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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Timeline of the far future</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydlyn_van_die_verre_toekoms" title="Tydlyn van die verre toekoms – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tydlyn van die verre toekoms" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="خط زمني للمستقبل البعيد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خط زمني للمستقبل البعيد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzaq_g%C9%99l%C9%99c%C9%99yin_xronologiyas%C4%B1" title="Uzaq gələcəyin xronologiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uzaq gələcəyin xronologiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_del_futur_lluny%C3%A0" title="Cronologia del futur llunyà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cronologia del futur llunyà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="خط زماني د لموستقبال لبعيد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="خط زماني د لموستقبال لبعيد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χρονολόγιο του μακρινού μέλλοντος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρονολόγιο του μακρινού μέλλοντος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Cronolog%C3%ADa_hipot%C3%A9tica_del_futuro_lejano" title="Anexo:Cronología hipotética del futuro lejano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Cronología hipotética del futuro lejano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etorkizun_urruneko_denbora-lerroa" title="Etorkizun urruneko denbora-lerroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Etorkizun urruneko denbora-lerroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="گاه‌شمار آینده بسیار دور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شمار آینده بسیار دور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronologie_du_futur_lointain" title="Chronologie du futur lointain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chronologie du futur lointain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C11%EC%B2%9C%EB%85%84%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%B4%ED%9B%84" title="제11천년기 이후 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제11천년기 이후" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_waktu_peristiwa_jauh_di_masa_depan" title="Garis waktu peristiwa jauh di masa depan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis waktu peristiwa jauh di masa depan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_del_futuro_lontano" title="Cronologia del futuro lontano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cronologia del futuro lontano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7" title="העתיד הרחוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="העתיד הרחוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_t%C3%A1voli_j%C3%B6v%C5%91_id%C5%91vonala" title="A távoli jövő idővonala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A távoli jövő idővonala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milenium_ke-11_dan_selepasnya" title="Milenium ke-11 dan selepasnya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Milenium ke-11 dan selepasnya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9E%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%95_%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯑꯔꯥꯞꯄꯥ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯀꯗꯕ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯔꯥꯞꯄꯥ ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯀꯗꯕ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E3%81%84%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="遠い未来のタイムライン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遠い未来のタイムライン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مستقبل بعید دا خط زمانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مستقبل بعید دا خط زمانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%9B_czasu_dalekiej_przysz%C5%82o%C5%9Bci" title="Oś czasu dalekiej przyszłości – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oś czasu dalekiej przyszłości" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linha_do_tempo_do_futuro_distante" title="Linha do tempo do futuro distante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Linha do tempo do futuro distante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronologia_viitorului_%C3%AEndep%C4%83rtat" title="Cronologia viitorului îndepărtat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cronologia viitorului îndepărtat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Временная шкала далёкого будущего – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Временная шкала далёкого будущего" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/11-c_%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="11-c тыһыынча сыл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="11-c тыһыынча сыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_far_future" title="Timeline of the far future – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Timeline of the far future" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/6._tiso%C4%8Dletje_in_pozneje" title="6. tisočletje in pozneje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="6. tisočletje in pozneje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hronolo%C5%A1ki_pregled_daleke_budu%C4%87nosti" title="Hronološki pregled daleke budućnosti – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hronološki pregled daleke budućnosti" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidsaxel_%C3%B6ver_den_avl%C3%A4gsna_framtiden" title="Tidsaxel över den avlägsna framtiden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tidsaxel över den avlägsna framtiden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronolohiya_ng_Malayong_Hinaharap" title="Kronolohiya ng Malayong Hinaharap – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kronolohiya ng Malayong Hinaharap" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5" title="เส้นเวลาของอนาคตไกล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นเวลาของอนาคตไกล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzak_gelece%C4%9Fin_kronolojisi" title="Uzak geleceğin kronolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzak geleceğin kronolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Хронологія далекого майбутнього – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хронологія далекого майбутнього" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مستقبل بعید کا خط زمانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مستقبل بعید کا خط زمانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_th%E1%BB%9Di_gian_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_lai_xa" title="Dòng thời gian tương lai xa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dòng thời gian tương lai xa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-11_nga_yukottuig_ngan_lampas" title="Ika-11 nga yukottuig ngan lampas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-11 nga yukottuig ngan lampas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%99%E9%81%A0%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E7%9A%84%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A" title="遙遠未來的時間線 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_numbers" title="List of numbers">List of numbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_years" title="List of years">List of years</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A dark gray and red sphere representing the Earth lies against a black background to the right of an orange circular object representing the Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/310px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/465px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg/620px-Red_Giant_Earth_warm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Artist's concept of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> 5–7.5 billion years from now, when the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> has become a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a></figcaption></figure> While the future cannot be predicted with certainty, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of some far-future events, if only in the broadest outline.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20230502-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> These fields include <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, which studies how <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> form, interact and die; <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>, which has revealed how matter behaves at the smallest scales; <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>, which studies how life evolves over time; <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>, which shows how continents shift over millennia; and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, which examines how human societies and cultures evolve. These timelines begin at the start of the 4th millennium in 3001 CE, and continue until the furthest and most remote reaches of future time. They include alternative future events that address unresolved scientific questions, such as whether <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">humans will become extinct</a>, whether the Earth survives when the Sun expands to become a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> and whether <a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">proton decay</a> will be the eventual end of all matter in the universe. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lists">Lists</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lists">edit</a>]</div> Keys <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="/wiki/File:Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun_project_528.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">planetary science</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterfly_icon_(Noun_Project).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="/wiki/File:Psi_(greek_letter).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #e0ffff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mathematics"><img alt="Mathematics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg/16px-Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg/24px-Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg/32px-Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="96" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="Technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earth,_the_Solar_System_and_the_universe">Earth, the Solar System and the universe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earth, the Solar System and the universe">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_future_astronomical_events" title="List of future astronomical events">List of future astronomical events</a></div> All projections of the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">future of Earth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_of_the_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Future of the Solar System">the Solar System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe" title="Future of an expanding universe">the universe</a> must account for the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>, which states that <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a>, or a loss of the energy available to do work, must rise over time.<a href="#cite_note-Nave-5">[5]</a> Stars will eventually exhaust their supply of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> fuel via fusion and burn out. The Sun will likely expand sufficiently to overwhelm most of the inner planets (Mercury, Venus, and possibly Earth), but not the giant planets, including Jupiter and Saturn. Afterwards, the Sun would be reduced to the size of a <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>, and the outer planets and their moons would continue orbiting this diminutive solar remnant. This future situation may be similar to the white dwarf star <a href="/wiki/MOA-2010-BLG-477L" title="MOA-2010-BLG-477L">MOA-2010-BLG-477L</a> and the Jupiter-sized <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> orbiting it.<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20211013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-KO-20211013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20211013-8">[8]</a> Long after the death of the solar system, physicists expect that matter itself will eventually disintegrate under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>, as even the most stable materials break apart into subatomic particles.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> Current data suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe#Universe_with_zero_curvature" title="Shape of the universe">universe has a flat geometry</a> (or very close to flat), and thus will not <a href="/wiki/Big_Crunch" title="Big Crunch">collapse in on itself</a> after a finite time.<a href="#cite_note-Komatsu-10">[10]</a> This infinite future could allow for the occurrence of even massively improbable events, such as the formation of <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_brain" title="Boltzmann brain">Boltzmann brains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-linde-11">[11]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="#Keys" title=""><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Key.svg/16px-Key.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Key.svg/24px-Key.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Key.svg/32px-Key.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </th> <th scope="col">Years from now </th> <th scope="col">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">lunar tides decelerating the Earth's rotation</a>, the average length of a <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar day</a> will be <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄30 <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> second longer than it is today. To compensate, either a leap second will have to be added to the end of a day multiple times during each month, or one or more consecutive leap seconds will have to be added at the end of some or all months.<a href="#cite_note-arxiv1106_3141-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1,100 </td> <td>As Earth's poles <a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">precess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_Cephei" title="Gamma Cephei">Gamma Cephei</a> replaces <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a> as the northern <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>If a failure of the <a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Subglacial_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkes Subglacial Basin">Wilkes Subglacial Basin</a> "ice plug" in the next few centuries were to endanger the <a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="East Antarctic Ice Sheet">East Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>, it would take up to this long to melt completely. <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea levels</a> would rise 3 to 4 metres.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> One of the potential <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of global warming">long-term effects of global warming</a>, this is separate from the shorter-term threat to the <a href="/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet" title="West Antarctic Ice Sheet">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>10,000 – 1 million <a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Red supergiant star">red supergiant stars</a> <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antares" title="Antares">Antares</a> will likely have exploded as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a>. For a few months, the explosions should be easily visible on Earth in daylight.<a href="#cite_note-hockey-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-betel-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuhäuser_et_al_2022-20">[19]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>11,700 </td> <td>As Earth's poles precess, <a href="/wiki/Vega" title="Vega">Vega</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">fifth-brightest star in the sky</a>, becomes the northern <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Although Earth cycles through many different <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> northern pole stars, Vega is the brightest. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>11,000–15,000 </td> <td>By this point, halfway through Earth's precessional cycle, Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> will be mirrored, causing <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a> to occur on opposite sides of Earth's orbit. This means that the seasons in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> will be less extreme than they are today, as it will be facing away from the Sun at Earth's <a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">perihelion</a> and towards the Sun at <a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">aphelion</a>, while the seasons in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, which experiences more pronounced seasonal variation due to a higher percentage of land, will be more extreme.<a href="#cite_note-plait-22">[21]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt#Long_term" title="Axial tilt">oscillating tilt</a> of Earth's poles will move the <a href="/wiki/North_African_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North African Monsoon">North African Monsoon</a> far enough north to change the climate of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> back into a tropical one such <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Subpluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Subpluvial">as it had</a> 5,000–10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-tropicalsahara1-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-tropicalsahara2-24">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>17,000<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>The best-guess recurrence rate for a "civilization-threatening" <a href="/wiki/Supervolcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supervolcanic">supervolcanic</a> eruption large enough to eject one teratonne (one trillion tonnes) of <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic material">pyroclastic material</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>' <a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">northern polar ice cap</a> could recede as Mars reaches a warming peak of the northern hemisphere during the c. 50,000-year <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">perihelion precession</a> aspect of its <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Milankovitch cycle">Milankovitch cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>36,000 </td> <td>The small <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> <a href="/wiki/Ross_248" title="Ross 248">Ross 248</a> will pass within 3.024 light-years of Earth, becoming the closest star to the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews1993-29">[28]</a> It will recede after about 8,000 years, making first <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a> (again) and then <a href="/wiki/Gliese_445" title="Gliese 445">Gliese 445</a> the nearest stars<a href="#cite_note-Matthews1993-29">[28]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars_and_brown_dwarfs#Distant_future_and_past_encounters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs">see timeline</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>According to Berger and Loutre (2002), the current <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> period will end,<a href="#cite_note-Berger2002-30">[29]</a> sending the Earth back into a <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacial period</a> of the current <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, regardless of the effects of anthropogenic <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>. However, according to more recent studies in 2016, anthropogenic climate change, if left unchecked, may delay this otherwise expected glacial period by as much as an additional 50,000 years, potentially skipping it entirely.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> will have eroded the remaining 32 km to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>, and will therefore cease to exist.<a href="#cite_note-Niagara_Parks-32">[31]</a> The many <a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">glacial lakes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a> will have been erased by <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a> and erosion.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>Due to lunar tides decelerating the Earth's rotation, a day on Earth is expected to be one <a href="/wiki/International_System_of_Units" title="International System of Units">SI</a> second longer than it is today. In order to compensate, either a <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">leap second</a> will have to be added to the end of every day, or the length of the day will have to be officially lengthened by one SI second.<a href="#cite_note-arxiv1106_3141-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">proper motion</a> of stars across the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a>, which results from their movement through the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>, renders many of the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> unrecognizable.<a href="#cite_note-Tapping_2005-34">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>100,000<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">red hypergiant</a> star <a href="/wiki/VY_Canis_Majoris" title="VY Canis Majoris">VY Canis Majoris</a> will likely have exploded in a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monnier_Tuthill_Lopez_1999-35">[34]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>Native North American <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Megascolecidae" title="Megascolecidae">Megascolecidae</a>, will have naturally spread north through the United States <a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93US_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada–US border">Canada–US border</a>, recovering from the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a> glaciation (38°N to 49°N), assuming a migration rate of 10 metres per year, and that a possible renewed glaciation by this time has not prevented this.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> (However, humans have already introduced non-native <a href="/wiki/Invasive_earthworms_of_North_America" title="Invasive earthworms of North America">invasive earthworms of North America</a> on a much shorter timescale, causing a shock to the regional <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>100,000 – 10 million<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cupid_(moon)" title="Cupid (moon)">Cupid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belinda_(moon)" title="Belinda (moon)">Belinda</a>, moons of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, will likely have collided.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>> 100,000 </td> <td>As one of the <a href="/wiki/Long-term_effects_of_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-term effects of global warming">long-term effects of global warming</a>, 10% of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">anthropogenic carbon dioxide</a> will still remain in a stabilized atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa</a> (formerly Lōʻihi), the youngest volcano in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a>, will rise above the surface of the ocean and become a new <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-havo-39">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300,000<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>At some point in the next few hundred thousand years, the <a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">Wolf–Rayet star</a> <a href="/wiki/WR_104" title="WR 104">WR 104</a> may explode in a <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>. There is a small chance WR 104 is spinning fast enough to produce a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray burst</a> (GRB), and an even smaller chance that such a GRB could pose a threat to life on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>500,000<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid of roughly 1 km in diameter, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">assuming that it is not averted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2002-42">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>500,000 </td> <td>The rugged terrain of <a href="/wiki/Badlands_National_Park" title="Badlands National Park">Badlands National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> will have eroded completely.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>1 million </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meteor_Crater" title="Meteor Crater">Meteor Crater</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact crater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> considered the "freshest" of its kind, will have worn away.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1 million<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desdemona_(moon)" title="Desdemona (moon)">Desdemona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cressida_(moon)" title="Cressida (moon)">Cressida</a>, moons of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, will likely have collided.<a href="#cite_note-Uranus-45">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.29 ± 0.04 million </td> <td>The star <a href="/wiki/Gliese_710" title="Gliese 710">Gliese 710</a> will pass as close as 0.051 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">parsecs</a>—0.1663 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a> (10,520 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a>)<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a>—to the Sun before moving away. This will gravitationally <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturb</a> members of the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, a halo of icy bodies orbiting at the edge of the Solar System, thereafter raising the likelihood of a cometary impact in the inner Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-gliese-47">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>2 million </td> <td>The estimated time for the full recovery of <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> ecosystems from human-caused <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> if such acidification goes unchecked; the recovery of marine ecosystems after the acidification event that occurred about 65 million years ago took a similar length of time.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>2 million+ </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> will erode further, deepening slightly, but principally widening into a broad valley surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>2.7 million </td> <td>The average orbital half-life of current <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">centaurs</a>, that are unstable because of gravitational interaction of the several <a href="/wiki/Outer_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer planets">outer planets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horner2004a-50">[49]</a> See <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)#Notable_centaurs" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">predictions for notable centaurs</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>3 million </td> <td>Due to tidal deceleration gradually slowing Earth's rotation, a day on Earth is expected to be one minute longer than it is today.<a href="#cite_note-arxiv1106_3141-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>10 million </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> will flood the widening <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> valley, causing a new ocean basin to divide the continent of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-rift-51">[50]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> into the newly formed Nubian Plate and the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali Plate">Somali Plate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Plate">Indian Plate</a> will advance into <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibet</a> by 180 km (110 mi). <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepali</a> territory, whose boundaries are defined by the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan</a> peaks and on the plains of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, will cease to exist.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>10 million </td> <td>The estimated time for full recovery of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> after a potential <a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a>, if it were on the scale of the five previous major <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">extinction events</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Even without a mass extinction, by this time most current species will have disappeared through the <a href="/wiki/Background_extinction_rate" title="Background extinction rate">background extinction rate</a>, with many <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clades</a> gradually evolving into new forms.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>50 million </td> <td>Maximum estimated time before the moon <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a> collides with <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bills-56">[55]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>50 million </td> <td>According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Scotese" title="Christopher Scotese">Christopher Scotese</a>, the movement of the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> will cause the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> to flood into the California <a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a>. This will form a new inland sea on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, causing the current locations of Los Angeles, California, and San Francisco, California to merge.<a href="#cite_note-scotese-57">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] The Californian coast will begin to be subducted into the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Trench" title="Aleutian Trench">Aleutian Trench</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trench-58">[57]</a> Africa's collision with <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> will close the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a> and create a mountain range similar to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-medi-59">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> peaks will largely wear away,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> weathering at 5.7 <a href="/wiki/Bubnoff_unit" title="Bubnoff unit">Bubnoff units</a>, although topography will actually rise as regional <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> deepen at twice this rate.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>50–60 million </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a> will wear away to a plain, assuming a rate of 60 <a href="/wiki/Bubnoff_unit" title="Bubnoff unit">Bubnoff units</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Southern Rocky Mountains">Southern Rockies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are eroding at a somewhat slower rate.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>50–400 million </td> <td>The estimated time for Earth to naturally replenish its <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> reserves.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>80 million </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Big Island</a> will have become the last of the current <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> to sink beneath the surface of the ocean, while a more recently formed chain of "new Hawaiian Islands" will then have emerged in their place.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>100 million<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>Earth will likely have been hit by an asteroid comparable in size to the one that triggered the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">K–Pg extinction</a> 66 million years ago, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">assuming this is not averted</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kpg1-66">[65]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>100 million </td> <td>According to the <a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a> model created by Christopher R. Scotese, a new subduction zone will open in the Atlantic Ocean and the Americas will begin to converge back toward Africa.<a href="#cite_note-scotese-57">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Upper estimate for lifespan of the <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">rings of Saturn</a> in their current state.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>110 million </td> <td>The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 1%.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>180 million </td> <td>Due to the gradual slowing of Earth's rotation, a day on Earth will be one hour longer than it is today.