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id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Xanthippe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="زنتيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زنتيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantippa" title="Ksantippa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ksantippa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ксанціпа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ксанціпа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ксантипа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ксантипа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantipa" title="Xantipa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xantipa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantippa" title="Xantippa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Xantippa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9E%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Ξανθίππη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ξανθίππη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantipa" title="Jantipa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jantipa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantipo" title="Ksantipo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ksantipo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantipa" title="Xantipa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xantipa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="زنتیپی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنتیپی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe_(femme_de_Socrate)" title="Xanthippe (femme de Socrate) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Xanthippe (femme de Socrate)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EC%82%B0%ED%8B%B0%ED%8E%98" title="크산티페 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크산티페" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santippe" title="Santippe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Santippe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%94" title="קסנתיפה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קסנתיפה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ксантиппа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ксантиппа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthipp%C3%A9_(Sz%C3%B3krat%C3%A9sz_feles%C3%A9ge)" title="Xanthippé (Szókratész felesége) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Xanthippé (Szókratész felesége)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80" title="സെന്തിപ്പീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെന്തിപ്പീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="زنتيب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زنتيب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%83%E3%83%9A" title="クサンティッペ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クサンティッペ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%BE%DB%92" title="زینتھپے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="زینتھپے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksantypa" title="Ksantypa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ksantypa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2ntipe" title="Xântipe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xântipe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zantipp" title="Zantipp – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Zantipp" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantipa" title="Xantipa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Xantipa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ксантиппа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ксантиппа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksanthippe" title="Ksanthippe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ksanthippe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xantippa" title="Xantippa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Xantippa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthippe" title="Xanthippe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Xanthippe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ксантіппа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ксантіппа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%9E%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%A9" title="赞西佩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="赞西佩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Athenian, wife of Socrates</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Socrates' wife. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Xanthippe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Xanthippe (disambiguation)">Xanthippe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xantippe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Xantippe.jpg/220px-Xantippe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Xantippe.jpg/330px-Xantippe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Xantippe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Portrait from <i><a href="/wiki/Promptuarium_Iconum_Insigniorum" title="Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum">Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum</a></i> (1553) by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Rouill%C3%A9" title="Guillaume Rouillé">Guillaume Rouillé</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Xanthippe</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ξανθίππη</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[ksantʰíppɛː]</a></span>; fl. 5th–4th century BCE) was an <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">ancient Athenian</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and mother of their three sons: <a href="/wiki/Lamprocles" title="Lamprocles">Lamprocles</a>, Sophroniscus, and <a href="/wiki/Menexenus" title="Menexenus">Menexenus</a>. She was likely much younger than Socrates, perhaps by as much as 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Xenophon)" title="Symposium (Xenophon)">Symposium</a></i>, she is described by <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a> as "the most difficult, harshest, painful, ill-tempered" wife; this characterisation of Xanthippe has influenced all subsequent portrayals of her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known about the life of Xanthippe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018611_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018611-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient sources that mention her do so primarily to illustrate something about the character of Socrates, rather than provide any biographical information about Xanthippe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018612_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018612-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was probably born around 440 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002299_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002299-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making