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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Internal structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Atmosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cloud_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Cloud layers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Red_Spot_and_other_vortices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Red_Spot_and_other_vortices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Great Red Spot and other vortices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Red_Spot_and_other_vortices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Magnetosphere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary_rings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_rings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Planetary rings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planetary_rings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_and_rotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Orbit and rotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_and_rotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Observation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Observation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-telescopic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-telescopic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Pre-telescopic research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-telescopic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground-based_telescope_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-based_telescope_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Ground-based telescope research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-based_telescope_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiotelescope_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiotelescope_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Radiotelescope research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiotelescope_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flyby_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flyby_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4.1 Flyby missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flyby_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galileo_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galileo_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4.2 Galileo mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galileo_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Juno_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juno_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4.3 Juno mission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juno_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cancelled_missions_and_future_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancelled_missions_and_future_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4.4 Cancelled missions and future plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancelled_missions_and_future_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Moons </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Moons subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Galilean_moons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galilean_moons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Galilean moons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galilean_moons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_the_Solar_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_the_Solar_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Interaction with the Solar System </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction_with_the_Solar_System-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Interaction with the Solar System subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_the_Solar_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jupiter</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 236 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-236" aria-hidden="true" > 236 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jupiter (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%81%E1%8D%92%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ጁፒተር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጁፒተር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="ब्रेस्पति ग्रह – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ब्रेस्पति ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eunor_(tungol)" title="Þunor (tungol) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þunor (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="المشتري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المشتري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupiter_(planeta)" title="Chupiter (planeta) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chupiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Լուսնթագ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լուսնթագ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupit%C3%A8r_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Jupitèr (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Jupitèr (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বৃহস্পতি গ্ৰহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৃহস্পতি গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BApiter_(planeta)" title="Xúpiter (planeta) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xúpiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बृहस्पति ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बृहस्पति ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BApiter" title="Húpiter – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Húpiter" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter_(planet)" title="Yupiter (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yupiter (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="موشتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="موشتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বৃহস্পতি গ্রহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃহস্পতি গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Yupiter" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%CC%8Dk-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Bo̍k-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bo̍k-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Юпітэр (планета) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юпітэр (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Юпітэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юпітэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बृहस्पति ग्रह – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बृहस्पति ग्रह" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupiter" title="Hupiter – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hupiter" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Юпитер (планета) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юпитер (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Jupiter (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕུར་བུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕུར་བུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaou_(planedenn)" title="Yaou (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yaou (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Пүрбэ (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пүрбэ (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BApiter_(planeta)" title="Júpiter (planeta) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Júpiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupiter" title="Hupiter – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hupiter" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planeta)" title="Jupiter (planeta) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jupiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vhenekeratsvimborume" title="Vhenekeratsvimborume – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vhenekeratsvimborume" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanya_la_Themba" title="Chanya la Themba – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chanya la Themba" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iau_(planed)" title="Iau (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iau (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planet)" title="Jupiter (planet) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jupiter (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="جوپيتر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جوپيتر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jupiter (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%ADbitoo" title="Jíbitoo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jíbitoo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बृहस्पतिग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बृहस्पतिग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4" title="ཕུར་པུ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཕུར་པུ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Δίας (πλανήτης) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίας (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B2bia" title="Żòbia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Żòbia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BApiter_(planeta)" title="Júpiter (planeta) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Júpiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupitero_(planedo)" title="Jupitero (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jupitero (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BApiti_(praneta)" title="Júpiti (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Júpiti (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="مشتری (سیاره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مشتری (سیاره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahaspati" title="Brahaspati – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Brahaspati" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Jupiter (planète) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jupiter (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jupiter (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%BApatar_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Iúpatar (pláinéad) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iúpatar (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_Bliogh" title="Am Bliogh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Bliogh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%BApiter" title="Xúpiter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xúpiter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="木星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupita" title="Jupita – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Jupita" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8A%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مۊشتري – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مۊشتري" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="ગુરુ (ગ્રહ) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુરુ (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupita" title="Jupita – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Jupita" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muk-s%C3%AAn" title="Muk-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Muk-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Юпитер һариг – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Юпитер һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A9%EC%84%B1" title="목성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="목성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C4%81wela" title="Kaʻāwela – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kaʻāwela" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Յուպիտեր (մոլորակ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուպիտեր (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="बृहस्पति (ग्रह) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बृहस्पति (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupitero" title="Jupitero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jupitero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupiter" title="Hupiter – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hupiter" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planeta)" title="Jupiter (planeta) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jupiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jove" title="Jove – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jove" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A6)" title="Юпитер (планетæ) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Юпитер (планетæ)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJupiter_(i-astronomy)" title="IJupiter (i-astronomy) – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IJupiter (i-astronomy)" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNdonsakusa" title="UNdonsakusa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNdonsakusa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAp%C3%ADter_(reikistjarna)" title="Júpíter (reikistjarna) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Júpíter (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giove_(astronomia)" title="Giove (astronomia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giove (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%A7_(%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA)" title="צדק (כוכב לכת) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צדק (כוכב לכת)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Yupiter" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siipit%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9" title="Siipitɛɛrɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siipitɛɛrɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9)" title="ಗುರು (ಗ್ರಹ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುರು (ಗ್ರಹ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BApiteru" title="Húpiteru – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Húpiteru" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იუპიტერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუპიტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%DB%81%D9%8F%D8%AF)" title="گورو (گرٛہُد) – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گورو (گرٛہُد)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yow_(planet)" title="Yow (planet) – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Yow (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mshtarii" title="Mshtarii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mshtarii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbula" title="Sumbula – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Sumbula" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almuz" title="Almuz – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Almuz" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jipit%C3%A8_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Jipitè (planèt) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jipitè (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Jupiter (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jupiter (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%A7%C3%AEs" title="Berçîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Berçîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iupiter" title="Iupiter – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iupiter" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ດາວພະຫັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວພະຫັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuppiter_(planeta)" title="Iuppiter (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iuppiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiters_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Jupiters (planēta) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jupiters (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Jupiter (Planéit) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jupiter (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiteris_(planeta)" title="Jupiteris (planeta) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jupiteris (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B2ve_(astronomia)" title="Giòve (astronomia) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Giòve (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jupiter (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupit%C3%A9" title="Jupité – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Jupité" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/iupiter" title="iupiter – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="iupiter" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%B6_(pianeta)" title="Giö (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giö (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Јупитер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јупитер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jopitera_(planeta)" title="Jopitera (planeta) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jopitera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%82" title="വ്യാഴം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വ്യാഴം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0ove_(pjaneta)" title="Ġove (pjaneta) – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġove (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="गुरू ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुरू ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="დია (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დია (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%89" title="المشترى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المشترى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مشتری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مشتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musytari" title="Musytari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Musytari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯁꯀꯣꯜꯁꯦꯟ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯀꯣꯜꯁꯦꯟ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Yupiter" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%ADk-s%C4%ADng" title="Mŭk-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mŭk-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BApiter_(planeta)" title="Júpiter (planeta) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Júpiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5)" title="Юпитерь (шары тяште) – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Юпитерь (шары тяште)" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Бархасбадь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бархасбадь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="ကြာသပတေးဂြိုဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြာသပတေးဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C4%93yitzitzimic%C4%ABtlalli" title="Huēyitzitzimicītlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Huēyitzitzimicītlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupita" title="Jupita – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Jupita" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jupiter (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jupiter (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%92%AA%E1%93%AF%E1%93%88%E1%93%B1%E1%90%8A%E1%90%A7%E1%91%96%E1%95%81" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᒪᓯᓈᓱᐊᐧᑖᕁ – Cree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᒪᓯᓈᓱᐊᐧᑖᕁ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बृहस्पति ग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बृहस्पति ग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="सिँनगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिँनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="木星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giove" title="Giove – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Giove" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC" title="ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߌ߲߬ߕߐ߲߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Jupiter" title="Planeten Jupiter – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupitere_(planete)" title="Jupitere (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Jupitere (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupit%C3%A8r_(planeta)" title="Jupitèr (planeta) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jupitèr (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%83%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ବୃହସ୍ପତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୃହସ୍ପତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juupitaar" title="Juupitaar – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Juupitaar" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yupiter" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਸਪਤ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਹਿਸਪਤ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Jupiter (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مشتری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشتری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مشتري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مشتري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9F%8D" title="ភពព្រហស្បតិ៍ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពព្រហស្បតិ៍" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gieuv_(pianeta)" title="Gieuv (pianeta) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gieuv (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(Planet)" title="Jupiter (Planet) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jupiter (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowisz" title="Jowisz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jowisz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BApiter_(planeta)" title="Júpiter (planeta) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Júpiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yupiter" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C5%9Fteri" title="Müşteri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Müşteri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juppitter_(Planneet)" title="Juppitter (Planneet) – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Juppitter (Planneet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuror" title="Kuror – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kuror" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planet)" title="Jupiter (planet) – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Jupiter (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirwa" title="Pirwa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pirwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Юпітер (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Юпітер (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="गुरुग्रहः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुरुग्रहः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giove_(praneta)" title="Giove (praneta) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giove (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiteri" title="Jupiteri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jupiteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovi_(pianeta)" title="Giovi (pianeta) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giovi (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බ්‍රහස්පති