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id="toc-Tang_and_Harsha_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yuan_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuan_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Yuan dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuan_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ming dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Qing dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sino-Sikh_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Sikh_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Sino-Sikh War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Sikh_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Raj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Raj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 British Raj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Raj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Republic of China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Post independence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post_independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post independence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 1950s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 2000s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 2020s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triangular_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triangular_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Triangular relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Triangular_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Triangular relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Triangular_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nepal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Indo-Pacific </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Indian_Ocean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Indian_Ocean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Western Indian Ocean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Indian_Ocean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Military relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Military relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Military_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Border_clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Border clashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_exercises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_exercises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Military exercises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_sharing_and_hydro–politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_sharing_and_hydro–politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Water sharing and hydro–politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_sharing_and_hydro–politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economic relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bilateral_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilateral_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bilateral trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilateral_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultural relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Public opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">China–India relations</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" > 28 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الصينية الهندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الصينية الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in%E2%80%93Hindistan_m%C3%BCnasib%C9%99tl%C9%99ri" title="Çin–Hindistan münasibətləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çin–Hindistan münasibətləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E2%80%93%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="চীন–ভারত সম্পর্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চীন–ভারত সম্পর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="भारत-चीन संबंध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="भारत-चीन संबंध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesisch-indische_Beziehungen" title="Chinesisch-indische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesisch-indische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="روابط چین و هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط چین و هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_la_Chine_et_l%27Inde" title="Relations entre la Chine et l'Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre la Chine et l'Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD%E2%80%93%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="중국–인도 관계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중국–인도 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1-%D5%B9%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հնդկա-չինական հարաբերություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հնդկա-չինական հարաբերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="भारत-चीन सम्बन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत-चीन सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_India_dengan_Tiongkok" title="Hubungan India dengan Tiongkok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan India dengan Tiongkok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%E2%80%93%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="יחסי הודו–סין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי הודו–סין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಭಾರತ ಚೀನಾ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತ ಚೀನಾ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97-%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ინდოეთ-ჩინეთის ურთიერთობები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინდოეთ-ჩინეთის ურთიერთობები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE-%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്ത്യാ-ചൈന ബന്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യാ-ചൈന ബന്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="चीन-भारत संबंध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चीन-भारत संबंध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="中印関係 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="中印関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy_%E2%80%94_Hindiston_munosabatlari" title="Xitoy — Hindiston munosabatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy — Hindiston munosabatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" 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role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about China–India relations. For the border dispute, see <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">China–India relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:China_India_locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of China and India"><img alt="Map indicating locations of China and India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/China_India_locator.svg/250px-China_India_locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/China_India_locator.svg/375px-China_India_locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/China_India_locator.svg/500px-China_India_locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/68px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/90px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_China,_New_Delhi" title="Embassy of China, New Delhi">Embassy of China, New Delhi</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_India,_Beijing" title="Embassy of India, Beijing">Embassy of India, Beijing</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_China_to_India" title="List of ambassadors of China to India">China Ambassador to India</a> <a href="/wiki/Xu_Feihong" title="Xu Feihong">Xu Feihong</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_India_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of India to China">India Ambassador to China</a> <a href="/wiki/Pradeep_Kumar_Rawat" title="Pradeep Kumar Rawat">Pradeep Kumar Rawat</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China,_Mr._Xi_Jinping,_in_Wuhan,_China_on_April_27,_2018.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China%2C_Mr._Xi_Jinping%2C_in_Wuhan%2C_China_on_April_27%2C_2018.JPG/220px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China%2C_Mr._Xi_Jinping%2C_in_Wuhan%2C_China_on_April_27%2C_2018.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China%2C_Mr._Xi_Jinping%2C_in_Wuhan%2C_China_on_April_27%2C_2018.JPG/330px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China%2C_Mr._Xi_Jinping%2C_in_Wuhan%2C_China_on_April_27%2C_2018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China%2C_Mr._Xi_Jinping%2C_in_Wuhan%2C_China_on_April_27%2C_2018.JPG/440px-The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China%2C_Mr._Xi_Jinping%2C_in_Wuhan%2C_China_on_April_27%2C_2018.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Shri Narendra Modi</a> meeting the President of the People's Republic of China, Mr. <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, China on April 27, 2018</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> have historically maintained peaceful relations for thousands of years of recorded history, but the harmony of their relationship has varied in modern times, after the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> in 1949, and especially post the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a>. The two nations have sought economic cooperation with each other, while frequent border disputes and <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a> in both countries are major points of contention. Cultural and economic relations within China and India date back to ancient times. The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> not only served as a major <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade route</a> between India and China, but is also credited for facilitating the spread of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> from India to East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Maria-1">[1]</a> During the 19th century, China was involved in a growing <a href="/wiki/Opium_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium trade">opium trade</a> with the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, which exported opium grown in India.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sen2003-3">[3]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, both <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC) played a crucial role in halting the progress of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barbara-4">[4]</a> After India became independent in 1947, it established relations with the ROC. The modern Sino-Indian diplomatic relationship began in 1950, when India was among the first noncommunist countries to end formal relations with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> and recognise the PRC as the legitimate government of both <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. China and India are two of the major <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional powers</a> in Asia, and are the two <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">most populous countries</a> and among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest growing</a> major economies in the world. Growth in diplomatic and economic influence has increased the significance of their bilateral relationship. Between 2008 and 2021, China has been India's largest trading partner, and the two countries have also extended their strategic and military relations.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hindu1-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NDTV-8">[8]</a> However, conflict of interest leads to hostility. India has a large <a href="/wiki/Trade_deficit" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade deficit">trade deficit</a> that is favoured towards China. The two countries failed to resolve their border dispute and Indian media outlets have repeatedly reported Chinese military incursions into Indian territory.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-9">[9]</a> And relations between contemporary China and India have been characterised by <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">border disputes</a>, resulting in three <a href="/wiki/Military_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conflict">military conflicts</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> of 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">border clashes in Nathu La and Cho La in 1967</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1987_Sino-Indian_skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sino-Indian skirmish">1987 Sumdorong Chu standoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-APCSS-10">[10]</a> Since the late 1980s, both countries have successfully rebuilt diplomatic and economic ties. <a href="/wiki/2013_Depsang_standoff" title="2013 Depsang standoff">Since 2013</a>, border disputes have reemerged to take centre stage in the two countries' mutual relations. In early 2018, the two armies got engaged in a standoff at the <a href="/wiki/Doklam_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Doklam plateau">Doklam plateau</a> along the disputed <a href="/wiki/Bhutan-China_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan-China border">Bhutan-China border</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Since summer 2020, <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">armed standoffs and skirmishes</a> at multiple locations along the entire Sino-Indian border escalated. A serious clash occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Galwan_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Galwan Valley">Galwan Valley</a>, resulting in the death of 20 Indian soldiers and many Chinese soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Both countries have steadily established military infrastructure along border areas, including amidst the <a href="/wiki/2020_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 China–India skirmishes">2020 China–India skirmishes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Additionally, India remains wary about China's strong <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">strategic bilateral relations with Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and China's relations to <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">separatist groups in Northeast India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> while China has expressed concerns about Indian military and economic activities in the disputed <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> as well as hosting of anti-China activity from <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan exile">Tibetan exiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Today, the South Asian region is the premier site of intensified great power competition between China and India.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geopolitical_overview">Geopolitical overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geopolitical overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Indian_Geography.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sino-Indian_Geography.png/300px-Sino-Indian_Geography.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sino-Indian_Geography.png/450px-Sino-Indian_Geography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Sino-Indian_Geography.png/600px-Sino-Indian_Geography.png 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Eastern and Southern Asia. <hr />(The border between the People's Republic of China and the India over <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="South Tibet">South Tibet</a> reflects actual control, without dotted line showing claims.)</figcaption></figure> The China–India border straddles the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> acting as <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer states</a>. Parts of the disputed <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir region">Kashmir region</a> claimed by India (<a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">J&K</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>) are claimed and administered by either <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilgit_Baltistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgit Baltistan">Gilgit Baltistan</a>) or by the PRC (<a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a>). The Government of Pakistan, on its maps, shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly within China and labels the boundary "Frontier Undefined", while India holds that Aksai Chin is illegally occupied by the PRC. China and India also dispute most of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomat-2024-20">[20]</a> Not only is China's India policy shaped by <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">greater competition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but there are also real structural issues in India-China relations that exacerbate discord. These stem largely from China's attempts to keep India at arm's length in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> region. There are clear differences in the regional order in Asia that the two countries desire—India seeks a multipolar order, of which India is one of the main poles, while China seeks a single pole, of which India is not a pole at all.<a href="#cite_note-Firstpost-2023-21">[21]</a> As India strengthens its security ties with the United States and takes a leading role in organizing the <a href="/wiki/Global_South" class="mw-redirect" title="Global South">Global South</a>, tensions with China persist. China's engagement with India's neighbors and growing military cooperation with Pakistan further strain India's geopolitical landscape. In this volatile landscape, Sino-Indian relations seek a delicate balance between pragmatic economic interests and escalating geopolitical tensions.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomat-2024-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Antiquity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg/170px-Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg/255px-Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg/340px-Etched_carnelian_beads_after_Mackay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Etched_carnelian_beads" title="Etched carnelian beads">Etched carnelian beads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> Culture.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Such beads were imported from India to China in the early half of 1st millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-zhao2014-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Echecs_chinois.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Echecs_chinois.JPG/220px-Echecs_chinois.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Echecs_chinois.JPG/330px-Echecs_chinois.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Echecs_chinois.JPG/440px-Echecs_chinois.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">Xiangqi</a>, or Chinese chess, which, like <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Western Chess</a> is believed to be descended from the Indian chess game of <a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">chaturanga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The earliest indications reveal the game may have been played as early as the third century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Etched_carnelian_beads" title="Etched carnelian beads">Etched carnelian beads</a> of Indus valley origin have been excavated from various archaeological sites in China dating from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (early half of 1st millennium BCE) to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasties</a>, indicating early cultural exchanges.<a href="#cite_note-zhao2014-23">[23]</a> China and India have also had some contact before the transmission of Buddhism. References to a people called the <a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Chinas</a>, are found in ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_epic_poetry" title="Indian epic poetry">Indian epic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> (c. 5th century BCE) contains references to "<a href="/wiki/China_in_the_Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="China in the Mahābhārata">China</a>", which may have been referring to the <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> state which later became the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a> (c. 350–283 BCE), the prime minister of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The first records of contact between China and India were written during the 2nd century BCE, especially following the expedition of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> (138–114 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> was transmitted from India to China in the 1st century CE.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Trade relations via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> acted as economic contact between the two regions. In the <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> (d. 113 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> (145–90 BCE) make references to "Shendu", which may have been referring to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus Valley</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> province in modern Pakistan), originally known as "Sindhu" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> in the 1st century, Chinese authorities reported an Indian "Shendu" community living there.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A Greco-Roman text <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> (mid 1st century AD) describes the annual fair in present-day <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>, on the border with China. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Every year, there turns up at the border of Thina a certain tribe, short in body and very flat-faced ... called Sêsatai ... They come with their wives and children bearing great packs resembling mats of green leaves and then remain at some spot on the border between them and those on the Thina side, and they hold a festival for several days, spreading out the mats under them, and then take off for their own homes in the interior.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Periplus, §65<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson198951–93-29">[29]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA_Central_India)_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_(%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE)_circa_650_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA_Central_India%29_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/170px-Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA_Central_India%29_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="484" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA_Central_India%29_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/255px-Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA_Central_India%29_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA_Central_India%29_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/340px-Ambassador_from_Zhong_Tianzhu_%28%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A9%E7%AB%BA_Central_India%29_in_The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador from Central India (中天竺 Zhong Tianzhu) to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Wanghuitu (王会图) circa 650 CE.</figcaption></figure> From the 1st century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks traveled to China, such as <a href="/wiki/Batuo" title="Batuo">Batuo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Floruit" title="Floruit">fl.</a> 464–495 CE)—first abbot of the <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>—founder of <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Chan/Zen</a> Buddhism—while many Chinese scholars and monks also traveled to India, such as <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (b. 604) and <a href="/wiki/I_Ching_(monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="I Ching (monk)">I Ching</a> (635–713), both of whom were students at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> University in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. Xuanzang wrote the <a href="/wiki/Great_Tang_Records_on_the_Western_Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tang Records on the Western Regions">Great Tang Records on the Western Regions</a>, an account of his journey to India, which later inspired <a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Classical_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Great Classical Novels">Four Great Classical Novels</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a>. According to some, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas the Apostle</a> travelled from India to China and back (see Perumalil, A.C. The Apostle in India. Patna, 1971: 5–54.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil_dynasties">Tamil dynasties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tamil dynasties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relationship_of_the_Cholas_with_the_Chinese" title="Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese">Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajendra_map_new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/250px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/375px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Rajendra_map_new.svg/500px-Rajendra_map_new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola">Rajendra Chola</a> c. 1030 C.E.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a> maintained a good relationship with the Chinese. Arrays of ancient Chinese coins have been found in the Cholas homeland (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Thanjavur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruvarur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruvarur">Tiruvarur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pudukkottai" title="Pudukkottai">Pudukkottai</a> districts of Tamil Nadu, India).