her around 30 years younger than Socrates, who was born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 470</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xanthippe's father may have been called Lamprocles, and Socrates and Xanthippe's <a href="/wiki/Lamprocles" title="Lamprocles">eldest son</a> been named after him; this may have been the Lamprocles mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Clouds_(Aristophanes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clouds (Aristophanes)">Clouds</a></i>, who was a well-known musician in fifth-century Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002183_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002183-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xanthippe and Socrates apparently married after 423 BCE, as in Aristophanes' <i>Clouds</i> Socrates seems to be unmarried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodbury197312_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodbury197312-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She bore Lamprocles around 415 or 414 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19741_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19741-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton197066_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton197066-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She may have been the mother of Socrates' other two children, Sophroniscus and Menexenus.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a> both report versions of a story that Socrates married twice, once to Xanthippe and once to <a href="/wiki/Myrto" title="Myrto">Myrto</a>, the daughter or granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/Aristides_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristides the Just">Aristides the Just</a>. This story has generally not been believed by modern scholars, though some have accepted it – for instance J. W. Fitton, who argues that Myrto was Socrates' wife whereas Xanthippe was a citizen <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">pallake</i></span> ("concubine").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002209_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002209-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton1970_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton1970-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the basis of her name (a compound of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hippos</i></span>, "horse", which often indicated a noble background)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton197064_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton197064-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fact that her eldest son was, contrary to the usual Athenian practice, not named after Socrates' father, some scholars have suggested that she was from an aristocratic family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fitton however notes that non-aristocratic Athenians with "hippos" names are known, and argues that though Xanthippe was an Athenian citizen she was not from an especially aristocratic family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton197060–64_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton197060–64-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reyer_Jacobsz._van_Blommendael,_Socrate,_ses_deux_%C3%A9pouses_et_Alcibiade,_1675._Huile_sur_toile,_210_x_198_cm._Strasbourg,_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Reyer_Jacobsz._van_Blommendael%2C_Socrate%2C_ses_deux_%C3%A9pouses_et_Alcibiade%2C_1675._Huile_sur_toile%2C_210_x_198_cm._Strasbourg%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Art.jpg/240px-Reyer_Jacobsz._van_Blommendael%2C_Socrate%2C_ses_deux_%C3%A9pouses_et_Alcibiade%2C_1675._Huile_sur_toile%2C_210_x_198_cm._Strasbourg%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Reyer_Jacobsz._van_Blommendael%2C_Socrate%2C_ses_deux_%C3%A9pouses_et_Alcibiade%2C_1675._Huile_sur_toile%2C_210_x_198_cm._Strasbourg%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Art.jpg/360px-Reyer_Jacobsz._van_Blommendael%2C_Socrate%2C_ses_deux_%C3%A9pouses_et_Alcibiade%2C_1675._Huile_sur_toile%2C_210_x_198_cm._Strasbourg%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Reyer_Jacobsz._van_Blommendael%2C_Socrate%2C_ses_deux_%C3%A9pouses_et_Alcibiade%2C_1675._Huile_sur_toile%2C_210_x_198_cm._Strasbourg%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Art.jpg/480px-Reyer_Jacobsz._van_Blommendael%2C_Socrate%2C_ses_deux_%C3%A9pouses_et_Alcibiade%2C_1675._Huile_sur_toile%2C_210_x_198_cm._Strasbourg%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux-Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates,_his_two_Wives,_and_Alcibiades" title="Socrates, his two Wives, and Alcibiades">Socrates, his two Wives, and Alcibiades</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Reyer_van_Blommendael" title="Reyer van Blommendael">Reyer van Blommendael</a>. Xanthippe douses her husband with cold water from a <a href="/wiki/Hydria" title="Hydria">hydria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Xanthippe is mentioned only once by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018610_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018610-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depicted sitting by Socrates on the night before his execution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616–617_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616–617-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence in Plato's portrayal of the shrewish Xanthippe of later tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018617_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018617-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The characterisation of Xanthippe as a difficult wife derives from Xenophon's depiction of her: in the <i><a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i>, though she is not named her son Lamprocles complains of her harshness, and in Xenophon's <i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Xenophon)" title="Symposium (Xenophon)">Symposium</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a> describes her as "the most difficult, harshest, painful, ill-tempered" wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613–615_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613–615-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates says that he chose her precisely because of her argumentative spirit: </p> <blockquote><p>It is the example of the rider who wishes to become an expert horseman: "None of your soft-mouthed, docile animals for me," he says; "the horse for me to own must show some spirit" in the belief, no doubt, if he can manage such an animal, it will be easy enough to deal with every other horse besides. And that is just my case. I wish to deal with human beings, to associate with man in general; hence my choice of wife. I know full well, that if I can tolerate her spirit, I can with ease attach myself to every human being else.