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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-地球大氣層的水蒸氣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地球大氣層的水蒸氣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>地球大氣層的水蒸氣</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地球大氣層的水蒸氣-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关地球大氣層的水蒸氣子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-地球大氣層的水蒸氣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-雷达和卫星成像" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雷达和卫星成像"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>雷达和卫星成像</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雷达和卫星成像-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-閃電產生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#閃電產生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>閃電產生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-閃電產生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外星的水蒸氣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外星的水蒸氣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>外星的水蒸氣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外星的水蒸氣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水蒸氣凝結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水蒸氣凝結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>水蒸氣凝結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水蒸氣凝結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-测量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#测量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>测量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-测量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">水蒸气</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。84种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Waterdamp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserdampf" title="Wasserdampf – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wasserdampf" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="بخار الماء – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بخار الماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_d%27agua" title="Vapor d'agua – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vapor d'agua" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juwri" title="Juwri – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Juwri" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_buxar%C4%B1" title="Su buxarı – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Su buxarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Водна пара – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Водна пара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="जलभाप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जलभाप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA" title="জলীয় বাষ্প – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জলীয় বাষ্প" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aezhenn" title="Aezhenn – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aezhenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vodena para" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_d%27aigua" title="Vapor d'aigua – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vapor d'aigua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%93" title="ᎠᎹ ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎹ ᎤᏔᏃᎸᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ھەڵمی ئاو – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەڵمی ئاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%AD_p%C3%A1ra" title="Vodní pára – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vodní pára" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%81%C4%95" title="Шыв пăсĕ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шыв пăсĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanddamp" title="Vanddamp – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vanddamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserdampf" title="Wasserdampf – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wasserdampf" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Υδρατμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδρατμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Water vapor" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akvovaporo" title="Akvovaporo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akvovaporo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_de_agua" title="Vapor de agua – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vapor de agua" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veeaur" title="Veeaur – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veeaur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_lurrun" title="Ur lurrun – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur lurrun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A8" title="بخار آب – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بخار آب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesih%C3%B6yry" title="Vesihöyry – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vesihöyry" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapeur_d%27eau" title="Vapeur d'eau – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vapeur d'eau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galuisce" title="Galuisce – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galuisce" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_de_auga" title="Vapor de auga – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vapor de auga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turirin_Ruwa" title="Turirin Ruwa – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turirin Ruwa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אדי מים – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדי מים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA" title="जलवाष्प – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जलवाष्प" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodena para" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%AB" title="Ջրային գոլորշի – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրային գոլորշի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Շոգի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շոգի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uap_air" title="Uap air – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Uap air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquovaporo" title="Aquovaporo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aquovaporo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapore_acqueo" title="Vapore acqueo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vapore