<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaraja Chola">Rajaraja Chola</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola">Rajendra Chola</a>, the Cholas had strong trading links with the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-his_of_india-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-rajendra1-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-cct-33">[33]</a> The Chola dynasty had strong influence over present-day Indonesia (Sri Vijaya Empire ) Many sources describe <a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in China, as a prince of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tang_and_Harsha_dynasties">Tang and Harsha dynasties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tang and Harsha dynasties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations#Nepal,_Tibet_and_China" title="China–Nepal relations">China–Nepal relations § Nepal, Tibet and China</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Kannauj_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Kannauj war">Sino-Kannauj war</a></div> During the 7th century, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> China gained control over large portions of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and Central Asia. In 649, the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xuance" title="Wang Xuance">Wang Xuance</a>, along with thousands of recruited Tibetan and Nepalese troops, briefly <a href="/wiki/Sino-Kannauj_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Kannauj war">invaded</a> North India and won the battle. During the 8th century, the astronomical <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata%27s_sine_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryabhata's sine table">table</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trigonometric_functions" title="Trigonometric functions">sines</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aryabhatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryabhatta">Aryabhatta</a> (476–550), were translated into the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">mathematical</a> book of the <a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a> (Kaiyuan Zhanjing), compiled in 718 CE during the Tang dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_109-35">[35]</a> The Kaiyuan Zhanjing was compiled by <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Siddha" title="Gautama Siddha">Gautama Siddha</a>, an astronomer and astrologer born in Chang'an, and whose family was originally from India. He was also notable for his translation of the <a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a> calendar into Chinese. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yuan_dynasty">Yuan dynasty</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yuan dynasty">edit</a>]</div> A rich merchant from the <a href="/wiki/Ma%27bar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'bar Sultanate">Ma'bar Sultanate</a>, Abu Ali (P'aehali) 孛哈里 (or 布哈爾 Buhaer), was associated closely with the Ma'bar royal family. After a fallout with the Ma'bar family, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Emperor. The woman was formerly <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%93%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:桑哥">桑哥</a> Sangha's wife and her father was 蔡仁揆 <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B1%84%EC%86%A1%EB%85%84" class="extiw" title="ko:채송년">채송년</a> Ch'ae In'gyu during the reign of 忠烈 <a href="/wiki/Chungnyeol_of_Goryeo" title="Chungnyeol of Goryeo">Chungnyeol of Goryeo</a>, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Dongguk_Tonggam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongguk Tonggam">Dongguk Tonggam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goryeosa" title="Goryeosa">Goryeosa</a> and <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%A4%A2%E7%82%8E" class="extiw" title="zh:留夢炎">留夢炎</a> Liu Mengyan's 中俺集 Zhong'anji.<a href="#cite_note-Schottenhammer2008-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%93%A5" class="extiw" title="zh:桑哥">桑哥</a> Sangha was a Tibetan.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Tamil Hindu Indian merchants traded in <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> during the Yuan dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Hindu statues were found in Quanzhou dating to this period.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Badauni" class="mw-redirect" title="Badauni">Badauni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Ferishta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> had ambitions to invade China. There existed a direct trade relationship between China and the Delhi Sultanate. Ibn Battuta mentions that the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan Emperor</a> had sent an embassy to Muhammad for reconstruction of a sacked temple at <a href="/wiki/Sambhal" title="Sambhal">Sambhal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_dynasty">Ming dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG/220px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG/330px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG/440px-Treasure_Boat_Shipyard_-_stele_pavilion_-_Calicut_stele_-_P1080100.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a> installed in <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> (modern replica)</figcaption></figure> Between 1405 and 1433, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> China sponsored a <a href="/wiki/Ming_treasure_voyages" title="Ming treasure voyages">series of seven naval expeditions</a> led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>. Zheng He visited numerous Indian kingdoms and ports, including the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, and later expeditions ventured down as far as <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>, and other goods. In return, he received rich and unusual presents, including African zebras and giraffes. Zheng He and his company paid respect to local <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> and customs, and in Ceylon, they erected a monument (<a href="/wiki/Galle_Trilingual_Inscription" title="Galle Trilingual Inscription">Galle Trilingual Inscription</a>) honouring <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. Bengal sent twelve diplomatic missions to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> between 1405 and 1439.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> After the Ming treasure voyages, private Chinese traders continued operating in the eastern Indian Ocean. Chinese junks could frequently be seen in the ports of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara" title="Vijayanagara">Vijayanagara</a> Empire, carrying silks and other products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri2002304–305-45">[45]</a> The ports of <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honavar" class="mw-redirect" title="Honavar">Honavar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatkal" title="Bhatkal">Bhatkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkur" title="Barkur">Barkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Machilipatnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dharmadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmadam">Dharmadam</a> were important, for they provided secure harbors for traders from China.<a href="#cite_note-ports2-46">[46]</a> On the other hand, Vijayanagara exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious stone">semi-precious stones</a>, ivory, rhino horn, <a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">ebony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes. The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a> may have attempted to reach the Chinese market. According to East India Company official William Hawkins, <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Emperor Jahangir's</a> wardrobe master was ordered to replace a valuable porcelain. To fulfill the task, the wardrobe master traveled to China but found nothing of equivalent value. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhois</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Orissa</a> maintained minor maritime trade links with China. This is noted from the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu language</a> memorials and edicts depicting contacts under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> in China, when the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> received a gift from the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> (Ch. Polomen 婆羅門, Ma. Bolomen) envoy of a ruler whose Manchu name was Birakišora han of Utg’ali (Ch. Wutegali bilaqishila han 烏特噶里畢拉奇碩拉汗), who is described as a ruler in Eastern India. Hence, referring to Birakisore Deva I of Khurda (1736–1793) who styled himself as Gajapati, the ruler of Utkala. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Gosains" title="Gosains">gosains</a> entering Tibet from China passed through his territory when visiting the Jagannath temple at Puri.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The reign of <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a> saw Chinese technology used for sugar production,<a href="#cite_note-seri2-48">[48]</a> and sandalwood was exported to China.<a href="#cite_note-sandal-49">[49]</a> Tipu's and Mysore's tryst with silk began in the early 1780s when he received an ambassador from the Qing dynasty-ruled China at his court. The ambassador presented him with a silk cloth. Tipu was said to be enchanted by the item to such an extent that he resolved to introduce its production in his kingdom. He sent a return journey to China, which returned after twelve years.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> After the Qing expansion into the Himalayas, there was increased contact with South Asia, which often manifested in the form of tributary relations. The Qing were obliged to defend their subservient state, <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Afghans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, though no major clash with the Marathas ever took place. The Afghans gained the initiative and defeated the Marathas at <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat</a> in 1761. The battle's outcome was used by the Afghans to intimidate the Qing.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg/220px-Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg/330px-Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg/440px-Chinese_barber_Goa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>A Chinese barber in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, early 1800s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sino-Sikh_War">Sino-Sikh War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sino-Sikh War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Sikh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Sikh war">Sino-Sikh war</a></div> In the 18th to 19th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> expanded into neighbouring lands. It had annexed <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> into the state of <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a> in 1834. In 1841, they invaded <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> and overran parts of western Tibet. Chinese forces defeated the Sikh army in December 1841, forcing the Sikh army to withdraw, and in turn, entered Ladakh and besieged <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, where they were, in turn, defeated by the Sikh Army. At this point, neither side wished to continue the conflict, as the Sikhs were embroiled in tensions with the British that would lead up to the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a>, while the Chinese were in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. The Sikhs claimed victory. The two parties signed a treaty in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Raj">British Raj</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British Raj">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG/220px-Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG/330px-Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG/440px-Epitaph_of_Major_Hsiao_Chu_Ching_Second_World_War.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2263" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>Epitaph of Major Hsiao Chu Ching at <a href="/wiki/Jairampur_cemetery" title="Jairampur cemetery">Jairampur cemetery</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></figcaption></figure> Indian soldiers, known as "<a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a>", who were in <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British service</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a> against <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>. Indian sepoys were also involved in the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in 1900, in addition to serving as guards in the <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony of Hong Kong</a> and foreign concessions such as the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a>. The Chinese slur "Yindu A San" (Indian number three) was used to describe Indian soldiers in British service. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_China">Republic of China</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Republic of China">edit</a>]</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">China–India relations</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/68px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/60px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/90px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/120px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu Shih</a>, the Chinese ambassador to the United States from 1938 to 1942, commented, albeit critically, on India's Buddhism almost completely subsuming Chinese society upon its introduction.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <blockquote> ASIA is one. The <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> divide, only to accentuate, two mighty civilizations, the Chinese with its <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, and the Indian with its <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>. But not even the snowy barriers can interrupt for one moment that broad expanse of love for the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Ultimate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_(metaphysics)" title="Universal (metaphysics)">Universal</a>, which is the common thought-inheritance of every Asiatic race, enabling them to produce all the great religions of the world and distinguishing them from those maritime peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>, who love to dwell on the <a href="/wiki/Particular" title="Particular">Particular</a>, and to search out the means, not the end, of life.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </blockquote> While never having actually visited India in his lifetime, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, founder of the Republic of China, occasionally spoke and wrote of India as a fellow Asian nation that was likewise subject to harsh Western exploitation, and frequently called for a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Asian">Pan-Asian</a> united front against all unjust imperialism. In a 1921 speech, Sun stated: "The Indians have long been oppressed by the British. They have now reacted with a change in their revolutionary thinking...There is progress in their revolutionary spirit, they will not be cowed down by Britain."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> To this day, there is a prominent street named Sun Yat-sen street in an old Chinatown in Calcutta, now known as <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>. In 1924, on his major tour of several major Chinese cities, giving lectures about using their shared Asian values and traditional spirituality to help together promote world peace, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> was invited to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> by Sun Yat-sen, an invitation which he declined. There was considerably mixed reception to Tagore from the Chinese students and intellectuals. For example, a major Buddhist association in Shanghai stated that for seven hundred years, they had "waited for a message from India", while others, mostly modernizers and communists, outright rejected his ideals, stating that they did not "want philosophy, we want materialism" and "not wisdom, but power".<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg/220px-Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg/330px-Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg/440px-Nehru_Chiang_Gandhi_Madame_Chiang_10_Feb_1942_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Chiang Kai-shek and his wife Song Meiling with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru</figcaption></figure> Believing that then-<a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Republican China</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> were "sister nations from the dawn of history" who needed to transform their "ancient friendship into a new camaraderie of two freedom-loving nations", <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> visited China in 1939 as an honored guest of the government. Highly praising both <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Song_Meiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Meiling">Song Meiling</a>, Nehru referred to Chiang as "not only a great Chinese, but a great Asiatic and world figure...one of the top most leaders of the world...a successful general and captain in war", and Song as "full of vitality and charm...a star hope for the Chinese people...a symbol of China's invincibility". During his visit, Chiang and Nehru shared a bunker one night when Japanese bombers attacked <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> in late August, with Chiang recording a favorable impression of Nehru in his diary; the Chiangs also regularly wrote Nehru during his time in prison and even after their 1942 visit to India.<a href="#cite_note-Transforming_India-Taiwan_Relations-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg/220px-Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg/330px-Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg/440px-Chiang_Couple_Gandhi_India_10_Feb_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The Chiangs with Mahatma Gandhi in Calcutta in 1942</figcaption></figure> Partially to enlist India's aid against both <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western imperialism">Western imperialism</a> in exchange for China's support for <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence</a>, the Chiangs visited <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in 1942 and met with Nehru, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>. The Chiangs also sought to present their nation as a potential third option for the Indian people to ally themselves with, with public sympathies at the time sharply split between the British and the Japanese, who actively tried to sway India's population with pledges to liberate Asia if they would help their efforts against the British. Despite pledges of mutual friendship and future cooperation between the two peoples, Chiang argued that, while Gandhi's non-violent resistance was not necessarily invalid for the Indian people, it was an unrealistic worldview on a global context. Gandhi, who had at the time insisted on India refraining from participating in any war unless India was first given complete independence, in turn, later noted that, although "fun was had by all...I would not say that I had learnt anything, and there was nothing that we could teach him."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In their meeting in Calcutta, Jinnah tried to persuade Chiang, who had pressed Britain to relinquish India as soon as possible, of the necessity of establishing a separate nation for Muslims in the subcontinent, to which Chiang, who apparently recognized the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> as the sole nationalist force in the country, replied that if ten <a href="/wiki/Crores" class="mw-redirect" title="Crores">crores</a> of Muslims could live peacefully with other communities in China, then there was no true necessity as he saw it of a separate state for a smaller population of nine crores of Muslims living in India.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> While the public reception to the Chiangs was mostly positive, some reacted less favorably to the Chiangs' presence in India, with Jinnah believing that Chiang Kai-shek lacked proper understanding of Indian society and feeling he was biased in favor of Nehru and Gandhi while neglecting the demands of other religious communities,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> with his newspaper Dawn calling him a "meddlesome marshal", while other <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Islam in South Asia">Indian Muslims</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zafarullah_Khan" title="Muhammad Zafarullah Khan">Muhammad Zafarullah Khan</a>, expressed mistrust for the couple's motives, believing that their government wanted to eventually expand its influence to Indochina and the subcontinent after the British departure.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> For his part, Chiang apparently believed none of the major Indian leaders could help his government meaningfully. As an ardent nationalist who lived through China's internally turbulent years, he felt that Jinnah was "dishonest" and was being used by the British to divide the peoples of India and, by extension, Asia, with he and his wife Song believing that cooperation between Indian religious communities was difficult but possible. At the same time, he also felt genuinely disappointed by Gandhi, with whom he initially had high expectations, and noted afterwards that "he knows and loves only India, and doesn't care about other places and peoples". Having been unable to make Gandhi change his views about <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>, even after arguing that some of their enemies, such as the Japanese, would make the preaching of non-violence impossible, Chiang, himself raised a Buddhist, blamed "traditional Indian philosophy" for his sole focus on endurance of suffering rather than revolutionary zeal necessary to rally and unite the Asian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Nevertheless, the Chiangs continued to commit themselves to supporting the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> from afar, mostly via diplomacy, with Song Meiling writing to Nehru encouragingly: "We shall leave nothing undone in assisting you to gain freedom and independence. Our hearts are drawn to you, and...the bond of affection between you and us has been strengthened by our visit....When you are discouraged and weary...remember that you are not alone in your struggle, for at all times we are with you in spirit."<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Although their meetings had ended on a positive note, with Gandhi offering to adopt Song as a "daughter" in his <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a> if Chiang left her there as his ambassador to India after she asked to be taught about his non-violent principles, and giving her his <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> as a farewell gift, both sides were met with considerable obstacles in the aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> After the Chiangs tried to seek U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Roosevelt">Franklin Roosevelt</a>'s help in persuading <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> to give India independence during the war, Roosevelt suggested <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">splitting India's territory in two</a> in the hopes of resolving tensions, to which Song replied that both she and Chiang felt that "India was as indivisible as China". Gandhi wrote to Chiang shortly afterwards, seeking to clarify his stance: "I need hardly give you my assurance that, as the author of the new move in India, I shall take no hasty action. And whatever action I may recommend will be governed by the consideration that it should not injure China, or encourage Japanese aggression. I am trying to enlist world opinion in favor of a proposition which to me appears self-proved and which must lead to the strengthening of India and China's defence." Chiang sent a cable to Washington upon reading Gandhi's letter, and advised Roosevelt that the best course of action would be to "restore complete freedom" to India, but Churchill reportedly threatened to end Britain's alliance with China should the Chiangs continue to try to interfere with Indian affairs.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In 1942, a division of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>'s armies entered India as the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Army_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Army in India">Chinese Army in India</a> in their struggle against Japanese expansion in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Kotnis" title="Dwarkanath Kotnis">Dwarkanath Kotnis</a> and four other Indian physicians traveled to war-torn China to provide medical assistance against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_independence">Post independence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Post independence">edit</a>]</div> On 15 August 1947, India gained independence from the British. The newly independent India established diplomatic relations with the ROC. On 1 October 1949, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> defeated the Kuomintang (the ROC's ruling Nationalist Party) and took over <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, establishing the PRC. Soon afterwards, India became a federal, democratic republic after its constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1950s">1950s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1950s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:260px; ; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Their last telegrame to us is an act of gross discourtesy [...] It looks as though it is not a friend speaking in that language but a potential enemy [...] for the first time, after centuries, India’s defence has to concentrate itself on two fronts simultaneously. [...] In our calculations we shall now have to reckon with communist China in the north and in the north-east, a communist China which has definite ambitions and aims and which does not, in any way, seem friendly disposed towards us. