T2-T1)=mc(T2-T1)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>C</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=C(T2-T1)=mc(T2-T1)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49b7c93f85742653d2977b9937147c2c5ca370ba" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.568ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=C(T2-T1)=mc(T2-T1)}"></span>。如令溫度改變量<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta T=T2-T1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta T=T2-T1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c0da5643f7e5a0f949455679aee5508f61a2b356" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.108ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta T=T2-T1}"></span>，則有<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9eaf5be380bc675e838a5518b4e42b7d426aae1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.781ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"></span>。這是用比熱容來計算熱量的基本公式。 </p><p>在英文中，比熱容被稱為：Specific Heat Capacity (SHC)。用比熱容計算熱能的公式為：Energy=Mass×Specific Heat Capacity×Temperature change 可簡寫為：Energy=SHC×Mass×Temp Ch，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9eaf5be380bc675e838a5518b4e42b7d426aae1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.781ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"></span>。與比熱相關的熱量計算公式：<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9eaf5be380bc675e838a5518b4e42b7d426aae1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.781ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"></span>即H吸（放）=cm（T初-T末）其中c為比熱，m為質量，H為能量熱量。吸熱時為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9eaf5be380bc675e838a5518b4e42b7d426aae1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.781ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"></span>升（用實際升高溫度減物體初溫），放熱時為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c9eaf5be380bc675e838a5518b4e42b7d426aae1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:11.781ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=cm\Delta T}"></span>降（用實際初溫減降後溫度）。或者H=cmΔT=cm（T末-T初），H>0時為吸熱，H<0時為放熱。（涉及到物態變化時的熱量計算不能直接用H=cmΔT，因為不同物質的比熱容一般不相同，發生物態變化後，物質的比熱容就會有所變化。） </p><p>最基本的比熱容計算，可以一次實驗得出。以下為一例子。首先，將兩公斤的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>倒入一個杯中，然後計算其溫度，假設溫度為20<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>。然後，把水加熱，並計算用掉的能量（例如使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BA%A6%E9%8C%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="電度錶">電度錶</a>）。然後，停止加熱，並計算其溫度及使用了的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>。假設溫度為60<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>及能量使用了312<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">千焦耳</a>。然後，運用公式<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56e2817d8e172b97422261966f3ae2d442b931af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:11.025ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"></span>計算出其比熱容： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\frac {312000}{2\times (60-20)}}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>312000</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>60</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>20</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\frac {312000}{2\times (60-20)}}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6131a4b29a859a0869d30cadf698f5aa8321eec5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:18.715ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\frac {312000}{2\times (60-20)}}\,\!}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =3900J\,kg^{-1}\,^{\circ }C^{-1}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3900</mn> <mi>J</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mi>C</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =3900J\,kg^{-1}\,^{\circ }C^{-1}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9c593518cdbee4f571990f75fe06f17e2d06246b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:19.583ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =3900J\,kg^{-1}\,^{\circ }C^{-1}\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>可能最後得出的數字比實際數字有所不同，主要因素是受到外圍溫度影響。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="因素"><span id=".E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>因素</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>物質的比熱容和熱容都會在不同因素下有不同的影響，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫差</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相態">物質狀態</a>等，主要都是分子壓力的差別。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分子"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90"></span>分子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：分子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif/220px-Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Thermally_Agitated_Molecule.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分子運動論">分子運動論</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>在不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>下，物質的比熱容都會有所不同，主要是因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>的壓力有所不同。根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分子運動論">分子運動論</a>，當溫度增加，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>震動得較快；當溫度減少，分子則震動得較慢。此原理亦可指，在不同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力">壓力</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相態">相態</a>下，物質的比熱容亦有不同。 </p><p>以溫差為例，假如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="夏天">夏天</a>較熱的天氣下煮<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>，會比<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E5%A4%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="冬天">冬天</a>較冷的天氣下更快沸騰，因為溫度較高。 </p><p>以壓強為例，在地球<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B9%B3%E9%9D%A2" title="海平面">水平線</a>上，大氣壓強為101.325<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">千帕斯卡</a>，假如在這裡煮<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>將於100<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>沸騰。但在海拔約8.8公里的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0" title="珠穆朗瑪峰">珠穆朗瑪峰</a>上，大氣壓強只有月3.2千帕斯卡，假如在這裡煮水，水將於69<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>沸騰。 </p><p>以<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相態">相態</a>為例，液態水的比熱容是4200J/( kg · K )，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>（水的固態）的比熱容則是2060J/( kg · K )。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本物質比熱列表"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E7.89.A9.E8.B3.AA.E6.AF.94.E7.86.B1.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>基本物質比熱列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：基本物質比熱列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下列表是各物質的比熱容。 </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;">物質 </th> <th style="width:120px;">化學符號 </th> <th style="width:100px;">模型 </th> <th style="width:80px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相態">相態</a> </th> <th style="width:200px;">比熱容量（基本）J/（kg·K） </th> <th style="width:200px;">比熱容量（20℃）J/（kg·K） </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub></td> <td>2<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dinitrogen-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dinitrogen-3D-vdW.png/32px-Dinitrogen-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dinitrogen-3D-vdW.png/48px-Dinitrogen-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dinitrogen-3D-vdW.png/64px-Dinitrogen-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="833" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>14000</td> <td>14300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a></td> <td>He</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>5190</td> <td>5193.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨">氨</a></td> <td>NH<sub>3</sub></td> <td>4<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/32px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/48px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/64px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>2055</td> <td>2050 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖</a></td> <td>Ne</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>1030</td> <td>1030.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鋰">鋰</a></td> <td>Li</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>3580</td> <td>3582 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="乙醇">乙醇</a></td> <td>CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>OH</td> <td>9<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethanol-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ethanol-3D-vdW.png/32px-Ethanol-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ethanol-3D-vdW.png/48px-Ethanol-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ethanol-3D-vdW.png/64px-Ethanol-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="879" /></a></span></td> <td>液</td> <td>2460</td> <td>2440 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="汽油">汽油</a></td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>液</td> <td>2200</td> <td>2220 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%A0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="石蠟">石蠟</a></td> <td>C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub></td> <td>62至122</td> <td>固</td> <td>2200</td> <td>2500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="甲烷">甲烷</a></td> <td>CH<sub>4</sub></td> <td>5<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-3D-space-filling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/32px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/48px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/64px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>2160</td> <td>2156 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%A1%9E" title="軟木塞">軟木塞</a></td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>固</td> <td>2000</td> <td>2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E7%83%B7" title="乙烷">乙烷</a></td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub></td> <td>8<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethane-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ethane-3D-vdW.png/32px-Ethane-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ethane-3D-vdW.png/48px-Ethane-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ethane-3D-vdW.png/64px-Ethane-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>1730</td> <td>1729 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%BE%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="尼龍">尼龍</a></td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>固</td> <td>1700</td> <td>1720 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E7%82%94" title="乙炔">乙炔</a></td> <td>C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></td> <td>4<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetylene-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Acetylene-3D-vdW.png/32px-Acetylene-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Acetylene-3D-vdW.png/48px-Acetylene-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Acetylene-3D-vdW.png/64px-Acetylene-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="741" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>1500</td> <td>1511 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E8%8B%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚苯乙烯">聚苯乙烯</a></td> <td>CH<sub>2</sub></td> <td>3</td> <td>固</td> <td>1300</td> <td>1300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AB" title="硫化氫">硫化氫</a></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>S</td> <td>3<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.svg/32px-Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.svg/48px-Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.svg/64px-Hydrogen-sulfide-3D-vdW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>1100</td> <td>1105 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a></td> <td>N<sub>2</sub></td> <td>2<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AX1E0-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/32px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/48px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/64px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>1040</td> <td>1042 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>（室溫）</td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>氣</td> <td>1030</td> <td>1012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>（海平面、乾燥、0℃）</td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>氣</td> <td>1005</td> <td>1035 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a></td> <td>O<sub>2</sub></td> <td>2<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AX1E0-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/32px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/48px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/64px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>920</td> <td>918 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a></td> <td>CO<sub>2</sub></td> <td>3<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg/32px-Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg/48px-Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg/64px-Carbon-dioxide-3D-vdW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>840</td> <td>839 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a></td> <td>CO</td> <td>2<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png/32px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png/48px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png/64px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>1040</td> <td>1042 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81" class="mw-redirect" title="鋁">鋁</a></td> <td>Al</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>900</td> <td>897 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%B6%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="石綿">石綿</a></td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>固</td> <td>840</td> <td>847 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%93%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="陶瓷">陶瓷</a></td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>固</td> <td>840</td> <td>837 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a></td> <td>F<sub>2</sub></td> <td>2<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AX1E0-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/32px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/48px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/64px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>820</td> <td>823.