<a href="#cite_note-arxiv1106_3141-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>240 million </td> <td>From its present position, the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> completes <a href="/wiki/Galactic_year" title="Galactic year">one full orbit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-galyear-69">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>250 million </td> <td>According to Christopher R. Scotese, due to the northward movement of the West Coast of North America, the coast of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> will collide with <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scotese-57">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>250–350 million </td> <td>All the continents on Earth may fuse into a <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scotese-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_Nield_2007-70">[69]</a> Four potential arrangements of this configuration have been dubbed <a href="/wiki/Amasia_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amasia (continent)">Amasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a>. This will likely result in a glacial period, lowering sea levels and increasing oxygen levels, further lowering global temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-PerryRussel1997-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>> 250 million </td> <td>The supercontinent's formation, thanks to a combination of continentality increasing distance from the ocean, an increase in volcanic activity resulting in atmospheric CO2 at double current levels, increased interspecific competition, and a 2.5 percent increase in <a href="/wiki/Solar_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar flux">solar flux</a>, is likely to trigger an extinction event comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dying" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Dying">Great Dying</a> 250 million years ago. <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">Mammals</a> in particular are unlikely to survive.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-swansong2-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>300 million </td> <td>Due to a shift in the equatorial <a href="/wiki/Hadley_cell" title="Hadley cell">Hadley cells</a> to roughly 40° north and south, the amount of arid land will increase by 25%.<a href="#cite_note-swansong2-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>300–600 million </td> <td>The estimated time for <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>'s mantle temperature to reach its maximum. Then, over a period of about 100 million years, major subduction occurs and the crust is recycled.<a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-75">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>350 million </td> <td>According to the extroversion model first developed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Hoffman" title="Paul F. Hoffman">Paul F. Hoffman</a>, subduction ceases in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> Basin.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_Nield_2007-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>400–500 million </td> <td>The supercontinent (Pangaea Ultima, Novopangaea, Amasia, or Aurica) will likely have rifted apart.<a href="#cite_note-Williams_Nield_2007-70">[69]</a> This will likely result in higher global temperatures, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-PerryRussel1997-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>500 million<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>The estimated time until a <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst" title="Gamma-ray burst">gamma-ray burst</a>, or massive, hyperenergetic supernova, occurs within 6,500 light-years of Earth; close enough for its rays to affect Earth's <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a> and potentially trigger a <a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">mass extinction</a>, assuming the hypothesis is correct that a previous such explosion triggered the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician%E2%80%93Silurian_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician–Silurian extinction event">Ordovician–Silurian extinction event</a>. However, the supernova would have to be precisely oriented relative to Earth to have such effect.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-77">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>600 million </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration" title="Tidal acceleration">Tidal acceleration</a> moves the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> far enough from Earth that total <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipses</a> are no longer possible.<a href="#cite_note-600mil-78">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>500–600 million </td> <td>The Sun's increasing luminosity begins to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Carbonate%E2%80%93silicate_cycle" title="Carbonate–silicate cycle">carbonate–silicate cycle</a>; higher luminosity increases <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> of surface rocks, which traps <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> in the ground as carbonate. As water evaporates from the Earth's surface, rocks harden, causing <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> to slow and eventually stop once the oceans evaporate completely. With less volcanism to recycle carbon into the Earth's atmosphere, carbon dioxide levels begin to fall.<a href="#cite_note-swansong-79">[78]</a> By this time, carbon dioxide levels will fall to the point at which <a href="/wiki/C3_carbon_fixation" title="C3 carbon fixation">C3 photosynthesis</a> is no longer possible. All plants that use C3 photosynthesis (≈99 percent of present-day species) will die.<a href="#cite_note-Heath_Doyle_2009-80">[79]</a> The extinction of C3 plant life is likely to be a long-term decline rather than a sharp drop. It is likely that plant groups will die one by one well before the critical carbon dioxide level is reached. The first plants to disappear will be C3 <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> plants, followed by <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forests, <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> broad-leaf forests and finally evergreen <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swansong2-74">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>500–800 million </td> <td>As Earth begins to warm and carbon dioxide levels fall, plants—and, by extension, animals—could survive longer by evolving other strategies such as requiring less carbon dioxide for photosynthetic processes, becoming <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous_plant" title="Carnivorous plant">carnivorous</a>, adapting to <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">associating with</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>. These adaptations are likely to appear near the beginning of the moist greenhouse.<a href="#cite_note-swansong2-74">[73]</a> The decrease in <a href="/wiki/Plant_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant life">plant life</a> will result in less <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>, allowing for more <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>-damaging <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet radiation">ultraviolet radiation</a> to reach the surface. The rising temperatures will increase chemical reactions in the atmosphere, further lowering oxygen levels. Plant and animal communities become increasingly sparse and isolated as the Earth becomes more barren. Flying animals would be better off because of their ability to travel large distances looking for cooler temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-WardBrownlee2003-81">[80]</a> Many animals may be driven to the poles or possibly underground. These creatures would become active during the <a href="/wiki/Polar_night" title="Polar night">polar night</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aestivate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aestivate">aestivate</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Polar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar day">polar day</a> due to the intense heat and radiation. Much of the land would become a barren desert, and plants and animals would primarily be found in the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-WardBrownlee2003-81">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>500–800 million </td> <td>As pointed out by Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee in their book <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Death_of_Planet_Earth" title="The Life and Death of Planet Earth">The Life and Death of Planet Earth</a>, according to NASA Ames scientist Kevin Zahnle, this is the earliest time for plate tectonics to eventually stop, due to the gradual cooling of the Earth's core, which could potentially turn the Earth back into a waterworld. This would, in turn, likely cause the extinction of animal life on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-WardBrownlee2003-81">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>800–900 million </td> <td>Carbon dioxide levels will fall to the point at which <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 photosynthesis</a> is no longer possible.<a href="#cite_note-Heath_Doyle_2009-80">[79]</a> Without plant life to recycle oxygen in the atmosphere, free oxygen and the ozone layer will disappear from the atmosphere allowing for intense levels of deadly UV light to reach the surface. Animals in food chains that were dependent on live plants will disappear shortly afterward.<a href="#cite_note-swansong2-74">[73]</a> At most, animal life could survive about 3 to 100 million years after plant life dies out. Just like plants, the extinction of animals will likely coincide with the loss of plants. It will start with large animals, then smaller animals and flying creatures, then amphibians, followed by reptiles and, finally, invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-swansong-79">[78]</a> In the book The Life and Death of Planet Earth, authors <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter D. Ward">Peter D. Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Brownlee" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Brownlee">Donald Brownlee</a> state that some animal life may be able to survive in the oceans. Eventually, however, all multicellular life will die out.<a href="#cite_note-bd2_6_1665-82">[81]</a> The first sea animals to go extinct will be large fish, followed by small fish and then, finally, invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-swansong-79">[78]</a> The last animals to go extinct will be animals that do not depend on living plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Termite" title="Termite">termites</a>, or those near <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a> of the genus <a href="/wiki/Riftia" title="Riftia">Riftia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-swansong2-74">[73]</a> The only life left on the Earth after this will be single-celled organisms. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>1 billion<a href="#cite_note-shortscale-83">[note 2]</a> </td> <td>27% of the ocean's mass will have been <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subducted</a> into the mantle. If this were to continue uninterrupted, it would reach an equilibrium where 65% of present-day surface water would be subducted.<a href="#cite_note-hess5_4_569-84">[82]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1 billion </td> <td>By this point, the <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_Dwarf_Spheroidal_Galaxy" title="Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy">Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy</a> will have been completely consumed by the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nature-85">[83]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>1.1 billion </td> <td>The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 10%, causing Earth's surface temperatures to reach an average of around 320 K (47 °C; 116 °F). The atmosphere will become a "moist greenhouse", resulting in a runaway evaporation of the oceans.<a href="#cite_note-swansong-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-mnras386_1-86">[84]</a> This would cause <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> to stop completely, if not already stopped before this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlee201095-87">[85]</a> Pockets of water may still be present at the poles, allowing abodes for simple life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlee2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidM8NwTYEl0ngCpgPA79_79]-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-pressure-89">[87]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>1.2 billion </td> <td>High estimate until all plant life dies out, assuming some form of photosynthesis is possible despite extremely low carbon dioxide levels. If this is possible, rising temperatures will make any animal life unsustainable from this point on.<a href="#cite_note-nature-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-tellus_b_52_1-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-grl28_9-92">[90]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>1.3 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">Eukaryotic</a> life dies out on Earth due to carbon dioxide starvation. Only <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> remain.<a href="#cite_note-bd2_6_1665-82">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.5 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> is captured into the <a href="/wiki/Mean-motion_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean-motion resonance">mean-motion resonance</a> of the other <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, completing the 1:2:4:8 chain. (Currently only <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> participate in the 1:2:4 resonance.)<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.5–1.6 billion </td> <td>The Sun's rising luminosity causes its <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">circumstellar habitable zone</a> to move outwards; as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> rises in <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>' atmosphere, its surface temperature rises to levels akin to Earth during the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bd2_6_1665-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-mars-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.5–4.5 billion </td> <td>Tidal acceleration moves the Moon far enough from the Earth to the point where it can no longer stabilize Earth's <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>. As a consequence, Earth's <a href="/wiki/True_polar_wander" title="True polar wander">true polar wander</a> becomes chaotic and extreme, leading to dramatic shifts in the planet's climate due to the changing axial tilt.<a href="#cite_note-wander-95">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>1.6 billion </td> <td>Lower estimate until all remaining life, which by now had been reduced to colonies of unicellular organisms in isolated microenvironments such as high-altitude lakes and caves, goes extinct.<a href="#cite_note-swansong-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-bd2_6_1665-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200833–47-96">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>< 2 billion </td> <td>The first close passage of the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy" title="Andromeda Galaxy">Andromeda Galaxy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cox-97">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>2 billion </td> <td>High estimate until the Earth's oceans evaporate if the atmospheric pressure were to decrease via the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pnas106_24-98">[96]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>2.55 billion </td> <td>The Sun will have reached a maximum surface temperature of 5,820 K (5,550 °C; 10,020 °F). From then on, it will become gradually cooler while its luminosity will continue to increase.<a href="#cite_note-mnras386_1-86">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>2.8 billion </td> <td>Earth's surface temperature will reach around 420 K (147 °C; 296 °F), even at the poles.<a href="#cite_note-swansong-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200833–47-96">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>2.8 billion </td> <td>High estimate until all remaining Earth life goes extinct.