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Excerpt from Home Minister <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Patel</a>'s letter to Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, November 7, 1950<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></cite> </div>India <a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">established diplomatic relations with the PRC</a> on 1 April 1950, the first non-communist/socialist nation in Asia to do so.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Pakistan continued to recognize the ROC until 1951.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The relationship between India and a newly communist China started out on an optimistic note. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, and Chinese premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> articulated a vision of an internationalist foreign policy governed by the ethics of the Panchsheel (<a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a>).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> However, there was notable skepticism on the Indian side from the very beginning about Chinese intentions. For example, <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Bhimrao Ambedkar</a> was surprised that Nehru took Panchsheel seriously,<a href="#cite_note-LL_Mehrotra-78">[78]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Acharya_Kriplani" class="mw-redirect" title="Acharya Kriplani">Acharya Kriplani</a> said that Panchsheel was "born in sin".<a href="#cite_note-LL_Mehrotra-78">[78]</a> Nehru himself was disappointed when it became clear that the two countries had a conflict of interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_zone" title="Buffer zone">buffer zone</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] China viewed Tibet as a part of its territory. The preceding government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> also <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Area_(administrative_division)" title="Tibet Area (administrative division)">claimed Tibet as Chinese territory</a>. However, he was unable to re-assert control. <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> saw Indian concern over Tibet as a manifestation of interference in the internal affairs of the PRC. The PRC reasserted control over Tibet and to end <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, which it did by force of arms in 1950.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] To avoid antagonizing the PRC, Nehru informed Chinese leaders that India had no political ambitions or territorial ambitions and did not seek special privileges in Tibet, but that traditional trading rights must continue.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] With Indian support, Tibetan delegates signed an agreement in May 1951 recognizing PRC sovereignty[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but guaranteeing that the existing political and social system of Tibet would continue. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1952-06_1952%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1952-06_1952%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.png/250px-1952-06_1952%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1952-06_1952%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.png/375px-1952-06_1952%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1952-06_1952%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.png/500px-1952-06_1952%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%8816%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E5%8F%8B%E5%A5%BD%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E6%88%90%E7%AB%8B.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Founding of the Sino-Indian Friendship Association on 16 May 1952 in Beijing.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg/250px-Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg/375px-Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg/500px-Prime_Minister_Nehru_and_Chinese_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_in_Beijing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Chairman <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> Jawaharlal Nehru. In April 1954, India and the PRC signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet that became the <a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a> (or Panchsheel). <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> of India, during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">latter's state visit to China</a>, October 1954.</figcaption></figure>In October 1954, China and India signed an <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">agreement</a> regarding Tibet, whereby India recognised Tibet as part of China, with China accepting the continuance of the previous trade arrangements. Observers noted the agreement heavily favored China.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> It is the popular perception that the catchphrase of India's diplomacy with China in the 1950s was Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai, which means, in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, "Indians and Chinese are brothers".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Nehru sought to initiate a more direct dialogue between the peoples of China and India in culture and literature. Around then, the Indian artist (painter) <a href="/wiki/Beohar_Rammanohar_Sinha" title="Beohar Rammanohar Sinha">Beohar Rammanohar Sinha</a>, who had earlier decorated the pages of the original <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, was sent to China in 1957 on a Government of India fellowship to establish a direct cross-cultural and inter-civilization bridge. Noted Indian scholar <a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a> and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Natwar_Singh" title="Natwar Singh">Natwar Singh</a> were also there, and <a href="/wiki/Sarvapalli_Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan</a> paid a visit to the PRC. After signing the 1954 agreement, India published new maps showing defined borders, as it became apprehensive that China might make claims on Indian territory.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Two major territorial disputes existed between China and India, which remained dormant until 1959. In the northeast, Indian territory included the Assam Himalayan region up to the McMahon Line, which China did not recognise as a legal boundary. In the western sector, Indian territory inherited from the British Raj included the Aksai Chin plateau, which Chinese maps started showing as Chinese territory in the 1940s, if not earlier.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> When India discovered that China built a road through the region, border clashes and Indian protests became more frequent. In January 1959, PRC premier <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> wrote to Nehru, pointing out that no government in China had accepted as legal the <a href="/wiki/McMahon_Line" title="McMahon Line">McMahon Line</a>, which the 1914 <a href="/wiki/Simla_Convention" title="Simla Convention">Simla Convention</a> defined as the eastern section of the border between India and Tibet. In March 1959, the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, spiritual and temporal head of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Tibet (1950–present)">Tibet</a>, sought sanctuary in <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharmsala</a>, Himachal Pradesh, where he established the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan government-in-exile">Tibetan government-in-exile</a>. Thousands of Tibetan refugees settled in northwestern India. Relations between India and China deteriorated after India provided the Dalai Lama sanctuary.<a href="#cite_note-Fingar-2016-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s">1960s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/1967_Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes">1967 Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1987_Sino-Indian_skirmish" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Sino-Indian skirmish">1987 Sino-Indian skirmish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_disputed_areas_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/India_disputed_areas_map.svg/220px-India_disputed_areas_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/India_disputed_areas_map.svg/330px-India_disputed_areas_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/India_disputed_areas_map.svg/440px-India_disputed_areas_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_disputed_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disputed territories of India">Disputed territories of India</a></figcaption></figure> Border disputes resulted in a short border war between the People's Republic of China and India on 20 October 1962.<a href="#cite_note-Fingar-2016-83">[83]</a> The border clash resulted in an overall defeat of India as the PRC pushed the Indian forces to within 48 km of the <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> plains in the northeast. It also occupied strategic points in the <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> and Demchok regions of <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a>, before declaring a unilateral <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> on 21 November. It claimed that it withdrew to 20 km behind its contended line of control. India disagreed with the claim. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:260px; ; font-size: 85%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "I don't want to know what happened in the past. All I want to know is who are my commanders, where are the Chinese, how much ammunition have I got…" </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a> recalling 1962 when he was appointed to take charge of NEFA following the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Brij_Mohan_Kaul" title="Brij Mohan Kaul">Kaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">Menon</a> in the aftermath of the China India war.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></cite> </div> During the Sino-Indian border conflict, India's <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party</a> was accused by the Indian government of being pro-PRC, and many of its political leaders were jailed. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/1964_split_in_the_Communist_Party_of_India" title="1964 split in the Communist Party of India">the Communist Party of India (CPI) split</a> with the leftist section, forming the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a> in 1964. Relations between the PRC and India deteriorated during the rest of the 1960s and the early 1970s, while <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a> improved and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet relations worsened</a>. The PRC backed Pakistan in its <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">1965 war with India</a>, and issued "ultimatums" threatening military action at its own border. The threats only served to damage Pakistan's relations with the western powers.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In late 1967, there were two more conflicts between Indian and Chinese forces at their contested border, in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a>. Both sides suffered heavy casualties, but India came out in a better position than the PRC.<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1967-09_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1967-09_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C.jpg/300px-1967-09_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1967-09_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C.jpg/450px-1967-09_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/1967-09_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C.jpg/600px-1967-09_1967%E5%B9%B4_%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%B8%BE%E8%A1%8C%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BA%E5%A8%81%E6%B8%B8%E8%A1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Chinese demonstrations against Indian "<a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> factions" in Beijing in 1967.</figcaption></figure>The PRC continued an active propaganda campaign against India and supplied ideological, financial, and other assistance to dissident groups, especially to <a href="/wiki/Tribes_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribes of India">tribes</a> in northeastern India. The PRC accused India of assisting the <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Khampa</a> rebels in Tibet. Sri Lanka played the role of chief negotiator for the withdrawal of Chinese troops from the Indian territory. Both countries agreed to Colombo's proposals.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1970s">edit</a>]</div> In August 1971, India signed a <a href="/wiki/Indo-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and Co-operation</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The PRC sided with Pakistan in its <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">December 1971 war with India</a>. Although China strongly condemned India, it did not carry out its veiled threat to intervene on Pakistan's behalf. By this time, the PRC had <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">replaced the Republic of China in the UN</a>, where its representatives denounced India as being a "tool of Soviet expansionism." India and the PRC renewed efforts to improve relations after Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress party</a> lost the 1977 elections to <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a>. In 1978, the Indian Minister of External Affairs <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> made a landmark visit to Beijing, an impetus to both countries to officially re-establish diplomatic relations in 1979. The PRC modified its pro-Pakistan stand on <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> and appeared willing to remain silent on India's absorption of Sikkim and its special advisory relationship with <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. The PRC's leaders agreed to discuss the boundary issue, India's priority, as the first step to a broadening of relations. The two countries hosted each other's news agencies, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Mansarowar Lake</a> in Tibet, the home of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu pantheon">Hindu pantheon</a>, were opened to annual <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1980s">edit</a>]</div> In 1981, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, <a href="/wiki/Huang_Hua_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huang Hua (politician)">Huang Hua</a>, made a landmark visit to New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-88">[88]</a> PRC Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> concurrently toured <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. In 1980, Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> approved a plan to upgrade the deployment of forces around the Line of Actual Control. India also undertook infrastructural development in disputed areas.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sundarji-90">[90]</a> In 1984, squads of Indian soldiers began actively patrolling the <a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumdorong Chu Valley">Sumdorong Chu Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>. In the winter of 1986, the Chinese deployed their troops to the Sumdorong Chu before the Indian team could arrive and built a helipad at Wandung.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Surprised by the Chinese occupation, India's then Chief of Army Staff, <a href="/wiki/Sundarji" class="mw-redirect" title="Sundarji">General K.Sundarji</a>, airlifted a brigade to the region.<a href="#cite_note-Sundarji-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Chinese troops could not move any further into the valley and were forced to move away from the valley.<a href="#cite_note-BS_Mallik-93">[93]</a> By 1987, Beijing's reaction was similar to that in 1962 and this prompted many Western diplomats to predict war. However, Indian foreign minister N.D. Tiwari and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a> travelled to Beijing to negotiate a mutual de-escalation.<a href="#cite_note-Sundarji-90">[90]</a> India and the PRC held eight rounds of border negotiations between December 1981 and November 1987. In 1985, the PRC insisted on mutual concessions without defining the exact terms of its "package proposal" or where the actual line of control lay. In 1986 and 1987, the negotiations achieved nothing, given the charges exchanged between the two countries of military encroachment in the <a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumdorong Chu Valley">Sumdorung Chu Valley</a>. China's construction of a military post and helicopter pad in the area in 1986 and India's grant of statehood to <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/North-East_Frontier_Agency" title="North-East Frontier Agency">North-East Frontier Agency</a>) in February 1987 caused both sides to deploy troops to the area. The PRC relayed warnings that it would "teach India a lesson" if it did not cease "nibbling" at Chinese territory. By the summer of 1987, however, both sides had backed away from conflict and denied military clashes had taken place. A warming trend in relations was facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>'s visit to China in December 1988. The two sides issued a joint communiqué that stressed the need to restore friendly relations on the basis of the Panchsheel. India and the People's Republic of China agreed to achieve a "fair and reasonable settlement while seeking a mutually acceptable solution" to the border dispute. The communiqué also expressed China's concern about agitation by <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_separatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan separatism">Tibetan separatists</a> in India and reiterated that anti-China political activities by expatriate Tibetans would not be tolerated. Rajiv Gandhi signed bilateral agreements on science and technology co-operation, established direct air links, and on cultural exchanges. The two sides also agreed to hold annual diplomatic consultations between foreign ministers, set up a joint committee on economic and scientific co-operation, and a joint working group on the boundary issue. The latter group was to be led by the Indian foreign secretary and the Chinese vice minister of foreign affairs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> Top-level dialogue continued with the December 1991 visit of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">PRC premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a> to India and the May 1992 visit to China of Indian president <a href="/wiki/R._Venkataraman" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a>. Six rounds of talks of the Indian-Chinese Joint Working Group on the Border Issue were held between December 1988 and June 1993. Progress was also made in reducing tensions on the border via mutual troop reductions, regular meetings of local military commanders, and advance notification about military exercises. In July 1992, <a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a> visited Beijing, the first Indian Minister of Defence to do so. Consulates reopened in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> (Mumbai) and Shanghai in December 1992. In 1993, the sixth-round of the joint working group talks was held in New Delhi but resulted in only minor developments. Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">Narasimha Rao</a> and Premier Li Peng signed a border agreement dealing with cross-border trade, cooperation on environmental issues (e.g. Pollution, <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species">Animal extinction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a>, etc.), and radio and television broadcasting. A senior-level Chinese military delegation made a goodwill visit to India in December 1993 aimed at "fostering confidence-building measures between the defence forces of the two countries." The visit, however, came at a time when China was providing greater military support to Burma. The presence of Chinese radar technicians in Burma's <a href="/wiki/Coco_Islands" title="Coco Islands">Coco Islands</a>, which border India's <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>, caused concern in India. In January 1994, Beijing announced that it not only favored a negotiated solution on Kashmir, but also opposed any form of independence for the region. Talks were held in New Delhi in February aimed at confirming established "confidence-building measures", discussing clarification of the "line of actual control", reduction of armed forces along the line, and prior information about forthcoming military exercises. China's hope for settlement of the boundary issue was reiterated. In 1995, talks by the India-China Expert Group led to an agreement to set up two additional points of contact along the 4,000 km border to facilitate meetings between military personnel. The two sides were reportedly "seriously engaged" in defining the McMahon Line and the line of actual control vis-à-vis military exercises and prevention of air intrusion. Talks were held in Beijing in July and in New Delhi in August to improve border security, combat cross-border crimes, and on additional troop withdrawals from the border. These talks further reduced tensions.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> There was little notice taken in Beijing of the April 1995 announcement of the opening of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre in New Delhi. The centre serves as the representative office of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan) and is the counterpart of the <a href="/wiki/India-Taipei_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Taipei Association">India-Taipei Association</a> located in Taiwan. Both institutions share the goal of improving India-ROC relations, which have been strained since New Delhi's recognition of Beijing in 1950. China-Indian relations hit a low point in 1998 following India's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear tests</a>. Indian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a> declared that "“in my perception of national security, China is enemy No 1....and any person who is concerned about India's security must agree with that fact",<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> hinting that India developed nuclear weapons in defence against China's nuclear arsenal. During the 1999 <a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War</a>, China voiced support for Pakistan, but also counseled Pakistan to withdraw its forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2000s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Officers_at_Nathu_La.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Officers_at_Nathu_La.JPG/220px-Officers_at_Nathu_La.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Officers_at_Nathu_La.JPG/330px-Officers_at_Nathu_La.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Officers_at_Nathu_La.JPG/440px-Officers_at_Nathu_La.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Indian and Chinese officers at <a href="/wiki/Nathu_La" title="Nathu La">Nathu La</a>. Nathu La was re-opened in 2006 following numerous bilateral trade agreements. The opening of the pass is expected to bolster the economy of the region and play a key role in the growing China-Indian trade.</figcaption></figure> In a major embarrassment for China, the 17th <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urgyen_Trinley_Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Urgyen Trinley Dorje">Urgyen Trinley Dorje</a>, who was proclaimed by China, made a dramatic escape from Tibet to the <a href="/wiki/Rumtek_Monastery" title="Rumtek Monastery">Rumtek Monastery</a> in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a quandary on this issue as any protest to India on the issue would mean an explicit endorsement on India's governance of Sikkim, which the Chinese still hadn't recognised. In 2003, China officially recognised Indian sovereignty over Sikkim as the two countries moved towards resolving their border disputes. In 2004, the two countries proposed opening up the <a href="/wiki/Nathula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathula">Nathula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jelepla_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelepla Pass">Jelepla Passes</a> in Sikkim. 2004 was a milestone in China-Indian bilateral trade, surpassing the US$10  billion mark for the first time. In April 2005, Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> to push for increased China-Indian cooperation in high-tech industries. Wen stated that the 21st century will be "the Asian century of the IT industry." Regarding the issue of India gaining a permanent seat on the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>, Wen Jiabao initially seemed to support the idea, but had returned to a neutral position. In the <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC) Summit in 2005, China was granted observer status. While other countries in the region are ready to consider China for permanent membership in the SAARC, India seemed reluctant. In 2005, China and India signed the 'Strategic and Cooperative Partnership for Peace and Prosperity'.