acqueo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97" title="水蒸気 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水蒸気" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwab_banyu" title="Uwab banyu – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uwab banyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0" title="수증기 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수증기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Waterdamp" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanf" title="Tanf – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tanf" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandens_garai" title="Vandens garai – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vandens garai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAdens_tvaiks" title="Ūdens tvaiks – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ūdens tvaiks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton-drano" title="Eton-drano – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eton-drano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0" title="Водена пареа – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Водена пареа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="അന്തരീക്ഷ ജലകണം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തരീക്ഷ ജലകണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Усны уур – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усны уур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="वाफ – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वाफ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wap_air" title="Wap air – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wap air" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapore_acquee" title="Vapore acquee – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vapore acquee" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waoterdamp" title="Waoterdamp – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Waoterdamp" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterdamp" title="Waterdamp – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Waterdamp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassdamp" title="Vassdamp – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vassdamp" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanndamp" title="Vanndamp – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vanndamp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_d%27aiga" title="Vapor d'aiga – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vapor d'aiga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para_wodna" title="Para wodna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Para wodna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%A8%DA%93%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="د اوبو بړاس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اوبو بړاس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor_de_%C3%A1gua" title="Vapor de água – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vapor de água" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaku_wapsi" title="Yaku wapsi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yaku wapsi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abur" title="Abur – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aburu" title="Aburu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Aburu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Водяной пар – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Водяной пар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papore_de_abba" title="Papore de abba – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Papore de abba" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapuri" title="Vapuri – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vapuri" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodena_para" title="Vodena para – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodena para" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Water vapor" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodn%C3%A1_para" title="Vodná para – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vodná para" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodni_hlapi" title="Vodni hlapi – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodni hlapi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Водена пара – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водена пара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab" title="Saab – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saab" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatten%C3%A5nga" title="Vattenånga – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vattenånga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3" title="ไอน้ำ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอน้ำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_buhar%C4%B1" title="Su buharı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Su buharı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Водяна пара – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Водяна пара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suv_bug%CA%BBi" title="Suv bugʻi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suv bugʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vezipuru" title="Vezipuru – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vezipuru" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%A1i_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc" title="Hơi nước – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hơi nước" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" title="水蒸气 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水蒸气" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" title="水蒸氣 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="水蒸氣" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-cheng-kh%C3%AC" title="Chúi-cheng-khì – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-cheng-khì" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%BD" title="水汽 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水汽" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umhwamuko_wamanzi" title="Umhwamuko wamanzi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umhwamuko wamanzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190120#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" 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hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&oldid=85079484" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&id=85079484&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E8%2592%25B8%25E6%25B0%2594"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%25B0%25B4%25E8%2592%25B8%25E6%25B0%2594"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserdampf" class="extiw" title="de:Wasserdampf">德語維基百科</a>和<a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassdamp" class="extiw" title="nn:Vassdamp">新挪威語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table align="right" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="3" style="margin: 0 0 0 0.5em; background: #FFFFFF; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: #C0C090;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">水蒸氣 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Johns_Fog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St_Johns_Fog.jpg/250px-St_Johns_Fog.