<a href="#cite_note-swansong-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200833–47-96">[94]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>3–4 billion </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth#Solidification_of_the_outer_core" title="Future of Earth">Earth's core freezes</a> if the inner core continues to grow in size, based on its current growth rate of 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter per year.<a href="#cite_note-ng4_264-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-compo-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-meadows_2007-101">[99]</a> Without its liquid outer core, <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetosphere</a> shuts down,<a href="#cite_note-magnet-102">[100]</a> and solar winds gradually deplete the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3 billion<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>There is a roughly 1-in-100,000 chance that the Earth will be ejected into interstellar space by a stellar encounter before this point, and a 1-in-300-billion chance that it will be both ejected into space and captured by another star around this point. If this were to happen, any remaining life on Earth could potentially survive for far longer if it survived the interstellar journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams200833–44-104">[102]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>3.3 billion<a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a> </td> <td>There is a roughly 1% chance that <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s gravity may make <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>'s orbit so <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric</a> as to cross <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>'s orbit by this time, sending the inner Solar System into chaos. Other possible scenarios include Mercury colliding with the Sun, being ejected from the Solar System, or colliding with Venus or Earth.<a href="#cite_note-chaos-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>3.5–4.5 billion </td> <td>The Sun's luminosity will have increased by 35–40%, causing all water currently present in lakes and oceans to evaporate, if it had not done so earlier. The <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> caused by the massive, water-rich atmosphere will result in Earth's surface temperature rising to 1,400 K (1,130 °C; 2,060 °F)—hot enough to melt some surface rock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownlee201095-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-pnas106_24-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-guinan_ribas-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-icarus74-108">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>3.6 billion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> falls through the planet's <a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a>, potentially disintegrating into a planetary <a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">ring system</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturn</a>'s.<a href="#cite_note-triton-109">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>4.5 billion </td> <td>Mars reaches the same <a href="/wiki/Solar_flux" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar flux">solar flux</a> the Earth did when it first formed, 4.5 billion years ago from today.<a href="#cite_note-mars-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>< 5 billion </td> <td>The Andromeda Galaxy will have fully <a href="/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision" title="Andromeda–Milky Way collision">merged</a> with the Milky Way, forming an elliptical galaxy dubbed "Milkomeda".<a href="#cite_note-cox-97">[95]</a> There is also a small chance of the Solar System being ejected.<a href="#cite_note-cox-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cain-110">[108]</a> The planets of the Solar System will almost certainly not be disturbed by these events.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-milk-113">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>5.4 billion </td> <td>The Sun, having now exhausted its hydrogen supply, leaves the <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main sequence</a> and begins <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolving</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schroder_2008-114">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>6.5 billion </td> <td>Mars reaches the same solar radiation flux as Earth today, after which it will suffer a similar fate to the Earth as described above.<a href="#cite_note-mars-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>6.6 billion </td> <td>The Sun may experience a <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a>, resulting in its core becoming as bright as the combined luminosity of all the stars in the Milky Way galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>7.5 billion </td> <td>Earth and Mars may become <a href="/wiki/Tidally_locked" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidally locked">tidally locked</a> with the expanding red giant Sun.<a href="#cite_note-mars-94">[92]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>7.59 billion </td> <td>The Earth and Moon are very likely destroyed by falling into the Sun, just before the Sun reaches the top of its <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> phase.<a href="#cite_note-Schroder_2008-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-earthredgiantsun-116">[note 3]</a> Before the final collision, the Moon possibly spirals below Earth's <a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a>, breaking into a ring of debris, most of which falls to the Earth's surface.<a href="#cite_note-powell2007-117">[114]</a> During this era, Saturn's moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a> may reach surface temperatures necessary to support life.<a href="#cite_note-Titan-118">[115]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>7.9 billion </td> <td>The Sun reaches the top of the red-giant branch of the <a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a>, achieving its maximum radius of 256 times the present-day value.<a href="#cite_note-Rybicki2001-119">[116]</a> In the process, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> and Earth are likely destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Schroder_2008-114">[112]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>8 billion </td> <td>The Sun becomes a carbon–oxygen <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> with about 54.05% of its present mass.<a href="#cite_note-Schroder_2008-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-nebula-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj676_1_594-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-dwarf_group_note-122">[119]</a> At this point, if the Earth survives, temperatures on the surface of the planet, as well as the other planets in the Solar System, will begin dropping rapidly, due to the white dwarf Sun emitting much less energy than it does today. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>22.3 billion </td> <td>The estimated time until the end of the universe in a <a href="/wiki/Big_Rip" title="Big Rip">Big Rip</a>, assuming a model of <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Equation_of_state_(cosmology)" title="Equation of state (cosmology)"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">w</var> = −1.5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bigrip-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> If the density of <a href="/wiki/Dark_energy" title="Dark energy">dark energy</a> is less than −1, then the <a href="/wiki/Universe%27s_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Universe's expansion">universe's expansion</a> will continue to accelerate and the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a> will grow ever sparser. Around 200 million years before the Big Rip, galaxy clusters like the <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sculptor_Group" title="Sculptor Group">Sculptor Group</a> would be destroyed. 60 million years before the Big Rip, all galaxies will begin to lose <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> around their edges and will completely disintegrate in another 40 million years. Three months before the Big Rip, star systems will become gravitationally unbound, and planets will fly off into the rapidly expanding universe. Thirty minutes before the Big Rip, <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, stars, <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> and even extreme objects like <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a> will evaporate into <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>. One hundred <a href="/wiki/Zeptosecond" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeptosecond">zeptoseconds</a> (10−19 seconds) before the Big Rip, atoms would break apart. Ultimately, once the Rip reaches the <a href="/wiki/Planck_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Planck scale">Planck scale</a>, cosmic strings would be disintegrated as well as the fabric of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> itself. The universe would enter into a "rip singularity" when all non-zero distances become infinitely large. Whereas a "crunch singularity" involves all matter being infinitely concentrated, in a "rip singularity", all matter is infinitely spread out.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> However, observations of <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_cluster" title="Galaxy cluster">galaxy cluster</a> speeds by the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> suggest that the true value of <var style="padding-right: 1px;">w</var> is c. −0.991, meaning the Big Rip is unlikely to occur.<a href="#cite_note-chand-126">[123]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>50 billion </td> <td>If the Earth and Moon are not engulfed by the Sun, by this time they will become <a href="/wiki/Tidally_locked" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidally locked">tidally locked</a>, with each showing only one face to the other.<a href="#cite_note-tide1-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-tide2-128">[125]</a> Thereafter, the tidal action of the white dwarf Sun will extract <a href="/wiki/Angular_momentum" title="Angular momentum">angular momentum</a> from the system, causing the lunar orbit to decay and the Earth's spin to accelerate.<a href="#cite_note-canup_righter-129">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>65 billion </td> <td>The Moon may collide with the Earth or be torn apart to form an orbital ring due to the decay of its orbit, assuming the Earth and Moon have not already been destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>100 billion – 1012 (1 trillion) </td> <td>All the ≈47 galaxies<a href="#cite_note-messier-131">[128]</a> of the Local Group will coalesce into a single large galaxy—an expanded <a href="/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision" title="Andromeda–Milky Way collision">"Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda"</a>; the last galaxies of the <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> coalescing will mark the effective completion of its evolution.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>100–150 billion </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Universe%27s_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Universe's expansion">universe's expansion</a> causes all galaxies beyond the former <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> to disappear beyond the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_light_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic light horizon">cosmic light horizon</a>, removing them from the <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">observable universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-galaxy-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ord-133">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>150 billion </td> <td>The universe will have expanded by a factor of 6,000, and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background" title="Cosmic microwave background">cosmic microwave background</a> will have cooled by the same factor to around 4.5×10−4 K. The temperature of the background will continue to cool in proportion to the expansion of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-Ord-133">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>325 billion </td> <td>The estimated time by which the expansion of the universe isolates all gravitationally bound structures within their own cosmological horizon. At this point, the universe has expanded by a factor of more than 100 million from today, and even individual exiled stars are isolated.<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>800 billion </td> <td>The expected time when the net light emission from the combined "Milkomeda" galaxy begins to decline as the <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> stars pass through their <a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">blue dwarf</a> stage of peak luminosity.<a href="#cite_note-bluedwarf-135">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1012 (1 trillion) </td> <td>A low estimate for the time until <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> ends in galaxies as galaxies are depleted of the <a href="/wiki/Gas_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas cloud">gas clouds</a> they need to form stars.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> The Universe's expansion, assuming a constant dark energy density, multiplies the wavelength of the cosmic microwave background by 1029, exceeding the scale of the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_light_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic light horizon">cosmic light horizon</a> and rendering its evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> undetectable. However, it may still be possible to determine the expansion of the universe through the study of <a href="/wiki/Hypervelocity_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypervelocity star">hypervelocity stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-galaxy-132">[129]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.05×1012 (1.05 trillion) </td> <td>The estimated time by which the universe will have expanded by a factor of more than 1026, reducing the average particle density to less than one particle per <a href="/wiki/Cosmological_horizon" title="Cosmological horizon">cosmological horizon</a> volume. Beyond this point, particles of unbound intergalactic matter are effectively isolated, and collisions between them cease to affect the future evolution of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.4×1012 (1.4 trillion) </td> <td>The estimated time by which the cosmic background radiation cools to a floor temperature of 10−30 K and does not decline further. This residual temperature comes from horizon radiation, which does not decline over time.<a href="#cite_note-Ord-133">[130]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>2×1012 (2 trillion) </td> <td>The estimated time by which all objects beyond our former Local Group are <a href="/wiki/Redshift" title="Redshift">redshifted</a> by a factor of more than 1053. Even <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a> that they emit are stretched so that their wavelengths are greater than the physical diameter of the horizon. The resolution time for such radiation will exceed the physical age of the universe.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>4×1012 (4 trillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until the red dwarf star <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a>, the closest star to the Sun today, at a distance of 4.25 <a href="/wiki/Light-year" title="Light-year">light-years</a>, leaves the main sequence and becomes a white dwarf.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1013 (10 trillion) </td> <td>The estimated time of peak habitability in the universe, unless habitability around low-mass stars is suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-loeb_2016-138">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.2×1013 (12 trillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until the red dwarf <a href="/wiki/VB_10" title="VB 10">VB 10</a>, as of 2016 the least-massive <a href="/wiki/Main-sequence_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Main-sequence star">main-sequence star</a> with an estimated mass of 0.075 <var>M</var>☉, runs out of hydrogen in its core and becomes a white dwarf.<a href="#cite_note-S&T_22-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>3×1013 (30 trillion) </td> <td>The estimated time for stars (including the Sun) to undergo a close encounter with another star in local stellar neighborhoods. Whenever two stars (or <a href="/wiki/Stellar_remnants" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar remnants">stellar remnants</a>) pass close to each other, their planets' orbits can be disrupted, potentially ejecting them from the system entirely. On average, the closer a planet's orbit to its parent star the longer it takes to be ejected in this manner, because it is gravitationally more tightly bound to the star.