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Later ancient authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a>, largely follow Xenophon's characterisation of her as a difficult wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of the anecdotes reported by Diogenes serve to show Socrates' wit, and to contrast his temperament with that of his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018615–616_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018615–616-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one story told by several ancient sources, Xanthippe pours a jug of water over Socrates' head;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Diogenes he responded with the quip "Did I not say that thundering Xanthippe also makes water?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_and_Xanthippe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Socrates_and_Xanthippe.jpg/240px-Socrates_and_Xanthippe.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Socrates_and_Xanthippe.jpg/360px-Socrates_and_Xanthippe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Socrates_and_Xanthippe.jpg/480px-Socrates_and_Xanthippe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Emblem_book" title="Emblem book">emblem book</a> print portraying Xanthippe emptying a chamber pot over Socrates, from <i>Emblemata Horatiana</i> illustrated by Otho Vaenius, 1607.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval authors who mention Xanthippe largely repeat the ancient anecdotes about her, and follow the example of Xenophon and Diogenes Laertius in portraying her as a difficult wife. In the <a href="/wiki/Wife_of_Bath%27s_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wife of Bath's Tale">Wife of Bath's Tale</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> retells Diogenes' story of Xanthippe pouring a water-jug over Socrates' head, though in his version the jug is filled with urine. The first positive portrayal of Xanthippe comes from the 1405 <a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the City of Ladies">Book of the City of Ladies</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>: her version of Xanthippe attempts to save Socrates from death by taking the poison from him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This portrayal of Xanthippe continued into the early-modern period. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, for instance, cites her as a proverbially bad wife in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></i>. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, some followed in the tradition of a shrewish Xanthippe – such as <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Langendijk" title="Pieter Langendijk">Pieter Langendijk</a> in his <i>Xantippe, of het booze wyf des filozoofs Sokrates beteugeld</i>. Others, however, began to treat her more sympathetically: the German scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christoph_August_Heumann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christoph August Heumann (page does not exist)">Christoph August Heumann</a> was the first to question the historicity of the negative ancient anecdotes about her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addison discusses matrimony in <i>The Spectator</i> no. 482, dated Friday 12 September 1712: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>An honest Tradesman, who dates his Letter from Cheapside, sends me Thanks in the name of a Club, who, he tells me, meet as often as their Wives will give them leave, and stay together till they are sent for home. He informs me, that my Paper has administered great Consolation to their whole Club, and desires me to give some further Account of Socrates, and to acquaint them in whose Reign he lived, whether he was a Citizen or a Courtier, whether he buried Xantippe</p></blockquote> <p>The novelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a> describes the shrewish Mrs. Partridge thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>She was, besides, a profest follower of that noble sect founded by Xantippe of old; by means of which she became more formidable in the school than her husband; for, to confess the truth, he was never master there, or anywhere else, in her presence. </p><p>... for she continued longer in a state of affability, after this fit of jealousy was ended, than her husband had ever known before: and, had it not been for some little exercises, which all the followers of Xantippe are obliged to perform daily, Mr Partridge would have enjoyed a perfect serenity of several months. </p><p> —<i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones,_a_Foundling" title="The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling">The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling</a></i>, Book II, Chapters iii & iv.</p></blockquote> <p>The English Victorian poet <a href="/wiki/Amy_Levy" title="Amy Levy">Amy Levy</a> wrote a dramatic monologue called "Xantippe".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his poem "An Acrostic", <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> makes references to her although he (allegedly purposely) misspells her name and instead writes 'Zantippe'. </p><p>Frank Osbaldistone, the first-person narrator of <i><a href="/wiki/Rob_Roy_(novel)" title="Rob Roy (novel)">Rob Roy</a></i> by Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a> (1817), records this event: "While I trembled lest the thunders of their wrath might dissolve in showers like that of Xantippe, Mrs Flyter herself awoke, and began, in a tone of objurgation not unbecoming the philosophical spouse of Socrates, to scold one or two loiterers in her kitchen." (Book 2, Chapter 7) </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Thorne" title="Doctor Thorne">Doctor Thorne</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a>, the author says of wives 'There may possibly have been a Xantippe here and there, but Imogenes are to be found under every bush.' </p><p><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a> refers to a woman's "Xanthippe-like character" in Chapter 10 of his autobiography. ("A widow, celebrated for her superior talents, as well as for her Xanthippe-like character, kept a public house at the extremity of one of the suburbs. She had a daughter who yielded to her in none of the above-mentioned qualities, and who was indispensable to her in the management of the house. [...]" </p><p>In episode 9 of <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a></i> ("<a href="/wiki/Between_Scylla_and_Charybdis" title="Between Scylla and Charybdis">Scylla and Charybdis</a>") John Eglinton asks Stephen Dedalus, ″What useful discovery did Socrates learn from Xanthippe?