ග්‍රහයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්‍රහස්පති ග්‍රහයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="مشتري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مشتري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%EA%99%97" title="Диꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Диꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jowisz" title="Jowisz – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Jowisz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirjeex" title="Cirjeex – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Cirjeex" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2" title="ھورمز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھورمز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Јупитер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јупитер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupiter_(planeta)" title="Hupiter (planeta) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hupiter (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="வியாழன் (கோள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வியாழன் (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adanbala" title="Adanbala – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Adanbala" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Юпитер (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Юпитер (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="గురుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గురుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ดาวพฤหัสบดี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวพฤหัสบดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Муштарӣ (сайёра) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Муштарӣ (сайёра)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%93" title="ᏧᏈᏓ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᏈᏓ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCpiter" title="Jüpiter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jüpiter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dupiter" title="Ýupiter – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýupiter" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupita" title="Jupita – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Jupita" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юпитер – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Юпитер" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Юпітер (планета) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юпітер (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مشتری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشتری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%87%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%B1" title="يۇپىتېر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يۇپىتېر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqfaex" title="Ndaundeiqfaex – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqfaex" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zove_(astronomia)" title="Zove (astronomia) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zove (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_M%E1%BB%99c" title="Sao Mộc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Mộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupit%C3%A4r" title="Yupitär – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yupitär" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupit%C3%B5r_(hod%27ot%C3%A4ht)" title="Jupitõr (hod'otäht) – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jupitõr (hod'otäht)" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djupiter_(planete)" title="Djupiter (planete) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djupiter (planete)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B2%E6%98%9F" title="歲星 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="歲星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planete)" title="Jupiter (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Jupiter (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hupiter" title="Hupiter – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hupiter" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Yupiter" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="木星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="יופיטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יופיטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAp%C3%ADt%C3%A9r%C3%AC" title="Júpítérì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Júpítérì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="木星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_(planete)" title="Jupiter (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Jupiter (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jop%C4%97teris" title="Jopėteris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jopėteris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="木星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupita" title="Jupita – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jupita" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustari" title="Mustari – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mustari" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupiter" title="Yupiter – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Yupiter" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Jupiter" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴷⴰⵏⴱⴰⵍⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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For the Roman god, see <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter (god)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jupiter (disambiguation)">Jupiter (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Jupiter</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An image of Jupiter taken by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/290px-Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/435px-Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg/580px-Jupiter_and_its_shrunken_Great_Red_Spot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="940" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Full disk view in natural colour, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in April 2014<a href="#cite_note-caption-1">[a]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Designations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒuːpɪtər/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c5\/En-us-Jupiter.ogg\/En-us-Jupiter.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Jupiter.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/En-us-Jupiter.ogg/En-us-Jupiter.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Jupiter.ogg" title="File:En-us-Jupiter.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Named after</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" title="List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Adjectives</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Jovian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Jovian">Jovian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdʒoʊviən/</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jupiter_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Jupiter_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jupiter_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Jupiter_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Jupiter_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Jupiter_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat"><a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">Orbital characteristics</a><a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">Epoch</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5.4570 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (816.363 million <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_and_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion and aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.9506 AU (740.595 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Semi-major_and_semi-minor_axes" title="Semi-major and semi-minor axes">Semi-major axis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.2038 AU (778.479 million km)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.0489</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (sidereal)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>11.862 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">yr</a></li> <li>4,332.59 d</li> <li>10,476.8 Jovian <a href="/wiki/Solar_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar day">solar days</a><a href="#cite_note-planet_years-4">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Orbital period (synodic)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">398.88 d</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Average <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital speed</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">13.06 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_anomaly#Mean_anomaly_at_epoch" title="Mean anomaly">Mean anomaly</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">20.020°<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1.303° to <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-5">[4]</a></li> <li>6.09° to <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a><a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-5">[4]</a></li> <li>0.32° to <a href="/wiki/Invariable_plane" title="Invariable plane">invariable plane</a><a href="#cite_note-Souami_Souchay_2012-6">[5]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Longitude_of_the_ascending_node" title="Longitude of the ascending node">Longitude of ascending node</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">100.464°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Time of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">January 21, 2023<a href="#cite_note-horizons-perihelion-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Argument_of_periapsis" title="Argument of periapsis">Argument of perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">273.867°<a href="#cite_note-VSOP87-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellites</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">95</a> (as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-SheppardMoons-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Physical characteristics<a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-PS15-10">[9]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Mean_radius_(astronomy)" title="Mean radius (astronomy)">Mean radius</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">69911 km<a href="#cite_note-1bar-11">[b]</a> 10.973 of Earth's</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equatorial</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">71492 km<a href="#cite_note-1bar-11">[b]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>11.209 R🜨 (of <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">Earth's</a>)</li> <li>0.10276 R☉ (of <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">Sun's</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_pole" title="Geographical pole">Polar</a> radius</div></th><td class="infobox-data">66854 km<a href="#cite_note-1bar-11">[b]</a> 10.517 of Earth's</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Flattening" title="Flattening">Flattening</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.06487</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Spheroid#Surface_area" title="Spheroid">Surface area</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6.1469×1010 km2 120.4 of <a href="/wiki/Surface_area_of_earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface area of earth">Earth's</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.4313×1015 km3<a href="#cite_note-1bar-11">[b]</a> 1,321 of <a href="/wiki/Volume_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume of Earth">Earth's</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.8982×1027 kg<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>317.8 M🜨 (of <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">Earth's</a>)</li> <li>0.001 M☉ (of <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">Sun's</a>)<a href="#cite_note-ssd-constants-12">[10]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Mean <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.326 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-1bar_b-13">[c]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">Surface gravity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">24.79 <a href="/wiki/Metre_per_second_squared" title="Metre per second squared">m/s2</a> 2.528 <a href="/wiki/Standard_gravity" title="Standard gravity">g0</a><a href="#cite_note-1bar-11">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasafact-14">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia_factor" title="Moment of inertia factor">Moment of inertia factor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.2756±0.0006<a href="#cite_note-Ni2018-15">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">59.5 km/s<a href="#cite_note-1bar-11">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Synodic_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Synodic rotation period">Synodic rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.9258 h (9 h 55 m 33 s)<a href="#cite_note-planet_years-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sidereal_rotation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal rotation period">Sidereal rotation period</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.9250 hours (9 h 55 m 30 s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Equatorial rotation velocity</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12.6 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.13° (to orbit)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">268.057°; 17h 52m 14s<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-16">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">North pole <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">64.495°<a href="#cite_note-iau2015-16">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>0.503 (<a href="/wiki/Bond_albedo" title="Bond albedo">Bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Li_et_al-17">[14]</a></li><li>0.538 (<a href="/wiki/Geometric_albedo" title="Geometric albedo">geometric</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_et_al-18">[15]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88 K (−185 °C) (<a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">blackbody temperature</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; margin:0; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:33%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">Surface <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temp.</a></th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">min</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">mean</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:center">max</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a></th> <td style="text-align:center"></td> <td style="text-align:center">165 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">0.1 bar</th> <td style="text-align:center">78 K</td> <td style="text-align:center">128 K</td> <td style="text-align:center"></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent magnitude</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−2.94<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-19">[16]</a> to −1.66<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-19">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude (H)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−9.4<a href="#cite_note-IMCCE-20">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">Angular diameter</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">29.8" to 50.1"</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:Wheat">Atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Surface <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">pressure</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">200–600 kPa (30–90 psi) (opaque cloud deck)<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Scale_height" title="Scale height">Scale height</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 km (17 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry#Atmospheric_composition" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Composition by volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>89%±2.0% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li><li>10%±2.0% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li><li>0.3%±0.1% <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a></li><li>0.026%±0.004% <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a></li><li>0.0028%±0.001% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">hydrogen deuteride</a></li><li>0.0006%±0.0002% <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a></li><li>0.0004%±0.0004% <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jupiter is the fifth <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">largest in the Solar System</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass">mass</a> more than 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> combined and slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. Its diameter is eleven times that of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, and a tenth that of the Sun. Jupiter orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.20 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (778.5 <a href="/wiki/Gigametre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigametre">Gm</a>), with an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> of 11.86 <a href="/wiki/Julian_year_(astronomy)" title="Julian year (astronomy)">years</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_natural_objects_in_the_sky" title="List of brightest natural objects in the sky">third brightest natural object</a> in the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Night_sky" title="Night sky">night sky</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>, and has been observed since <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_times" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric times">prehistoric times</a>. Its name derives from that of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>, the chief deity of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">ancient Roman religion</a>. Jupiter was the first of the Sun's planets to form, and its inward migration during the primordial phase of the Solar System affected much of the formation history of the other planets. <a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's atmosphere">Jupiter's atmosphere</a> consists of 76% <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and 24% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> by mass, with a denser interior. It contains trace elements like <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>. Jupiter's helium abundance is 80% of the Sun's, similar to <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s composition. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet receives from the Sun. Its internal structure is believed to consist of an outer mantle of fluid <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a> and a diffuse inner core of denser material. Because of its rapid rate of rotation, one turn in ten hours, Jupiter is an <a href="/wiki/Oblate_spheroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Oblate spheroid">oblate spheroid</a>; it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries; the most obvious result of this is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a>, a giant storm that has been recorded since 1831. Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> is the strongest and second-largest contiguous structure in the Solar System, generated by <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy currents</a> within the fluid, metallic hydrogen core. The <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> interacts with the <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>, extending it outward and affecting Jupiter's orbit. Jupiter is surrounded by a faint system of <a href="/wiki/Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">planetary rings</a> that were discovered in 1979 by <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> and further investigated by the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo orbiter">Galileo orbiter</a> in the 1990s. The <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian ring system</a> consists mainly of dust and has three main segments: an inner <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring. The rings have a reddish colour in visible and near-infrared light. The age of the ring system is unknown, possibly dating back to Jupiter's formation. At least <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">95 moons</a> orbit the planet; the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">four largest moons</a>—<a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>—orbit within the magnetosphere, and were discovered by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> in 1610. Ganymede, the largest of the four, is larger than the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>. Since 1973, Jupiter has been <a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">visited by</a> nine <a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">robotic probes</a>: seven <a href="/wiki/Flyby_(spaceflight)" title="Flyby (spaceflight)">flybys</a> and two dedicated orbiters, with two more en route. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_symbol">Name and symbol</h2></div> In both the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations, Jupiter was named after the chief god of the divine <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> to the Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> to the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> formally adopted the name Jupiter for the planet in 1976 and has since named its newly discovered satellites for the god's lovers, favourites, and descendants.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Planetary_symbol" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary symbol">planetary symbol</a> for Jupiter, <a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a>, descends from a Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">zeta</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation#Forms" title="Scribal abbreviation">horizontal stroke</a>, ⟨Ƶ⟩, as an abbreviation for Zeus.