<a href="#cite_note-strip-141">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1014 (100 trillion) </td> <td>A high estimate for the time by which normal <a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">star formation</a> ends in galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> This marks the transition from the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe#Degenerate_Era" title="Future of an expanding universe">Stelliferous Era to the Degenerate Era</a>; with too little free hydrogen to form new stars, all remaining stars slowly exhaust their fuel and die.<a href="#cite_note-five_ages-142">[139]</a> By this time, the universe will have expanded by a factor of approximately 102554.<a href="#cite_note-:0-134">[131]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.1–1.2×1014 (110–120 trillion) </td> <td>The time by which all stars in the universe will have exhausted their fuel (the longest-lived stars, low-mass <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>, have lifespans of roughly 10–20 trillion years).<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> After this point, the stellar-mass objects remaining are stellar remnants (<a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">black holes</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>. Collisions between brown dwarfs will create new red dwarfs on a marginal level: on average, about 100 stars will be shining in what was once "Milkomeda". Collisions between stellar remnants will create occasional supernovae.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1015 (1 quadrillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until stellar close encounters detach all planets in star systems (including the Solar System) from their orbits.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> By this point, the <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarf</a> that was once the Sun will have cooled to 5 K (−268.15 °C; −450.67 °F).<a href="#cite_note-five_degs-143">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1019 to 1020 (10–100 quintillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until 90–99% of brown dwarfs and stellar remnants (including the Sun) are ejected from galaxies. When two objects pass close enough to each other, they exchange orbital energy, with lower-mass objects tending to gain energy. Through repeated encounters, the lower-mass objects can gain enough energy in this manner to be ejected from their galaxy. This process eventually causes "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" to eject the majority of its brown dwarfs and stellar remnants.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-five_ages_pp85–87-144">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1020 (100 quintillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until the Earth collides with the <a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">black dwarf</a> Sun due to the decay of its orbit via emission of <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational radiation">gravitational radiation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dyson-145">[142]</a> if the Earth is not ejected from its orbit by a stellar encounter or engulfed by the Sun during its red giant phase.<a href="#cite_note-dyson-145">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1023 (100 sextillion) </td> <td>Around this timescale most stellar remnants and other objects are ejected from the remains of their galactic cluster.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1030 (1 nonillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until most or all of the remaining 1–10% of stellar remnants not ejected from galaxies fall into their galaxies' central <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a>. By this point, with <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">binary stars</a> having fallen into each other, and planets into their stars, via emission of gravitational radiation, only solitary objects (stellar remnants, brown dwarfs, ejected planetary-mass objects, black holes) will remain in the universe.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>2×1036 (2 undecillion) </td> <td>The estimated time for all <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">proton half-life</a> takes its smallest possible value (8.2 × 1033 years).<a href="#cite_note-proton-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-half-life-148">[note 4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>1036–1038 (1–100 undecillion) </td> <td>Estimated time for all remaining planets and stellar-mass objects, including the Sun, to disintegrate if proton decay can occur.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>3×1043 (30 tredecillion) </td> <td>Estimated time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if the hypothesized proton half-life takes the largest possible value, 1041 years,<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a> assuming that the Big Bang was <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">inflationary</a> and that the same process that made baryons predominate over anti-baryons in the early universe makes protons decay. By this time, if protons do decay, the <a href="/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe#Black_Hole_Era" title="Future of an expanding universe">Black Hole Era</a>, in which black holes are the only remaining celestial objects, begins.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-five_ages-142">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>3.14×1050 (314 quindecillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until a <a href="/wiki/Micro_black_hole" title="Micro black hole">micro black hole</a> of 1 Earth mass today, decays into <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a> by the emission of <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Page_1976-149">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>1065 (100 vigintillion) </td> <td>Assuming that protons do not decay, estimated time for rigid objects, from free-floating rocks in space to planets, to rearrange their <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> via <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunneling" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum tunneling">quantum tunneling</a>. On this timescale, any discrete body of matter "behaves like a liquid" and becomes a smooth sphere due to diffusion and gravity.<a href="#cite_note-dyson-145">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>1.16×1067 (11.6 unvigintillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until a black hole of 1 solar mass today, decays by Hawking radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Page_1976-149">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>1.54×1091–1.41×1092 (15.4–141 novemvigintillion) </td> <td>The estimated time until the resulting <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black hole</a> of "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" from the merger of <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_A*" title="Sagittarius A*">Sagittarius A*</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Galaxy#Nucleus" title="Andromeda Galaxy">P2 concentration</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision" title="Andromeda–Milky Way collision">collision of the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> vanishes by Hawking radiation,<a href="#cite_note-Page_1976-149">[145]</a> assuming it does not accrete any additional matter nor merge with other black holes—though it is most likely that this supermassive black hole will nonetheless merge with other supermassive black holes during the gravitational collapse towards "Milkomeda"/"Milkdromeda" of other Local Group galaxies.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> This supermassive black hole might be the very last entity from the former Local Group to disappear—and the last evidence of its existence. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>10106 – 2.1×10109 </td> <td>The estimated time until ultramassive black holes of 1014 (100 trillion) solar masses, predicted to form during the gravitational collapse of galaxy <a href="/wiki/Supercluster" title="Supercluster">superclusters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> decay by Hawking radiation.<a href="#cite_note-Page_1976-149">[145]</a> This marks the end of the Black Hole Era. Beyond this time, if protons do decay, the universe enters the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Era">Dark Era</a>, in which all physical objects have decayed to subatomic particles, gradually winding down to their final energy state in the <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">heat death of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dying-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-five_ages-142">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>10161 </td> <td>A 2018 estimate of Standard Model lifetime before <a href="/wiki/False_vacuum#Electroweak_vacuum_decay" title="False vacuum">collapse of a false vacuum</a>; 95% confidence interval is 1065 to 101383 years due in part to uncertainty about the top quark's mass.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[note 5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>10200 </td> <td>The highest estimate for the time it would take for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if they do not decay via the above process, but instead through any one of many different mechanisms allowed in modern particle physics (higher-order <a href="/wiki/Baryon_number" title="Baryon number">baryon non-conservation</a> processes, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">virtual black holes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphaleron" title="Sphaleron">sphalerons</a>, etc.) on time scales of 1046 to 10200 years.<a href="#cite_note-five_ages-142">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>101100–32000 </td> <td>The estimated time for black dwarfs of 1.2 solar masses or more to undergo supernovae as a result of slow <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">–</a><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> fusion, as the declining electron fraction lowers their <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>, assuming protons do not decay.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>101500 </td> <td>Assuming protons do not decay, estimated time until all <a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">baryonic</a> matter in stellar remnants, planets and planetary-mass objects has either fused together via <a href="/wiki/Muon-catalyzed_fusion" title="Muon-catalyzed fusion">muon-catalyzed fusion</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Iron-56" title="Iron-56">iron-56</a> or decayed from a higher mass element into iron-56 to form <a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">iron stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dyson-145">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>26</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb0c64a684dab5a506013f1dae052f4c08f87cb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.7ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}"><a href="#cite_note-bignumber-156">[note 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-bignumber2-157">[note 7]</a> </td> <td>A low estimate for the time until all iron stars collapse via <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunnelling</a> into <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>, assuming no <a href="/wiki/Proton_decay" title="Proton decay">proton decay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_black_hole" title="Virtual black hole">virtual black holes</a>, and that Planck-scale black holes can exist.<a href="#cite_note-dyson-145">[142]</a> On this vast timescale, even ultra-stable iron stars will have been destroyed by quantum-tunnelling events. At this lower end of the timescale, iron stars decay directly to black holes, as this decay mode is much more favourable than decaying into a neutron star (which has an expected timescale of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>76</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1507097fe4db922449189c7f5e777fd5d8ab8c08" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.7ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}"> years),<a href="#cite_note-dyson-145">[142]</a> and later decaying into a black hole. The subsequent evaporation of each resulting black hole into subatomic particles (a process lasting roughly <a href="/wiki/Googol" title="Googol">10100</a> years), and subsequent shift to the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Era">Dark Era</a> is on these timescales instantaneous. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>50</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86915ec94e1a8bbad54a000d1fc05300cba3122d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.7ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}"><a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-bignumber2-157">[note 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[note 8]</a> </td> <td>The estimated time for a <a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_brain" title="Boltzmann brain">Boltzmann brain</a> to appear in the vacuum via a spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> decrease.<a href="#cite_note-linde-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>76</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1507097fe4db922449189c7f5e777fd5d8ab8c08" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.7ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{76}}}"><a href="#cite_note-bignumber2-157">[note 7]</a> </td> <td>Highest estimate for the time until all iron stars collapse via quantum tunnelling into neutron stars or black holes, assuming no proton decay or virtual black holes, and that black holes below the Chandrasekhar mass cannot form directly.<a href="#cite_note-dyson-145">[142]</a> On these timescales, neutron stars above the Chandrasekhar mass rapidly collapse into black holes, and black holes formed by these processes instantly evaporate into subatomic particles. This is also the highest estimated possible time for the Black Hole Era (and subsequent Dark Era) to commence. Beyond this point, it is almost certain that the universe will be an almost pure vacuum, with all baryonic matter having decayed into subatomic particles, gradually winding down their energy level until it reaches its <a href="/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe" title="Heat death of the universe">final energy state</a>, assuming it does not happen before this time. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{120}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>120</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{120}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/17375cf3bdb52f1e24aa4fc250e914a2cca37f57" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.367ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{120}}}"><a href="#cite_note-bignumber2-157">[note 7]</a> </td> <td>The highest estimate for the time it takes for the universe to reach its final energy state.<a href="#cite_note-linde-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>56</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7652cd6b72d784979f0c5f4514d5c693dfe83f3c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.168ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}"><a href="#cite_note-prob-15">[note 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-bignumber2-157">[note 7]</a> </td> <td>Around this vast timeframe, quantum tunnelling in any isolated patch of the universe could generate new <a href="/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation (cosmology)">inflationary events</a>, resulting in new Big Bangs giving birth to new universes.<a href="#cite_note-carroll_and_chen-159">[151]</a> (Because the total number of ways in which all the subatomic particles in the observable universe can be combined is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>115</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b2a2b2aaac5f0290fdd5a3fde644089fcf0714e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.367ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{115}}}">,<a href="#cite_note-TegmarkPUstaple-160">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> a number which, when multiplied by <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>56</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7652cd6b72d784979f0c5f4514d5c693dfe83f3c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.168ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}">, is <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>56</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7652cd6b72d784979f0c5f4514d5c693dfe83f3c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.168ex; height:3.