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St_Johns_Fog.jpg/375px-St_Johns_Fog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/St_Johns_Fog.jpg/500px-St_Johns_Fog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="名稱">名稱</a> </td> <td>水蒸氣、蒸汽 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="液體">液體</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93" title="固体">固体</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#D6E0DC; text-align:center;" colspan="2">属性<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a> </td> <td>0 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摄氏度">°C</a>, 32 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0F" class="mw-redirect" title="°F">°F</a> (273.15 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-VSMOW_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSMOW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a> </td> <td>99.974 °C, 212 °F (373.15 K)<sup id="cite_ref-VSMOW_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSMOW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E9%AB%94%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="氣體常數">氣體常數</a> </td> <td>461.5 J/(kg·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%86%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="汽化熱">汽化熱</a> </td> <td>2.27 mJ/kg </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="分子量">分子量</a> </td> <td>18.02 g/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="比熱容">比熱容</a>（在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="標準狀況">標準狀況</a>下） </td> <td>1.84 kJ/(kg·K) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>水蒸氣</b>（也称<b>氛气</b>），是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">H</a><sub>2</sub><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">气体</a>形式。当水达到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E7%82%B9" title="沸点">沸点</a>时，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>就变成水蒸氣。水蒸气在空气中是无色的。在海平面一<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="标准大气压">标准大气压</a>下，水的沸点为100°<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摄氏度">C</a>或212°<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="华氏度">F</a>或373.15<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>。当水在沸点以下时，水也可以缓慢地<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E5%8F%91" title="蒸发">蒸发</a>成水蒸氣。而在極低壓環境下（小於0.006大气压），冰會直接<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="昇華">昇华</a>變水蒸氣。水蒸气之密度为 0.59764 千克/立方米（100°C/212°F，101330Pa）。 </p><p>水蒸氣可能會造成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="温室效应">温室效应</a>，是一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%A4%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="温室气体">温室气体</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地球大氣層的水蒸氣"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.83.E5.A4.A7.E6.B0.A3.E5.B1.A4.E7.9A.84.E6.B0.B4.E8.92.B8.E6.B0.A3"></span>地球大氣層的水蒸氣</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：地球大氣層的水蒸氣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="氣態">氣態</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>是大氣很小但重要的組成部分。大約有99.99％是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>中。冷凝水蒸氣到<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="液體">液體</a>或冰的階段主要由<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="雲">雲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨">雨</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪">雪</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="雾">雾</a>，和其他沉澱物完成，而所有這些也是最重要的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天氣">天氣</a>要素。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%A7" title="霧">霧</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="雲">雲</a>的形成，通過縮合周圍<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="雲">雲</a>凝結核。若是在缺乏核的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="狀態">狀態</a>，凝結只能發生在更低的溫度上。在持續凝結或沉積后，雲滴或雪花形成，并促成它們達到了臨界質量。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="平流層">平流層</a>的水蒸氣平均停留時間是10天左右。水的補充、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸發">蒸發</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋">海洋</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A8%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸騰">蒸騰</a>及其他生物和地質過程作用的結果。 </p><p>測量水蒸氣濃度表示為特定的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="濕度">濕度</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" title="相對濕度">相對濕度</a>。如果<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a>立即凝結，那么在整個地球表面，年全球平均水蒸氣只會帶來約25毫米的降水。然而，年<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平均降水量（页面不存在）">平均降水量</a>約1米，這表明在水在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>中快速周轉。水汽在大气层中能形成类似海洋中洋流的水汽通道，并且在一定的时间一个范围内存在固定的水汽输送总量，这意味着一个地方过度降水后，将会使得另一些区域获得不到充沛的降水。 </p><p>雖然<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>排放的氣體差距很大，但是，水蒸氣始終是最常見的火山氣體，通常火山噴發有超過60％的排放量為水蒸氣。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雷达和卫星成像"><span id=".E9.9B.B7.E8.BE.BE.E5.92.8C.E5.8D.AB.E6.98.9F.E6.88.90.E5.83.8F"></span>雷达和卫星成像</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：雷达和卫星成像"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="水分子">水分子</a>吸收<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>和其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="无线电波">无线电波</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-disambig" title="信号">信号</a>，通过水时大气中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="雷达">雷达</a>信号会衰减。此外，大气中的水能否<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="反射 (物理学)">反射</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E5%B0%84" title="折射">折射</a>信号，在一定程度上取决于它的状态是、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="气态">气态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="液态">液态</a>还是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="固态">固态</a>。 </p><p>一般来说，当它们穿过<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="对流层">对流层</a>时，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="雷达">雷达</a>信号传送越远将逐渐减弱强度。