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> However, there has been very little, if any, strategic convergence between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Issues surrounding energy have risen in significance. Both countries have growing energy demand to support economic growth. Both countries signed an agreement in 2006 to envisage <a href="/wiki/ONGC" class="mw-redirect" title="ONGC">ONGC</a> Videsh Ltd (OVL) and the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> (CNPC) placing joint bids for promising projects. In 2006, China and India re-opened the <a href="/wiki/Nathula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathula">Nathula</a> pass for trading; Nathula had been closed for 44 years prior to 2006. The re-opening of border trade helps to ease the economic isolation of the region.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In November 2006, China and India had a verbal spat over the claim of the north-east Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>. India claimed that China was occupying 38,000 square kilometres of its territory in <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, while China claimed the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as its own.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 2007, China denied the application for visa from an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Administrative_Service" title="Indian Administrative Service">Indian Administrative Service</a> officer in Arunachal Pradesh. According to China, since Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China, he would not need a visa to visit his own country.<a href="#cite_note-IBN-IAS-100">[100]</a> Later in December 2007, China reversed its policy by granting a visa to Marpe Sora, an Arunachal-born professor in computer science.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In January 2008, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> visited China to discuss trade, commerce, defence, military, and various other issues. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burning_effigies_of_Chinese_leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Burning_effigies_of_Chinese_leaders.jpg/220px-Burning_effigies_of_Chinese_leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Burning_effigies_of_Chinese_leaders.jpg/330px-Burning_effigies_of_Chinese_leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Burning_effigies_of_Chinese_leaders.jpg/440px-Burning_effigies_of_Chinese_leaders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Tibetans_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetans in India">Tibetans</a> protested against the Chinese government in New Delhi, 2008.</figcaption></figure> Until 2008, the British Government's position remained the same as it had been since the <a href="/wiki/Simla_Accord_(1914)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simla Accord (1914)">Simla Accord</a> of 1913: that China held <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> over Tibet but not <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. Britain revised this view on 29 October 2008, when it recognized Chinese sovereignty over Tibet through its website.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> stated that although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said "it means that, as far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'"<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> This change in Britain's position affects India's claim to its North Eastern territories, which rely on the same Simla Accord that Britain's prior position on Tibet's sovereignty was based upon.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a> formally acknowledged Arunachal Pradesh as part of India and approved a loan to India for a development project there. Earlier, China had exercised pressure on the bank to cease the loan.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> However, India succeeded in securing the loan with the help of the United States and Japan. China expressed displeasure at the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">ADB</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">2017 China–India border standoff</a></div> Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a> paid an official visit to India from 15 to 17 December 2010, at the invitation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> He was accompanied by 400 Chinese business leaders, who wished to sign business deals with Indian companies.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> During this visit, Premier Wen Jiabao said "India and China are two very populous countries with ancient civilisations, friendship between the two countries has a time-honoured history, which can be dated back 2,000 years".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In April 2011, during the <a href="/wiki/2011_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 BRICS summit">BRICS summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a>, Hainan, China,<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> the two countries agreed to restore defence cooperation and China had hinted that it may reverse its policy of administering stapled visas to residents of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> This practice was later stopped,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and as a result, defence ties were resumed between the two countries and joint military drills were expected. In the March <a href="/wiki/2012_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 BRICS summit">2012 BRICS summit</a> in New Delhi, <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> and Chinese President <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> told Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> that "it is China's unswerving policy to develop China-Indian friendship, deepen strategic cooperation, and seek common development". Other topics were discussed, including border dispute problems and a unified BRICS central bank.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In April 2012, in response to India's test of an <a href="/wiki/Agni-V" title="Agni-V">Agni-V</a> missile capable of carrying a nuclear warhead to Beijing, the PRC called for the two countries to "cherish the hard-earned momentum of co-operation".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg/250px-Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg/375px-Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg/500px-Informal_meeting_of_the_BRICS_during_the_2019_G20_Osaka_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> leaders in the <a href="/wiki/2019_G20_Osaka_summit" title="2019 G20 Osaka summit">2019 G20 Osaka summit</a>.</figcaption></figure>The <a href="/wiki/2013_Depsang_standoff" title="2013 Depsang standoff">2013 Depsang standoff</a> lasted for three weeks, before being defused on 5 May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Days before a trip by Indian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khurshid" title="Salman Khurshid">Salman Khurshid</a> to China, Khurshid said that both countries had a shared interest in not having the border issue exacerbate or "destroy" long-term progress in relations. The Chinese agreed to withdraw their troops in exchange for an Indian agreement to demolish several "live-in bunkers" 250 km to the south, in the disputed Chumar sector.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Keqiang" title="Li Keqiang">Li Keqiang</a> made his first foreign visit to India on 18 May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Indian President Pranab Mukherjee's visit to <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> in late November 2013 and mentioning in his speech that the area was an "integral and important part of India" angered Beijing, and retaliatory statements followed.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> was one of the top world leaders to visit New Delhi after <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> took over as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> India's insistence to raise the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> in various multilateral forums subsequently did not help that beginning once again, the relationship facing suspicion from Indian administration and media alike.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In September 2014, the relationship took a sting as troops of the People's Liberation Army reportedly entered two kilometres inside the Line of Actual Control in the Chumar sector.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The next month, <a href="/wiki/V._K._Singh" title="V. K. Singh">V. K. Singh</a> said that China and India had come to a "convergence of views" on the threat of terrorism emanating from Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Documents_being_signed_during_the_State_Visit_of_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_to_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Documents_being_signed_during_the_State_Visit_of_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_to_India.jpg/244px-Documents_being_signed_during_the_State_Visit_of_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_to_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Documents_being_signed_during_the_State_Visit_of_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_to_India.jpg/366px-Documents_being_signed_during_the_State_Visit_of_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_to_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Documents_being_signed_during_the_State_Visit_of_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_to_India.jpg/488px-Documents_being_signed_during_the_State_Visit_of_Chinese_President_Xi_Jinping_to_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the People's Republic of China">Chinese President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Indian Prime Minister</a> witnessing the signing of a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> between the Chinese and Indian foreign affairs ministers on opening a new route for Indian pilgrimage (Kailash Mansarovar Yatra) to the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China</a>, in New Delhi in 2014</figcaption></figure> China and India have been working together to produce films together, such as <a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Yoga" title="Kung Fu Yoga">Kung Fu Yoga</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> However, disruptions have risen again due to China building trade routes, the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_Economic_Corridor" title="China–Pakistan Economic Corridor">China–Pakistan Economic Corridor</a>, with Pakistan on disputed Kashmir territory.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> On 16 June 2017, Chinese troops with construction vehicles and road-building equipment began extending an existing road southward in <a href="/wiki/Doklam" title="Doklam">Doklam</a>, a territory which is claimed by both China as well as India's ally <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChina_Foreign_Ministry20176-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barry-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2017-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> On 18 June 2017, around 270 Indian troops, with weapons and two bulldozers, entered Doklam to stop the Chinese troops from constructing the road.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2017-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Among other charges, China accused India of illegal intrusion into its territory—what it called the mutually agreed China-India boundary, and violation of its territorial sovereignty and UN Charter.<a href="#cite_note-China_Foreign_Ministry-2017-141">[141]</a> India accused China of changing the status quo in violation of a 2012 understanding between the two governments regarding the tri-junction boundary points and causing "security concerns", which were widely understood as its concerns with the strategic <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> India media reported that on June 28, Bhutan issued a demarche, demanding that China cease road-building in Doklam and leave the area as is.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> The Minister of External Affairs of India at the time, <a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a>, asserted that if China unilaterally altered the status-quo of the tri-junction point between China-India and Bhutan, the nation would be posing a challenge to India's security.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> China repeatedly stated that India's withdrawal was a prerequisite for meaningful dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> On 21 July 2017, the Minister of External Affairs of India <a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a> said that for dialogue, both India and China must withdraw their troops.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> On 2 August 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China</a> published a document claiming that Indian border forces had illegally crossed the border between China and India and detailed China's position on the matter.<a href="#cite_note-china_position-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-8_4_2017_border_stand-off-152">[152]</a> The document said that China notified India regarding its plan to construct a road in advance, "in full reflection of China's goodwill".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The Indian Foreign Ministry replied by referring towards their earlier press release on this matter, as opposed to a point-by-point rebuttal.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> On 28 August 2017, China and India reached a consensus to end the border stand-off.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In May 2018, the two countries agreed to coordinate their development programmes in Afghanistan in the areas of health, education, and food security.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In 2019, India reiterated that it would not join China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>, stating that it cannot accept a project that ignores concerns about its territorial integrity.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> On 11 October 2019, President <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> met with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a>, Tamil Nadu, India, for a second informal meeting between India and China.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Modi and Xi Jinping met 18 times between 2014 and 2019.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> China offered public health and economic assistance to India in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, although India refused per the United States' request.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a>: 14  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 2020s">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 China–India skirmishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Yangtse_clash" title="2022 Yangtse clash">2022 Yangtse clash</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kashmir_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/220px-Kashmir_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/330px-Kashmir_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kashmir_map.svg/440px-Kashmir_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_territorial_disputes" title="List of territorial disputes">disputed territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> is administered by <a href="/wiki/Pakistan-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan-administered Kashmir">Pakistan</a> (green and lime), <a href="/wiki/Indian-administered_Kashmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian-administered Kashmir">India</a> (blue and turquoise) and <a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">China</a> (yellow).</figcaption></figure> On 10 May 2020, Chinese and Indian troops clashed in Nathu La, Sikkim, leaving 11 soldiers injured.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Following the skirmishes in Sikkim, tensions between the two countries grew in Ladakh, with a buildup of troops at multiple locations.<a href="#cite_note-3_places-164">[164]</a> There were 20 Indian soldiers and an unknown number of PLA soldiers killed on the night of 15/16 June.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> China reinforced troops near the Indian border with <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, Chinese state media reported.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Bilateral agreements between India and China prevent the use of guns along the <a href="/wiki/Line_of_actual_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of actual control">line of actual control</a>. However, these skirmishes saw the first shots, warning shots, being fired in decades.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Following the deaths, Prime Minister Modi addressed the nation about the incident, saying that "the sacrifice made by our soldiers will not go in vain", while the Indian foreign minister told the Chinese foreign minister that Chinese actions in Galwan were "pre-meditated".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Following the Galwan Valley clash on 15 June 2020, there were renewed calls across India to <a href="/wiki/Boycott_Chinese_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycott Chinese products">boycott Chinese goods</a>. However, numerous Indian government officials said that border tensions would have little impact on trade.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> On 29 June 2020, the Indian government banned 59 widely used Chinese mobile phone and desktop applications in response to rising tensions and escalating diplomatic dispute between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> On 19 August, The Times of India reported that the ministry of external affairs of India has been told that visas for Chinese businessmen, academics, industry experts, and advocacy groups will need prior security clearance, and the measures are similar to those that have long been employed with Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> On 19 September, India police arrested a freelance journalist for passing sensitive information to Chinese intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> On 27 October 2020, the United States and India signed the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement, enabling greater information-sharing and further defense cooperation, to counter China's growing military power in the region.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2022_visit_by_Nancy_Pelosi_to_Taiwan" title="2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan">2022 visit by Nancy Pelosi to Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (India)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India</a> responded, "Like many other countries, India, too, is concerned at recent developments. We urge the exercise of restraint, avoidance of unilateral actions to change status quo, de-escalation of tensions, and efforts to maintain peace and stability in the region."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> India stopped reiterating the so-called "<a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a>" policy as early as 2010.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> In September 2022, India and China pulled back soldiers from a friction point along the line of actual control. However, according to India's Ministry for External Affairs, the situation on the Line of Actual Control is "still not normal".<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat" title="The Diplomat">The Diplomat</a> has reported that normalcy around the border between the countries seems unlikely and may not develop further.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_(2024)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_%282024%29_01.jpg/220px-PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_%282024%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_%282024%29_01.jpg/330px-PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_%282024%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_%282024%29_01.jpg/440px-PM_Narendra_Modi_meeting_President_of_China_Xi_Jinping_at_the_16th_BRICS_Summit_%282024%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="1921" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> meeting <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> at the <a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">16th BRICS summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Russia, 23 October 2024</figcaption></figure> On October 6th 2022, India abstained on a draft resolution in the UNHRC on "holding a debate on the situation of human rights in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang Autonomous Region</a> of China" <a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> In June 2023, China placed a technical hold on a proposal moved by the U.S. and co-designated by India to sanction accused Pakistani terrorist <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Mir_(terrorist)" title="Sajid Mir (terrorist)">Sajid Mir</a> under the 12/67 Al Qaeda Sanctions Committee of the UN Security Council. Mir had previously orchestrated bombings in Mumbai, killing some 175 people.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> India heavily criticized the Chinese decision. On 25 August 2023 during the <a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">15th BRICS summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg,_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannesburg, South Africa">Johannesburg, South Africa</a>, Modi and Xi spoke on the summit's sidelines where they agreed to deescalate tensions at the border. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China">Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China</a> said both leaders "had a candid and in-depth exchange of views on current China-India relations” and Xi stated that "improving China-India relations serves the common interests of the two countries and peoples”, while the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of External Affairs of India">Ministry of External Affairs of India</a> stated that during the meeting Modi "underlined that the maintenance of peace and tranquility in the border areas, and observing and respecting the LAC are essential for the normalization of the India-China relationship." The meeting was seen as a step toward mending the bilateral relations between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In October 2024, India announced that it had reached an agreement over patrolling arrangements along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in the border area, which would lead to disengagement and resolution of the long-running conflict that began in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triangular_relations">Triangular relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Triangular relations">edit</a>]</div> The United States and Russia (previously Soviet Union) have been a consistent part of developments in Chinese and Indian relations. As a major power, Japan has also been part of China–India relations, with initiatives such as the <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a>. Pakistan and China share warm relations that drive Chinese infrastructure projects in the disputed territory of northern Kashmir. The Middle East, Latin America, and Africa are places where both India and China engage and compete. The Middle East is important to both countries in terms of their energy security. In Africa, China and India seem most engaged across a wide variety of issues, from development to peacekeeping. In South Asia and South-East Asia, a power balance struggle between China and India is seen in triangular relations.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nepal">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>'s geostrategic situation during periods of heightened tensions between China and India, such as during the 1962 war, resulted in varying shades of cautionary neutrality when making statements. Nepal's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_representative" title="Permanent representative">Permanent Representative</a> stated, "we do not want to pass judgement on the merits of Sino-Indian border dispute. As a country friendly to both...". <a href="/wiki/Tulsi_Giri" title="Tulsi Giri">Tulsi Giri</a>, then the Nepalese foreign minister, stated, "Nepal's relations with India will remain close [...] Yet, Nepal has a 600-mile boundary with China, China has now emerged as a great power. Friendly relations with our northern neighbour (China) should be the natural aim of the country's foreign policy."<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> During the time Tibet was independent, Nepal played the role as an important buffer state and was central to influence between the regions.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The China-Nepal-India Economic Corridor (CNIEC) was proposed by China in April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> It is an extension of the agreed upon China-Nepal <a href="/wiki/Trans-Himalayan_Multi-dimensional_Connectivity_Network" title="Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network">Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network</a> into India. While China and Nepal have shown favourable reactions towards CNIEC, India is "indifferent".<a href="#cite_note-Behera-2021-188">[188]</a> This indifference is postulated to stem from CNIEC being a part of <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">BRI</a>, China's growing influence over Nepal, and an end to "India's monopoly over Nepal's transit points and Nepal's attempt to end its dependency on India".<a href="#cite_note-Behera-2021-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> On 11 November 1950, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Mother_India_(magazine)" title="Mother India (magazine)">Mother India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Mohanty-2020-189">[189]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The gesture that can save is to take a firm line with China, denounce openly her nefarious intentions, stand without reservations by the USA [...] Militarily, China is almost ten times as strong as we are, but India as the spearhead of an American defence of democracy can easily halt Mao’s mechanised millions."