″<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his essay "The Case for Xanthippe" (1960), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> suggested that the stereotype of Xanthippe as a misguided shrew is emblematic of an ancient struggle between masculinity (rationality, philosophy) and femininity (intuition, poetry), and that the rise of philosophy in Socrates' time has led to rationality and scientific pursuit coming to exercise an unreasonable dominance over human life and culture. </p><p>In <i>Academic Graffiti</i> (1971), the poet <a href="/wiki/W.H._Auden" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. Auden">W.H. Auden</a> memorialized Xanthippe in a <a href="/wiki/Clerihew" title="Clerihew">clerihew</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Whenever Xantippe<br /> Wasn't feeling too chippy,<br /> She would bawl at Socrates:<br /> 'Why aren't you Hippocrates?'<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Xanthippe has a fairly important role in <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Anderson" title="Maxwell Anderson">Maxwell Anderson</a>'s 1951 play <i><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_in_Athens" title="Barefoot in Athens">Barefoot in Athens</a></i>. In the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Hall_of_Fame" title="Hallmark Hall of Fame">Hallmark Hall of Fame</a> television production, she was played by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Page" title="Geraldine Page">Geraldine Page</a> opposite <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ustinov" title="Peter Ustinov">Peter Ustinov</a> as Socrates.</li> <li>A fictional account of Xanthippe's relationship with her husband is presented in the play <i>Xanthippe</i> by the British author and playwright Deborah Freeman. <i>Xanthippe</i> was first produced at the <a href="/wiki/Brockley_Jack_Theatre" title="Brockley Jack Theatre">Brockley Jack Theatre</a>, London, in 1999.</li> <li>Xanthippe plays a minor role in the 2018 videogame <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin's Creed: Odyssey">Assassin's Creed: Odyssey</a></i>, in which Socrates states that her argumentative nature is what attracted him to her, rather than her looks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/156_Xanthippe" title="156 Xanthippe">156 Xanthippe</a> is named in her honour. </p><p>In 1995, P. Naskrecki and R.K. Colwell<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave the <a href="/wiki/Patronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Patronym">patronym</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Xanthippe_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthippe (genus)">Xanthippe</a></i> to a genus of flower mite that inhabits flowers of palms of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Socratea" title="Socratea">Socratea</a></i> and is probably <a href="/wiki/Phoresis_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoresis (biology)">phoretic</a> on the beetles that pollinate the palm. </p><p>A species of African white-toothed shrew was described by <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Hudson_Osgood" title="Wilfred Hudson Osgood">Wilfred Hudson Osgood</a> in 1910 as <i>Crocidura xantippe,</i> common name "<a href="/wiki/Xanthippe%27s_shrew" title="Xanthippe's shrew">Xanthippe's shrew</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">List of speakers in Plato's dialogues</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">She must have been young enough to give birth to their three children <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> describes in his writings: In the <i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i> 34d, the sons are described as quite young: two of them "children", the other a "lad"; in Plato's <i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i> 60a, one of them is small enough to be held in his mother's arms. Both dialogues take place when Socrates is supposed to have been 70 years old.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, p. 613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018611-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018611_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, p. 611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018612-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018612_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002299-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002299_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrobl2015_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrobl2015">Strobl 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002183-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002183_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodbury197312-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodbury197312_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1973">Woodbury 1973</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBicknell19741-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBicknell19741_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBicknell1974">Bicknell 1974</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton197066-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton197066_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitton1970">Fitton 1970</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="#CITEREFWoodbury1973">Woodbury 1973</a>, pp. 12–13 believes that Xanthippe was the mother of Sophroniscus and Menexenus; <a href="#CITEREFFitton1970">Fitton 1970</a>, p. 57 accepts <a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a>'s claim that their mother was <a href="/wiki/Myrto" title="Myrto">Myrto</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENails2002209-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENails2002209_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNails2002">Nails 2002</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton1970-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton1970_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitton1970">Fitton 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton197064-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton197064_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitton1970">Fitton 1970</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrickhouseSmith199015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrickhouseSmith1990">Brickhouse & Smith 1990</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitton197060–64-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitton197060–64_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitton1970">Fitton 1970</a>, pp. 60–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018610-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018610_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, p. 610.