<a href="#cite_note-jones-1999-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> In Latin, Iovis is the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iuppiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Iuppiter">Iuppiter</a>, i.e. Jupiter. It is associated with the etymology of Zeus ('sky father'). The English equivalent, Jove, is known to have come into use as a poetic name for the planet around the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Jovian is the <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival</a> form of Jupiter. The older adjectival form jovial, employed by astrologers in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, has come to mean 'happy' or 'merry', moods ascribed to Jupiter's influence in <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (astrology)">astrology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> The original Greek deity Zeus supplies the root zeno-, which is used to form some Jupiter-related words, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zenography" class="extiw" title="wikt:zenography">zenography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_migration">Formation and migration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">Grand tack hypothesis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a></div> Jupiter is believed to be the oldest planet in the Solar System, having formed just one million years after the Sun and roughly 50 million years before Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Kruijer_et_al_2017-29">[25]</a> Current models of Solar System formation suggest that Jupiter formed at or beyond the <a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">snow line</a>: a distance from the early Sun where the temperature was sufficiently cold for <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> such as water to condense into solids.<a href="#cite_note-Bosman_et_al_2019-30">[26]</a> First forming a solid core, the planet then accumulated its gaseous atmosphere. Therefore, the planet must have formed before the solar nebula was fully dispersed.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo2021-31">[27]</a> During its formation, Jupiter's mass gradually increased until it had 20 times the mass of the Earth, approximately half of which was made up of silicates, ices and other heavy-element constituents.<a href="#cite_note-Kruijer_et_al_2017-29">[25]</a> When the proto-Jupiter grew larger than 50 Earth masses it created a gap in the solar nebula.<a href="#cite_note-Kruijer_et_al_2017-29">[25]</a> Thereafter, the growing planet reached its final mass in 3–4 million years.<a href="#cite_note-Kruijer_et_al_2017-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-dangelo2021-31">[27]</a> Since Jupiter is made of the same elements as the Sun (hydrogen and helium) it has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> might have been early in <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">its formation</a> a <a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">system of multiple protostars</a>, which are quite common, with Jupiter being the second but failed protostar. But the Solar System never developed into a system of multiple stars and Jupiter does not qualify as a <a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">protostar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarf</a> since it does not have enough mass to fuse hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-DROBYSHEVSKI_1974_pp._35–36-33">[29]</a> According to the "<a href="/wiki/Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">grand tack hypothesis</a>", Jupiter began to form at a distance of roughly 3.5 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a> (520 million <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a>; 330 million <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) from the Sun. As the young planet <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accreted</a> mass, its interaction with the gas disk orbiting the Sun and the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonances</a> from <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> caused it to migrate inward.<a href="#cite_note-Bosman_et_al_2019-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walsh_etal_2011-34">[30]</a> This upset the orbits of several <a href="/wiki/Super-Earth" title="Super-Earth">super-Earths</a> orbiting closer to the Sun, causing them to collide destructively.<a href="#cite_note-tack-35">[31]</a> Saturn would later have begun to migrate inwards at a faster rate than Jupiter until the two planets became captured in a 3:2 <a href="/wiki/Mean_motion_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean motion resonance">mean motion resonance</a> at approximately 1.5 AU (220 million km; 140 million mi) from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> This changed the direction of migration, causing them to migrate away from the Sun and out of the inner system to their current locations.<a href="#cite_note-tack-35">[31]</a> All of this happened over a period of 3–6 million years, with the final migration of Jupiter occurring over several hundred thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_etal_2011-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> Jupiter's migration from the inner solar system eventually allowed the inner planets—including Earth—to form from the rubble.<a href="#cite_note-38">[34]</a> There are several unresolved issues with the grand tack hypothesis. The resulting formation timescales of terrestrial planets appear to be inconsistent with the measured elemental composition.<a href="#cite_note-zube_2019-39">[35]</a> Jupiter would likely have settled into an orbit much closer to the Sun if it had migrated through the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo_marzari_2012-40">[36]</a> Some competing models of Solar System formation predict the formation of Jupiter with orbital properties that are close to those of the present-day planet.<a href="#cite_note-dangelo2021-31">[27]</a> Other models predict Jupiter forming at distances much farther out, such as 18 AU (2.7 billion km; 1.7 billion mi).<a href="#cite_note-Pirani_et_al_2019-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pirani_accompanying_article-42">[38]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a>, the infall of proto-<a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> objects over the first 600 million years of Solar System history caused Jupiter and Saturn to migrate from their initial positions into a 1:2 resonance, which caused Saturn to shift into a higher orbit, disrupting the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, depleting the Kuiper belt, and triggering the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2008-43">[39]</a> Based on Jupiter's composition, researchers have made the case for an initial formation outside the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular nitrogen">molecular nitrogen</a> (N2) snow line, which is estimated at 20–30 AU (3.0–4.5 billion km; 1.9–2.8 billion mi) from the Sun, and possibly even outside the argon snow line, which may be as far as 40 AU (6.0 billion km; 3.7 billion mi).<a href="#cite_note-n2_snowline_2019-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> Having formed at one of these extreme distances, Jupiter would then have, over a roughly 700,000-year period, migrated inwards to its current location,<a href="#cite_note-Pirani_et_al_2019-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pirani_accompanying_article-42">[38]</a> during an epoch approximately 2–3 million years after the planet began to form. In this model, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune would have formed even further out than Jupiter, and Saturn would also have migrated inwards.<a href="#cite_note-Pirani_et_al_2019-41">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2></div> Jupiter is a <a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">gas giant</a>, meaning its chemical composition is primarily hydrogen and helium. These materials are classified as gasses in planetary geology, a term that does not denote the state of matter. It is the largest planet in the Solar System, with a diameter of 142,984 km (88,846 mi) at its <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>, giving it a volume 1,321 times that of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> Its average density, 1.326 g/cm3,<a href="#cite_note-48">[e]</a> is lower than those of the four <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">terrestrial planets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">atmosphere of Jupiter</a> is approximately 76% hydrogen and 24% helium by mass. By volume, the upper atmosphere is about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium, with the lower proportion owing to the individual helium atoms being more massive than the molecules of hydrogen formed in this part of the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> The atmosphere contains trace amounts of elemental <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">water vapour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a> like <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> Its outermost layer contains <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> of frozen ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> The planet's interior is denser, with a composition of roughly 71% hydrogen, 24% helium, and 5% other elements by mass.<a href="#cite_note-voyager-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-cassini-56">[51]</a> The atmospheric proportions of hydrogen and helium are close to the theoretical composition of the primordial <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> Neon in the upper atmosphere consists of 20 parts per million by mass, which is about a tenth as abundant as in the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> Jupiter's helium abundance is about 80% that of the Sun due to the <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> of these elements as helium-rich droplets, a process that happens deep in the planet's interior.<a href="#cite_note-galileo_ms-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Juno-60">[55]</a> Based on <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> is thought to be similar in composition to Jupiter, but the other giant planets <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> have relatively less hydrogen and helium and relatively more of the next <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">most common elements</a>, including oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> These planets are known as <a href="/wiki/Ice_giants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice giants">ice giants</a> because during their formation, these elements are thought to have been incorporated into them as ice; however, they probably contain very little ice.<a href="#cite_note-icegiantatmospheres-62">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size_and_mass">Size and mass</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass">Jupiter mass</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_Earth_Moon_Comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jupiter_Earth_Moon_Comparison.png/220px-Jupiter_Earth_Moon_Comparison.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jupiter_Earth_Moon_Comparison.png/330px-Jupiter_Earth_Moon_Comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Jupiter_Earth_Moon_Comparison.png/440px-Jupiter_Earth_Moon_Comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Size of Jupiter compared to Earth and Earth's Moon</figcaption></figure> Jupiter is about ten times larger than Earth (11.209 <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">R🜨</a>) and smaller than the Sun (0.10276 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">R☉</a>). Jupiter's mass is 318 times that of Earth;<a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a> 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined. It is so massive that its <a href="/wiki/Barycentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycentre">barycentre</a> with the Sun lies above the <a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Sun's surface</a> at 1.068 <a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius">solar radii</a> from the Sun's centre.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-burgess-64">[59]</a>: 6  Jupiter's radius is about one tenth the radius of the Sun,<a href="#cite_note-shu82-65">[60]</a> and its mass is one thousandth the <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">mass of the Sun</a>, as the densities of the two bodies are similar.<a href="#cite_note-davis_turekian05-66">[61]</a> A "<a href="/wiki/Jupiter_mass" title="Jupiter mass">Jupiter mass</a>" (<var>M</var>J or <var>M</var>Jup) is used as a unit to describe masses of other objects, particularly <a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrasolar planet">extrasolar planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">brown dwarfs</a>. For example, the extrasolar planet <a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a> has a mass of 0.69 <var>M</var>J, while the brown dwarf <a href="/wiki/Gliese_229_b" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 229 b">Gliese 229 b</a> has a mass of 60.4 <var>M</var>J.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feng2022-68">[63]</a> Theoretical models indicate that if Jupiter had over 40% more mass, the interior would be so compressed that its volume would decrease despite the increasing amount of matter. For smaller changes in its mass, the <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> would not change appreciably.<a href="#cite_note-Seager2007-69">[64]</a> As a result, Jupiter is thought to have about as large a diameter as a planet of its composition and evolutionary history can achieve.<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> The process of further shrinkage with increasing mass would continue until appreciable <a href="/wiki/Stellar_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar ignition">stellar ignition</a> was achieved.<a href="#cite_note-tristan286-71">[66]</a> Although Jupiter would need to be about 75 times more massive to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen fusion">fuse hydrogen</a> and become a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> its diameter is sufficient as the smallest <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarf</a> may be slightly larger in radius than Saturn.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Jupiter radiates more heat than it receives through solar radiation, due to the <a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a> within its contracting interior.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> This process causes Jupiter to shrink by about 1 mm (0.039 in) per year.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-guillot04-77">[72]</a> At the time of its formation, Jupiter was hotter and was about twice its current diameter.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jupiter_diagram.svg/440px-Jupiter_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jupiter_diagram.svg/660px-Jupiter_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jupiter_diagram.svg/880px-Jupiter_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of Jupiter with its interior, surface features, rings, and inner moons</figcaption></figure> Before the early 21st century, most scientists proposed one of two scenarios for the formation of Jupiter. If the planet accreted first as a solid body, it would consist of a dense <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a>, a surrounding layer of fluid <a href="/wiki/Metallic_hydrogen" title="Metallic hydrogen">metallic hydrogen</a> (with some helium) extending outward to about 80% of the radius of the planet,<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> and an outer atmosphere consisting primarily of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guillot04-77">[72]</a> Alternatively, if the planet collapsed directly from the gaseous <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">protoplanetary disk</a>, it was expected to completely lack a core, consisting instead of a denser and denser fluid (predominantly molecular and metallic hydrogen) all the way to the centre. Data from the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno mission</a> showed that Jupiter has a diffuse core that mixes into its mantle, extending for 30–50% of the planet's radius, and comprising heavy elements with a combined mass 7–25 times the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-dilute-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160705-82">[77]</a> This mixing process could have arisen during formation, while the planet accreted solids and gases from the surrounding nebula.<a href="#cite_note-stevenson2022-83">[78]</a> Alternatively, it could have been caused by an impact from a planet of about ten Earth masses a few million years after Jupiter's formation, which would have disrupted an originally compact Jovian core.<a href="#cite_note-dilute-81">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature2019_2-84">[79]</a> Outside the layer of metallic hydrogen lies a transparent interior atmosphere of hydrogen. At this depth, the pressure and temperature are above molecular hydrogen's <a href="/wiki/Critical_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical pressure">critical pressure</a> of 1.3 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Critical_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical temperature">critical temperature</a> of 33 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (−240.2 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; −400.3 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>).<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> In this state, there are no distinct liquid and gas phases—hydrogen is said to be in a <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">supercritical fluid</a> state. The hydrogen and helium gas extending downward from the cloud layer gradually transitions to a liquid in deeper layers, possibly resembling something akin to an ocean of liquid hydrogen and other supercritical fluids.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 22 <a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Physically, the gas gradually becomes hotter and denser as depth increases.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-lang03-89">[84]</a> Rain-like droplets of helium and neon precipitate downward through the lower atmosphere, depleting the abundance of these elements in the upper atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-galileo_ms-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> Calculations suggest that helium drops separate from metallic hydrogen at a radius of 60,000 km (37,000 mi) (11,000 km (6,800 mi) below the cloud tops) and merge again at 50,000 km (31,000 mi) (22,000 km (14,000 mi) beneath the clouds).<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Rainfalls of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_diamonds" title="Extraterrestrial diamonds">diamonds</a> have been suggested to occur, as well as on Saturn<a href="#cite_note-SC-20131009-92">[87]</a> and the ice giants Uranus and Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-WP-20170825-93">[88]</a> The temperature and pressure inside Jupiter increase steadily inward as the heat of planetary formation can only escape by convection.<a href="#cite_note-Juno-60">[55]</a> At a surface depth where the atmospheric pressure level is 1 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> (0.10 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a>), the temperature is around 165 K (−108 °C; −163 °F). The region where supercritical hydrogen changes gradually from a molecular fluid to a metallic fluid spans pressure ranges of 50–400 GPa with temperatures of 5,000–8,400 K (4,730–8,130 °C; 8,540–14,660 °F), respectively. The temperature of Jupiter's diluted core is estimated to be 20,000 K (19,700 °C; 35,500 °F) with a pressure of around 4,000 GPa.<a href="#cite_note-Guillot_et_al_2004-94">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white animation of Jupiter's clouds by Voyager 1 as the spacecraft approaches the planet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif/220px-790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif/330px-790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/790106-0203_Voyager_58M_to_31M_reduced.gif 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Timelapse of Jupiter's cloud system moving over the course of one month (photographed during <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> flyby in 1979)</figcaption></figure> The atmosphere of Jupiter is primarily composed of molecular hydrogen and helium, with a smaller amount of other compounds such as water, methane, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-Atreya2003-95">[90]</a> Jupiter's atmosphere extends to a depth of approximately 3,000 km (2,000 mi) below the cloud layers.<a href="#cite_note-Guillot_et_al_2004-94">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cloud_layers">Cloud layers</h4></div> Jupiter is perpetually covered with clouds of ammonia crystals, which may contain <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydrosulfide" title="Ammonium hydrosulfide">ammonium hydrosulfide</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> The clouds are located in the <a href="/wiki/Tropopause" title="Tropopause">tropopause</a> layer of the atmosphere, forming bands at different latitudes, known as tropical regions. These are subdivided into lighter-hued zones and darker belts. The interactions of these conflicting <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation" title="Atmospheric circulation">circulation</a> patterns cause storms and <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>. Wind speeds of 100 metres per second (360 km/h; 220 mph) are common in <a href="/wiki/Jet_stream#Other_planets" title="Jet stream">zonal jet streams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> The zones have been observed to vary in width, colour and intensity from year to year, but they have remained stable enough for scientists to name them.<a href="#cite_note-burgess-64">[59]</a>: 6  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_Jupiter.jpg/174px-Map_of_Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_Jupiter.jpg/261px-Map_of_Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Map_of_Jupiter.jpg/348px-Map_of_Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2231" data-file-height="2266" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">View of Jupiter's south pole</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:176px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg/160px-PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg/240px-PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg/320px-PIA21641-Jupiter-SouthernStorms-JunoCam-20170525.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="2915" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Enhanced colour view of Jupiter's southern storms</div></div></div></div></div> The cloud layer is about 50 km (31 mi) deep and consists of at least two decks of ammonia clouds: a thin, clearer region on top and a thicker, lower deck. There may be a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Water_(properties)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (properties)">water</a> clouds underlying the ammonia clouds, as suggested by flashes of <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a> detected in the atmosphere of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> The water clouds are assumed to generate thunderstorms in the same way as terrestrial thunderstorms, driven by the heat rising from the interior.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> The Juno mission revealed the presence of "shallow lightning" which originates from ammonia-water clouds relatively high in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a> These discharges carry "mushballs" of water-ammonia slushes covered in ice, which fall deep into the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Upper-atmospheric_lightning" title="Upper-atmospheric lightning">Upper-atmospheric lightning</a> has been observed in Jupiter's upper atmosphere, bright flashes of light that last around 1.4 milliseconds. These are known as "elves" or "sprites" and appear blue or pink due to the hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> The orange and brown colours in the clouds of Jupiter are caused by upwelling compounds that change colour when they are exposed to ultraviolet light from the Sun. The exact makeup remains uncertain, but the substances are thought to be made up of phosphorus, sulfur or possibly hydrocarbons.