空气中的一些成分对于某些<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">频率</a>是不透明的，导致不同频率的信号衰减速率不同。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="无线电波">无线电波</a>用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD" title="广播">广播</a>和其他的通讯传输时也具有相同的效果。 </p><p>水蒸气比水的其他两个状态对<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="雷达">雷达</a>的影响较小。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BB%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="水滴">水滴</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%99%B6" title="冰晶">冰晶</a>状态下，水被作为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B1%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="棱镜">棱镜</a>。虽然一个单独的分子无法成为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B1%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="棱镜">棱镜</a>，然而，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="大气">大气</a>中的水蒸气的存在下，就能形成一个巨大的棱镜。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GOES-12<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%BE%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="卫星图像">卫星图像</a>的对比，显示相对于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋">海洋</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91" title="云">云</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>各大洲的大气水汽分布。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>周围的蒸汽，分布不均。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="閃電產生"><span id=".E9.96.83.E9.9B.BB.E7.94.A2.E7.94.9F"></span>閃電產生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：閃電產生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%B7%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA" title="范德格拉夫起电机">范德格拉夫起電機</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="閃電">閃電</a>的產生中水蒸氣起到了關鍵作用。通常，地球<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣層">大氣層</a>上的雲是真正的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="靜電">靜電</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="發電機">發電機</a>。但雲有大量的電能的直接决定因素是水蒸氣存在於本地系統的數額。 </p><p>水蒸氣的數額將直接影响空氣的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="介電係數">介電係數</a>。在低濕度的狀態，靜電放電是快速、容易的。但在高濕度的狀態，靜電放電的發生次数減少。然而，介電係數和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">電容</a>一起作用，可以生產出电压兆瓦的閃電。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>例如經過雲时，它便開始以自己的方式成為一個閃電發生器，在大氣中水蒸氣充當<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="絕緣體">絕緣體</a>的作用從而降低雲的電能。經過了一定的時間之后，如果雲層繼續生成和存儲更多的靜電，大氣水蒸氣將最終导通云存儲的電能。以被控地區閃電的形式，將這種能量釋放到地面。且每次<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="放電強度（页面不存在）">放電強度</a>直接與大氣介電係數、電容、以及雲層的發電能力相關。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外星的水蒸氣"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E6.98.9F.E7.9A.84.E6.B0.B4.E8.92.B8.E6.B0.A3"></span>外星的水蒸氣</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：外星的水蒸氣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>光彩的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星">彗星</a>尾巴很大程度上來自水蒸氣。接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>時，彗星上的許多<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="昇華">昇華</a>為一些反射陽光的蒸氣。天文學家可以從光的亮度推斷出彗星的水含量進而了解彗星距離太陽的距离。明亮的尾巴在寒冷和遙遠的彗星上可能是以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>的形式<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="昇華">昇華</a>。 </p><p>科學家研究火星後假設：如果水的運動與行星有關，那麽，它作爲蒸氣時亦然。大多數的水在火星上以冰的形式存在在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="北極">北極</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在火星的夏季，這些冰会昇華，使大量的季節性風暴向<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93" title="赤道">赤道</a>運送大量水成爲可能。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>一顆命名為CW Leonis的大質量<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>被發現有大量水蒸氣環繞。美國航天局的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="衛星">衛星</a>旨在研究星球雲層<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="光譜">光譜</a>，從而確定它的化學成分。這非常有希望，“水蒸氣往往從彗星軌道表面蒸發”。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>外行星的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E9%A6%AC%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="飛馬座">飛馬座</a>的HD 209458 B，經<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="光谱分析">光譜分析</a>，首次提供了證據，太陽系以外的星球<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣">大氣</a>中也有水蒸氣存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水蒸氣凝結"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E8.92.B8.E6.B0.A3.E5.87.9D.E7.B5.90"></span>水蒸氣凝結</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：水蒸氣凝結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>常見的實例就是當你從<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E7%AE%B1" title="冰箱">冰箱</a>拿出飲料時，過沒多久就會發現瓶身有許多小水珠，這是由於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="水蒸氣">水蒸氣</a>遇到冷的瓶子而<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90" title="凝結">凝結</a>。還有一個常見的就是當你在燒水煮飯時，開火的瞬間也會發現有水氣附著在鍋身，這是因為開火時，<a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%8B%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="鍋子">鍋子</a>周遭的水蒸氣<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="溫度">溫度</a>瞬間升高，但鍋子溫度沒有上升那麼快，導致溫度高的水蒸氣附著凝結在相對較冷的鍋子上，等到鍋子溫度也上升到一定後，就又<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%99%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸發">蒸發</a>了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="测量"><span id=".E6.B5.8B.E9.87.8F"></span>测量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：测量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>测量介质中的水蒸汽数量可以做直接或远程测量，具有不同程度的准确性。电磁吸收远程方法可以测量的行星大气层。直接方法可以使用电子传感器，或是蘸水的温度计或吸湿性材料的物理性质，化学性质、尺寸变化。 </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%; width: auto; table-layout: fixed;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:12em"> </th> <td>介质 </td> <td>温度范围（摄氏度） </td> <td>测量不准确度 </td> <td>典型测量频率 </td> <td>系统成本 </td> <td>注释 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">悬挂式湿度计 </th> <td>空气 </td> <td>-10到50 </td> <td>低到中度 </td> <td>每小时 </td> <td>低 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">星基光谱 </th> <td>空气 </td> <td>-80到60 </td> <td>低 </td> <td> </td> <td>非常高 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">电容式传感器 </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td>-40到50 </td> <td>中度 </td> <td>2到0.05赫兹 </td> <td>中 </td> <td>容易成为饱和/随着时间推移污染 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">预热的电容式传感器 </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td>-15到50 </td> <td>中度到低 </td> <td>2到0.05赫兹（依赖于温度） </td> <td>中等到高 </td> <td>容易发生成为饱和/随着时间推移污染 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">电阻式传感器 </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td>-10到50 </td> <td>中度 </td> <td>60秒 </td> <td>中 </td> <td>容易发生污染 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">氯化锂湿敏元件 </th> <td>空气 </td> <td>-30到50 </td> <td>中度 </td> <td>连续 </td> <td>中 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">氯化钴（II） </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td>0到50 </td> <td>高 </td> <td>5分钟 </td> <td>非常低 </td> <td>经常使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湿度指示卡（页面不存在）">湿度指示卡</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%94%B6%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="吸收光譜">吸收光谱</a> </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td> </td> <td>中度 </td> <td> </td> <td>高 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">氧化铝 </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td> </td> <td>中度 </td> <td> </td> <td>中 </td> <td>请参阅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%BB%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水份分析（页面不存在）">水份分析</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">氧化硅 </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td> </td> <td>中度 </td> <td> </td> <td>中 </td> <td>请参阅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%BB%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水份分析（页面不存在）">水份分析</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">压电吸附 </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td> </td> <td>中度 </td> <td> </td> <td>中 </td> <td>请参阅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%BB%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水份分析（页面不存在）">水份分析</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">电解 </th> <td>空气/气态 </td> <td> </td> <td>中度 </td> <td> </td> <td>中 </td> <td>请参阅<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%BB%BD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水份分析（页面不存在）">水份分析</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">毛发湿度计 </th> <td>空气 </td> <td>0到40 </td> <td>高 </td> <td>连续 </td> <td>低到中等 </td> <td>受温度的影响。长时间高浓度会有负面作用。 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">浊度计 </th> <td>空气/其他气体 </td> <td> </td> <td>低 </td> <td> </td> <td>非常高 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">肠膜（牛腹膜） </th> <td>空气 </td> <td>-20到30 </td> <td>适中（带调整） </td> <td>慢，在较低温度下更慢 </td> <td>低 </td> <td>参考：WMO气象仪器和观测方法指南＃8 2006年（页1.12-1）（WMO Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation #8 2006, (pages 1.12-1)） </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">莱曼-α </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>高频 </td> <td>高 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=lyman-alpha-hygrometer1">http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=lyman-alpha-hygrometer1</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120315161627/http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=lyman-alpha-hygrometer1">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）需要频繁的校准 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">重量法湿度计 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>非常低 </td> <td> </td> <td>非常高 </td> <td>通常是主要来源，美国、英国、欧盟及日本独立制定标准。 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td> </td> <td>介质 </td> <td>温度范围（摄氏度） </td> <td>测量精度 </td> <td>典型测量频率 </td> <td>系统成本 </td> <td>注释 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" title="蒸汽">蒸汽</a>（英文：Steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E4%B9%BE%E7%87%A5%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸汽乾燥度">蒸汽乾燥度</a>（也稱蒸汽的品質，英文：Dryness fraction of steam; Quality of steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="未飽和蒸汽">未飽和蒸汽</a>（英文：Unsaturated steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="飽和蒸汽">飽和蒸汽</a>（英文：Saturated steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="乾飽和蒸汽">乾飽和蒸汽</a>（英文：Dry saturated steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%BC%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="溼飽和蒸汽">溼飽和蒸汽</a>（英文：Wet saturated steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="乾蒸汽">乾蒸汽</a>（英文：Dry steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%BC%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="溼蒸汽">溼蒸汽</a>（英文：Wet steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E7%86%B1%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" title="過熱蒸汽">過熱蒸汽</a>（英文：Superheated steam）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E9%A3%BD%E5%92%8C%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD" title="過飽和蒸汽">過飽和蒸汽</a>（英文：Supersaturated steam）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span> </p> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lide, David. <i><u> CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</u>, 73rd ed</i>. 1992, CRC Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VSMOW-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VSMOW_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VSMOW_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vienna_Standard_Mean_Ocean_Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water（页面不存在）">Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water</a> (VSMOW), used for calibration, melts at 273.1500089(10) K (0.000089(10) °C, and boils at 373.1339 K (99.9839 °C)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skolnik, pp2.44-2.54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shadowitz, Albert. <i><u>The Electromagnetic Field</u></i>. 1975, McGraw-Hill Book Company. pp165-171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shadowitz, pp172-173, 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shadowitz, pp414-416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jakosky, Bruce, et al. <i>"Water on Mars"</i>, April 2004, Physics Today, p71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Europe probe detects Mars water ice"</i>, January 23, 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/01/23/mars.water.ice/index.html">Cnn.com</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120712031939/http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/01/23/mars.water.ice/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, retrieved August 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd, Robin. <i>"Water Vapor, Possible Comets, Found Orbiting Star"</i>, 11 July 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html">Space.com</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20010713115441/http://www.space.com/searchforlife/swas_water_010711.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Retrieved December 15, 2006.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlv.com/global/CN/steam-theory/various-states-of-steam.html">各种状态蒸汽的分类</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20101105151814/http://www.tlv.com/global/CN/steam-theory/various-states-of-steam.