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a></td> <td>C</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>720</td> <td>710 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%B0%9F%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="四氟甲烷">四氟甲烷</a></td> <td>CF<sub>4</sub></td> <td>5<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetrafluoromethane-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tetrafluoromethane-3D-vdW.png/32px-Tetrafluoromethane-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tetrafluoromethane-3D-vdW.png/48px-Tetrafluoromethane-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tetrafluoromethane-3D-vdW.png/64px-Tetrafluoromethane-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>660</td> <td>659.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%AB" title="二氧化硫">二氧化硫</a></td> <td>SO<sub>2</sub></td> <td>3<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png/32px-Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png/48px-Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png/64px-Sulfur-dioxide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>600</td> <td>620 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a></td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>固</td> <td>600</td> <td>840 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a></td> <td>Cl<sub>2</sub></td> <td>2<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AX1E0-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/32px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/48px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/AX1E0-3D-balls.png/64px-AX1E0-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>520</td> <td>520 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a></td> <td>C</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>502</td> <td>509.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="鋼">鋼</a></td> <td>混</td> <td>混</td> <td>固</td> <td>450</td> <td>450 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a></td> <td>Fe</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>450</td> <td>444 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%8A%85" title="黃銅">黃銅</a></td> <td>Cu,Zn</td> <td>混</td> <td>固</td> <td>380</td> <td>377 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85" class="mw-redirect" title="銅">銅</a></td> <td>Cu</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>385</td> <td>386 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀</a></td> <td>Ag</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>235</td> <td>233 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a></td> <td>Hg</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>液</td> <td>139</td> <td>140 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑">鉑</a></td> <td>Pt</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>135</td> <td>135 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a></td> <td>Au</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>129</td> <td>126 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a></td> <td>Pb</td> <td>1<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/32px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/48px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg/64px-Sphere_-_monochrome_simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>125</td> <td>128 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="水蒸氣">水蒸氣</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>）</td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td>3<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_molecule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/32px-Water_molecule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/48px-Water_molecule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/64px-Water_molecule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td> <td>氣</td> <td>1850</td> <td>1850 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td>3<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_molecule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/32px-Water_molecule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/48px-Water_molecule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/64px-Water_molecule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td> <td>液</td> <td>4200</td> <td>4186 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>）</td> <td>H<sub>2</sub>O</td> <td>3<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_molecule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/32px-Water_molecule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/48px-Water_molecule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Water_molecule.svg/64px-Water_molecule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td> <td>固</td> <td>2060</td> <td>2050（-10℃） </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用途"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span>用途</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：用途"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="冷卻劑"><span id=".E5.86.B7.E5.8D.BB.E5.8A.91"></span>冷卻劑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：冷卻劑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="水"><span id=".E6.B0.B4"></span>水</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：水"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></div> <p>人類發現<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>（液態）的<b>比熱容</b>約4200，比其它液體較高。因此，便指出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>是一個較好的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%B4%E5%89%82" title="冷却剂">冷卻劑</a>。例如，用於汽車作散熱功能。另外，由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="沿海地区">沿海地区</a>的比熱容比陸地大，因此，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B8" title="岸">岸</a>的溫差一向比<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內陸地區（页面不存在）">內陸地區</a>的低。同时水也是比较好的保温剂，所以大部分的保暖袋都用水的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="比熱的應用與影響"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E7.86.B1.E7.9A.84.E6.87.89.E7.94.A8.E8.88.87.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>比熱的應用與影響</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：比熱的應用與影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>水的比熱較大，在氣候的變化上有明顯的影響。同樣受到熱或冷卻的情況下，水的比熱因為比較大所以溫度變化較小，水對於氣候的影響很大，白天沿海地區比內陸地區升溫較慢，在夜間沿海溫度降低和變化量少，所以一天當中，沿海地區溫度變化小，內陸溫度變化大，一年之中夏季內陸比沿海炎熱，冬季內陸比沿海寒冷。而因為水比熱較大的現象，使得<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%AB" title="水庫">水庫</a>往往成為一個巨大的天然空調，對於熱帶的地區或城市有些微調整氣溫的功用。 </p> <ol><li>農業及生產上的應用：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A8%BB" title="水稻">水稻</a>是一種喜溫的農作物，在每年三四月份育苗的時候，在比較寒冷地區農民為了防止結霜之類的現象，農民普遍採用“淺水勤灌”的方法，就是傍晚在秧田裡灌一些水過夜，第二天太陽升起的時候，再把秧田中的水放掉。根據水的比熱較大的特性，在夜晚降溫時，使秧苗的溫度變化不大，對秧苗起了保溫及保護的作用。</li> <li>建築居住上的應用：在炎熱的夏天古人將水從房屋的頂部倒下，使水往下流，起了防暑降溫作用。現今亦有人選擇在金屬屋頂安裝灑水器，利用水的比熱較大和蒸發時可以吸收熱量的特性，為金屬屋頂降溫。</li> <li>水冷系統的應用：人們在很久以前就開始用水來冷卻發熱的機器，在電腦<a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>散熱中可以利用散熱片與CPU核心接觸，使CPU產生的熱量通過熱傳導的方式傳輸到散熱片上，再利用風扇將散發到空氣中的熱量帶走。但水的比熱遠遠大於空氣，因此可以用水代替空氣作為散熱介質，通過水泵將內能增加的水帶走，組成水冷系統。這樣CPU產生的熱量傳輸到水中後水的溫度不會明顯上升，散熱性能優於上述直接利用空氣和風扇的系統。例如汽車及工廠的一些引擎與馬達等等，都利用水來做為冷卻系統的<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%B4%E6%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="冷却液">冷卻液</a>。</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="計算"><span id=".E8.A8.88.E7.AE.97"></span>計算</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：計算"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="熱能"><span id=".E7.86.B1.E8.83.BD"></span>熱能</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：熱能"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>根據比熱容的公式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>s</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>H</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56e2817d8e172b97422261966f3ae2d442b931af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:11.025ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s={\frac {H}{m\Delta T}}\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>經轉換後，便能得出： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=ms\Delta T\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>T</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=ms\Delta T\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/875282bd60ce41260ef8e2269439a2f942c1f638" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:12.252ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=ms\Delta T\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>即透過比熱容，便可計算某質量的熱能使用。例如一次實驗中，四千克重的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的溫度原先是25<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>，經過加熱後，溫度為45<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>。假如要求计算使用了多少能量的話，首先要知道<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的比熱容，若<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的比熱容是4200的話，透過以上公式計算，便可得出： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=4\times 4200\times (45-25)\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mn>4200</mn> <mo>×</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mn>45</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mn>25</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=4\times 4200\times (45-25)\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fee4fe06d1dd9a5182ed8060c8ae866cb21a796f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:26.342ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=4\times 4200\times (45-25)\,\!}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle =336000J\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>=</mo> <mn>336000</mn> <mi>J</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle =336000J\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4da306e848962e9f97714249794ad1e587416b63" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:11.286ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle =336000J\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <p>即是使用了336000<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>熱能。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="熱容"><span id=".E7.86.B1.E5.AE.B9"></span>熱容</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：熱容"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="熱容">熱容</a></div> <p>热容和比热容是两个完全不同的概念。比熱容只指一公斤的物質增加一<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a>所需的熱能。即是指假如在實驗上，物質的質量有多少都不會改變它的比熱容。但<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="熱容">熱容</a>則指的是某物质增加一摄氏度所需要的热量，这就要把物質的質量考虑进去，比如一杯<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="熱容">熱容</a>，就比兩杯<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的少。因此，<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="熱容">熱容</a>和比熱容是相關的。熱容的符號是<b>H</b>(或用<b>C</b>)，比熱容的符號則是<b>h</b>(或<b>c</b>)，熱容和比熱容的關係可以以以下公式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=mh\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=mh\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/39d5abd4555ee31855028c9a7c30b2819d1018a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:8.929ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=mh\,\!}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle C=mc\,\!}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle C=mc\,\!}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e06337e5822a1a7287b3ee0ad2be4cfc3403eacb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-right: -0.387ex; width:8.299ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle C=mc\,\!}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li>m是指物質的質量。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="內部連結"><span id=".E5.85.A7.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>內部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：內部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="熱容">熱容</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="相態">相態</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%9D%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="攝氏度">攝氏度</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83"></span>參考</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：參考"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">TAO Ping Kee, LEE Hong Moon. New Physics at Work - HEAT. Oxford University Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-545777-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-545777-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-545777-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9&rft.au=TAO+Ping+Kee%2C+LEE+Hong+Moon&rft.btitle=New+Physics+at+Work+-+HEAT&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-545777-3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hk-phy.org/contextual/heat/tep/temch/island_c.html">http://www.hk-phy.org/contextual/heat/tep/temch/island_c.html</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201012135222/http://www.hk-phy.org/contextual/heat/tep/temch/island_c.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）水和沙的比熱容</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210413023034/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/spht.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）比熱公式</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000071000011001142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes">http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=AJPIAS000071000011001142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes</a> 比熱容單位</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/sphtt.html#c1">http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/sphtt.html#c1</a> （<a rel="nofollow" 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