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 39 <a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> These colourful compounds, known as <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophores</a>, mix with the warmer clouds of the lower deck. The light-coloured zones are formed when rising <a href="/wiki/Convection_cell" title="Convection cell">convection cells</a> form crystallising ammonia that hides the chromophores from view.<a href="#cite_note-worldbook-106">[101]</a> Jupiter has a low <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>, thus ensuring that the poles always receive less <a href="/wiki/Solar_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar radiation">solar radiation</a> than the planet's equatorial region. <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">Convection</a> within the interior of the planet transports energy to the poles, balancing out temperatures at the cloud layer.<a href="#cite_note-burgess-64">[59]</a>: 54  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Red_Spot_and_other_vortices">Great Red Spot and other vortices</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21775.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A very distorted image of a large, red anticyclonic storm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PIA21775.jpg/220px-PIA21775.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PIA21775.jpg/330px-PIA21775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PIA21775.jpg/440px-PIA21775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of the Great Red Spot imaged by the <a href="/wiki/Juno_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno spacecraft">Juno spacecraft</a> in true colour. Due to the way Juno takes photographs, stitched image has extreme <a href="/wiki/Barrel_distortion" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel distortion">barrel distortion</a>.</figcaption></figure> A well-known feature of Jupiter is the <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171213-107">[102]</a> a persistent <a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">anticyclonic</a> storm located 22° south of the equator. It was first observed in 1831,<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> and possibly as early as 1665.<a href="#cite_note-kyrala26-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Images by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> have shown two more "red spots" adjacent to the Great Red Spot.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> The storm is visible through Earth-based <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescopes</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> of 12 cm or larger.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> The storm rotates counterclockwise, with a <a href="/wiki/Period_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (physics)">period</a> of about six days.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> The maximum altitude of this storm is about 8 km (5 mi) above the surrounding cloud tops.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> The Spot's composition and the source of its red colour remain uncertain, although photodissociated <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> reacting with <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> is a likely explanation.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> The Great Red Spot is larger than the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-sp.news20151125-117">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical models</a> suggest that the storm is stable and will be a permanent feature of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> However, it has significantly decreased in size since its discovery. Initial observations in the late 1800s showed it to be approximately 41,000 km (25,500 mi) across. As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupiter&action=edit">[update]</a>, the storm was measured at approximately 16,500 by 10,940 km (10,250 by 6,800 mi),<a href="#cite_note-Simon2015-119">[114]</a> and was decreasing in length by about 930 km (580 mi) per year.<a href="#cite_note-sp.news20151125-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-techtimes20151021-120">[115]</a> In October 2021, a Juno flyby mission measured the depth of the Great Red Spot, putting it at around 300–500 kilometres (190–310 miles).<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> Juno missions found several cyclone groups at Jupiter's poles. The northern group contains nine cyclones, with a large one in the centre and eight others around it, while its southern counterpart also consists of a centre vortex but is surrounded by five large storms and a single smaller one for a total of 7 storms.<a href="#cite_note-Adriani_et_al_2018-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oval_BA_(Hubble).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oval_BA_%28Hubble%29.jpg/300px-Oval_BA_%28Hubble%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oval_BA_%28Hubble%29.jpg/450px-Oval_BA_%28Hubble%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Oval_BA_%28Hubble%29.jpg/600px-Oval_BA_%28Hubble%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Formation of Oval BA from three white ovals</figcaption></figure> In 2000, an atmospheric feature formed in the southern hemisphere that is similar in appearance to the Great Red Spot, but smaller. This was created when smaller, white oval-shaped storms merged to form a single feature—these three smaller white ovals were formed in 1939–1940. The merged feature was named <a href="/wiki/Oval_BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval BA">Oval BA</a>. It has since increased in intensity and changed from white to red, earning it the nickname "Little Red Spot".<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> In April 2017, a "Great Cold Spot" was discovered in Jupiter's thermosphere at its <a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">north pole</a>. This feature is 24,000 km (15,000 mi) across, 12,000 km (7,500 mi) wide, and 200 °C (360 °F) cooler than surrounding material. While this spot changes form and intensity over the short term, it has maintained its general position in the atmosphere for more than 15 years. It may be a giant <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a> similar to the Great Red Spot, and appears to be <a href="/wiki/Metastability" title="Metastability">quasi-stable</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Vorticity" title="Vorticity">vortices</a> in Earth's thermosphere. This feature may be formed by interactions between charged particles generated from Io and the strong magnetic field of Jupiter, resulting in a redistribution of heat flow.<a href="#cite_note-Stallard_et_Al.,_2017-126">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetosphere">Magnetosphere</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:300px;max-width:300px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif/298px-PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif" decoding="async" width="298" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif/447px-PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif/596px-PIA23465-PlanetJupiter-Aurorae-20191001.gif 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="788" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">Aurorae</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">south poles</a> (animation)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg/139px-Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg/209px-Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg/278px-Hubble_Captures_Vivid_Auroras_in_Jupiter%27s_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2224" data-file-height="2216" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">Aurorae</a> on the north pole (Hubble). False colour image composite.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21033_Juno%27s_View_of_Jupiter%27s_Southern_Lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PIA21033_Juno%27s_View_of_Jupiter%27s_Southern_Lights.jpg/155px-PIA21033_Juno%27s_View_of_Jupiter%27s_Southern_Lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PIA21033_Juno%27s_View_of_Jupiter%27s_Southern_Lights.jpg/233px-PIA21033_Juno%27s_View_of_Jupiter%27s_Southern_Lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/PIA21033_Juno%27s_View_of_Jupiter%27s_Southern_Lights.jpg/310px-PIA21033_Juno%27s_View_of_Jupiter%27s_Southern_Lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="733" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">Infrared</a> view of southern lights (<a href="/wiki/Jovian_Infrared_Auroral_Mapper" title="Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper">Jovian IR Mapper</a>). False colour image.</div></div></div></div></div> Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> is the strongest of any planet in the Solar System,<a href="#cite_note-worldbook-106">[101]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole_moment" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic dipole moment">dipole moment</a> of 4.170 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a> (0.4170 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">mT</a>) that is tilted at an angle of 10.31° to the pole of rotation. The surface magnetic field strength varies from 2 gauss (0.20 mT) up to 20 gauss (2.0 mT).<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> This field is thought to be generated by <a href="/wiki/Eddy_current" title="Eddy current">eddy currents</a>—swirling movements of conducting materials—within the fluid, metallic hydrogen core. At about 75 Jupiter radii from the planet, the interaction of the magnetosphere with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> generates a <a href="/wiki/Bow_shock" title="Bow shock">bow shock</a>. Surrounding Jupiter's magnetosphere is a <a href="/wiki/Magnetopause" title="Magnetopause">magnetopause</a>, located at the inner edge of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosheath" title="Magnetosheath">magnetosheath</a>—a region between it and the bow shock. The solar wind interacts with these regions, elongating the magnetosphere on Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Lee_side" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee side">lee side</a> and extending it outward until it nearly reaches the orbit of Saturn. The four largest moons of Jupiter all orbit within the magnetosphere, which protects them from solar wind.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 69  The volcanoes on the moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> emit large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, forming a gas <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> along its orbit. The gas is <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionized</a> in Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere" title="Magnetosphere">magnetosphere</a>, producing sulfur and oxygen <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>. They, together with hydrogen ions originating from the atmosphere of Jupiter, form a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_sheet" title="Plasma sheet">plasma sheet</a> in Jupiter's equatorial plane. The plasma in the sheet co-rotates with the planet, causing deformation of the dipole magnetic field into that of a magnetodisk. Electrons within the plasma sheet generate a strong radio signature, with short, superimposed bursts in the range of 0.6–30 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a> that are detectable from Earth with consumer-grade <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio_receiver" title="Shortwave radio receiver">shortwave radio receivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> As Io moves through this torus, the interaction generates <a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_wave" title="Alfvén wave">Alfvén waves</a> that carry ionized matter into the polar regions of Jupiter. As a result, radio waves are generated through a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysical_maser" title="Astrophysical maser">maser mechanism</a>, and the energy is transmitted out along a cone-shaped surface. When Earth intersects this cone, the <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio emissions</a> from Jupiter can exceed the radio output of the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> <div style="float:right; margin:2px;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:11px"> <caption>Jovian radiation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Moon</th> <th><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgen_equivalent_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Röntgen equivalent man">rem</a>/day </th></tr> <tr> <td>Io</td> <td>3600<a href="#cite_note-ringwald-131">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Europa</td> <td>540<a href="#cite_note-ringwald-131">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ganymede</td> <td>8<a href="#cite_note-ringwald-131">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Callisto</td> <td>0.01<a href="#cite_note-ringwald-131">[126]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Earth (Max)</th> <th>0.07 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Earth (Avg)</th> <th>0.0007 </th></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planetary_rings">Planetary rings</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></div> Jupiter has a faint <a href="/wiki/Planetary_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary ring">planetary ring</a> system composed of three main segments: an inner <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> of particles known as the halo, a relatively bright main ring, and an outer gossamer ring.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> These rings appear to be made of dust, whereas Saturn's rings are made of ice.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 65  The main ring is most likely made out of material ejected from the satellites <a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a>, which is drawn into Jupiter because of the planet's strong gravitational influence. New material is added by additional impacts.<a href="#cite_note-Burns1999-133">[128]</a> In a similar way, the moons <a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a> are believed to produce the two distinct components of the dusty gossamer ring.<a href="#cite_note-Burns1999-133">[128]</a> There is evidence of a fourth ring that may consist of collisional debris from Amalthea that is strung along the same moon's orbit.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_and_rotation">Orbit and rotation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_rotation_over_3_hours_with_11_inch_telescope.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jupiter_rotation_over_3_hours_with_11_inch_telescope.gif/220px-Jupiter_rotation_over_3_hours_with_11_inch_telescope.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jupiter_rotation_over_3_hours_with_11_inch_telescope.gif/330px-Jupiter_rotation_over_3_hours_with_11_inch_telescope.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Jupiter_rotation_over_3_hours_with_11_inch_telescope.gif/440px-Jupiter_rotation_over_3_hours_with_11_inch_telescope.gif 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>3-hour timelapse showing rotation of Jupiter and orbital motion of the moons</figcaption></figure> Jupiter is the only planet whose <a href="/wiki/Barycentre" class="mw-redirect" title="Barycentre">barycentre</a> with the Sun lies outside the volume of the Sun, though by 7% of the Sun's radius.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jupiter-COM-20160730-136">[131]</a> The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778 million km (5.2 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>) and it completes an orbit every 11.86 years. This is approximately two-fifths the orbital period of Saturn, forming a near <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane" title="Orbital plane">orbital plane</a> of Jupiter is <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclined</a> 1.30° compared to Earth. Because the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of its orbit is 0.049, Jupiter is slightly over 75 million km nearer the Sun at <a href="/wiki/Perihelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion">perihelion</a> than <a href="/wiki/Aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphelion">aphelion</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a> which means that its orbit is nearly circular. This low eccentricity is at odds with <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> discoveries, which have revealed Jupiter-sized planets with very high eccentricities. Models suggest this may be due to there being two giant planets in our Solar System, as the presence of a third or more giant planets tends to induce larger eccentricities.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a> of Jupiter is 3.13°, which is relatively small, so its seasons are insignificant compared to those of Earth and Mars.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Period_of_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Period of revolution">rotation</a> is the fastest of all the Solar System's planets, completing a rotation on its <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinate axis">axis</a> in slightly less than ten hours; this creates an <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_bulge" title="Equatorial bulge">equatorial bulge</a> easily seen through an amateur telescope. Because Jupiter is not a solid body, its upper atmosphere undergoes <a href="/wiki/Differential_rotation" title="Differential rotation">differential rotation</a>. The rotation of Jupiter's polar atmosphere is about 5 minutes longer than that of the equatorial atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-Ridpath1998-140">[135]</a> The planet is an oblate spheroid, meaning that the diameter across its <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> is longer than the diameter measured between its <a href="/wiki/Geographic_pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic pole">poles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lang03-89">[84]</a> On Jupiter, the equatorial diameter is 9,276 km (5,764 mi) longer than the polar diameter.<a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a> Three systems are used as frames of reference for tracking planetary rotation, particularly when graphing the motion of atmospheric features. System I applies to latitudes from 7° N to 7° S; its period is the planet's shortest, at 9h 50 m 30.0s. System II applies at latitudes north and south of these; its period is 9h 55 m 40.6s.<a href="#cite_note-Hide1981-141">[136]</a> System III was defined by <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio astronomer">radio astronomers</a> and corresponds to the rotation of the planet's magnetosphere; its period is Jupiter's official rotation.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter-and-its-moons-amateur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jupiter-and-its-moons-amateur.jpg/220px-Jupiter-and-its-moons-amateur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jupiter-and-its-moons-amateur.jpg/330px-Jupiter-and-its-moons-amateur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jupiter-and-its-moons-amateur.jpg/440px-Jupiter-and-its-moons-amateur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1555" /></a><figcaption>Jupiter and four Galilean moons seen through an amateur telescope</figcaption></figure> Jupiter is usually the <a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_natural_objects_in_the_sky" title="List of brightest natural objects in the sky">fourth brightest object in the sky</a> (after the Sun, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>),<a href="#cite_note-worldbook-106">[101]</a> although at opposition <a href="/wiki/Mars#Viewing_from_Earth" title="Mars">Mars</a> can appear brighter than Jupiter. Depending on Jupiter's position with respect to the Earth, it can vary in visual magnitude from as bright as −2.94 at <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a> down to −1.66 during <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(astronomy_and_astrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjunction (astronomy and astrology)">conjunction</a> with the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-19">[16]</a> The mean <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> is −2.20 with a standard deviation of 0.33.<a href="#cite_note-Mallama_and_Hilton-19">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Angular_diameter" title="Angular diameter">angular diameter</a> of Jupiter likewise varies from 50.1 to 30.5 <a href="/wiki/Arc_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc second">arc seconds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fact-3">[2]</a> Favourable oppositions occur when Jupiter is passing through the <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelion</a> of its orbit, bringing it closer to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Near opposition, Jupiter will appear to go into <a href="/wiki/Apparent_retrograde_motion" title="Apparent retrograde motion">retrograde motion</a> for a period of about 121 days, moving backward through an angle of 9.9° before returning to prograde movement.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> Because the orbit of Jupiter is outside that of Earth, the <a href="/wiki/Phase_angle_(astronomy)" title="Phase angle (astronomy)">phase angle</a> of Jupiter as viewed from Earth is always less than 11.5°; thus, Jupiter always appears nearly fully illuminated when viewed through Earth-based telescopes. It was during spacecraft missions to Jupiter that crescent views of the planet were obtained.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> A small telescope will usually show Jupiter's four <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> and the cloud belts across <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter's atmosphere</a>. A larger telescope with an aperture of 4–6 inches (10–15 cm) will show Jupiter's Great Red Spot when it faces Earth.