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031008003023/http://avc.comm.nsdlib.org/cgi-bin/wiki_grade_interface.pl?Measuring_Water_Vapor">测量水蒸气</a>：一个来自国家科学数字图书馆的课程计划</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" 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5em">气象数据与参数</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">常规</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E7%83%AD%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B" title="绝热过程">绝热过程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="平流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="advection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平流（页面不存在）">平流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/advection" class="extiw" title="en:advection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">advection</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E5%8A%9B" title="浮力">浮力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%BA%AB%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E9%81%9E%E6%B8%9B%E7%8E%87" title="氣溫垂直遞減率">氣溫垂直遞減率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5" title="闪电">闪电</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="太陽幅照度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Solar irridance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%B9%85%E7%85%A7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="太陽幅照度（页面不存在）">太陽幅照度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_irridance" class="extiw" title="en:Solar irridance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Solar irridance</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9D%A2%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94%E5%9B%BE" title="地面天气图">地面天气图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E8%A6%8B%E5%BA%A6" title="能見度">能見度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A1%E9%87%8F" title="涡量">涡量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8" title="風">風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E5%88%87%E5%8F%98" title="风切变">风切</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90" title="凝結">凝結</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91" title="云">云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%87%9D%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8" title="云凝结核">云凝结核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%A7" title="霧">霧</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流凝結高度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective condensation level"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流凝結高度（页面不存在）">對流凝結高度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_condensation_level" class="extiw" title="en:Convective condensation level"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective condensation level</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="上升凝結高度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lifted condensation level"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%87%E5%87%9D%E7%B5%90%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上升凝結高度（页面不存在）">上升凝結高度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifted_condensation_level" class="extiw" title="en:Lifted condensation level"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lifted condensation level</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">水蒸气</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="大氣對流">大氣對流</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%8F%AF%E7%94%A8%E4%BD%8D%E8%83%BD" title="對流可用位能">對流有效位能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E8%83%BD" title="對流抑制能">對流抑制指數</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流不穩定性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective instability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流不穩定性（页面不存在）">對流不穩定性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_instability" class="extiw" title="en:Convective instability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective instability</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流動量輸送" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective momentum transport"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F%E8%BC%B8%E9%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流動量輸送（页面不存在）">對流動量輸送</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_momentum_transport" class="extiw" title="en:Convective momentum transport"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective momentum transport</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="條件對稱不穩定性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conditional symmetric instability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="條件對稱不穩定性（页面不存在）">條件對稱不穩定性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_symmetric_instability" class="extiw" title="en:Conditional symmetric instability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conditional symmetric instability</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對流溫度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Convective temperature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對流溫度（页面不存在）">對流溫度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convective_temperature" class="extiw" title="en:Convective temperature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Convective temperature</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="平衡高度">平衡高度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自由对流层" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Free convective layer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由对流层（页面不存在）">自由对流层</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_convective_layer" class="extiw" title="en:Free convective layer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Free convective layer</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流體動力學螺旋度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydrodynamical helicity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流體動力學螺旋度（页面不存在）">流體動力學螺旋度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamical_helicity" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrodynamical helicity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydrodynamical helicity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>#Meteorology</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="K 指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="K-index (meteorology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K_%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K 指數（页面不存在）">K 指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-index_(meteorology)" class="extiw" title="en:K-index (meteorology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">K-index (meteorology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6" title="自由對流高度">自由對流高度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抬升指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lifted index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%AC%E5%8D%87%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抬升指數（页面不存在）">抬升指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifted_index" class="extiw" title="en:Lifted index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lifted index</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最大氣團高度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maximum parcel level"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%98%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大氣團高度（页面不存在）">最大氣團高度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_parcel_level" class="extiw" title="en:Maximum parcel level"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maximum parcel level</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="整體理查遜數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bulk Richardson number"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E9%AB%94%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E9%81%9C%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整體理查遜數（页面不存在）">整體理查遜數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_Richardson_number" class="extiw" title="en:Bulk Richardson number"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bulk Richardson number</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E7%82%B9" title="露点">露点‎(<i>T</i><sub>d</sub>)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="露點降低" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dew point depression"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%B2%E9%BB%9E%E9%99%8D%E4%BD%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="露點降低（页面不存在）">露點降低</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point_depression" class="extiw" title="en:Dew point depression"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dew point depression</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="乾球温度">乾球温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%95%B6%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="相當溫度">相當溫度(<i>T</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林火災天氣指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forest fire weather index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林火災天氣指數（页面不存在）">森林火災天氣指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_fire_weather_index" class="extiw" title="en:Forest fire weather index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forest fire weather index</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海恩斯指數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haines Index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海恩斯指數（页面不存在）">海恩斯指數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haines_Index" class="extiw" title="en:Haines Index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haines Index</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B7%E7%83%AD%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="酷热指数">酷热指数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E7%83%AD%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="湿热指数">濕熱指數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%BA%A6" title="湿度">湿度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E6%BF%95%E5%BA%A6" title="相對濕度">相對濕度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E6%AF%94" title="混合比">混合比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E6%BA%AB" title="位溫">位溫(<i>θ</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%95%B6%E4%BD%8D%E6%BA%AB" title="相當位溫">相當位溫(<i>θ</i><sub>e</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E9%9D%A2%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="海面温度">海面温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="海洋溫度">海洋溫度</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="溫度異常" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Temperature anomaly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溫度異常（页面不存在）">溫度異常</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_anomaly" class="extiw" title="en:Temperature anomaly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Temperature anomaly</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="热力学温度">热力学温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%BA%AB" title="虛溫">虛溫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E7%90%83%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="湿球温度">湿球温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%91%E7%86%B1%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="暑熱壓力指數">暑熱壓力指數</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="濕球位溫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wet-bulb potential temperature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%95%E7%90%83%E4%BD%8D%E6%BA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="濕球位溫（页面不存在）">濕球位溫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet-bulb_potential_temperature" class="extiw" title="en:Wet-bulb potential temperature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wet-bulb potential temperature</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E5%AF%92%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="風寒指數">風寒指數</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="压力">压力</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%8E%8B" title="气压">气压</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E5%8E%8B" title="斜压">斜压</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3" title="正壓大氣">正壓大氣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%BC%B7%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E5%8A%9B" title="壓強梯度力">壓力梯度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%BC%B7%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E5%8A%9B" title="壓強梯度力">壓強梯度力</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶氣旋可能最高強度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maximum potential intensity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E5%BC%B7%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶氣旋可能最高強度（页面不存在）">熱帶氣旋可能最高強度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_potential_intensity" class="extiw" title="en:Maximum potential intensity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maximum potential intensity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>84种语言</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>添加话题</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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