</blockquote> On 28 March 1963, Sudhir Ghosh recorded the President of the United States <a href="/wiki/John_F_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John F Kennedy">John F Kennedy</a>'s reaction on reading <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a>'s words, "One great Indian, Nehru, showed you the path of <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">non-alignment</a> between China and America, and another great Indian Aurobindo, showed you another way of survival. The choice is up to the people of India." Earlier in the meeting, Ghosh recorded Kennedy's reaction to a letter from Nehru, "He indignantly said that only a few months earlier when Mr Nehru was overwhelmed by the power of Communist China, he made desperate appeal to him for air protection, and non-alignment or no non-alignment, the President had to respond. He added sarcastically that Mr Nehru's conversion lasted only a few days".<a href="#cite_note-Mohanty-2020-189">[189]</a> Unlike the left-wing diplomatic leanings of the Indian Congress Party, the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a> administration has strengthened its strategic partnership with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> China faces combined challenges to its influence with its neighbors, and because it sees a growing threat from India and the United States' cooperation, it has exaggerated the discord between the two countries to <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_conquer" class="mw-redirect" title="Divide and conquer">divide and conquer</a> its rivals.<a href="#cite_note-Firstpost-2023-21">[21]</a> India participated in the restart of Quadrilateral Security Dialogue,<a href="#cite_note-:411-191">[191]</a> and has strengthened the military, diplomatic, and economic cooperation with the United States, Japan, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-:411-191">[191]</a> More recently, after the deadly Chinese-initiated clash at Galwan Valley in June 2020, preceded by the 2017 Doklam standoff, the U.S.-based think tank, the Center for Foreign Relations, explained that there was a significant ramp-up in QUAD activity.<a href="#cite_note-:311-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-:411-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-:511-193">[193]</a> The group cites how, since 2020, the group has looked beyond regional cooperation and have focused on checking Chinese regional behavior, with the four navies performing their first joint exercise in over a decade in November 2020. This was specifically initiated by India in response to the border skirmishes.<a href="#cite_note-:511-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indo-Pacific">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)</a> and <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_Maritime_Silk_Road" title="21st Century Maritime Silk Road">21st Century Maritime Silk Road</a></div> Pakistan, and more importantly, Myanmar, other than India itself, are potential land routes into the Indian Ocean. Pan Qi, Vice Minister for Communications, wrote in 1985 that China would need to find an outlet for its landlocked provinces. At the time, he suggested routes to the Indian Ocean through Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> In the same vein of invigorating relationships with geopolitical allies, India has also strengthened their <a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East Policy</a>, transforming it into the Act East Policy under the Modi administration.<a href="#cite_note-:611-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-:711-196">[196]</a> The rebranded Act East Policy has an increased focus on infrastructure projects, such as the Agartala-Akhaura Rail Project and the Asian Trilateral Highway.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Such geopolitical connectivity measures improved India's alliances with the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam to check Chinese dominance.<a href="#cite_note-:711-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-:811-198">[198]</a> These soft power measures also enhance Indian border security.<a href="#cite_note-:611-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-:811-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Indian_Ocean">Western Indian Ocean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Western Indian Ocean">edit</a>]</div> The Western Indian Ocean has been characterised as an emerging "geopolitical theatre"<a href="#cite_note-:0-199">[199]</a> marked by interstate conflict between India, China and the US.<a href="#cite_note-:5-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-199">[199]</a> The regions holds key geostrategic importance to all three states.<a href="#cite_note-:8-201">[201]</a> Roughly 40 percent of world trade passes through the region as well as two thirds of global oil and gas supplies. It is a main gateway for global energy supply and two of the world's most important maritime chokepoints, the Bab-el Mandeb and Hormuz strait, are both located in the Western Indian Ocean region.<a href="#cite_note-:1-202">[202]</a> India and China are both dependent on access and free passage in the Western Indian Ocean as it is crucial to secure the increasing energy demand by the two growing economies/<a href="#cite_note-:1-202">[202]</a> The US is also dependent on the free passage of oil from the Middle East to the trans-Atlantic world through the region.<a href="#cite_note-:8-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[203]</a> India and China are both motivated by defensive interests in securing their supplies of energy and trade in the region. Beyond this both states are attempting to increase their relative power positions, economically as well as militarily and naval. This is commonly understood through the terms <a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a> regarding China<a href="#cite_note-:1-202">[202]</a> and India's <a href="/wiki/Act_East_policy" title="Act East policy">Act East Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> This could potentially align the two countries against the US, but this does not seem to be the case. India and China continue to strive for similar power positions and power rivalry between the two states continue.<a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Beijing is refusing to see India as a regional power<a href="#cite_note-:4-207">[207]</a> and from an Indian perspective the Indian Ocean is largely seen as “India’s Ocean”. Any Chinese encroachment on India's sphere of interest is seen as a potential threat.<a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-207">[207]</a> To counter increased Chinese naval and economic presence India has joined the <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quad-alliance</a> between the US, Japan and Australia and is carrying out naval missions with the US, China's core strategic rival. As such Sino-Indian relations in the Western Indian Ocean can be understood in terms of a triangular relationship of continuous counterbalancing between the three states. Both India and China have interests in containing the influence of the other, yet none of them has the capacity to fully do this. India's aspirations to become a great regional power are constrained for several reasons. New Delhi's focus has traditionally been directed towards the continent and its naval development is lagging behind both China and the US.<a href="#cite_note-:4-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> Scholars also point towards the lack of a coherent maritime strategy despite increased political attention to the issue, for example through its <a href="/wiki/Act_East_policy" title="Act East policy">Act East policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-200">[200]</a> Political protectionist tendencies have allowed China to increase its relative economic influence overtaking India's position as main trading partner in various countries in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:3-204">[204]</a> In 2005 China surpassed India and became Bangladesh's main trading partner.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Despite these constraints China does not have the capacity to fully contain India. India continues to hold a special position in the region due to its dominating geographical position, history and interstate relations.<a href="#cite_note-:6-205">[205]</a> Furthermore, it is in US interests to counterbalance China's increased naval strength through cooperation with India. As such geopolitical rivalry and strategic counterbalancing remains unsettled in the Western Indian Ocean and intensified rivalry between India and China seems to be the most likely trajectory some time to come.<a href="#cite_note-:6-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-207">[207]</a> This has substantial security implications as the increased militarisation decreases trust between the states and thus complicates cooperation over persisting security problems such as piracy.<a href="#cite_note-:8-201">[201]</a> A potential risk of militarisation at sea is that offence-defence tactics are often difficult to distinguish. Even if India and China followed solely defensive strategies, as it has been claimed, it might be perceived as offensive tactics within the maritime domain.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Furthermore, both states are deploying military and naval means beyond what is commonly seen as necessary to defend global shipping routes.<a href="#cite_note-:8-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-199">[199]</a> This includes nuclear-powered submarines send by China to fight piracy in the region.<a href="#cite_note-:8-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_relations">Military relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Military relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_clashes">Border clashes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Border clashes">edit</a>]</div> Since the 1950s, during the term of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, India and China have repeatedly encountered border disputes at the Line of Actual Control, delineating the border between the two nations.<a href="#cite_note-:211-210">[210]</a> The first Sino-India border war broke out in 1962 at the Aksai Chin region, escalating into a month-long military conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:211-210">[210]</a> Initiating the conflict, China took advantage of global concern about the ongoing Cuban missile crisis to time their regional invasion in hopes of building a military road in India's Ladakh region.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> During the Narendra Modi administration, bloody clashes erupted again on the Sino-Indian border.<a href="#cite_note-:311-192">[192]</a> The strategic alliance between China and Pakistan, and the vigorous arming of the <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani forces">Pakistani forces</a>, make India face the threat of a two-front war.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> Indian officials said the huge differences between the two sides on the border issue "eroded the entire basis" of their relationship.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_exercises">Military exercises</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Military exercises">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INS_Kora_(P61)_escorting_PLA_Navy_Ship_Weifang_off_Visakhapatnam,_India_in_May_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/INS_Kora_%28P61%29_escorting_PLA_Navy_Ship_Weifang_off_Visakhapatnam%2C_India_in_May_2014.jpg/220px-INS_Kora_%28P61%29_escorting_PLA_Navy_Ship_Weifang_off_Visakhapatnam%2C_India_in_May_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/INS_Kora_%28P61%29_escorting_PLA_Navy_Ship_Weifang_off_Visakhapatnam%2C_India_in_May_2014.jpg/330px-INS_Kora_%28P61%29_escorting_PLA_Navy_Ship_Weifang_off_Visakhapatnam%2C_India_in_May_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/INS_Kora_%28P61%29_escorting_PLA_Navy_Ship_Weifang_off_Visakhapatnam%2C_India_in_May_2014.jpg/440px-INS_Kora_%28P61%29_escorting_PLA_Navy_Ship_Weifang_off_Visakhapatnam%2C_India_in_May_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/INS_Kora_(P61)" title="INS Kora (P61)">INS Kora (P61)</a> escorting PLA Navy Ship Weifang off Visakhapatnam, India, in May 2014, during their visit to the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command.</figcaption></figure> China and India conduct a joint military exercise called 'Exercise Hand–in–Hand'.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The exercise began in 2007, with the second edition taking place in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> The third, fifth, and seventh editions of Hand-in-Hand were conducted in China in 2013, 2015, and 2018, respectively, while the fourth edition and sixth editions were held in India in 2014 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The eighth edition was held in India in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> While bilateral military exercises between India and China have ceased over the past few years, India is still accepting invitations from Russia for multilateral armed forces exercises that also happen to host Chinese soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_sharing_and_hydro–politics">Water sharing and hydro–politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Water sharing and hydro–politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_on_the_Brahmaputra_River" title="List of dams on the Brahmaputra River">List of hydro-infrastructure on the Brahmaputra River</a></div> A total of seven rivers that start in Tibet flow through India — <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Satlej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnali_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnali River">Karnali</a> (Ghaghara), <a href="/wiki/Subansiri_River" title="Subansiri River">Subansiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lohit_River" title="Lohit River">Lohit</a> (and its tributary Dulai).<a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2017-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Chellaney" title="Brahma Chellaney">Brahma Chellaney</a> has written that "India's formal recognition of Chinese sovereignty over Tibet constitutes the single biggest security blunder with lasting consequences for Indian territorial and river-water interests".<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> India has concern with China's water–diversion, dam–building, and inter–river plans. More so, in a conflict, India fears that China can use the rivers as leverage. China has already constructed ten dams on the Bhramaputra and its tributaries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zangmu_Dam" title="Zangmu Dam">Zangmu Dam</a>, and there has been talk of China building a mega–dam at the "great bend" called the Motuo Dam. India's concerns also stem from the fact that China does not cooperate with regard to timely sharing of information related to projects which would impact water sharing, nor does China allow Indian experts to visit dam sites. There are a number of memoranda of understanding on hydrological data sharing between the two countries with regard to the Brahmaputra, including emergency management.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> An alternate view is also presented in relation to "misinformation spread by some (Indian) newspapers" and the waters of Brahmaputra — "80 percent of the waters of the Brahmaputra emanate from the north side of the Himalayas in China and that that country cannot be the sole arbiter of its international waters. This is not right. Eighty percent of the waters of the mighty Brahmaputra are picked up after it enters India" and that Chinese activities have helped India by reducing annual flood intensity in the north-east.<a href="#cite_note-Zhu-2017-219">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic relations">edit</a>]</div> India-China economic relations have been institutionalized through the Joint Economic Group and Business Council, as well as more focused efforts such as the "Agreement on the Avoidance of Double Taxation".<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> China and India have developed their own complementary skills following a period in which they had cut themselves off from each other. By 2007, while China excelled at cost-effective manufacturing, India was skilled in cost effective designing and development. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Tarun_Khanna" title="Tarun Khanna">Tarun Khanna</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a> that "The simplest, and most powerful, way of combining China and India is to focus on hardware in China and on software in India."<a href="#cite_note-hbr-223">[223]</a> In the 2009 book "Getting China and India Right", the authors suggest a China plus India strategy so as to strategically benefit from both India's and China's scale, complementary strengths, and reducing the risk of being unilaterally present.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> There are cases when Indian companies have gone to China and done well, such as <a href="/wiki/Mahindra_%26_Mahindra" title="Mahindra & Mahindra">Mahindra and Mahindra</a>, while Chinese companies such as <a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a> have done well in India. Huawei set up its Indian unit in 1999 and by 2007, had 1500 engineers. Huawei's Bangalore unit, already one of Huawei's most important research and development centres, was <a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model" title="Capability Maturity Model">Capability Maturity Model</a> Level 5 certified in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-hbr-223">[223]</a> In the oil sector, there is competition and engagement — China's <a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a> and India's <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a> fight over oil assets in some regions, while winning bids as joint ventures in others such as Syria, Colombia, Angola, and Venezuela.<a href="#cite_note-hbr-223">[223]</a> Since the deterioration of relations between the two countries in the 2010s, India has banned a large number of Chinese technology companies and software, including Huawei, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/WeChat" title="WeChat">WeChat</a>, etc., from entering the Indian market.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> In order to reduce Western countries' previous dependence on Chinese products, India plays an integral role in boosting supply chain resilience through <a href="/wiki/Friendshoring" title="Friendshoring">friendshoring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> On 18 January 2024, at the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> 2024 in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, Switzerland, top Indian industrial policy bureaucrat Rajesh Kumar Singh told <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> that due to easing of border tensions between India and China in 2023, India could reduce its heightened scrutiny of Chinese investments in India although timeframe for it was not given.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilateral_trade">Bilateral trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bilateral trade">edit</a>]</div> China is India's <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest trading partners of India">2nd largest trading partner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-R20-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In June 2012, China asserted that "Sino-Indian ties" could be the most "important bilateral partnership of the century", seemingly substantiated by current Prime Minister Narenda Modi's historic visit to China in May 2015.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-NDTV.com-233">[233]</a> At that pivotal visit, <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a> set a goal to increase Indo-Chinese bilateral trade to US$100 billion by 2015.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> At the India-China Business Forum in Shanghai, Modi claimed that China and India would pool together their manufacturing capabilities, citing initiative examples, such as building “50 million houses by 2022”, "develop[ing] smart cities and mega industrial corridors”, and refining FDI policy and modernizing railway systems together.<a href="#cite_note-NDTV.com-233">[233]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilateral_trade_between_India_and_China_Indias_imports_from_China_2010_to_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bilateral_trade_between_India_and_China_Indias_imports_from_China_2010_to_2019.png/400px-Bilateral_trade_between_India_and_China_Indias_imports_from_China_2010_to_2019.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bilateral_trade_between_India_and_China_Indias_imports_from_China_2010_to_2019.png/600px-Bilateral_trade_between_India_and_China_Indias_imports_from_China_2010_to_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bilateral_trade_between_India_and_China_Indias_imports_from_China_2010_to_2019.png/800px-Bilateral_trade_between_India_and_China_Indias_imports_from_China_2010_to_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="3903" data-file-height="2315" /></a><figcaption>Bilateral trade between India and China. India's imports from China — 2010 to 2019.</figcaption></figure> Following that conference, bilateral trade between China and India touched US$89.6 billion in 2017–18, with the trade deficit widening to US$62.9 billion in China's favor.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> In 2017, the volume of bilateral trade between India & China stood at US$84.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> This figure excludes bilateral trade between India and Hong Kong, which stands at another US$34 billion.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top_China_Exports-239">[239]</a> Chinese imports from India amounted to $16.4 billion, or 0.8% of its overall imports, and 4.2% of India's overall exports in 2014. Major commodities exported from India to China were: cotton; gems, precious metals, coins; copper; ores, slag, ash; organic chemicals; salt, sulphur, stone, cement; machines, engines, and pumps. Chinese exports to India amounted to $58.4 billion or 2.3% of its overall exports, which made up approximately 12.6% of India's overall imports in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-Top_India_Imports-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top_China_Exports-239">[239]</a> Major commodities exported from China to India were: electronic equipment; machines, engines, pumps; organic chemicals; fertilizers; iron and steel; plastics; iron or steel products; gems, precious metals, coins; ships, boats; medical, and technical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-Top_India_Imports-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Top_China_Exports-239">[239]</a> In 2018, a Standing Committee on Commerce chaired by <a href="/wiki/Naresh_Gujral" title="Naresh Gujral">Naresh Gujral</a> submitted a report on the 'Impact of Chinese Goods on Indian Industry.'<a href="#cite_note-:131-241">[241]</a> The report pointed out insufficient implementation of existing <a href="/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)" title="Dumping (pricing policy)">anti-dumping laws</a>, reliance on Chinese raw materials in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, reliance on Chinese imports in India's <a href="/wiki/National_Solar_Mission" title="National Solar Mission">National Solar Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_Services_Tax_(India)" title="Goods and Services Tax (India)">Goods and Services Tax</a> on certain products resulting in increased imports from China, and Indian smart city administrations preferring Chinese bicycles over Indian ones.<a href="#cite_note-:131-241">[241]</a> India imported $65.3 billion worth of goods from China in the fiscal year ended March 2020, and exported $16.6 billion, according to the commerce ministry.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In 2020, in a departure from the previous pledges of collaboration, Modi instituted bans on Chinese products, including both intangible apps (TikTok) and tangible goods (toys and furniture).<a href="#cite_note-:011-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-2020-245">[245]</a> Furthermore, the Modi administration created the Phased Manufacturing Program to encourage India-based cellphone assembly and manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-:011-243">[243]</a> Under guidance from this legislation and the accompanying task force to reduce import dependence, India raised import duties on electronic items produced in China, as well as a laundry list of ancillary goods.<a href="#cite_note-:011-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-2020-245">[245]</a> According to a 2021 survey published in <a href="/wiki/ThePrint" title="ThePrint">ThePrint</a>, 43% of Indians did not buy ‘Made in China’ products since the Galwan clash the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> Modi also took notice of Swadeshi Jagran Manch's (SJM) campaigns, launching or reviving 220 out of 370 anti-dumping suits against Chinese items ranging from steels, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-China_Foreign_Ministry-2017-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-2020-245">[245]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine">international sanctions against Russia</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Indian <a href="/wiki/Oil_refiner" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refiner">oil refiners</a> started using Chinese yuan for payments of Russian oil imports as an alternative to the US dollar.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> The Indian government also does not welcome the use of yuan for payments by its companies.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_relations">Cultural relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Cultural relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Indian Chinese cuisine">Indian Chinese cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_opinion">Public opinion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Public opinion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment#China" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Anti-Indian sentiment § China</a></div> According to a 2014 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> World Service Poll, 23% of Indians viewed China positively, with 47% expressing a negative view, whereas 27% of Chinese people viewed India positively, with 35% expressing a negative view.