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616–617-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616–617_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, pp. 616–617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018617-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018617_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613–615-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018613–615_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, pp. 613–615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xenophon, <i>Symposium</i> 17–19 [= 2.10]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018615–616-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018615–616_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, pp. 615–616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxonhouse2018616_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxonhouse2018">Saxonhouse 2018</a>, p. 616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~letrs/vwwp/levy/xantippe.html">"Xantippe, and Other Verse"</a>. <i>indiana.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=indiana.edu&rft.atitle=Xantippe%2C+and+Other+Verse.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~letrs%2Fvwwp%2Flevy%2Fxantippe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulysses, James Joyce, p. 170. Wordsworth Classics edition. Notes for James Joyce's Ulysses, Don Gifford with Robert J Seidman, Revised and Expanded edition, University of California Press, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuden1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W.H._Auden" class="mw-redirect" title="W.H. Auden">Auden, W.H.</a> (1971). <i>Academic Graffiti</i>. New York: Random House. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Academic+Graffiti&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Auden&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Naskrecki, P. and R.K. Colwell. 1995. A new genus and two new species of Melicharini from Venezuela (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae). <i>Annals of the Entomological Society of America</i> 88:284–293.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicknell1974" class="citation journal cs1">Bicknell, Peter (1974). "Socrates' Mistress Xanthippe". <i>Apeiron</i>. <b>8</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Apeiron&rft.atitle=Socrates%27+Mistress+Xanthippe&rft.volume=8&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Bicknell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickhouseSmith1990" class="citation book cs1">Brickhouse, Thomas C.; Smith, Nicholas D. (1990). <i>Socrates on Trial</i>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socrates+on+Trial&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Brickhouse&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicholas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitton1970" class="citation journal cs1">Fitton, J. W. (1970). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"That was no lady, that was..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Classical Quarterly</i>. <b>20</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/637508">637508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22That+was+no+lady%2C+that+was...%22&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F637508%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fitton&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNails2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Debra_Nails" title="Debra Nails">Nails, Debra</a> (2002). <i>The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics</i>. Hackett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-564-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-564-2"><bdi>978-0-87220-564-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People+of+Plato%3A+A+Prosopography+of+Plato+and+Other+Socratics&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-564-2&rft.aulast=Nails&rft.aufirst=Debra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxonhouse2018" class="citation journal cs1">Saxonhouse, Arlene (2018). "Xanthippe: Shrew or Muse". <i>Hypatia</i>. <b>33</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45153718">45153718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=Xanthippe%3A+Shrew+or+Muse&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45153718%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Saxonhouse&rft.aufirst=Arlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrobl2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Strobl, Wolfgang (2015). "Xanthippe". <i>Brill's New Pauly Supplements II Online: Volume 7</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2468-3418_bnps7_SIM_004786">10.1163/2468-3418_bnps7_SIM_004786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xanthippe&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+New+Pauly+Supplements+II+Online%3A+Volume+7&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2468-3418_bnps7_SIM_004786&rft.aulast=Strobl&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodbury1973" class="citation journal cs1">Woodbury, Leonard (1973). "Socrates and he Daughter of Aristides". <i>Phoenix</i>. <b>27</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087907">1087907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix&rft.atitle=Socrates+and+he+Daughter+of+Aristides&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1087907%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Woodbury&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXanthippe" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xanthippe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Socrates" title="Bibliography of Socrates">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_depictions_of_Socrates" title="List of cultural depictions of Socrates">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Socrates" title="Trial of Socrates">Trial of Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socratic problem</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:#f8f8f8"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg/100px-Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg/150px-Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg/200px-Socrates_Pio-Clementino_Inv314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1740" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadfly_(philosophy_and_social_science)" title="Gadfly (philosophy and social science)">Social gadfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_dialogue" title="Socratic dialogue">Socratic dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_intellectualism" title="Moral intellectualism">Socratic intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Socratic irony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_method" title="Socratic method">Socratic method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">Socratic paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_questioning" title="Socratic questioning">Socratic questioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing" title="I know that I know nothing">I know that I know nothing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_unexamined_life_is_not_worth_living" title="The unexamined life is not worth living">The unexamined life is not worth