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{10^{56}}}}">, this is also the time required for a quantum-tunnelled and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_fluctuation" title="Quantum fluctuation">quantum fluctuation</a>-generated Big Bang to produce a new universe identical to our own, assuming that every new universe contained at least the same number of subatomic particles and obeyed laws of physics within <a href="/wiki/String_theory_landscape" title="String theory landscape">the landscape</a> predicted by <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanity_and_human_constructs">Humanity and human constructs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Humanity and human constructs">edit</a>]</div> To date five spacecraft (<a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>) are on <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_leaving_the_Solar_System" title="List of artificial objects leaving the Solar System">trajectories which will take them out of the Solar System</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar space</a>. Barring an extremely unlikely collision with some object, the craft should persist indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-time-164">[156]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col"><a href="#Keys" title=""><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Key.svg/16px-Key.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Key.svg/24px-Key.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Key.svg/32px-Key.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </th> <th scope="col">Date or years from now </th> <th scope="col">Event </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/SNAP-10A" title="SNAP-10A">SNAP-10A</a> nuclear satellite, launched in 1965 to an orbit 700 km (430 mi) above Earth, will return to the surface.<a href="#cite_note-165">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>3183 CE </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Zeitpyramide" title="Zeitpyramide">Zeitpyramide</a> (time pyramid), a public art work started in 1993 at <a href="/wiki/Wemding" title="Wemding">Wemding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, is scheduled for completion.<a href="#cite_note-Conception-167">[159]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td>Maximum lifespan of the data films in <a href="/wiki/Arctic_World_Archive" title="Arctic World Archive">Arctic World Archive</a>, a repository which contains code of <a href="/wiki/Open-source" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source">open-source</a> projects on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a> along with other data of historical interest, if stored in optimum conditions.<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant" title="Waste Isolation Pilot Plant">Waste Isolation Pilot Plant</a>, for nuclear weapons waste, is planned to be protected until this time, with a "Permanent Marker" system designed to warn off visitors through both multiple languages (the <a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_the_United_Nations" title="Official languages of the United Nations">six UN languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>) and through <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictograms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Human_Interference_Task_Force" title="Human Interference Task Force">Human Interference Task Force</a> has provided the theoretical basis for United States plans for future nuclear <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Planned lifespan of the <a href="/wiki/Long_Now_Foundation" title="Long Now Foundation">Long Now Foundation</a>'s several ongoing projects, including a 10,000-year clock known as the <a href="/wiki/Clock_of_the_Long_Now" title="Clock of the Long Now">Clock of the Long Now</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Project" title="Rosetta Project">Rosetta Project</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Long_Now_Foundation" title="Long Now Foundation">Long Bet Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-longnow-171">[163]</a> Estimated lifespan of the <a href="/wiki/HD-Rosetta" title="HD-Rosetta">HD-Rosetta</a> analog disc, an <a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">ion beam-etched</a> writing medium on nickel plate, a technology developed at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> and later commercialized. (The Rosetta Project uses this technology, named after the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Projected lifespan of Norway's <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Global_Seed_Vault" title="Svalbard Global Seed Vault">Svalbard Global Seed Vault</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>Most probable estimated lifespan of technological civilization, according to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a>'s original formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>10,000 </td> <td>If <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> trends lead to <a href="/wiki/Panmixia" title="Panmixia">panmixia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_variation" title="Human genetic variation">human genetic variation</a> will no longer be regionalized, as the <a href="/wiki/Effective_population_size" title="Effective population size">effective population size</a> will equal the actual population size.<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>20,000 </td> <td>According to the <a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">glottochronology</a> linguistic model of <a href="/wiki/Morris_Swadesh" title="Morris Swadesh">Morris Swadesh</a>, future languages should retain just 1 out of 100 "core vocabulary" words on their <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a> compared to that of their current progenitors.<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> According to scientific predictions, Chernobyl is expected to become habitable again <a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>24,110 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">Half-life</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-177">[169]</a> At this point the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl Exclusion Zone">Chernobyl Exclusion Zone</a>, the 2,600-square-kilometre (1,000 sq mi) area of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> left deserted by the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>, will return to normal levels of radiation.<a href="#cite_note-TimeDisaster-178">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Arecibo_message" title="Arecibo message">Arecibo message</a>, a collection of radio data transmitted on 16 November 1974, reaches the distance of its destination, the <a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">globular cluster</a> <a href="/wiki/Messier_13" title="Messier 13">Messier 13</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glob-179">[171]</a> This is the only <a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_radio_messages" title="List of interstellar radio messages">interstellar radio message</a> sent to such a distant region of the galaxy. There will be a 24-light-year shift in the cluster's position in the galaxy during the time it takes the message to reach it, but as the cluster is 168 light-years in diameter, the message will still reach its destination.<a href="#cite_note-180">[172]</a> Any reply will take at least another 25,000 years from the time of its transmission (assuming no <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Faster-than-light communication">faster-than-light communication</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>14 September 30,828 CE </td> <td>Maximum system time for 64-bit <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> operating system.<a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>33,800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> passes within 3.4 light-years of <a href="/wiki/Ross_248" title="Ross 248">Ross 248</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>42,200 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> passes within 1.7 light-years of Ross 248.<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>44,100 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> passes within 1.8 light-years of <a href="/wiki/Gliese_445" title="Gliese 445">Gliese 445</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>46,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> passes within 1.9 light-years of Gliese 445.<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>Estimated atmospheric lifetime of <a href="/wiki/Tetrafluoromethane" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrafluoromethane">tetrafluoromethane</a>, the most durable <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>90,300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> passes within 0.76 light-years of <a href="/wiki/HIP_117795" class="mw-redirect" title="HIP 117795">HIP 117795</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>100,000+ </td> <td>Time required to <a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">terraform Mars</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>-rich breathable atmosphere, using only plants with solar efficiency comparable to the biosphere currently found on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="Technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>100,000–1 million </td> <td>Estimated time by which humanity could colonize our Milky Way galaxy and become capable of <a href="/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">harnessing all the energy of the galaxy</a>, assuming a velocity of 10% the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-typeiii-185">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #FFE4E1;"><a href="#Keys" title="Particle physics"><img alt="Particle physics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/16px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/24px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg/32px-Psi_%28greek_letter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="473" /></a> </td> <td>250,000 </td> <td>The estimated minimum time at which the spent <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> stored at New Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Waste_Isolation_Pilot_Plant" title="Waste Isolation Pilot Plant">Waste Isolation Pilot Plant</a> will cease to be radiologically lethal to humans.<a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>13 September 275,760 CE </td> <td>Maximum system time for the <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> programming language.<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>492,300 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> passes within 1.3 light-years of <a href="/wiki/HD_28343" class="mw-redirect" title="HD 28343">HD 28343</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>1 million </td> <td>Estimated lifespan of <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_Mankind" title="Memory of Mankind">Memory of Mankind</a> (MOM) <a href="/wiki/Self_storage" title="Self storage">self storage</a>-style repository in <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt" title="Hallstatt">Hallstatt</a> salt mine in Austria, which stores information on <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">inscribed tablets</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a> Planned lifespan of the Human Document Project being developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Twente" title="University of Twente">University of Twente</a> in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>1 million </td> <td>Current <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a> objects in the environment will be decomposed.<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Granite_sculptures" title="Category:Granite sculptures">Various public monuments</a> composed of hard <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> will have eroded one metre, in a moderate climate, assuming a rate of 1 <a href="/wiki/Bubnoff_unit" title="Bubnoff unit">Bubnoff unit</a> (1 mm in 1,000 years, or ≈1 inch in 25,000 years).<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> Without maintenance, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Pyramid_of_Giza" title="Great Pyramid of Giza">Great Pyramid of Giza</a> will erode into unrecognizability.<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a>'s "one small step" <a href="/wiki/Footprint" title="Footprint">footprint</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a> will erode by this time, along with those left by all <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_walked_on_the_Moon" title="List of Apollo astronauts">twelve Apollo moonwalkers</a>, due to the accumulated effects of <a href="/wiki/Space_weathering" title="Space weathering">space weathering</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meadows_2007-101">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> (Normal erosion processes active on Earth are not present due to the Moon's <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">almost complete lack of atmosphere</a>.) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1.2 million </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> comes within 3 light-years of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti" title="Delta Scuti">Delta Scuti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>2 million </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> passes near the bright star <a href="/wiki/Aldebaran" title="Aldebaran">Aldebaran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_Ames-194">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #CEFF00;"><a href="#Keys" title="Biology"><img alt="Biology" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/16px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/24px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg/32px-Butterfly_icon_%28Noun_Project%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>2 million </td> <td>Vertebrate species separated for this long will generally undergo <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">allopatric speciation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> Evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/James_W._Valentine" title="James W. Valentine">James W. Valentine</a> predicted that if humanity has been dispersed among genetically isolated <a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">space colonies</a> over this time, the galaxy will host an <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">evolutionary radiation</a> of multiple human species with a "diversity of form and adaptation that would astound us".<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> This would be a natural process of isolated populations, unrelated to potential deliberate <a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">genetic enhancement</a> technologies. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>4 million </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> passes near one of the stars in the constellation <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer_Ames-194">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>7.2 million </td> <td>Without maintenance, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> will erode into unrecognizability.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #e0ffff;"><a href="#Keys" title="Mathematics"><img alt="Mathematics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg/16px-Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg/24px-Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg/32px-Greek_lc_pi_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="96" /></a> </td> <td>7.8 million </td> <td>Humanity has a 95% probability of being extinct by this date, according to <a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Gott" title="J. Richard Gott">J. Richard Gott</a>'s formulation of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_argument" title="Doomsday argument">Doomsday argument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>8 million </td> <td>Most probable lifespan of <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer 10 plaque</a>, before the etching is destroyed by poorly understood interstellar erosion processes.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/LAGEOS" title="LAGEOS">LAGEOS</a> satellites' orbits will decay, and they will re-enter Earth's atmosphere, carrying with them a message to any far future descendants of humanity, and a map of the continents as they are expected to appear then.