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> A 2014 survey conducted by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> had 39% of Indian respondents holding an unfavourable view of China compared to 31% holding a favourable view;<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> 72% of the respondents were concerned that territorial disputes between China and neighbouring countries could lead to a military conflict.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Observer_Research_Foundation" title="Observer Research Foundation">Observer Research Foundation</a> survey released in August 2021 of Indian youth found that 77% of respondents distrusted China, which was higher than any other country, including Pakistan. 86% also supported the government's decision to ban Chinese mobile apps.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> An August 2023 survey by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> found that 67% of Indian respondents had an unfavorable view of China.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> A 2008 poll from the Pew Research Center found that in China, views about India were mixed – 25% said India was a partner, while 24% said it was an enemy.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In 2011, Vikas Bajaj of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> found Chinese media rarely reported about India and general populace lacks awareness and expertise on Indian matters.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> A 2023 <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> survey found that 8% of Chinese respondents had a favorable view of India, 50.6% had an unfavorable view, and 41.5% had a neutral view.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Bhutan–India relations">Bhutan–India relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="India–Hong Kong relations">India–Hong Kong relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Study_Group" title="China Study Group">China Study Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Fingers_of_Tibet" title="Five Fingers of Tibet">Five Fingers of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-South_Asia_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="China-South Asia Expo">China-South Asia Expo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Border disputes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_India-China_Border_Patrol_Agreement" title="2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement">2024 India-China Border Patrol Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a> – controlled by China and claimed by India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salami_slicing_strategy" title="Chinese salami slicing strategy">Chinese salami slicing strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawang District">Tawang District</a> – controlled by India and claimed by China.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract#Shaksgam_Valley" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Shaksgam Valley</a> – controlled by China and claimed by India (Conferred to China in 1963 by Pakistan), <a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_border" title="Bhutan–China border">Bhutan–China border</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maria-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Maria_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBackus2002" class="citation book cs1">Backus, Maria (September 2002). Ancient China. Lorenz Educational Press, 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7877-0557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7877-0557-2"><bdi>978-0-7877-0557-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+China&rft.pub=Lorenz+Educational+Press%2C+2002&rft.date=2002-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7877-0557-2&rft.aulast=Backus&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin1999" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Hunt (January 1999). The India-japan opium trade in the two century. McFarland, 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0715-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0715-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-0715-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+India-japan+opium+trade+in+the+two+century&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+1999&rft.date=1999-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0715-6&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen2003-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Sen2003_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTansen_Sen2003" class="citation book cs1">Tansen Sen (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=blBTHAY_A4wC&q=774+787+srivijaya">Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2593-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2593-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-2593-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%2C+Diplomacy%2C+and+Trade%3A+The+Realignment+of+Sino-Indian+Relations%2C+600-1400&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2593-5&rft.au=Tansen+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DblBTHAY_A4wC%26q%3D774%2B787%2Bsrivijaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbara-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbara_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Barbara (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwariipacifi0000will">World War Two</a>. Twenty-First Century Books, 2004. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8225-0138-1"><bdi>978-0-8225-0138-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+Two&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books%2C+2004&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8225-0138-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwariipacifi0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster2005" class="citation news cs1">Lancaster, John (12 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html">"India, China Hoping to 'Reshape the World Order' Together"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110209160559/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A43053-2005Apr11.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=India%2C+China+Hoping+to+%27Reshape+the+World+Order%27+Together&rft.date=2005-04-12&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA43053-2005Apr11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html">"Why Indo-China ties will be more favourable than Sino-Pak"</a>. Theworldreporter.com. 7 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101019172133/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/07/why-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Indo-China+ties+will+be+more+favourable+than+Sino-Pak&rft.pub=Theworldreporter.com&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldreporter.com%2F2010%2F07%2Fwhy-indo-china-ties-will-be-more.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hindu1-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Hindu1_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece">India-China trade surpasses target</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130334/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/indiachina-trade-surpasses-target/article1129785.ece">Archived</a> 10 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Hindu, 2 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-NDTV-8"><a href="#cite_ref-NDTV_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/business/us-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969">"US Becomes India's Biggest Trading Partner, Surpasses China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. 29 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220529052719/https://www.ndtv.com/business/us-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Becomes+India%27s+Biggest+Trading+Partner%2C+Surpasses+China&rft.pub=NDTV&rft.date=2022-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Fbusiness%2Fus-becomes-india-biggest-trading-partner-surpasses-china-3018969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_M._Smith_today's_Wall_Street_Journal_Asia2009" class="citation web cs1">Jeff M. Smith today's Wall Street Journal Asia (24 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150710060101/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463">"The China-India Border Brawl"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB124578881101543463">the original</a> on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+China-India+Border+Brawl&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.au=Jeff+M.+Smith+today%27s+Wall+Street+Journal+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB124578881101543463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APCSS-10"><a href="#cite_ref-APCSS_10-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.apcss.org/core/BIOS/malik/India-China_Relations.pdf">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi,_Doklam:_To_start_at_the_very_beginning2017" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Manoj_Joshi_(journalist)" title="Manoj Joshi (journalist)">Joshi, Manoj</a> (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orfonline.org/research/doklam-start-very-beginning/">Doklam: To start at the very beginning</a>, Observer Research Foundation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171220035217/http://www.orfonline.org/research/doklam-start-very-beginning/">archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2017, retrieved 7 February 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doklam%3A+To+start+at+the+very+beginning&rft.pub=Observer+Research+Foundation&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Manoj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orfonline.org%2Fresearch%2Fdoklam-start-very-beginning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53076781">"Galwan Valley: China and India clash on freezing and inhospitable battlefield"</a>. BBC News. 17 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531131817/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53076781">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. 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Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China-Pakistan+military+links+upset+India&rft.date=2009-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F9d5497f0-db8d-11de-9424-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintner2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lintner" title="Bertil Lintner">Lintner, Bertil</a> (30 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/behind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india/">"Behind China's threat to support insurgency in India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031104540/https://asiatimes.com/2020/10/behind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=Behind+China%27s+threat+to+support+insurgency+in+India&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Lintner&rft.aufirst=Bertil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2Fbehind-chinas-threat-to-support-insurgency-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece">China warns India on South China Sea exploration projects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924173917/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article2455647.ece">Archived</a> 24 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Hindu, 15 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAamir_Peerzada2020" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aamir_Peerzada" title="Aamir Peerzada">Aamir Peerzada</a> (16 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54464189">"The Tibetans serving in 'secretive' Indian force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019055103/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54464189">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Tibetans+serving+in+%27secretive%27+Indian+force&rft.date=2020-10-16&rft.au=Aamir+Peerzada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-54464189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeeta_Mohan2022" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeta_Mohan" class="extiw" title="fi:Geeta Mohan">Geeta Mohan</a> [in Finnish] (1 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-protests-indian-mp-attending-tibet-govt-in-exile-reception-1894845-2022-01-01">"China protests Indian MPs' attending Tibetan reception, Tibet govt-in-exile fires back"</a>. <a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101101625/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-protests-indian-mp-attending-tibet-govt-in-exile-reception-1894845-2022-01-01">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 28 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=China+protests+Indian+MPs%27+attending+Tibetan+reception%2C+Tibet+govt-in-exile+fires+back&rft.date=2022-01-01&rft.au=Geeta+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fchina-protests-indian-mp-attending-tibet-govt-in-exile-reception-1894845-2022-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/report/major-power-rivalry-south-asia">"Major Power Rivalry in South Asia"</a>. Council on Foreign Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424131004/https://www.cfr.org/report/major-power-rivalry-south-asia">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.atitle=Major+Power+Rivalry+in+South+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Freport%2Fmajor-power-rivalry-south-asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diplomat-2024-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomat-2024_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diplomat-2024_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShreya" class="citation web cs1">Shreya, Upadhyay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/india-and-china-trading-with-the-enemy/">"India and China: Trading With the Enemy"</a>. The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=India+and+China%3A+Trading+With+the+Enemy&rft.aulast=Shreya&rft.aufirst=Upadhyay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2024%2F05%2Findia-and-china-trading-with-the-enemy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Firstpost-2023-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Firstpost-2023_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Firstpost-2023_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/analysing-chinas-threat-perception-of-india-united-states-relations-12427052.html">"Analysing China's threat perception of India-United States relations"</a>. Firstpost. 8 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408162253/https://www.firstpost.com/opinion/analysing-chinas-threat-perception-of-india-united-states-relations-12427052.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Analysing+China%27s+threat+perception+of+India-United+States+relations&rft.date=2023-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fanalysing-chinas-threat-perception-of-india-united-states-relations-12427052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Chanhudaro, Ernest J. Mackay, American Oriental Society, 2090 </li> <li id="cite_note-zhao2014-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zhao2014_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-zhao2014_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Deyun (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf">"Study on the etched carnelian beads unearthed in China"</a> (PDF). Chinese Archaeology. 14: 176–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fchar-2014-0019">10.1515/char-2014-0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132040238">132040238</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202073138/http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021 – via The Institute of Archaeology (CASS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Study+on+the+etched+carnelian+beads+unearthed+in+China&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=176-181&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fchar-2014-0019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132040238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Deyun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fuploads%2Fsoft%2FChinese%2520Archaeology%2F14%2F20180303y3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Henry Davidson, A Short History of Chess, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColless1980" class="citation journal cs1">Colless, Brian (December 1980). "Han and Shen-tu China's Ancient Relations with South Asia". East and West. 30 (1/4): 157–177. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756564">29756564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=Han+and+Shen-tu+China%27s+Ancient+Relations+with+South+Asia&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=157-177&rft.date=1980-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29756564%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Colless&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> Interpretations of the term differ, but there is evidence from Roman sources of Chinese goods from a place called This travelling from Central Asia to the port of <a href="/wiki/Barygaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Barygaza">Barygaza</a> and thence to South India. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Deyun (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf">"Study on the etched carnelian beads unearthed in China"</a> (PDF). Chinese Archaeology. 14: 179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fchar-2014-0019">10.1515/char-2014-0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132040238">132040238</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202073138/http://www.kaogu.cn/uploads/soft/Chinese%20Archaeology/14/20180303y3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021 – via The Institute of Archaeology (CASS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Study+on+the+etched+carnelian+beads+unearthed+in+China&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=179&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fchar-2014-0019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132040238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Deyun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaogu.cn%2Fuploads%2Fsoft%2FChinese%2520Archaeology%2F14%2F20180303y3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> Also see "When I was in Bactria (<a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a>)", Zhang Qian reported, "I saw bamboo canes from Qiong and cloth made in the province of Shu (territories of southwestern China). When I asked the people how they had gotten such articles, they replied, "Our merchants go buy them in the markets of Shendu (India)." (<a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a> 123, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, trans. Burton Watson). </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Indian Embassy, Beijing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0">India-China Bilateral Relations – Historical Ties.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821001742/http://www.indianembassy.org.cn/DynamicContent.aspx?MenuId=1&SubMenuId=0">Archived</a> 21 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Tan Chung (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm">A Sino-Indian Perspective for India-China Understanding.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070606221357/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41019.htm">Archived</a> 6 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECasson198951–93-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECasson198951–93_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasson1989">Casson (1989)</a>, pp. 51–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160605052206/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article526352.ece">"Old coins narrate Sino-Tamil story"</a>. The New Indian Express. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article526352.ece">the original</a> on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Old+coins+narrate+Sino-Tamil+story&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Farticle526352.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-his_of_india-31"><a href="#cite_ref-his_of_india_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1904" class="citation cs2">Smith, Vincent Arthur (1904), The Early History of India, The Clarendon press, pp. 336–358, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7156-618-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7156-618-9"><bdi>81-7156-618-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+India&rft.pages=336-358&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+press&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=81-7156-618-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajendra1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-rajendra1_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1973" class="citation cs2">Srivastava, Balram (1973), Rajendra Chola, National Book Trust, India, p. 80, <q>The mission which Rajendra sent to China was essentially a trade mission,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rajendra+Chola&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust%2C+India&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Balram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cct-33"><a href="#cite_ref-cct_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Curtin1984" class="citation cs2">D. Curtin, Philip (1984), Cross-Cultural Trade in World History, Cambridge University Press, p. 101, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26931-8"><bdi>0-521-26931-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross-Cultural+Trade+in+World+History&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-521-26931-8&rft.aulast=D.+Curtin&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Kamil V. Zvelebil (1987). "The Sound of the One Hand", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_3_109-35"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_3_109_35-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a>, Volume 3, p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schottenhammer2008-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Schottenhammer2008_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_Schottenhammer2008" class="citation book cs1">Angela Schottenhammer (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138">The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 138–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05809-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-05809-4"><bdi>978-3-447-05809-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821080515/https://books.google.com/books?id=GSA_AaRdgioC&pg=PA138">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+East+Asian+Mediterranean%3A+Maritime+Crossroads+of+Culture%2C+Commerce+and+Human+Migration&rft.pages=138-&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-447-05809-4&rft.au=Angela+Schottenhammer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSA_AaRdgioC%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Tansen (2006). "The Yuan Khanate and India: Cross-Cultural Diplomacy in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". Asia Major. 19 (1/2): 299–326. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41649921">41649921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+Yuan+Khanate+and+India%3A+Cross-Cultural+Diplomacy+in+the+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=299-326&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41649921%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Tansen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf">"Shaykh 'Âlam: the Emperor of Early Sixteenth-Century China"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220223438/http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaykh+%27%C3%82lam%3A+the+Emperor+of+Early+Sixteenth-Century+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp110_wuzong_emperor.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnanth_Krishnan2013" class="citation news cs1">Ananth Krishnan (19 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece">"Behind China's Hindu temples, a forgotten history"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140621040237/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/behind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history/article4932458.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Behind+China%27s+Hindu+temples%2C+a+forgotten+history&rft.date=2013-07-19&rft.au=Ananth+Krishnan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbehind-chinas-hindu-temples-a-forgotten-history%2Farticle4932458.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc">China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history</a>. 18 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054322/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Hindu+temples%3A+A+forgotten+history&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGcb643uVtSc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc#t=0">China's Hindu temples: A forgotten history</a>. 18 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310054322/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gcb643uVtSc#t=0">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Hindu+temples%3A+A+forgotten+history&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGcb643uVtSc%23t%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg">"Multimedia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119135250/http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/dynamic/01523/TH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Multimedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fmultimedia%2Fdynamic%2F01523%2FTH20_PAGE_1_ANANTH_1523758g.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/">"What to do in Quanzhou: China's forgotten historic port – CNN Travel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305020143/http://travel.cnn.com/quanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+do+in+Quanzhou%3A+China%27s+forgotten+historic+port+%E2%80%93+CNN+Travel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.cnn.com%2Fquanzhou-chinas-forgotten-historic-port-258149%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2017" class="citation news cs1">Chatterjee, Garga (14 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport">"OBOR: As Mamata seeks Chinese investment for Bengal, why is Delhi bent on playing spoilsport?"