living</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sophroniscus" title="Sophroniscus">Sophroniscus</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaenarete" title="Phaenarete">Phaenarete</a> (mother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Xanthippe</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprocles" title="Lamprocles">Lamprocles</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menexenus" title="Menexenus">Menexenus</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrto" title="Myrto">Myrto</a> (wife)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works<br />that<br />include<br />Socrates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Double_Herm_of_Socrates_and_Seneca" title="Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca">Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca</a></i> (3rd-century sculpture)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates" title="The Death of Socrates">The Death of Socrates</a></i> (1787 painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(sculpture)" title="Socrates (sculpture)">Socrates</a></i> (1950 sculpture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Clouds" title="The Clouds">The Clouds</a></i> (423 BC play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_geduldige_Socrates" title="Der geduldige Socrates">Der geduldige Socrates</a></i> (1721 opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(Voltaire)" title="Socrates (Voltaire)">Socrates</a></i> (1759 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrate" title="Socrate">Socrate</a></i> (1919 oratorio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_on_Trial" title="Socrates on Trial">Socrates on Trial</a></i> (2007 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a></i> (1st-century essay)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a></i> (1841 thesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Save_Socrates" title="The Plot to Save Socrates">The Plot to Save Socrates</a></i> (2006 novel)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Serenade_after_Plato%27s_%22Symposium%22" title="Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"">Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"</a></i> (1954 serenade)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barefoot_in_Athens" title="Barefoot in Athens">Barefoot in Athens</a></i> (1966 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Socrates_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socrates (film)">Socrates</a></i> (1971 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_in_Plato%27s_dialogues" title="List of speakers in Plato's dialogues">Dialogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plato</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axiochus_(dialogue)" title="Axiochus (dialogue)">Axiochus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charmides_(dialogue)" title="Charmides (dialogue)">Charmides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clitophon_(dialogue)" title="Clitophon (dialogue)">Clitophon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" title="Cratylus (dialogue)">Cratylus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)" title="Critias (dialogue)">Critias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crito" title="Crito">Crito</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demodocus_(dialogue)" title="Demodocus (dialogue)">Demodocus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eryxias_(dialogue)" title="Eryxias (dialogue)">Eryxias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(dialogue)" title="Euthydemus (dialogue)">Euthydemus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro" title="Euthyphro">Euthyphro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Alcibiades" title="First Alcibiades">First Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgias_(dialogue)" title="Gorgias (dialogue)">Gorgias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(dialogue)" title="Hipparchus (dialogue)">Hipparchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Minor" title="Hippias Minor">Hippias Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laches_(dialogue)" title="Laches (dialogue)">Laches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lysis_(dialogue)" title="Lysis (dialogue)">Lysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Menexenus_(dialogue)" title="Menexenus (dialogue)">Menexenus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meno" title="Meno">Meno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minos_(dialogue)" title="Minos (dialogue)">Minos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Justice" title="On Justice">On Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Virtue" title="On Virtue">On Virtue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parmenides_(dialogue)" title="Parmenides (dialogue)">Parmenides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedo" title="Phaedo">Phaedo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philebus" title="Philebus">Philebus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protagoras_(dialogue)" title="Protagoras (dialogue)">Protagoras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rival_Lovers" title="Rival Lovers">Rival Lovers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Second_Alcibiades" title="Second Alcibiades">Second Alcibiades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyphus_(dialogue)" title="Sisyphus (dialogue)">Sisyphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophist_(dialogue)" title="Sophist (dialogue)">Sophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statesman_(dialogue)" title="Statesman (dialogue)">Statesman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">Symposium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theaetetus_(dialogue)" title="Theaetetus (dialogue)">Theaetetus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theages" title="Theages">Theages</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)">Timaeus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Xenophon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Xenophon)" title="Apology (Xenophon)">Apology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memorabilia_(Xenophon)" title="Memorabilia (Xenophon)">Memorabilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oeconomicus" title="Oeconomicus">Oeconomicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Xenophon)" title="Symposium (Xenophon)">Symposium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Halcyon_(dialogue)" title="Halcyon (dialogue)">Halcyon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex_Vaticanus_Graecus_64" title="Codex Vaticanus Graecus 64">Socratic Letters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_of_the_Good" title="Form of the Good">Form of the Good</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peritrope" title="Peritrope">Peritrope</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Socrates" title="Category:Socrates">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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