<a href="#cite_note-lageos-200">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>100 million </td> <td>Maximal estimated lifespan of technological civilization, according to <a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a>'s original formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #f0dc82;"><a href="#Keys" title="Geology and planetary science"><img alt="Geology and planetary science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/16px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/24px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/32px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td>100 million </td> <td>Future archaeologists should be able to identify an "Urban <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">Stratum</a>" of fossilized <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">great coastal cities</a>, mostly through the remains of underground infrastructure such as <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(engineering)" title="Foundation (engineering)">building foundations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utility_tunnel" title="Utility tunnel">utility tunnels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="Technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>1 billion </td> <td>Estimated lifespan of "<a href="/wiki/Molecular_shuttle" title="Molecular shuttle">Nanoshuttle</a> memory device" using an <a href="/wiki/Iron_nanoparticle" title="Iron nanoparticle">iron nanoparticle</a> moved as a <a href="/wiki/Molecular_switch" title="Molecular switch">molecular switch</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">carbon nanotube</a>, a technology developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California at Berkeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1 billion </td> <td>Estimated lifespan of the two <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Records</a>, before the information stored on them is rendered unrecoverable.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a> Estimated time for an <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">astroengineering</a> project to alter the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">Earth's orbit</a>, compensating for the Sun's rising brightness and outward migration of the <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">habitable zone</a>, accomplished by repeated asteroid <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>292,277,026,596 CE (292 billion) </td> <td>Numeric overflow in system time for 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: lavender;"><a href="#Keys" title="Astronomy and astrophysics"><img alt="Astronomy and astrophysics" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/16px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/24px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg/32px-Five_Pointed_Star_Solid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="482" /></a> </td> <td>1020 (100 quintillion) </td> <td>Estimated timescale for the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft to collide with a star (or stellar remnant).<a href="#cite_note-lavender-182">[174]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="#Keys" title="technology and culture"><img alt="technology and culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/16px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/24px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg/32px-Simpleicons_Interface_user-male-black-silhouette.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td>3×1019 – 3×1021 (30 quintillion–3 sextillion) </td> <td>Estimated lifespan of "<a href="/wiki/5D_optical_data_storage" title="5D optical data storage">Superman memory crystal</a>" data storage using <a href="/wiki/Mode-locking" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode-locking">femtosecond laser</a>-etched <a href="/wiki/Nanostructure" title="Nanostructure">nanostructures</a> in glass, a technology developed at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>, at an ambient temperature of 30 °C (86 °F; 303 K).<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Graphical_timelines">Graphical timelines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Graphical timelines">edit</a>]</div> For graphical timelines, <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_timeline" title="Logarithmic timeline">logarithmic timelines</a> of these events, see: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_timeline_of_the_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphical timeline of the universe">Graphical timeline of the universe</a> (to 8 billion years from now)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_timeline_of_the_Stelliferous_Era" title="Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era">Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era</a> (to 1020 years from now)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_timeline_from_Big_Bang_to_Heat_Death" title="Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death">Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death</a> (to 101000 years from now)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/24px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/36px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/49px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Stars" title="Portal:Stars">Stars portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/48px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/64px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">Chronology of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detailed_logarithmic_timeline" title="Detailed logarithmic timeline">Detailed logarithmic timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_future_in_fiction" title="Far future in fiction">Far future in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_future_in_religion" title="Far future in religion">Far future in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radioactive_nuclides_by_half-life" title="List of radioactive nuclides by half-life">List of radioactive nuclides by half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Location_of_Earth" title="Location of Earth">Location of Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_natural_history" title="Timeline of natural history">Timeline of natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_early_universe" title="Timeline of the early universe">Timeline of the early universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe" title="Ultimate fate of the universe">Ultimate fate of the universe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-prob-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prob_15-12">m</a> This represents the time by which the event will most probably have happened. It may occur randomly at any time from the present. </li> <li id="cite_note-shortscale-83"><a href="#cite_ref-shortscale_83-0">^</a> Units are <a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales#Short_scale" title="Long and short scales">short scale</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-earthredgiantsun-116"><a href="#cite_ref-earthredgiantsun_116-0">^</a> This has been a tricky question for quite a while; see the 2001 paper by Rybicki, K. R. and Denis, C. However, according to the latest calculations, this happens with a very high degree of certainty. </li> <li id="cite_note-half-life-148"><a href="#cite_ref-half-life_148-0">^</a> Around 264 half-lives. Tyson et al. employ the computation with a different value for half-life. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Manuscript was updated after publication; lifetime numbers are taken from the latest revision at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08124">https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.08124</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-bignumber-156"><a href="#cite_ref-bignumber_156-0">^</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>26</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bb0c64a684dab5a506013f1dae052f4c08f87cb9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.7ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{26}}}"> is 1 followed by 1026 (100 septillion) zeroes. </li> <li id="cite_note-bignumber2-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bignumber2_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bignumber2_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bignumber2_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bignumber2_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bignumber2_157-4">e</a> Although listed in years for convenience, the numbers at this point are so vast that their <a href="/wiki/Numerical_digit" title="Numerical digit">digits</a> would remain unchanged regardless of which conventional units they were listed in, be they <a href="/wiki/Nanoseconds" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanoseconds">nanoseconds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">star lifespans</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>50</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86915ec94e1a8bbad54a000d1fc05300cba3122d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.7ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10^{10^{50}}}"> is 1 followed by 1050 (100 quindecillion) zeroes. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 26em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20230502-1"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20230502_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOverbye2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Overbye" title="Dennis Overbye">Overbye, Dennis</a> (2 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/02/science/end-of-universe.html">"Who Will Have the Last Word on the Universe? – Modern science suggests that we and all our achievements and memories are destined to vanish like a dream. 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"The Last Gasps of VY Canis Majoris: Aperture Synthesis and Adaptive Optics Imagery". <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>. 512 (1): 351–361. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9810024">astro-ph/9810024</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...512..351M">1999ApJ...512..351M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F306761">10.1086/306761</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16672180">16672180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Last+Gasps+of+VY+Canis+Majoris%3A+Aperture+Synthesis+and+Adaptive+Optics+Imagery&rft.volume=512&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=351-361&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fastro-ph%2F9810024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16672180%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F306761&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999ApJ...512..351M&rft.aulast=Monnier&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Tuthill%2C+P.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+GB&rft.au=Cruzalebes%2C+P.&rft.au=Danchi%2C+W.+C.&rft.au=Haniff%2C+C.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaetzlAnderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Schaetzl, Randall J.; Anderson, Sharon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soilsgenesisgeom00scha">Soils: Genesis and Geomorphology</a>. 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Icarus. 220 (2): 911–921. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.2543">1408.2543</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Icar..220..911F">2012Icar..220..911F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2012.06.031">10.1016/j.icarus.2012.06.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9708287">9708287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Cupid+is+doomed%3A+An+analysis+of+the+stability+of+the+inner+uranian+satellites&rft.volume=220&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=911-921&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1408.2543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9708287%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2012.06.031&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Icar..220..911F&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Showalter%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher2009" class="citation book cs1">Archer, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longthawhowhuman00arch_317">The Long Thaw: How Humans Are Changing the Next 100,000 Years of Earth's Climate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longthawhowhuman00arch_317/page/n135">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13654-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13654-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13654-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Thaw%3A+How+Humans+Are+Changing+the+Next+100%2C000+Years+of+Earth%27s+Climate&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13654-7&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongthawhowhuman00arch_317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-havo-39"><a href="#cite_ref-havo_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/havo/faqs.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. 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The Astrophysical Journal. 675 (1): 698–710. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.2111">0712.2111</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...675..698T">2008ApJ...675..698T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F527286">10.1086/527286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119293391">119293391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Prototype+Colliding-Wind+Pinwheel+WR+104&rft.volume=675&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=698-710&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0712.2111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119293391%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F527286&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ApJ...675..698T&rft.aulast=Tuthill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Monnier%2C+John&rft.au=Lawrance%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Danchi%2C+William&rft.au=Owocki%2C+Stan&rft.au=Gayley%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuthill" class="citation web cs1">Tuthill, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/pinwheel/tech_faq.html">"WR 104: Technical Questions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403160554/http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~gekko/pinwheel/tech_faq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2018. 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Keenan & Darlington. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780973205107" title="Special:BookSources/9780973205107"><bdi>9780973205107</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028100029/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ads1AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020. 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Retrieved 15 March 2020. <q>The last time acidification on this scale occurred (about 65 mya) it took more than 2 million years for corals and other marine organisms to recover; some scientists today believe, optimistically, that it could take tens of thousands of years for the ocean to regain the chemistry it had in preindustrial times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Warming&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780816067695&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-uYkEBl6CWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/grca/learn/nature/grca-geology.htm">"Grand Canyon – Geology – A dynamic place"</a>. 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Geology. 35 (1): 89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Geo....35...89H">2007Geo....35...89H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2Fg23147a.1">10.1130/g23147a.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223151411/http://pages.geo.wvu.edu/~kite/HancockKirwan2007SummitErosion.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Summit+erosion+rates+deduced+from+10Be%3A+Implications+for+relief+production+in+the+central+Appalachians&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2Fg23147a.1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Geo....35...89H&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Kirwan%2C+Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.geo.wvu.edu%2F~kite%2FHancockKirwan2007SummitErosion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYorath2017" class="citation book cs1">Yorath, C. J. (2017). Of rocks, mountains and Jasper: a visitor's guide to the geology of Jasper National Park. Dundurn Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781459736122" title="Special:BookSources/9781459736122"><bdi>9781459736122</bdi></a>. <q>[...] 