</a>. Scroll Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180907033736/https://scroll.in/article/837096/as-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=OBOR%3A+As+Mamata+seeks+Chinese+investment+for+Bengal%2C+why+is+Delhi+bent+on+playing+spoilsport%3F&rft.date=2017-05-14&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=Garga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F837096%2Fas-mamata-banerjee-seeks-chinese-investment-for-bengal-why-is-delhi-bent-on-playing-spoilsport&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri2002304–305-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENilakanta_Sastri2002304–305_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri2002">Nilakanta Sastri 2002</a>, pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-ports2-46"><a href="#cite_ref-ports2_46-0">^</a> From the notes of Abdur Razzak in <a href="#CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri2002">Nilakanta Sastri 2002</a>, p. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengKumar2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cheng" title="Anne Cheng">Cheng, Anne</a>; Kumar, Sanchit (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en">Indian Mendicants in Ming and Qing China: A Preliminary Study by Matthew W. Mosca in India-China: Intersecting Universalities</a>. Collège de France. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782722605367" title="Special:BookSources/9782722605367"><bdi>9782722605367</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510021433/https://books.openedition.org/cdf/7531?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Mendicants+in+Ming+and+Qing+China%3A+A+Preliminary+Study+by+Matthew+W.+Mosca+in+India-China%3A+Intersecting+Universalities&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782722605367&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Sanchit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fcdf%2F7531%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-seri2-48"><a href="#cite_ref-seri2_48-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), p235-236 </li> <li id="cite_note-sandal-49"><a href="#cite_ref-sandal_49-0">^</a> Kamath (2001), p236-237 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/a-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808">"A sultan's silken dreams"</a>. www.downtoearth.org.in. 18 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220821051446/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/economy/a-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2022. Retrieved 21 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.downtoearth.org.in&rft.atitle=A+sultan%27s+silken+dreams&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.downtoearth.org.in%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Fa-sultan-s-silken-dreams-51808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosca,_Matthew_W.2015" class="citation book cs1">Mosca, Matthew W. (31 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1027518281">From frontier policy to foreign policy : the question of India and the transformation of geopolitics in Qing China</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9729-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9729-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-9729-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027518281">1027518281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+frontier+policy+to+foreign+policy+%3A+the+question+of+India+and+the+transformation+of+geopolitics+in+Qing+China&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-07-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027518281&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9729-0&rft.au=Mosca%2C+Matthew+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1027518281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_52-0">^</a> The Sino-Indian Border Disputes, by Alfred P. Rubin, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1. (January 1960), pp. 96–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together/articleshow/78118475.cms">"When Indian, Chinese soldiers fought together"</a>. The Times of India. 15 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712165111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together/articleshow/78118475.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=When+Indian%2C+Chinese+soldiers+fought+together&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fguwahati%2Fwhen-indian-chinese-soldiers-fought-together%2Farticleshow%2F78118475.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoudhuri2008" class="citation web cs1">Choudhuri, Atonu (29 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/monumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape/cid/631872">"Monumental neglect of war graves – Discovered in 1997, Jairampur cemetery gets entangled in red tape"</a>. Telegraph India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711181617/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/monumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape/cid/631872">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Telegraph+India&rft.atitle=Monumental+neglect+of+war+graves+%E2%80%93+Discovered+in+1997%2C+Jairampur+cemetery+gets+entangled+in+red+tape&rft.date=2008-01-29&rft.aulast=Choudhuri&rft.aufirst=Atonu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fnorth-east%2Fmonumental-neglect-of-war-graves-discovered-in-1997-jairampur-cemetery-gets-entangled-in-red-tape%2Fcid%2F631872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414144233/http://www.csua.berkeley.edu/~mrl/HuShih/ReligionChinese.html">"Religion in Chinese Life"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csua.berkeley.edu/~mrl/HuShih/ReligionChinese.html">the original</a> on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Chinese+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsua.berkeley.edu%2F~mrl%2FHuShih%2FReligionChinese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Okakura, Tenshin (1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/ioe">Ideal of the East</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810193906/https://www.sacred-texts.com/shi/ioe/">Archived</a> 10 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen%27s_speech_on_Pan-Asianism" class="extiw" title="s:Sun Yat-sen's speech on Pan-Asianism">Sun Yat-sen's speech on Pan-Asianism</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140316053112/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_40034.htm#_edn24">"In the Footsteps of Xuanzang: Tan Yun-Shan and India"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ignca.nic.in/ks_40034.htm#_edn24">the original</a> on 16 March 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Footsteps+of+Xuanzang%3A+Tan+Yun-Shan+and+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fignca.nic.in%2Fks_40034.htm%23_edn24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hogel, Bernhard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=materialism">India and China in the Colonial World</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187358206" title="Special:BookSources/9788187358206"><bdi>9788187358206</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130709/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=materialism">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+China+in+the+Colonial+World&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788187358206&rft.aulast=Hogel&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ5RdT5mHHIC%26q%3Dmaterialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transforming_India-Taiwan_Relations-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Transforming_India-Taiwan_Relations_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph35.pdf">"Transforming India-Taiwan Relations"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526192816/https://idsa.in/system/files/monograph35.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 May 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transforming+India-Taiwan+Relations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidsa.in%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fmonograph35.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalasia.org/v12no3/feature/playing-with-fire-taiwan-and-indias-long-courtship_james-baron">Playing with Fire: Taiwan and India's Long Courtship</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005631/https://www.globalasia.org/v12no3/feature/playing-with-fire-taiwan-and-indias-long-courtship_james-baron">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Global_Asia" title="Global Asia">Global Asia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2014" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Robert (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9WCDwAAQBAJ&q=gandhi%20charmed">The Life and Death of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Ibooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781899694792" title="Special:BookSources/9781899694792"><bdi>9781899694792</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005628/https://books.google.com/books?id=e9WCDwAAQBAJ&q=gandhi%20charmed">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Ibooks&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.isbn=9781899694792&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9WCDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgandhi%2520charmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140611065601/http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf">"Shaping the Future of Asia"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ace.lu.se/images/Syd_och_sydostasienstudier/working_papers/Samarani.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shaping+the+Future+of+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ace.lu.se%2Fimages%2FSyd_och_sydostasienstudier%2Fworking_papers%2FSamarani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra1982" class="citation web cs1">Mishra, Basanta Kumar (12 May 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MoTr7rCnMwEC&dq=Chiang+Jinnah&pg=PA49">"The Cripps Mission: A Reappraisal"</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130707/https://books.google.com/books?id=MoTr7rCnMwEC&dq=Chiang+Jinnah&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cripps+Mission%3A+A+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1982-05-12&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Basanta+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMoTr7rCnMwEC%26dq%3DChiang%2BJinnah%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeepak2005" class="citation book cs1">Deepak, B. R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=As9qCwAAQBAJ&q=alleged%20that">India and Taiwan: From Benign Neglect to Pragmatism</a>. VIJ Books (India) PVT Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789384464912" title="Special:BookSources/9789384464912"><bdi>9789384464912</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130829/https://books.google.com/books?id=As9qCwAAQBAJ&q=alleged%20that">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+Taiwan%3A+From+Benign+Neglect+to+Pragmatism&rft.pub=VIJ+Books+%28India%29+PVT+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789384464912&rft.aulast=Deepak&rft.aufirst=B.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAs9qCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalleged%2520that&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson_Li2007" class="citation book cs1">Tyson Li, Laura (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FRY0v7AH2ngC&q=indochina">Madame Chiang Kai-Shek – China's Eternal First Lady</a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802143228" title="Special:BookSources/9780802143228"><bdi>9780802143228</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408081109/https://books.google.com/books?id=FRY0v7AH2ngC&q=indochina">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madame+Chiang+Kai-Shek+%E2%80%93+China%27s+Eternal+First+Lady&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=9780802143228&rft.aulast=Tyson+Li&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFRY0v7AH2ngC%26q%3Dindochina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602143024/http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2553/1/Mitter%2C%20Jiang%20meets%20Gandhi.pdf">"Jiang Meets Gandhi"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://125.22.40.134:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2553/1/Mitter%2C%20Jiang%20meets%20Gandhi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jiang+Meets+Gandhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F125.22.40.134%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F2553%2F1%2FMitter%252C%2520Jiang%2520meets%2520Gandhi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakula2009" class="citation book cs1">Pakula, Hannah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&q=nothing%20undone">The Last Empress Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Modern China</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439154236" title="Special:BookSources/9781439154236"><bdi>9781439154236</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408081108/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZpVntUTZfkC&q=nothing%20undone">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Empress+Madame+Chiang+Kai-shek+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+China&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781439154236&rft.aulast=Pakula&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ZpVntUTZfkC%26q%3Dnothing%2520undone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2016" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, Srinath (10 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jVVCwAAQBAJ&dq=soong+gandhi=source=bl&pg=PP146">India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465098620" title="Special:BookSources/9780465098620"><bdi>9780465098620</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005630/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jVVCwAAQBAJ&dq=soong+gandhi=source=bl&pg=PP146">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023. Retrieved 14 March 2023 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+War%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Making+of+Modern+South+Asia&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft.isbn=9780465098620&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=Srinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0jVVCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsoong%2Bgandhi%3Dsource%3Dbl%26pg%3DPP146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hogel, Bernhard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=emphatic">India and China in the Colonial World</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187358206" title="Special:BookSources/9788187358206"><bdi>9788187358206</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130710/https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC&q=emphatic">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+and+China+in+the+Colonial+World&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788187358206&rft.aulast=Hogel&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIZ5RdT5mHHIC%26q%3Demphatic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iI5WSCjLmMC&q=assurance%20hasty">Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers · Volume 1</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1960. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424130831/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iI5WSCjLmMC&q=assurance%20hasty">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States+Diplomatic+Papers+%C2%B7+Volume+1&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iI5WSCjLmMC%26q%3Dassurance%2520hasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22599356">Why is India's Dr Kotnis revered in China?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901131112/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-22599356">Archived</a> 1 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131227235219/http://cul.china.com.cn/lishi/2012-10/17/content_5410894.htm">"蒋介石曾以"元首身份"访印度与甘地谈6小时"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cul.china.com.cn/lishi/2012-10/17/content_5410894.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%92%8B%E4%BB%8B%E7%9F%B3%E6%9B%BE%E4%BB%A5%22%E5%85%83%E9%A6%96%E8%BA%AB%E4%BB%BD%22%E8%AE%BF%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6+%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0%E8%B0%886%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcul.china.com.cn%2Flishi%2F2012-10%2F17%2Fcontent_5410894.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanty2020" class="citation web cs1">Mohanty, Sachidananda (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf">"The Chinese Betrayal, Early Warnings Unheeded: Lessons from Sardar Patel and Sri Aurobindo"</a> (PDF). Friends of Tibet. pp. 21–27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120011402/http://friendsoftibet.org/research/download/The_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+Tibet&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+Betrayal%2C+Early+Warnings+Unheeded%3A+Lessons+from+Sardar+Patel+and+Sri+Aurobindo&rft.pages=21-27&rft.date=2020-08&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Sachidananda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsoftibet.org%2Fresearch%2Fdownload%2FThe_Chinese_Betrayal_09102020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/04/01/xi-to-kovind-china-india-relations-are-at-a-new-starting-point.html">"Xi to Kovind: China-India relations are at a new starting point"</a>. The Week. 1 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510111921/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/04/01/xi-to-kovind-china-india-relations-are-at-a-new-starting-point.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Xi+to+Kovind%3A+China-India+relations+are+at+a+new+starting+point&rft.date=2020-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.in%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2020%2F04%2F01%2Fxi-to-kovind-china-india-relations-are-at-a-new-starting-point.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060222171729/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China_Business/HB15Cb02.html">"Asia Times Online :: China News, China Business News, Taiwan and Hong Kong News and Business"</a>. 22 February 2006. 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Retrieved 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mea.gov.in&rft.atitle=Agreement+on+Trade+and+Intercourse+with+Tibet+Region&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mea.gov.in%2Fbilateral-documents.htm%3Fdtl%2F7807%2FAgreement%2Bon%2BTrade%2Band%2BIntercourse%2Bwith%2BTibet%2BRegion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LL_Mehrotra-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LL_Mehrotra_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LL_Mehrotra_78-1">b</a> LL Mehrotra (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf">India's Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408005629/https://tibet.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Inidas-Tibet-Policy.pdf">Archived</a> 8 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/china-quid-without-a-quo-trade-agreement-was-one-sided-affair/2017939/">"China, quid without a quo: 1954 India-China trade agreement was one-sided affair"</a>. The Financial Express. 9 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807020627/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/china-quid-without-a-quo-trade-agreement-was-one-sided-affair/2017939/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 8 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=China%2C+quid+without+a+quo%3A+1954+India-China+trade+agreement+was+one-sided+affair&rft.date=2020-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Fopinion%2Fchina-quid-without-a-quo-trade-agreement-was-one-sided-affair%2F2017939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-believe-in-hindichini-bhaibhai-nehr/570332/">"Don't believe in Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai, Nehru told envoy"</a>. 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Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9764-1"><bdi>978-0-8047-9764-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939553543">939553543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=China%27s+Goals+in+South+Asia&rft.btitle=The+new+great+game+%3A+China+and+South+and+Central+Asia+in+the+era+of+reform&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F939553543&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1&rft.aulast=Fingar&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F939553543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brut.media/in/news/the-man-in-sam-manekshaw-3e667609-d683-42ca-a232-fcad67af3763">"The MAN In Sam Manekshaw"</a>. Brut. Parzor Foundation. 3 July 2020 [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301074946/https://www.brut.media/in/news/the-man-in-sam-manekshaw-3e667609-d683-42ca-a232-fcad67af3763">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 8 March 2021. <q>The life and career of Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw... Back in 2002, interviewed by his own grandson for a documentary, this is how he recounted his days […] Thanks to Parzor Foundation for the footage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brut&rft.atitle=The+MAN+In+Sam+Manekshaw&rft.date=2020-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brut.media%2Fin%2Fnews%2Fthe-man-in-sam-manekshaw-3e667609-d683-42ca-a232-fcad67af3763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajwa,_Farooq_Naseem.2013" class="citation book cs1">Bajwa, Farooq Naseem. (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809939368">From Kutch to Tashkent : the Indo-Pakistan war of 1965</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-230-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-230-7"><bdi>978-1-84904-230-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/809939368">809939368</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605140550/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/809939368">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Kutch+to+Tashkent+%3A+the+Indo-Pakistan+war+of+1965&rft.place=London&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F809939368&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-230-7&rft.au=Bajwa%2C+Farooq+Naseem.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F809939368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> The Foreign Policy of Sirimavo Bandaranaike – The Colombo and the Sino-Indian War of 1962 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "Rapprochement Across the Himalayas: Emerging India-China Relations Post Cold"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishra2004" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Keshav (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSpncRn2YFYC">Rapprochement Across the Himalayas: Emerging India-China Relations Post Cold War Period (1947–2003)</a>. 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Retrieved 26 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livemint&rft.atitle=The+reality+of+the+India-China+strategic+dialogue&rft.date=2017-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FOpinion%2FTtuTsD7Cwbo1nLKDeLDJ4K%2FThe-reality-of-the-IndiaChina-strategic-dialogue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5093712.stm">"India-China trade link to reopen"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621055444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5093712.stm">Archived</a> 21 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 19 June 2006. 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Retrieved 31 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+denies+visa+to+IAS+officer&rft.date=2007-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibnlive.com%2Fnews%2Fchina-denies-visa-to-ias-officer%2F41328-3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7132636.stm">"South Asia – Chinese 'border gesture' to India"</a>. 7 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160718211146/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7132636.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2016. 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Retrieved 16 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=A+thaw%3F+China+lets+Arunachalee+visit&rft.date=2007-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FA-thaw-China-lets-Arunachalee-visit%2Farticleshow%2F2607484.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">David Miliband</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838">Written Ministerial Statement on Tibet (29/10/2008)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202021442/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/newsroom/latest-news/?view=PressS&id=8299838">Archived</a> 2 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Foreign Office website. 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The Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102111044/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101216/main2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Tribune%2C+Chandigarh%2C+India+%E2%80%93+Main+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2010%2F20101216%2Fmain2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13034172">"Indian PM Manmohan Singh heads to China for talks"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=India%2C+China+to+restore+defence+co-operation+%3A+Neighbours%2C+News&rft.date=2011-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fsite%2Fstory%2Findia-china-to-restore-defence-co-operation%2F1%2F135160.