<a href="#cite_note-146">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pre-telescopic_research">Pre-telescopic research</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almagest-planets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Almagest-planets.svg/230px-Almagest-planets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Almagest-planets.svg/345px-Almagest-planets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Almagest-planets.svg/460px-Almagest-planets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Model in the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a> of the longitudinal motion of Jupiter (☉) relative to Earth (🜨)</figcaption></figure> Observation of Jupiter dates back to at least the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomers</a> of the 7th or 8th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> The ancient Chinese knew Jupiter as the "Suì Star" (Suìxīng <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B2%E6%98%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:歲星">歲星</a>) and established their cycle of 12 <a href="/wiki/Earthly_branches" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthly branches">earthly branches</a> based on the approximate number of years it takes Jupiter to rotate around the Sun; the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> still uses its name (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified</a> as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:歲">歲</a>) when referring to years of age. By the 4th century BC, these observations had developed into the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Homer-149">[144]</a> and each year became associated with a <a href="/wiki/Tai_Sui" title="Tai Sui">Tai Sui</a> star and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese gods">god</a> controlling the region of the heavens opposite Jupiter's position in the night sky. These beliefs survive in some <a href="/wiki/Taoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist">Taoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">religious practices</a> and in the East Asian zodiac's twelve animals. The Chinese historian <a href="/wiki/Xi_Zezong" title="Xi Zezong">Xi Zezong</a> has claimed that <a href="/wiki/Gan_De" title="Gan De">Gan De</a>, an ancient <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> reported a small star "in alliance" with the planet,<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> which may indicate a sighting of one of <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter's moons</a> with the unaided eye. If true, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a> A 2016 paper reports that <a href="/wiki/Trapezoidal_rule" title="Trapezoidal rule">trapezoidal rule</a> was used by <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a> before 50 BC for integrating the velocity of Jupiter along the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[149]</a> In his 2nd century work the <a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a>, the Hellenistic astronomer <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a> constructed a <a href="/wiki/Geocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geocentric">geocentric</a> planetary model based on <a href="/wiki/Deferent" class="mw-redirect" title="Deferent">deferents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epicycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicycle">epicycles</a> to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38 days, or 11.86 years.<a href="#cite_note-155">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground-based_telescope_research">Ground-based telescope research</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medicean_Stars.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Medicean_Stars.png/230px-Medicean_Stars.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Medicean_Stars.png/346px-Medicean_Stars.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Medicean_Stars.png/460px-Medicean_Stars.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1964" /></a><figcaption>Galileo's drawings of Jupiter and its "Medicean Stars" from <a href="/wiki/Sidereus_Nuncius" title="Sidereus Nuncius">Sidereus Nuncius</a></figcaption></figure> In 1610, Italian polymath <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>) using a telescope. This is thought to be the first telescopic observation of moons other than Earth's. Just one day after Galileo, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> independently discovered moons around Jupiter, though he did not publish his discovery in a book until 1614.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> It was Marius's names for the major moons, however, that stuck: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. The discovery was a major point in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentric</a> theory of the motions of the planets by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>; Galileo's outspoken support of the Copernican theory led to him being tried and condemned by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> In the autumn of 1639, the Neapolitan optician Francesco Fontana tested a 22-palm telescope of his own making and discovered the characteristic bands of the planet's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> During the 1660s, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> used a new telescope to discover spots in Jupiter's atmosphere, observe that the planet appeared oblate, and estimate its rotation period.<a href="#cite_note-cassini1-159">[154]</a> In 1692, Cassini noticed that the atmosphere undergoes a differential rotation.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> The Great Red Spot may have been observed as early as 1664 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> and in 1665 by Cassini, although this is disputed. The pharmacist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Heinrich_Schwabe" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Heinrich Schwabe">Heinrich Schwabe</a> produced the earliest known drawing to show details of the Great Red Spot in 1831.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> The Red Spot was reportedly lost from sight on several occasions between 1665 and 1708 before becoming quite conspicuous in 1878.<a href="#cite_note-162">[157]</a> It was recorded as fading again in 1883 and at the start of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Alfonso_Borelli" title="Giovanni Alfonso Borelli">Giovanni Borelli</a> and Cassini made careful tables of the motions of Jupiter's moons, which allowed predictions of when the moons would pass before or behind the planet. By the 1670s, Cassini observed that when Jupiter was on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth, these events would occur about 17 minutes later than expected. <a href="/wiki/Ole_R%C3%B8mer" title="Ole Rømer">Ole Rømer</a> deduced that light does not travel instantaneously (a conclusion that Cassini had earlier rejected),<a href="#cite_note-cassini-56">[51]</a> and this timing discrepancy was used to estimate the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> In 1892, <a href="/wiki/E._E._Barnard" class="mw-redirect" title="E. E. Barnard">E. E. Barnard</a> observed a fifth satellite of Jupiter with the 36-inch (910 mm) refractor at <a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a> in California. This moon was later named <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> It was the last planetary moon to be discovered directly by a visual observer through a telescope.<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> An additional eight satellites were discovered before the flyby of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> probe in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-168">[f]</a> In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Wildt" title="Rupert Wildt">Rupert Wildt</a> identified <a href="/wiki/Absorption_bands" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption bands">absorption bands</a> of ammonia and methane in the spectra of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> Three long-lived anticyclonic features called "white ovals" were observed in 1938. For several decades, they remained as separate features in the atmosphere that approach each other but never merge. Finally, two of the ovals merged in 1998, then absorbed the third in 2000, becoming <a href="/wiki/Oval_BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Oval BA">Oval BA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radiotelescope_research">Radiotelescope research</h4></div> In 1955, Bernard Burke and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Franklin" title="Kenneth Franklin">Kenneth Franklin</a> discovered that Jupiter emits bursts of radio waves at a frequency of 22.2 MHz.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 36  The period of these bursts matched the rotation of the planet, and they used this information to determine a more precise value for Jupiter's rotation rate. Radio bursts from Jupiter were found to come in two forms: long bursts (or L-bursts) lasting up to several seconds, and short bursts (or S-bursts) lasting less than a hundredth of a second.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> Scientists have discovered three forms of radio signals transmitted from Jupiter: <ul><li>Decametric radio bursts (with a wavelength of tens of metres) vary with the rotation of Jupiter, and are influenced by the interaction of Io with Jupiter's magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a></li> <li>Decimetric radio emission (with wavelengths measured in centimetres) was first observed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Drake" title="Frank Drake">Frank Drake</a> and Hein Hvatum in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 36  The origin of this signal is a torus-shaped belt around Jupiter's equator, which generates <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron_radiation" title="Cyclotron radiation">cyclotron radiation</a> from electrons that are accelerated in Jupiter's magnetic field.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a> is produced by heat in the atmosphere of Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">[69]</a>: 43 </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exploration">Exploration</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></div> Jupiter has been visited by automated <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> since 1973, when the space probe <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> passed close enough to Jupiter to send back revelations about its properties and phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Missions to Jupiter are accomplished at a cost in energy, which is described by the net change in velocity of the spacecraft, or <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a>. Entering a <a href="/wiki/Hohmann_transfer_orbit" title="Hohmann transfer orbit">Hohmann transfer orbit</a> from Earth to Jupiter from <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> requires a delta-v of 6.3 km/s,<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> which is comparable to the 9.7 km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_slingshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational slingshot">Gravity assists</a> through planetary <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_slingshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational slingshot">flybys</a> can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-delta-v-178">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Flyby_missions">Flyby missions</h5></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Spacecraft </th> <th>Closest approach </th> <th>Distance (km) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a> </td> <td>December 3, 1973 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">130,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a> </td> <td>December 4, 1974 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">34,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a> </td> <td>March 5, 1979 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">349,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> </td> <td>July 9, 1979 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">570,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses probe">Ulysses</a> </td> <td>February 8, 1992<a href="#cite_note-ulysses-179">[173]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">408,894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 4, 2004<a href="#cite_note-ulysses-179">[173]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right;">120,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a> </td> <td>December 30, 2000 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">10,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> </td> <td>February 28, 2007 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2,304,535 </td></tr></tbody></table> Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft performed planetary flyby manoeuvres that brought them within the observation range of Jupiter. The <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a> missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the radiation fields near the planet were much stronger than expected, but both spacecraft managed to survive in that environment. The trajectories of these spacecraft were used to refine the mass estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jovian system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_occultations" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio occultations">Radio occultations</a> by the planet resulted in better measurements of Jupiter's diameter and the amount of polar flattening.<a href="#cite_note-burgess-64">[59]</a>: 47 <a href="#cite_note-cosmology_101-180">[174]</a> Six years later, the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a> missions vastly improved the understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> and discovered Jupiter's rings. They also confirmed that the Great Red Spot was anticyclonic. Comparison of images showed that the Spot had changed hues since the Pioneer missions, turning from orange to dark brown. A torus of ionized atoms was discovered along Io's orbital path, which were found to come from erupting volcanoes on the moon's surface. As the spacecraft passed behind the planet, it observed flashes of lightning in the <a href="/wiki/Terminator_(solar)" title="Terminator (solar)">night side</a> atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-burgess-64">[59]</a>: 87 <a href="#cite_note-voyager1-181">[175]</a> The next mission to encounter Jupiter was the <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> solar probe. In February 1992, it performed a flyby manoeuvre to attain a <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbit</a> around the Sun. During this pass, the spacecraft studied Jupiter's magnetosphere, although it had no cameras to photograph the planet. The spacecraft passed by Jupiter six years later, this time at a much greater distance.<a href="#cite_note-ulysses-179">[173]</a> In 2000, the Cassini probe flew by Jupiter on its way to Saturn, and provided higher-resolution images.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> probe flew by Jupiter in 2007 for a gravity assist en route to <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> The probe's cameras measured plasma output from volcanoes on Io and studied all four Galilean moons in detail.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Galileo_mission">Galileo mission</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo (spacecraft)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg/220px-Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg/330px-Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg/440px-Galileo_Preparations_-_GPN-2000-000672.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Galileo in preparation for mating with the rocket, 1989</figcaption></figure> The first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter was the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a> mission, which reached the planet on December 7, 1995.<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> It remained in orbit for over seven years, conducting multiple flybys of all the Galilean moons and <a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a>. The spacecraft also witnessed the impact of <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a> when it collided with Jupiter in 1994. Some of the goals for the mission were thwarted due to a malfunction in Galileos high-gain antenna.<a href="#cite_note-galileo-185">[179]</a> A 340-kilogram titanium <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)#Galileo_entry_probe" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">atmospheric probe</a> was released from the spacecraft in July 1995, entering Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7.<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> It parachuted through 150 km (93 mi) of the atmosphere at a speed of about 2,575 km/h (1,600 mph)<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> and collected data for 57.6 minutes until the spacecraft was destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> The Galileo orbiter itself experienced a more rapid version of the same fate when it was deliberately steered into the planet on September 21, 2003. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> destroyed the spacecraft to avoid any possibility of the spacecraft crashing into and possibly contaminating the moon Europa, <a href="/wiki/Life_on_Europa" class="mw-redirect" title="Life on Europa">which may harbour life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-galileo-185">[179]</a> Data from this mission revealed that hydrogen composes up to 90% of Jupiter's atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> The recorded temperature was more than 300 °C (570 °F), and the wind speed measured more than 644 km/h (>400 mph) before the probes vaporized.<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Juno_mission">Juno mission</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno (spacecraft)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juno_prepared_for_rotation_test_stand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juno_prepared_for_rotation_test_stand.jpg/220px-Juno_prepared_for_rotation_test_stand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juno_prepared_for_rotation_test_stand.jpg/331px-Juno_prepared_for_rotation_test_stand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Juno_prepared_for_rotation_test_stand.jpg/440px-Juno_prepared_for_rotation_test_stand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Juno preparing for testing in a rotation stand, 2011</figcaption></figure> NASA's <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> mission arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016, with the goal of studying the planet in detail from a <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbit</a>. The spacecraft was originally intended to orbit Jupiter thirty-seven times over a period of twenty months.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160705-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> During the mission, the spacecraft will be exposed to high levels of radiation from <a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Jupiter's magnetosphere</a>, which may cause the failure of certain instruments.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> On August 27, 2016, the spacecraft completed its first flyby of Jupiter and sent back the first-ever images of Jupiter's north pole.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> Juno completed 12 orbits before the end of its budgeted mission plan, ending in July 2018.<a href="#cite_note-sfnow20170221-191">[185]</a> In June of that year, NASA extended the mission operations plan to July 2021, and in January of that year the mission was extended to September 2025 with four lunar flybys: one of Ganymede, one of Europa, and two of Io.<a href="#cite_note-nasa20180606-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa20210108-193">[187]</a> When Juno reaches the end of the mission, it will perform a controlled deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. This will avoid the risk of collision with Jupiter's moons.<a href="#cite_note-skytel20170221-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-insider20160705-195">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cancelled_missions_and_future_plans">Cancelled missions and future plans</h5></div> There is an interest in missions to study Jupiter's larger icy moons, which may have subsurface liquid oceans.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> Funding difficulties have delayed progress, causing NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">JIMO</a> (Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter) to be cancelled in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> A subsequent proposal was developed for a joint NASA/<a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> mission called <a href="/wiki/EJSM/Laplace" class="mw-redirect" title="EJSM/Laplace">EJSM/Laplace</a>, with a provisional launch date around 2020. EJSM/Laplace would have consisted of the NASA-led <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a> and the ESA-led <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> However, the ESA formally ended the partnership in April 2011, citing budget issues at NASA and the consequences on the mission timetable. Instead, ESA planned to go ahead with a European-only mission to compete in its L1 <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> selection.<a href="#cite_note-esaled-199">[193]</a> These plans have been realized as the European Space Agency's <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moon_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer</a> (JUICE), launched on April 14, 2023,<a href="#cite_note-bbc-20230214-200">[194]</a> followed by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> mission, launched on October 14, 2024.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> Other proposed missions include the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_National_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese National Space Administration">Chinese National Space Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> mission which aims to launch an orbiter to the Jovian system and possibly <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> around 2035,<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> and CNSA's <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar Express">Interstellar Express</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> and NASA's <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> which would both use Jupiter's gravity to help them reach the edges of the heliosphere. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moons">Moons</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite_system_(astronomy)" title="Satellite system (astronomy)">Satellite system (astronomy)</a></div> Jupiter has 95 known <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">natural satellites</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hecht2023-205">[199]</a> and it is likely that this number would go up due to improved instrumentation.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> Of these, 79 are less than 10 km in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-SheppardMoons-8">[7]</a> The four largest moons are Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa (in order of decreasing size), collectively known as the "<a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a>", and are visible from Earth with binoculars on a clear night.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galilean_moons">Galilean moons</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></div> The moons discovered by Galileo—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—are among the largest in the Solar System. The orbits of Io, Europa, and Ganymede form a pattern known as a <a href="/wiki/Laplace_resonance" class="mw-redirect" title="Laplace resonance">Laplace resonance</a>; for every four orbits that Io makes around Jupiter, Europa makes exactly two orbits and Ganymede makes exactly one. This resonance causes the gravitational effects of the three large moons to distort their orbits into elliptical shapes, because each moon receives an extra tug from its neighbours at the same point in every orbit it makes. The <a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">tidal force</a> from Jupiter, on the other hand, works to <a href="/wiki/Tidal_circularization" title="Tidal circularization">circularize</a> their orbits.