'How long will the Rockies last?' [...] The numbers suggest that in about 50 to 60 million years the remaining mountains will be gone, and the park will be reduced to a rolling plain much like the Canadian prairies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+rocks%2C+mountains+and+Jasper%3A+a+visitor%27s+guide+to+the+geology+of+Jasper+National+Park&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781459736122&rft.aulast=Yorath&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDethierOuimetBiermanRood2014" class="citation journal cs1">Dethier, David P.; Ouimet, W.; Bierman, P. R.; Rood, D. H.; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noblegas.berkeley.edu/~balcs/pubs/Dethier_2014_Geology.pdf">"Basins and bedrock: Spatial variation in 10Be erosion rates and increasing relief in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA"</a> (PDF). Geology. 42 (2): 167–170. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Geo....42..167D">2014Geo....42..167D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG34922.1">10.1130/G34922.1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181223151250/http://noblegas.berkeley.edu/~balcs/pubs/Dethier_2014_Geology.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2018. 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"Can the Earth Deliver the Biomass-for-Fuel we Demand?". In Pimentel, David (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNszUml_Wd4C">Biofuels, Solar and Wind as Renewable Energy Systems: Benefits and Risks</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402086533" title="Special:BookSources/9781402086533"><bdi>9781402086533</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801114937/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNszUml_Wd4C">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Can+the+Earth+Deliver+the+Biomass-for-Fuel+we+Demand%3F&rft.btitle=Biofuels%2C+Solar+and+Wind+as+Renewable+Energy+Systems%3A+Benefits+and+Risks&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781402086533&rft.aulast=Patzek&rft.aufirst=Tad+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNszUml_Wd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlman2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Perlman" title="David Perlman">Perlman, David</a> (14 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kiss-that-Hawaiian-timeshare-goodbye-Islands-2468202.php">"Kiss that Hawaiian timeshare goodbye / Islands will sink in 80 million years"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417122705/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Kiss-that-Hawaiian-timeshare-goodbye-Islands-2468202.php">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Kiss+that+Hawaiian+timeshare+goodbye+%2F+Islands+will+sink+in+80+million+years&rft.date=2006-10-14&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FKiss-that-Hawaiian-timeshare-goodbye-Islands-2468202.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kpg1-66"><a href="#cite_ref-kpg1_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Stephen A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/geol204/impacts.htm">"Meteorites, Impacts, and Mass Extinction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20170806121814/http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/impacts.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meteorites%2C+Impacts%2C+and+Mass+Extinction&rft.pub=Tulane+University&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulane.edu%2F~sanelson%2Fgeol204%2Fimpacts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang2003" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Kenneth R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000lang">The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System</a>. 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Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 386 (1): 155–163. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0801.4031">0801.4031</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.386..155S">2008MNRAS.386..155S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13022.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10073988">10073988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Distant+future+of+the+Sun+and+Earth+revisited&rft.volume=386&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=155-163&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0801.4031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10073988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008MNRAS.386..155S&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=K.-P.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Robert+Connon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2966.2008.13022.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-galyear-69"><a href="#cite_ref-galyear_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeong2002" class="citation web cs1">Leong, Stacy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml">"Period of the Sun's Orbit Around the Galaxy (Cosmic Year)"</a>. The Physics Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810094955/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2002/StacyLeong.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Physics+Factbook&rft.atitle=Period+of+the+Sun%27s+Orbit+Around+the+Galaxy+%28Cosmic+Year%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Leong&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhypertextbook.com%2Ffacts%2F2002%2FStacyLeong.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_Nield_2007-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Nield_2007_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Nield_2007_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_Nield_2007_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsNield2007" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Caroline; Nield, Ted (20 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413162401/http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/104ns_011.htm">"Pangaea, the comeback"</a>. New Scientist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.org.au/nova/newscientist/104ns_011.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Pangaea%2C+the+comeback&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Nield%2C+Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org.au%2Fnova%2Fnewscientist%2F104ns_011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalkinYoung1996" class="citation cs2">Calkin, P. E.; Young, G. M. 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Retrieved 27 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=developer.mozilla.org&rft.atitle=Date+-+JavaScript&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FWeb%2FJavaScript%2FReference%2FGlobal_Objects%2FDate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.memory-of-mankind.com/">"Memory of Mankind"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210716092821/https://www.memory-of-mankind.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2021. 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[the plate etching] should survive recognizable at least to a distance ≈10 parsecs, and most probably to 100 parsecs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Mission+Status&rft.pub=NASA&rft.aulast=Lasher&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspaceprojects.arc.nasa.gov%2FSpace_Projects%2Fpioneer%2FPNStat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimeline+of+the+far+future" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lageos-200"><a href="#cite_ref-lageos_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721062751/http://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/lageosQL.html">"LAGEOS 1, 2"</a>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/QuickLooks/lageosQL.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011. 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_topics" title="Template:Time topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_topics" title="Template talk:Time topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past" title="Past">Past</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Time" title="Universal Time">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_time" title="Unit of time">Unit of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_time" title="Deep time">Deep time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Time_in_religion" title="Category:Time in religion">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Template:Time in religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_Man" title="Ages of Man">Ages of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la" title="Kāla">Kāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eon_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eon (geology)">eon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Time" title="Category:Time">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Millennia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium" title="1st millennium">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium" title="2nd millennium">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">3rd</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">4th and later</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> / <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_millennium_BC" title="6th millennium BC">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_millennium_BC" title="8th millennium BC">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_millennium_BC" title="9th millennium BC">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_millennium_BC" title="11th millennium BC">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_millennium_BC" title="12th millennium BC">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_millennium_BC" title="13th millennium BC">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_millennium_BC" title="14th millennium BC">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">15th and earlier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&oldid=1259279771">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_far_future&oldid=1259279771</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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[\"CITEREFBailer-JonesFarnocchia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalick\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarrowTipler1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastedo1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeech2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBegtrupGannettYuzvinskyCrespi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergerLoutre2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerskiDybczyński2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiello2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBignamiSommariva2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBilham2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillsGregory_A._NeumannDavid_E._SmithMaria_T._Zuber2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmanBeaulieuBennettDanielski2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackmanBennettBeaulieu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostrom2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBounamaFranckVon_Bloh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraineLisenfeldDucBrinks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownlee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBushaAdamsWechslerEvrard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCain2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldeiraKasting1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwellKamionkowski,_MarcWeinberg,_Nevin_N.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalkinYoung1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanupRighter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaplan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrollChen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChybaJankowskiNicholson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxLoeb2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeamer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDethierOuimetBiermanRood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickinson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorminey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarnsworthLoValdesBuzan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerreira2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinklemanAllenSeagoSeaman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranck2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranckBounamaVon_Bloh2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrautschi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrenchShowalter2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrison2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGott1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuinanRibas2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaddok2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancockKirwan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeathDoyle2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockeyTrimble2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornerEvansBailey2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaku2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaliraiHansenKelsonReitzel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKargel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasting1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirchnerWeil2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinTakahata2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomatsuSmithDunkleyBennett2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorycansky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorycanskyLaughlin,_GregoryAdams,_Fred_C.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraussStarkman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL.2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandstreet2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLariSaillenfestFenucci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLasher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentonvon_Bloh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeong2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiPahlevanKirschvinkYung2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLinde2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinder2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoeb2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoebBatistaSloan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzLunineMcKay1997\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFPatzek2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerryRussel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlait2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRescher1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRybickiDenis,_C.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaioNandalMeynetEkstöm2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaetzlAnderson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchorghofer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchroderSmith2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchröderSmith2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFScotese\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSessions2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShiga2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlermeler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithDavies2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaub1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStromSchaber,_Gerald_G.Dawson,_Douglas_D.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTapping2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTayler1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTegmark2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTuthill\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuthillMonnierLawranceDanchi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentine1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVikhlininKravtsovBureninEbeling2009\"] = 1,\n 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[\"Millennia\"] = 1,\n [\"NUBASE2016\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-several\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Solar mass\"] = 3,\n [\"Subatomic particle\"] = 6,\n [\"Time topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 3,\n [\"Var\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","15.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","14.1"],["?","200","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","180","9.8"],["dataWrapper 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