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a> of their orbits causes regular flexing of the three moons' shapes, with Jupiter's gravity stretching them out as they approach it and allowing them to spring back to more spherical shapes as they swing away. The <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a> created by this tidal flexing <a href="/wiki/Tidal_acceleration#Tidal_heating" title="Tidal acceleration">generates heat</a> in the interior of the moons.<a href="#cite_note-Eccen304-209">[203]</a> This is seen most dramatically in the <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)#Volcanism" title="Io (moon)">volcanic activity</a> of Io (which is subject to the strongest tidal forces),<a href="#cite_note-Eccen304-209">[203]</a> and to a lesser degree in the geological youth of <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)#Surface_features" title="Europa (moon)">Europa's surface</a>, which indicates recent resurfacing of the moon's exterior.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> <table style="width:550px; margin:0 auto;" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; margin:0 auto;"> <caption>The Galilean moons compared to the Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Name </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">IPA</a> </th> <th colspan="2">Diameter </th> <th colspan="2">Mass </th> <th colspan="2">Orbital radius </th> <th colspan="2">Orbital period </th></tr> <tr> <th>km </th> <th>D☾ </th> <th>kg </th> <th>M☾ </th> <th>km </th> <th>a☾ </th> <th>days </th> <th>T☾ </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈaɪ.oʊ/</a> </td> <td>3,643 </td> <td>1.05 </td> <td>8.9×1022 </td> <td>1.20 </td> <td>421,700 </td> <td>1.10 </td> <td>1.77 </td> <td>0.07 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/jʊˈroʊpə/</a> </td> <td>3,122 </td> <td>0.90 </td> <td>4.8×1022 </td> <td>0.65 </td> <td>671,034 </td> <td>1.75 </td> <td>3.55 </td> <td>0.13 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡænɪmiːd/</a> </td> <td>5,262 </td> <td>1.50 </td> <td>14.8×1022 </td> <td>2.00 </td> <td>1,070,412 </td> <td>2.80 </td> <td>7.15 </td> <td>0.26 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> </th> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/kəˈlɪstoʊ/</a> </td> <td>4,821 </td> <td>1.40 </td> <td>10.8×1022 </td> <td>1.50 </td> <td>1,882,709 </td> <td>4.90 </td> <td>16.69 </td> <td>0.61 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Galilean_satellites_(the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter).tif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Galilean satellites in false colour. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto."><img alt="The Galilean satellites in false colour. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif/lossy-page1-561px-The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="561" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif/lossy-page1-842px-The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif/lossy-page1-1122px-The_Galilean_satellites_%28the_four_largest_moons_of_Jupiter%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Galilean satellites in false colour. From left to right, in order of increasing distance from Jupiter: <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a>.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:0.9em; text-align:center;">The Galilean satellites <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a> (in order of increasing distance from Jupiter) in false colour </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div> Jupiter's moons were classified into four groups of four, based on their similar <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> This picture has been complicated by the discovery of numerous small outer moons since 1999. Jupiter's moons are divided into several different groups, although there are two known moons which are not part of any group (<a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a>).<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> The eight innermost <a href="/wiki/Regular_moon" title="Regular moon">regular moons</a>, which have nearly circular orbits near the plane of Jupiter's equator, are thought to have formed alongside Jupiter, while the remainder are <a href="/wiki/Irregular_moons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular moons">irregular moons</a> and are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">captured asteroids</a> or fragments of captured asteroids. The irregular moons within each group may have a common origin, perhaps as a larger moon or captured body that broke up.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nesvorný-214">[208]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Regular moons </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inner_satellites_of_Jupiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner satellites of Jupiter">Inner group</a> </td> <td>The inner group of four small moons all have diameters of less than 200 km, orbit at radii less than 200,000 km, and have orbital inclinations of less than half a degree.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_orbit_parameters-215">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> </td> <td>These four moons, discovered by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Marius" title="Simon Marius">Simon Marius</a> in parallel, orbit between 400,000 and 2,000,000 km, and are some of the largest moons in the Solar System. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Irregular moons </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a> </td> <td>A tightly clustered group of <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">prograde-orbiting</a> moons with orbits around 11,000,000–12,000,000 km from Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo group</a> </td> <td>A sparsely populated group of small moons with highly inclined prograde orbits around 16,000,000–17,000,000 km from Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-SheppardMoons-8">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a> </td> <td>This group of <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde motion">retrograde-orbiting</a> moons has rather indistinct borders, averaging 21,276,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 149 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorný-214">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a> </td> <td>A tightly clustered group of retrograde-orbiting moons that averages 23,404,000 km from Jupiter with an average inclination of 165 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorný-214">[208]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a> </td> <td>A dispersed and vaguely distinct retrograde group that covers all the outermost moons.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_the_Solar_System">Interaction with the Solar System</h2></div> As the most massive of the eight planets, the gravitational influence of Jupiter has helped shape the Solar System. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, the orbits of the system's planets lie closer to Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital plane</a> than the Sun's <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">equatorial plane</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gaps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a> are mostly caused by Jupiter,<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> and the planet may have been responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a> in the inner Solar System's history.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> In addition to its moons, Jupiter's gravitational field controls numerous <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> that have settled around the <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian points</a> that precede and follow the planet in its orbit around the Sun. These are known as the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojan asteroid">Trojan asteroids</a>, and are divided into <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trojan_asteroids_(Greek_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Trojan asteroids (Greek camp)">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Trojan_asteroids_(Trojan_camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Trojan asteroids (Trojan camp)">Trojan</a> "camps" to honour the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>. The first of these, <a href="/wiki/588_Achilles" title="588 Achilles">588 Achilles</a>, was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Max_Wolf" title="Max Wolf">Max Wolf</a> in 1906; since then more than two thousand have been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> The largest is <a href="/wiki/624_Hektor" title="624 Hektor">624 Hektor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> The Jupiter family is defined as comets that have a <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> smaller than Jupiter's; most <a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">short-period comets</a> belong to this group. Members of the Jupiter family are thought to form in the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> outside the orbit of Neptune. During close encounters with Jupiter, they are <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbed</a> into orbits with a smaller period, which then becomes circularized by regular gravitational interactions with the Sun and Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts">Impacts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impact events on Jupiter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg/220px-Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg/330px-Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg/440px-Jupiter_showing_SL9_impact_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Brown spots mark <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a>'s impact sites on Jupiter</figcaption></figure> Jupiter has been called the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9#Jupiter's_role_in_protection_of_the_inner_Solar_System" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">vacuum cleaner</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> because of its immense <a href="/wiki/Gravity_well" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity well">gravity well</a> and location near the inner Solar System. There are more <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_events" title="List of Jupiter events">impacts on Jupiter</a>, such as comets, than on any other planet in the Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> For example, Jupiter experiences about 200 times more <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> impacts than Earth.<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> Scientists used to believe that Jupiter partially shielded the inner system from cometary bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-HTUW-70">[65]</a> However, computer simulations in 2008 suggest that Jupiter does not cause a net decrease in the number of comets that pass through the inner Solar System, as its gravity perturbs their orbits inward roughly as often as it <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">accretes</a> or ejects them.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> This topic remains controversial among scientists, as some think it draws comets towards Earth from the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a>, while others believe that Jupiter protects Earth from the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> In July 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a> comet collided with Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> The impacts were closely observed by observatories around the world, including the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> and Galileo spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> The event was widely covered by the media.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> Surveys of early astronomical records and drawings produced eight examples of potential impact observations between 1664 and 1839. However, a 1997 review determined that these observations had little or no possibility of being the results of impacts. Further investigation by this team revealed a dark surface feature discovered by astronomer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> in 1690 may have been an impact scar.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Jupiter in fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology#Jupiter" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology § Jupiter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter-bonatti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jupiter-bonatti.png/220px-Jupiter-bonatti.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jupiter-bonatti.png/330px-Jupiter-bonatti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Jupiter-bonatti.png/440px-Jupiter-bonatti.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>Jupiter, woodcut from a 1550 edition of <a href="/wiki/Guido_Bonatti" title="Guido Bonatti">Guido Bonatti</a>'s Liber Astronomiae</figcaption></figure> The existence of the planet Jupiter has been known since ancient times. It is visible to the naked eye in the night sky and can be seen in the daytime when the Sun is low.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> To the <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonians</a>, this planet represented their god <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rogers1998-236">[230]</a> chief of their pantheon from the <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-237">[231]</a> They used Jupiter's roughly 12-year orbit along the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> to define the <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> of their <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rogers1998-236">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythical Greek</a> name for this planet is <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (Ζεύς), also referred to as Dias (Δίας), the planetary name of which is retained in modern <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> The ancient Greeks knew the planet as <a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaethon</a> (Φαέθων), meaning "shining one" or "blazing star".<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> The Greek myths of Zeus from the <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> period showed particular similarities to certain <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near-Eastern</a> gods, including the Semitic <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a>, the Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, and the Babylonian god Marduk.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> The association between the planet and the Greek deity Zeus was drawn from Near Eastern influences and was fully established by the fourth century BC, as documented in the <a href="/wiki/Epinomis" title="Epinomis">Epinomis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and his contemporaries.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> The god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> is the Roman counterpart of Zeus, and he is the principal <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">god</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>. The Romans originally called Jupiter the "star of Jupiter" (Iuppiter Stella), as they believed it to be sacred to its namesake god. This name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> compound *Dyēu-pəter (nominative: *<a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">Dyēus</a>-pətēr, meaning "Father Sky-God", or "Father Day-God").<a href="#cite_note-etymologyonline-243">[237]</a> As the supreme god of the Roman pantheon, Jupiter was the god of thunder, lightning, and storms, and was called the god of light and sky.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Vedic astrology</a>, Hindu astrologers named the planet after <a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a>, the religious teacher of the gods, and called it "<a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a>", which means the "Teacher".<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Central Asian Turkic myths</a>, Jupiter is called Erendiz or Erentüz, from eren (of uncertain meaning) and yultuz ("star"). The Turks calculated the period of the orbit of Jupiter as 11 years and 300 days. They believed that some social and natural events connected to Erentüz's movements in the sky.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> The Chinese, Vietnamese, Koreans, and Japanese called it the "wood star" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 木星; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: mùxīng), based on the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Five_elements_(Chinese_philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five elements (Chinese philosophy)">Five Elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> In China, it became known as the "Year-star" (Sui-sing), as Chinese astronomers noted that it jumped one <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">zodiac</a> constellation each year (with corrections). In some ancient Chinese writings, the years were, in principle, named in correlation with the Jovian zodiac signs.<a href="#cite_note-Homer-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a> – Overview of and topical guide to Jupiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_Jupiter" title="Eccentric Jupiter">Eccentric Jupiter</a> – Jovian planet that orbits its star in an eccentric orbit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Jupiter" title="Hot Jupiter">Hot Jupiter</a> – Class of high mass planets orbiting close to a star</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-Jupiter" title="Super-Jupiter">Super-Jupiter</a> – Class of planets with more mass than Jupiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian%E2%80%93Plutonian_gravitational_effect" title="Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect">Jovian–Plutonian gravitational effect</a> – Astronomical hoax</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-caption-1"><a href="#cite_ref-caption_1-0">^</a> This image was taken by the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Camera_3" title="Wide Field Camera 3">Wide Field Camera 3</a>, on April 21, 2014. Jupiter's atmosphere and its appearance <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter#Dynamics" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">constantly changes</a>, and hence its current appearance today may not resemble what it was when this image was taken. Depicted in this image, however, are a few features that remain consistent, such as the famous <a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a>, featured prominently in the lower right of the image, and the planet's recognizable banded appearance. </li> <li id="cite_note-1bar-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1bar_11-5">f</a> Refers to the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure </li> <li id="cite_note-1bar_b-13"><a href="#cite_ref-1bar_b_13-0">^</a> Based on the volume within the level of 1 bar atmospheric pressure </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> See for example: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/02800/02844.html">"IAUC 2844: Jupiter; 1975h"</a>. International Astronomical Union. October 1, 1975. Retrieved October 24, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IAUC+2844%3A+Jupiter%3B+1975h&rft.date=1975-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbat.eps.harvard.edu%2Fiauc%2F02800%2F02844.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> That particular word has been in use since at least 1966. See: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&text=zenographic%20since%20at%20least%201966">"Query Results from the Astronomy Database"</a>. Smithsonian/NASA. Retrieved July 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Query+Results+from+the+Astronomy+Database&rft.pub=Smithsonian%2FNASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnph-abs_connect%3Fdb_key%3DAST%26text%3Dzenographic%2520since%2520at%2520least%25201966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> About the same as <a href="/wiki/Inverted_sugar_syrup" title="Inverted sugar syrup">sugar syrup</a> (syrup <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pharmacopeia" title="United States Pharmacopeia">USP</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Swarbrick2013-47">[43]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a> for details and cites </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpsonWeiner1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E. S. C. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic00_0">"Jupiter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861220-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861220-9"><bdi>978-0-19-861220-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jupiter&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861220-9&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Weiner%2C+E.+S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordenglishdic00_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation web cs1">Williams, David R. 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A133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+solar+system%27s+invariable+plane&rft.volume=543&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2012-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201219011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012A%26A...543A.133S&rft.aulast=Souami&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Souchay%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1051%252F0004-6361%252F201219011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-perihelion-7"><a href="#cite_ref-horizons-perihelion_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27599%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-31%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27">"HORIZONS Planet-center Batch call for January 2023 Perihelion"</a>. ssd.jpl.nasa.gov (Perihelion for Jupiter's planet-centre (599) occurs on 2023-Jan-21 at 4.9510113au during a rdot flip from negative to positive). NASA/JPL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210907235300/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons_batch.cgi?batch=1&COMMAND=%27599%27&START_TIME=%272023-01-01%27&STOP_TIME=%272023-01-31%27&STEP_SIZE=%273%20hours%27&QUANTITIES=%2719%27">Archived</a> from the original on September 7, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=HORIZONS+Planet-center+Batch+call+for+January+2023+Perihelion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons_batch.cgi%3Fbatch%3D1%26COMMAND%3D%2527599%2527%26START_TIME%3D%25272023-01-01%2527%26STOP_TIME%3D%25272023-01-31%2527%26STEP_SIZE%3D%25273%2520hours%2527%26QUANTITIES%3D%252719%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SheppardMoons-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SheppardMoons_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SheppardMoons_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SheppardMoons_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard" class="citation web cs1">Sheppard, Scott S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/carnegiescience.edu/sheppard/moons/jupitermoons">"Moons of Jupiter"</a>. Earth & Planets Laboratory. Carnegie Institution for Science. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424041910/https://sites.google.com/carnegiescience.edu/sheppard/moons/jupitermoons">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+%26+Planets+Laboratory&rft.atitle=Moons+of+Jupiter&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Scott+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fcarnegiescience.edu%2Fsheppard%2Fmoons%2Fjupitermoons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Seidelmann_Archinal_A'hearn_et_al._2007_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeidelmannArchinalA'HearnConrad2007" class="citation journal cs1">Seidelmann, P. Kenneth; Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; Hestroffer, Daniel; Hilton, James L.; Krasinsky, Georgij A.; Neumann, Gregory A.; Oberst, Jürgen; Stooke, Philip J.; Tedesco, Edward F.; Tholen, David J.; Thomas, Peter C.; Williams, Iwan P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">"Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements: 2006"</a>. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 98 (3): 155–180. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CeMDA..98..155S">2007CeMDA..98..155S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0923-2958">0923-2958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements%3A+2006&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=155-180&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0923-2958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007CeMDA..98..155S&rft.aulast=Seidelmann&rft.aufirst=P.+Kenneth&rft.au=Archinal%2C+Brent+A.&rft.au=A%27Hearn%2C+Michael+F.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+Albert+R.&rft.au=Consolmagno%2C+Guy+J.&rft.au=Hestroffer%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hilton%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Krasinsky%2C+Georgij+A.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Oberst%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Stooke%2C+Philip+J.&rft.au=Tedesco%2C+Edward+F.&rft.au=Tholen%2C+David+J.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Peter+C.&rft.au=Williams%2C+Iwan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10569-007-9072-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PS15-10"><a href="#cite_ref-PS15_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_PaterLissauer2015" class="citation book cs1">de Pater, Imke; Lissauer, Jack J. 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A.; Gierasch, P. J.; Perez-Hoyos, S.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Fletcher, L. N.; Fortney, J. J.; Knowles, B.; Porco, C. C.; Baines, K. H.; Fry, P. M.; Mallama, A.; Achterberg, R. K.; Simon, A. A.; Nixon, C. A.; Orton, G. S.; Dyudina, U. A.; Ewald, S. P.; Schmude, R. W. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6137063">"Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter"</a>. 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L. (2018). "Computing Apparent Planetary Magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.01973">1808.01973</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A&C....25...10M">2018A&C....25...10M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ascom.2018.08.002">10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:69912809">69912809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Computing&rft.atitle=Computing+Apparent+Planetary+Magnitudes+for+The+Astronomical+Almanac&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=10-24&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1808.01973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A69912809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ascom.2018.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018A%26C....25...10M&rft.aulast=Mallama&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Hilton%2C+J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMCCE-20"><a href="#cite_ref-IMCCE_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages5/572.html">"Encyclopedia - the brightest bodies"</a>. IMCCE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724225002/https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages5/572.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMCCE&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+-+the+brightest+bodies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpromenade.imcce.fr%2Fen%2Fpages5%2F572.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBjorakerWongde_PaterÁdámkovics2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bjoraker, G. L.; Wong, M. H.; de Pater, I.; Ádámkovics, M. (September 2015). "Jupiter's Deep Cloud Structure Revealed Using Keck Observations of Spectrally Resolved Line Shapes". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (2): 10. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.04795">1508.04795</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...810..122B">2015ApJ...810..122B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F810%2F2%2F122">10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/122</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55592285">55592285</a>. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Deep+Cloud+Structure+Revealed+Using+Keck+Observations+of+Spectrally+Resolved+Line+Shapes&rft.volume=810&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1508.04795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55592285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F810%2F2%2F122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ApJ...810..122B&rft.aulast=Bjoraker&rft.aufirst=G.+L.&rft.au=Wong%2C+M.+H.&rft.au=de+Pater%2C+I.&rft.au=%C3%81d%C3%A1mkovics%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Alexander2015" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Alexander (2015). Myths, Symbols and Legends of Solar System Bodies. The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series. Vol. 177. 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International Astronomical Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131031154417/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming/">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Naming+of+Astronomical+Objects&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2Fnaming%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones-1999-24"><a href="#cite_ref-jones-1999_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alexander (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MokzymQ43IC">Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus</a>. American Philosophical Society. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-233-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-233-7"><bdi>978-0-87169-233-7</bdi></a>. <q>It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ <a href="/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">P.Oxy.</a> ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+papyri+from+Oxyrhynchus&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-233-7&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MokzymQ43IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder1934" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annie_S._D._Maunder" title="Annie S. D. Maunder">Maunder, A. S. D.</a> (August 1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". 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Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323021235/https://www.etymonline.com/word/jove">Archived</a> from the original on March 23, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Jove&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fjove&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/jovial">"Jovial"</a>. 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L11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Jupiter+formed+as+a+pebble+pile+around+the+N2+ice+line&rft.volume=632&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1911.11154&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208291392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201936827&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019A%26A...632L..11B&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.aufirst=A.+D.&rft.au=Cridland%2C+A.+J.&rft.au=Miguel%2C+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dangelo2021-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dangelo2021_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dangelo2021_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dangelo2021_31-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'AngeloWeidenschillingLissauerBodenheimer2021" class="citation journal cs1">D'Angelo, G.; Weidenschilling, S. 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The Astronomical Journal. 158 (5). <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11246">1909.11246</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab46a8">10.3847/1538-3881/ab46a8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202749962">202749962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Jupiter%27s+Composition+Suggests+its+Core+Assembled+Exterior+to+the+N_%7B2%7D+Snowline&rft.volume=158&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1909.11246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202749962%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab46a8&rft.aulast=%C3%96berg&rft.aufirst=K.I.&rft.au=Wordsworth%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Fab46a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖbergWordsworth2020" class="citation journal cs1">Öberg, K.I.; Wordsworth, R. 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The Astronomical Journal. 159 (2): 78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab6172">10.3847/1538-3881/ab6172</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214576608">214576608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=Erratum%3A+%22Jupiter%27s+Composition+Suggests+Its+Core+Assembled+Exterior+to+the+N2+Snowline%22&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=78&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F1538-3881%2Fab6172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214576608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C3%96berg&rft.aufirst=K.I.&rft.au=Wordsworth%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F1538-3881%252Fab6172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenecke2020" class="citation book cs1">Denecke, Edward J. 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M. J.; Queloz, Didier; Gill, Sam; Lendl, Monika; Delrez, Laetitia; Anderson, David R.; Collier Cameron, Andrew; Faedi, Francesca; Gillon, Michaël; Gómez Maqueo Chew, Yilen; Hebb, Leslie; Hellier, Coel; Jehin, Emmanuël; Maxted, Pierre F. L.; Martin, David V.; Pepe, Francesco; Pollacco, Don; Ségransan, Damien; Smalley, Barry; Udry, Stéphane; West, Richard (August 2017). "The EBLM project. III. A Saturn-size low-mass star at the hydrogen-burning limit". 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L6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=The+EBLM+project.+III.+A+Saturn-size+low-mass+star+at+the+hydrogen-burning+limit&rft.volume=604&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1706.08781&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54610182%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201731107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017A%26A...604L...6V&rft.aulast=von+Boetticher&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Triaud%2C+Amaury+H.+M.+J.&rft.au=Queloz%2C+Didier&rft.au=Gill%2C+Sam&rft.au=Lendl%2C+Monika&rft.au=Delrez%2C+Laetitia&rft.au=Anderson%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Collier+Cameron%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Faedi%2C+Francesca&rft.au=Gillon%2C+Micha%C3%ABl&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez+Maqueo+Chew%2C+Yilen&rft.au=Hebb%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Hellier%2C+Coel&rft.au=Jehin%2C+Emmanu%C3%ABl&rft.au=Maxted%2C+Pierre+F.+L.&rft.au=Martin%2C+David+V.&rft.au=Pepe%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Pollacco%2C+Don&rft.au=S%C3%A9gransan%2C+Damien&rft.au=Smalley%2C+Barry&rft.au=Udry%2C+St%C3%A9phane&rft.au=West%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elkins-tanton-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elkins-tanton_74-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins-Tanton2011" class="citation book cs1">Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. 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Science. 284 (5417): 1146–1150. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999Sci...284.1146B">1999Sci...284.1146B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.284.5417.1146">10.1126/science.284.5417.1146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10325220">10325220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21272762">21272762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+Jupiter%27s+Faint+Rings&rft.volume=284&rft.issue=5417&rft.pages=1146-1150&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.284.5417.1146&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21272762%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10325220&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999Sci...284.1146B&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Showalter%2C+M.+R.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=Nicholson%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=de+Pater%2C+I.&rft.au=Ockert-Bell%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+P.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieselerAdamsVandermeyTheilig2004" class="citation journal cs1">Fieseler, P. D.; Adams, O. W.; Vandermey, N.; Theilig, E. E.; Schimmels, K. A.; Lewis, G. D.; Ardalan, S. M.; Alexander, C. J. (2004). "The Galileo Star Scanner Observations at Amalthea". Icarus. 169 (2): 390–401. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Icar..169..390F">2004Icar..169..390F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.01.012">10.1016/j.icarus.2004.01.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+Galileo+Star+Scanner+Observations+at+Amalthea&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=390-401&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2004.01.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Icar..169..390F&rft.aulast=Fieseler&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rft.au=Adams%2C+O.+W.&rft.au=Vandermey%2C+N.&rft.au=Theilig%2C+E.+E.&rft.au=Schimmels%2C+K.+A.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+G.+D.&rft.au=Ardalan%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbstRix1999" class="citation book cs1">Herbst, T. 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Science. 351 (6272): 482–484. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...351..482O">2016Sci...351..482O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad8085">10.1126/science.aad8085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26823423">26823423</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206644971">206644971</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801135608/https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aad8085">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2022. 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Odense University Press. pp. 423, 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788774920878" title="Special:BookSources/9788774920878"><bdi>9788774920878</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+Almagest&rft.pages=423%2C+428&rft.pub=Odense+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9788774920878&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasachoff2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pasachoff, Jay M. (2015). "Simon Marius's Mundus Iovialis: 400th Anniversary in Galileo's Shadow". 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Retrieved November 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galil%C3%A6ana%3A+Journal+of+Galilean+Studies&rft.atitle=On+an+Unpublished+Letter+of+Francesco+Fontana+to+the+Grand-Duke+of+Tuscany+Ferdinand+II+de%27+Medici&rft.volume=VI&rft.pages=1000-1017&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Del+Santo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Olschki%2C+Leo+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.torrossa.com%2Fen%2Fresources%2Fan%2F2242254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bibdig.museogalileo.it/tecanew/opera?bid=917416_6&seq=246}">Alternate URL</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cassini1-159"><a href="#cite_ref-cassini1_159-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson2003" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. 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June 16, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200506/s1393223.htm">the original</a> on May 12, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stargazers+prepare+for+daylight+view+of+Jupiter&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2Fnewsitems%2F200506%2Fs1393223.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers1998-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers1998_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers1998_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, J. H. (1998). "Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 108: 9–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R">1998JBAA..108....9R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+ancient+constellations%3A+I.+The+Mesopotamian+traditions&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=9-28&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JBAA..108....9R&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaerden1974" class="citation book cs1">Waerden, B. L. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-017-2952-9_3.pdf">"Old-Babylonian Astronomy"</a> (PDF). Science Awakening II. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 46–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-2952-9_3">10.1007/978-94-017-2952-9_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8247-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8247-3"><bdi>978-90-481-8247-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321164438/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-94-017-2952-9_3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2022. Retrieved March 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old-Babylonian+Astronomy&rft.btitle=Science+Awakening+II&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=46-59&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-2952-9_3&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8247-3&rft.aulast=Waerden&rft.aufirst=B.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fcontent%2Fpdf%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-2952-9_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/">"Greek Names of the Planets"</a>. April 25, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509164917/http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved July 14, 2012. <q>In Greek the name of the planet Jupiter is Dias, the Greek name of god Zeus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&rft.date=2010-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> See also <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" class="extiw" title="el:Δίας (πλανήτης)">the Greek article about the planet</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero1888" class="citation book cs1">Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cicerostusculand00ciceuoft">Cicero's Tusculan Disputations; also, Treatises on The Nature of the Gods, and on The Commonwealth</a>. Translated by Yonge, Charles Duke. New York, NY: Harper & Brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cicerostusculand00ciceuoft/page/274">274</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cicero%27s+Tusculan+Disputations%3B+also%2C+Treatises+on+The+Nature+of+the+Gods%2C+and+on+The+Commonwealth&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Cicero&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Tullius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcicerostusculand00ciceuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCicero1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero, Marcus Tullus</a> (1967) [1933]. Warmington, E. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft">De Natura Deorum</a> [On The Nature of the Gods]. Cicero. Vol. 19. Translated by Rackham, H. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/175">175</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Natura+Deorum&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Cicero&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Cicero&rft.aufirst=Marcus+Tullus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdenaturadeorumac00ciceuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZolotnikova2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zolotnikova, O. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41482655">"Mythologies in contact: Syro-Phoenician traits in Homeric Zeus"</a>. The Scientific Heritage. 41 (5): 16–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809222951/https://www.academia.edu/41482655">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+Heritage&rft.atitle=Mythologies+in+contact%3A+Syro-Phoenician+traits+in+Homeric+Zeus&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=16-24&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Zolotnikova&rft.aufirst=O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41482655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarnas2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tarnas, R. (2009). "The planets". Archai: The Journal of Archetypal Cosmology. 1 (1): 36–49. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456.5030">10.1.1.456.5030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archai%3A+The+Journal+of+Archetypal+Cosmology&rft.atitle=The+planets&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-49&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.456.5030%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Tarnas&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymologyonline-243"><a href="#cite_ref-etymologyonline_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper2001" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter">"Jupiter"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928101056/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter">Archived</a> from the original on September 28, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Jupiter&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DJupiter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVytautas_Tumėnas2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vytautas Tumėnas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tautosmenta.lt/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Tumenas_Vytautas/Tumenas_MAA_16_4_2016.pdf">"The Common Attributes Between The Baltic Thunder God Perkunas And His Antique Equivalents Jupiter And Zeus"</a> (PDF). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry. 16 (4): 359–367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719002118/http://tautosmenta.lt/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Tumenas_Vytautas/Tumenas_MAA_16_4_2016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2023. Retrieved July 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Archaeology+and+Archaeometry&rft.atitle=The+Common+Attributes+Between+The+Baltic+Thunder+God+Perkunas+And+His+Antique+Equivalents+Jupiter+And+Zeus&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=359-367&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Vytautas+Tum%C4%97nas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftautosmenta.lt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FTumenas_Vytautas%2FTumenas_MAA_16_4_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webonautics.com/mythology/guru_jupiter.html">"Guru"</a>. Indian Divinity.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916192305/http://www.webonautics.com/mythology/guru_jupiter.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 16, 2008. Retrieved February 14, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guru&rft.pub=Indian+Divinity.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webonautics.com%2Fmythology%2Fguru_jupiter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanathanaManjil2020" class="citation journal cs1">Sanathana, Y. S.; Manjil, Hazarika (November 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/83171079/Astrolatry_in_the_Brahmaputra_Valley_Reflecting_upon_the_Navagraha_Sculptural_Depiction.pdf">"Astrolatry in the Brahmaputra Valley: Reflecting upon the Navagraha Sculptural Depiction"</a> (PDF). Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology. 8 (2): 157–174. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.academia.edu/download/83171079/Astrolatry_in_the_Brahmaputra_Valley_Reflecting_upon_the_Navagraha_Sculptural_Depiction.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage%3A+Journal+of+Multidisciplinary+Studies+in+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Astrolatry+in+the+Brahmaputra+Valley%3A+Reflecting+upon+the+Navagraha+Sculptural+Depiction&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-174&rft.date=2020-11-27&rft.aulast=Sanathana&rft.aufirst=Y.+S.&rft.au=Manjil%2C+Hazarika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F83171079%2FAstrolatry_in_the_Brahmaputra_Valley_Reflecting_upon_the_Navagraha_Sculptural_Depiction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130104145343/http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25085903/">"Türk Astrolojisi-2"</a> (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/NTV_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="NTV (Turkey)">NTV</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25085903/">the original</a> on January 4, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk+Astrolojisi-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntvmsnbc.com%2Fid%2F25085903%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Groot1912" class="citation book cs1">De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&pg=PA300">Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism</a>. American lectures on the history of religions. Vol. 10. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 300. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226150305/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&pg=PA300#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2024. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+China%3A+universism.+a+key+to+the+study+of+Taoism+and+Confucianism&rft.series=American+lectures+on+the+history+of+religions&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=De+Groot&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAaP7dyjCrAC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrump1992" class="citation book cs1">Crump, Thomas (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesenumbersg00crum">The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan</a>. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/japanesenumbersg00crum/page/n53">39</a>–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05609-0"><bdi>978-0-415-05609-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+numbers+game%3A+the+use+and+understanding+of+numbers+in+modern+Japan&rft.series=Nissan+Institute%2FRoutledge+Japanese+studies+series&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05609-0&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapanesenumbersg00crum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulbert1909" class="citation book cs1">Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passingkorea01hulbgoog">The passing of Korea</a>. Doubleday, Page & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/passingkorea01hulbgoog/page/n538">426</a>. Retrieved January 8, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+passing+of+Korea&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=Homer+Bezaleel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpassingkorea01hulbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Jupiter <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=73918294">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=73918294&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagenalDowlingMcKinnon2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran_Bagenal" title="Fran Bagenal">Bagenal, Fran</a>; Dowling, Timothy E.; McKinnon, William B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMERHqj9ivcC">Jupiter: The Planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52-103545-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52-103545-3"><bdi>978-0-52-103545-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jupiter%3A+The+Planet%2C+Satellites+and+Magnetosphere&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-52-103545-3&rft.aulast=Bagenal&rft.aufirst=Fran&rft.au=Dowling%2C+Timothy+E.&rft.au=McKinnon%2C+William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMERHqj9ivcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohninger2005" class="citation book cs1">Lohninger, Hans; et al. (November 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/jupiter_1.html">"Jupiter, As Seen By Voyager 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vias.org/spacetrip/index.html">A Trip into Space</a>. Virtual Institute of Applied Science.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jupiter%2C+As+Seen+By+Voyager+1&rft.btitle=A+Trip+into+Space&rft.pub=Virtual+Institute+of+Applied+Science&rft.date=2005-11-02&rft.aulast=Lohninger&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vias.org%2Fspacetrip%2Fjupiter_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJupiter" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Jupiter at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jupiter" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Jupiter">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jupiter" class="extiw" title="c:Jupiter">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jupiter" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Jupiter">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jupiter" class="extiw" title="q:Jupiter">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Astronomy/Jupiter" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Astronomy/Jupiter">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Solar_System/Jupiter" class="extiw" title="b:Solar System/Jupiter">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Jupiter" class="extiw" title="v:Jupiter">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/jupiter/">Jupiter overview</a> by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbitsimulator.com/gravity/articles/joviansystem.html">Simulation of the 62 moons of Jupiter</a> from Tony Dunn's Gravity Simulator website.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904035945/http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Jupiter%20(planet)/order/title">Photographs of Jupiter circa 1920s</a> from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> Library's Digital Collections.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611222440/https://gravitysimulator.org/solar-system/the-jovian-system/">Interactive 3D gravity simulation of the Jovian system</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Us6EXc5Hyng">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a> by an amateur astronomer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CC7OJ7gFLvE">Animation</a> on YouTube of the <a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> spacecraft's flyby of <a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a> and Jupiter by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter" title="Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter" title="Template talk:Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jupiter" title="Outline of Jupiter">Outline of Jupiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Red_Spot" title="Great Red Spot">Great Red Spot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_North_Pole" title="Jupiter's North Pole">Jupiter's North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_South_Pole" title="Jupiter's South Pole">Jupiter's South Pole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="NASA image of Jupiter"><img alt="NASA image of Jupiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Irregular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a> group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter-crossing minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipses_on_Jupiter" title="Solar eclipses on Jupiter">Solar eclipses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Trojans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impacts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">2009 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">2010 Jupiter impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">2016 Jupiter impact event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration</a>, orbital missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> (2024, en route)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a> (2038)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_in_fiction" title="Jupiter in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jupiter" title="Category:Jupiter">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Moons_of_Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Template talk:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moons of Jupiter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Moons_of_Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div>Listed in increasing approximate distance from Jupiter</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Inner moons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metis_(moon)" title="Metis (moon)">Metis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrastea_(moon)" title="Adrastea (moon)">Adrastea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)" title="Amalthea (moon)">Amalthea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebe_(moon)" title="Thebe (moon)">Thebe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galilean_moons" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Themisto</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Themisto_(moon)" title="Themisto (moon)">Themisto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalia_group" title="Himalia group">Himalia group</a> (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leda_(moon)" title="Leda (moon)">Leda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersa_(moon)" title="Ersa (moon)">Ersa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_2" title="S/2018 J 2">S/2018 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalia_(moon)" title="Himalia (moon)">Himalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandia_(moon)" title="Pandia (moon)">Pandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysithea_(moon)" title="Lysithea (moon)">Lysithea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elara_(moon)" title="Elara (moon)">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2011_J_3" title="S/2011 J 3">S/2011 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dia_(moon)" title="Dia (moon)">Dia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Carpo group (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_4" title="S/2018 J 4">S/2018 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpo_(moon)" title="Carpo (moon)">Carpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Valetudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valetudo_(moon)" title="Valetudo (moon)">Valetudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ananke_group" title="Ananke group">Ananke group</a> (26)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euporie_(moon)" title="Euporie (moon)">Euporie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LV" title="Jupiter LV">Jupiter LV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupheme_(moon)" title="Eupheme (moon)">Eupheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_3" title="S/2021 J 3">S/2021 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LII" title="Jupiter LII">Jupiter LII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIV" title="Jupiter LIV">Jupiter LIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mneme_(moon)" title="Mneme (moon)">Mneme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euanthe_(moon)" title="Euanthe (moon)">Euanthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_16" title="S/2003 J 16">S/2003 J 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpalyke_(moon)" title="Harpalyke (moon)">Harpalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthosie_(moon)" title="Orthosie (moon)">Orthosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_3" title="S/2022 J 3">S/2022 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helike_(moon)" title="Helike (moon)">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_2" title="S/2021 J 2">S/2021 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxidike_(moon)" title="Praxidike (moon)">Praxidike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIV" title="Jupiter LXIV">Jupiter LXIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_1" title="S/2021 J 1">S/2021 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_12" title="S/2003 J 12">S/2003 J 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVIII" title="Jupiter LXVIII">Jupiter LXVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelxinoe_(moon)" title="Thelxinoe (moon)">Thelxinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyone_(moon)" title="Thyone (moon)">Thyone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_2" title="S/2003 J 2">S/2003 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananke_(moon)" title="Ananke (moon)">Ananke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iocaste_(moon)" title="Iocaste (moon)">Iocaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermippe_(moon)" title="Hermippe (moon)">Hermippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXX" title="Jupiter LXX">Jupiter LXX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carme_group" title="Carme group">Carme group</a> (30)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_1" title="S/2022 J 1">S/2022 J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2022_J_2" title="S/2022 J 2">S/2022 J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_3" title="S/2016 J 3">S/2016 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasithee_(moon)" title="Pasithee (moon)">Pasithee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIX" title="Jupiter LXIX">Jupiter LXIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_6" title="S/2021 J 6">S/2021 J 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_24" title="S/2003 J 24">S/2003 J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldene" title="Chaldene">Chaldene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXIII" title="Jupiter LXIII">Jupiter LXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isonoe_(moon)" title="Isonoe (moon)">Isonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_4" title="S/2021 J 4">S/2021 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallichore_(moon)" title="Kallichore (moon)">Kallichore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erinome" title="Erinome">Erinome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(moon)" title="Kale (moon)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirene_(moon)" title="Eirene (moon)">Eirene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aitne_(moon)" title="Aitne (moon)">Aitne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukelade" title="Eukelade">Eukelade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche_(moon)" title="Arche (moon)">Arche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taygete_(moon)" title="Taygete (moon)">Taygete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXXII" title="Jupiter LXXII">Jupiter LXXII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carme_(moon)" title="Carme (moon)">Carme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herse_(moon)" title="Herse (moon)">Herse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXI" title="Jupiter LXI">Jupiter LXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LI" title="Jupiter LI">Jupiter LI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_9" title="S/2003 J 9">S/2003 J 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVI" title="Jupiter LXVI">Jupiter LXVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyke" title="Kalyke">Kalyke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2018_J_3" title="S/2018 J 3">S/2018 J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2021_J_5" title="S/2021 J 5">S/2021 J 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_10" title="S/2003 J 10">S/2003 J 10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_group" title="Pasiphae group">Pasiphae group</a> (18)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philophrosyne_(moon)" title="Philophrosyne (moon)">Philophrosyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurydome_(moon)" title="Eurydome (moon)">Eurydome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LVI" title="Jupiter LVI">Jupiter LVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_4" title="S/2003 J 4">S/2003 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2016_J_4" title="S/2016 J 4">S/2016 J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LXVII" title="Jupiter LXVII">Jupiter LXVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemone_(moon)" title="Hegemone (moon)">Hegemone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasiphae_(moon)" title="Pasiphae (moon)">Pasiphae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponde" title="Sponde">Sponde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaclite" title="Megaclite">Megaclite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyllene_(moon)" title="Cyllene (moon)">Cyllene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinope_(moon)" title="Sinope (moon)">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_LIX" title="Jupiter LIX">Jupiter LIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoede_(moon)" title="Aoede (moon)">Aoede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonoe_(moon)" title="Autonoe (moon)">Autonoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(moon)" title="Callirrhoe (moon)">Callirrhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/2003_J_23" title="S/2003 J 23">S/2003 J 23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kore_(moon)" title="Kore (moon)">Kore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter%27s_moons_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter's moons in fiction">Jupiter's moons in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Category:Moons of Jupiter">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jupiter spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Jupiter" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jupiter</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">11</a>‡</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">2</a>‡</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/180px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg/240px-Portrait_of_Jupiter_from_Cassini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a> (active)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo Probe">Galileo Probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">En route</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (JUICE) (2023, insertion 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a> (2024, insertion 2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a> (2029, insertion 2035)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a>‡ (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander" title="Europa Lander">Europa Lander</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Probe_(spacecraft)" title="Interstellar Probe (spacecraft)">Interstellar Probe</a>‡ (2036)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(NASA_spacecraft)" title="Argo (NASA spacecraft)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Jupiter_System_Mission_%E2%80%93_Laplace" title="Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace">Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Europa Orbiter">Jupiter Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Ganymede_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter">Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Magnetospheric_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter">Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Orbiter" title="Europa Orbiter">Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyby_of_Io_with_Repeat_Encounters" title="Flyby of Io with Repeat Encounters">FIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovative_Interstellar_Explorer" title="Innovative Interstellar Explorer">Innovative Interstellar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_Volcano_Observer" title="Io Volcano Observer">Io Volcano Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_Europa_Orbiter" title="Jovian Europa Orbiter">Jovian Europa Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Orbiter" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter">Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OKEANOS" title="OKEANOS">OKEANOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_H" title="Pioneer H">Pioneer H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMARA_(spacecraft)" title="SMARA (spacecraft)">SMARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiolkovsky mission">Tsiolkovsky mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Exploration of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Atmosphere of Jupiter">Atmosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetosphere_of_Jupiter" title="Magnetosphere of Jupiter">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Moons of Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Io" title="Exploration of Io">Exploration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Rings of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Missions to outer planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_outer_Solar_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the outer Solar System">Colonization of the outer Solar System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. ‡ indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,dwarfs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">other near-Earth objects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossing minor planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_1%E2%80%931000" title="List of minor planets: 1–1000">first 1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Fifth giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar 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