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economictimes.indiatimes.com//articleshow/11217007.cms">"2011: India, China solve stapled visa issue; put off border talks"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+India+and+China+Have+Come+to+the+Brink+Over+a+Remote+Mountain+Pass&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=Steven+Lee+Myers%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F07%2F26%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fdolam-plateau-china-india-bhutan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters-2017-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2017_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters-2017_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-india-idUSKBN19O109">"China says India violates 1890 agreement in border stand-off"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bhutan+issues+demarche+to+China+over+its+army%27s+road+construction&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fbhutan-issues-demarche-to-china-over-its-armys-road-construction-4726615%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sushma-swaraj-rajya-sabha-bhutan-sikkim-china-india-doklam-standoff-4759229/">"If China unilaterally changes status-quo in Doklam, it's a challenge to our security: Sushma Swaraj"</a>. The Indian Express. 20 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729010029/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sushma-swaraj-rajya-sabha-bhutan-sikkim-china-india-doklam-standoff-4759229/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=If+China+unilaterally+changes+status-quo+in+Doklam%2C+it%27s+a+challenge+to+our+security%3A+Sushma+Swaraj&rft.date=2017-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Fsushma-swaraj-rajya-sabha-bhutan-sikkim-china-india-doklam-standoff-4759229%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/doklam-stand-off-china-wants-india-to-retreat-for-meaningful-dialogue-117071000810_1.html">"Doklam stand-off: China wants India to retreat for meaningful dialogue"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Doklam+stand-off%3A+China+wants+India+to+retreat+for+meaningful+dialogue&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fdoklam-stand-off-china-wants-india-to-retreat-for-meaningful-dialogue-117071000810_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SJGrLuamEw">"China said India's withdrawal a prerequisite for meaningful dialogue"</a>. 20 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302011517/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SJGrLuamEw">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2019. 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Retrieved 27 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=For+dialogue%2C+both+India+and+China+must+withdraw+troops%2C+says+Sushma+Swaraj&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft.aulast=Chaudhury&rft.aufirst=Dipanjan+Roy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fdefence%2Fchina-aiming-at-unilaterally-changing-tri-junction-status-sushma-swaraj%2Farticleshow%2F59681474.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-china_position-149"><a href="#cite_ref-china_position_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/P020170802541371281020.pdf">"印度边防部队在中印边界锡金段越界进入中国领土的事实和中国的立场"</a> (PDF) (in Chinese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164857/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/P020170802541371281020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%BE%B9%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E9%98%9F%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E8%BE%B9%E7%95%8C%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E6%AE%B5%E8%B6%8A%E7%95%8C+%E8%BF%9B%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%86%E5%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fmprc.gov.cn%2Fweb%2Fzyxw%2FP020170802541371281020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf">"The Facts and China's Position Concerning the Indian Border Troops' Crossing of the China-India Boundary in the Sikkim Sector into the Chinese Territory (2017-08-02)"</a> (PDF). fmprc.gov.cn. 2 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010101/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/P020170802542676636134.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 August 2017. 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The Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015085914/https://thewire.in/security/india-china-lac-border-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Where+Does+the+India-China+Border+Dispute+Stand+Now%2C+and+What+Can+We+Expect%3F&rft.date=2020-10-10&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=Ashok+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fsecurity%2Findia-china-lac-border-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorolev2023" class="citation book cs1">Korolev, Alexander S. (2023). "Political and Economic Security in Multipolar Eurasia". 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Retrieved 10 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+4%3A+How+Asians+View+Each+Other&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2014%2F07%2F14%2Fchapter-4-how-asians-view-each-other%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/china-most-distrusted-nation-says-survey-of-indian-youth/articleshow/85340235.cms">"China most distrusted nation, says a survey of Indian youth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 15 August 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=China+most+distrusted+nation%2C+says+a+survey+of+Indian+youth&rft.date=2021-08-15&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fchina-most-distrusted-nation-says-survey-of-indian-youth%2Farticleshow%2F85340235.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangFaganGubbala2023" class="citation web cs1">Huang, Christine; Fagan, Moira; Gubbala, Sneha (29 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/08/29/indians-views-of-other-countries/">"Indians' views of other countries"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Indians%27+views+of+other+countries&rft.date=2023-08-29&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Fagan%2C+Moira&rft.au=Gubbala%2C+Sneha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2023%2F08%2F29%2Findians-views-of-other-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> The 2008 Pew Global Attitudes Survey in China (22 July 2008) p 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2008/07/2008-Pew-Global-Attitudes-Report-2-July-22-2pm.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929191306/https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2008/07/2008-Pew-Global-Attitudes-Report-2-July-22-2pm.pdf">Archived</a> 29 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajaj2011" class="citation web cs1">Bajaj, Vikas (31 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/business/global/india-looks-to-china-as-an-economic-model.html">"India Measures Itself Against a China That Doesn't Notice"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Measures+Itself+Against+a+China+That+Doesn%27t+Notice&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft.aulast=Bajaj&rft.aufirst=Vikas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F09%2F01%2Fbusiness%2Fglobal%2Findia-looks-to-china-as-an-economic-model.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrar2023" class="citation web cs1">Brar, Aadil (29 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theprint.in/opinion/chinascope/more-chinese-now-regard-india-as-a-security-threat-only-8-consider-it-favourable/1599378/">"More Chinese now regard India as a security threat. Only 8% consider it favourable"</a>. ThePrint. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630154743/https://theprint.in/opinion/chinascope/more-chinese-now-regard-india-as-a-security-threat-only-8-consider-it-favourable/1599378/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 30 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThePrint&rft.atitle=More+Chinese+now+regard+India+as+a+security+threat.+Only+8%25+consider+it+favourable&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft.aulast=Brar&rft.aufirst=Aadil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheprint.in%2Fopinion%2Fchinascope%2Fmore-chinese-now-regard-india-as-a-security-threat-only-8-consider-it-favourable%2F1599378%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlander2023" class="citation web cs1">Olander, Eric (1 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinaglobalsouth.com/2023/06/01/only-8-of-chinese-have-a-favorable-view-of-india-says-new-tsinghua-univeristy-poll/">"Only 8% of Chinese Have a Favorable View of India, Says New Tsinghua University Poll"</a>. The China-Global South Project. Retrieved 18 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China-Global+South+Project&rft.atitle=Only+8%25+of+Chinese+Have+a+Favorable+View+of+India%2C+Says+New+Tsinghua+University+Poll&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.aulast=Olander&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinaglobalsouth.com%2F2023%2F06%2F01%2Fonly-8-of-chinese-have-a-favorable-view-of-india-says-new-tsinghua-univeristy-poll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations (Routledge, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708224536/https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ">Archived</a> 8 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bagchi, Prabodh Chandra, Bangwei Wang, and Tansen Sen. 2012. India and China: interactions through Buddhism and diplomacy : a collection of essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi. Singapore: ISEAS Pub.</li> <li>Bayram, Duygu Çağla. "The Geopolitical Scenarios of the 'Quad' Countries, The United States, Japan, Australia and India." in Global Maritime Geopolitics (Transnational Press London, 2022) pp 167–185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tplondon.com/product/maritime-geopolitics/">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802103242/https://www.tplondon.com/product/maritime-geopolitics/">Archived</a> 2 August 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Bhat, R. B., & Wu, C. (2014). Xuan Zhang's mission to the West with Monkey King. New Delhi : Aditya Prakashan, 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokesh_Chandra" title="Lokesh Chandra">Chandra, Lokesh</a>. 2016. India and China. New Delhi : International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasson1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Casson, Lionel</a>, ed. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC">The Periplus Maris Erythraei: Text With Introduction, Translation, and Commentary</a>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04060-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04060-5"><bdi>0-691-04060-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201230338/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQWYkSs51rEC">archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2023, retrieved 2 November 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Periplus+Maris+Erythraei%3A+Text+With+Introduction%2C+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-691-04060-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqQWYkSs51rEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Chaudhuri, S. K. (2011). Sanskrit in China and Japan. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan.</li> <li>Chellaney, Brahma, "Rising Powers, Rising Tensions: The Troubled China-India Relationship," SAIS Review (2012) 32#2 pp. 99–108 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/sais_review/v032/32.2.chellaney.html">in Project MUSE</a></li> <li>Davies, Henry Rudolph. 1970. Yün-nan, the link between India and the Yangtze. Taipei: Ch'eng wen.</li> <li>De, B. W. T. (2011). The Buddhist tradition in India, China & Japan. New York: Vintage Books.</li> <li>Deepak, B.R. & Tripathi, D.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.free-press-release.com/news-the-future-of-india-china-relations-1346254066.html">The Future of India China Relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190302011509/http://www.free-press-release.com/news-the-future-of-india-china-relations-1346254066.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "India China Relations – Future Perspectives", Vij Books, July 2012</li> <li>Forbes, Andrew; Henley, David (2011). "Past, present and future commercial Sino-Indian links via Sikkim," in: China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2</li> <li>Frankel, Francine R., and Harry Harding. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090304185843/http://www.asiasociety.org/publications/indiachina01.html">The India-China Relationship: What the United States Needs to Know</a>. Columbia University Press: 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13237-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13237-9">0-231-13237-9</a>.</li> <li>Garver, John W. China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic (2015), pp 146–62, 435–44, 734–57.</li> <li>Garver, John W. Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>: 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98074-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98074-5">0-295-98074-5</a>.</li> <li>Gokhale, Vijay. "The road from Galwan: the future of India-China Relations." Carnegie India 10 (2021) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Gokhale_Galwan.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220722040440/https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Gokhale_Galwan.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Harris, Tina (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RU58AAAAQBAJ">Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions</a>. University of Georgia Press, United States. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0820345733" title="Special:BookSources/0820345733">0820345733</a>. pp. 208.</li> <li>Hongyu Wang, ‘Sino-Indian Relations: Present and Future’, Asian Survey 35:6, June 1995.</li> <li>Jain, Sandhya, & Jain, Meenakshi (2011). The India they saw: Foreign accounts. New Delhi: Ocean Books. Contains material about Chinese Buddhist pilgrims and explorers to India.</li> <li>Kondapalli, Srikanth, eds. China's Military and India (2012)</li> <li>Kondapalli, Srikanth. "India-China Relations." in Forging New Partnerships, Breaching New Frontiers: India's Diplomacy during the UPA Rule 2004–14 (2022): 86+.</li> <li>Ling Zhu, ’China-Pakistan Alliance against India’, UPI Asia.com, 9 September 2008, in Jagannath P. Panda, Dragon Looks South: Current Drives in China's South Asian Neighbourhood Policy, in China and its neighbours (ed. Srikant Kondapalli, Emi Mifune), Pentagon Press, New Delhi 2010.</li> <li>Lintner, Bertil. Great game east: India, China, and the struggle for Asia's most volatile frontier (Yale University Press, 2015)</li> <li>Liping Xia, ‘The Evolution of Chinese Views Toward Cbms’, in Michael Krepon, Dominique M. McCoy, and Matthew C.J. Rudolp (Eds.), A Handbook of Confidence-Building Measures for Regional Security, Washington, DC: Henry L. Stimson Center, 1993.</li> <li>Lu, Chih H.. The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: A Legal Study. Greenwood Press: 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-25024-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-25024-3">0-313-25024-3</a>.</li> <li>Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210915060518/https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063">Archived</a> 15 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 356–369.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilakanta_Sastri2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nilakanta_Sastri" title="K. A. Nilakanta Sastri">Nilakanta Sastri, K. A.</a> (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-560686-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-560686-7"><bdi>978-0-19-560686-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+South+India+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+fall+of+Vijayanagar&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Indian+Branch%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-560686-7&rft.aulast=Nilakanta+Sastri&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChina%E2%80%93India+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._M._Panikkar" title="K. M. Panikkar">K. M. Panikkar</a> (1957). India and China. A study of cultural relations. Asia Pub. House: Bombay.</li> <li>Paul, T.V. et al. eds. The China-India Rivalry in the Globalization Era (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/China-India-Rivalry-Globalization-South-Affairs/dp/1626165998/">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410095153/https://www.amazon.com/China-India-Rivalry-Globalization-South-Affairs/dp/1626165998">Archived</a> 10 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400. University of Hawaii Press: 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2593-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2593-4">0-8248-2593-4</a>.</li> <li>Shabbir, Muhammad Omer, Rabia Bashir, and Sara Saleem. "Geo-Strategic importance of Indian Ocean: clash of interests between China and India." Journal of Indian Studies 5.1 (2019): 47–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/4_v5_1_19.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Sidhu, Waheguru Pal Singh, and Jing Dong Yuan. China and India: Cooperation or Conflict? Lynne Rienner Publishers: 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-169-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58826-169-7">1-58826-169-7</a>.</li> <li>Talone, Andrew J. How the United States Can Reinforce India as a Counterbalance to China in the Indian Ocean Region from a Military Standpoint (US Army Command and General Staff College, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1085438.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220713115732/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1085438.pdf">Archived</a> 13 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Varadarajan, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060708085440/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/24/stories/2006012403181000.htm">India, China and the Asian Axis of Oil</a>, January 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yutang" title="Lin Yutang">Yutang, Lin</a>. 1942. The wisdom of China and India. New York: Random House.</li> <li>Yoder, Brandon K., and Kanti Bajpai. "Introduction: Explaining Cooperation and Rivalry in China-India Relations." Journal of Contemporary China (2022): 1–16.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=China%E2%80%93India_relations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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title="List of ambassadors of China to India">Ambassadors of China to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_India,_Beijing" title="Embassy of India, Beijing">Embassy of India, Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_India_to_China" title="List of ambassadors of India to China">Ambassadors of India to China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_Agreement_1954" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian Agreement 1954">Sino-Indian Agreement 1954</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Principles_of_Peaceful_Coexistence" title="Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence">Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Delhi_security_summit" title="2007 Delhi security summit">2007 Delhi security summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Sino-Indian_War" title="Origins of the Sino-Indian War">Origins of the Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Indian_parliamentary_resolution_on_China" title="1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China">1962 Indian parliamentary resolution on China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_India_act_and_Defence_of_India_rules,_1962" title="Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962">Defence of India act and Defence of India rules, 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_policy_(Sino-Indian_conflict)" title="Forward policy (Sino-Indian conflict)">Forward policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Chinese-Indians" title="Internment of Chinese-Indians">Internment of Chinese-Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathu_La_and_Cho_La_clashes" title="Nathu La and Cho La clashes">Nathu La and Cho La clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumdorong_Chu_standoff" title="Sumdorong Chu standoff">1987 skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Depsang_standoff" title="2013 Depsang standoff">2013 Depsang standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China%E2%80%93India_border_standoff" title="2017 China–India border standoff">2017 border standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 skirmishes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_order_of_battle_in_the_2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese order of battle in the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">Chinese Order of battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_order_of_battle_in_the_2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian order of battle in the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">Indian Order of battle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksai_Chin" title="Aksai Chin">Aksai Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakpa_Sheri" title="Dakpa Sheri">Dakpa Sheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehra_Compass" title="Dehra Compass">Dehra Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depsang_Bulge" title="Depsang Bulge">Depsang Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doklam" title="Doklam">Doklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolam">Dolam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirijap" title="Sirijap">Sirijap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Karakoram_Tract" title="Trans-Karakoram Tract">Trans-Karakoram Tract</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pakistan_Agreement" title="Sino-Pakistan Agreement">Sino-Pakistan Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Line of Actual Control">Line of Actual Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differing_perceptions_of_the_Line_of_Actual_Control" title="Differing perceptions of the Line of Actual Control">Differing perceptions of the LAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-China_border_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="India-China border infrastructure">Infrastructure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India-China_Border_Roads" class="mw-redirect" title="India-China Border Roads">Roads</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_Officials_on_the_Boundary_Question" title="Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question">Report of the Officials on the Boundary Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Peace_and_Tranquility_Agreement,_1993" title="Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993">Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement, 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Political_Parameters_and_Guiding_Principles_for_the_Settlement_of_the_India-China_Boundary_Question,_2005" title="Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles for the Settlement of the India-China Boundary Question, 2005">Agreement on the Political Parameters and Guiding Principles, 2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Defence_Cooperation_Agreement" title="Border Defence Cooperation Agreement">Border Defence Cooperation Agreement, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-China_Joint_Working_Group_on_the_boundary_question" class="mw-redirect" title="India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question">India-China Joint Working Group on the boundary question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Representative_mechanism_on_the_India-China_boundary_question" title="Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question">Special Representative mechanism on the India-China boundary question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Mechanism_for_Consultation_and_Coordination_on_India%E2%80%93China_Border_Affairs" title="Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs">Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India–China Border Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_Personnel_Meeting_Point" title="Border Personnel Meeting Point">Border Personnel Meeting Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Economic relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRIC" title="BRIC">BRIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hong Kong–India relations">Hong Kong–India relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="India–Taiwan relations">India–Taiwan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">India–Tibet relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Fingers_of_Tibet" title="Five Fingers of Tibet">Five Fingers of Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chindia">Chindia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinas" title="Chinas">Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_Bhavana" title="Cheena Bhavana">Cheena Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_railway" title="China–India railway">China–India railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Study_Group" title="China Study Group">China Study Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Yun-Shan" title="Tan Yun-Shan">Tan Yun-Shan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengyou" title="Zhengyou">Zhengyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_of_the_Cholas_with_the_Chinese" title="Relationship of the Cholas with the Chinese">Chola–Chinese relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_of_the_Tamils_with_the_Chinese" title="Relationship of the Tamils with the Chinese">Tamil–Chinese relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Category:China–India relations">Category:China–India relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Foreign_relations_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Template:Foreign relations of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Foreign_relations_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Algeria–China relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Angola–China relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Benin–China relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Botswana–China relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burkina Faso–China relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Burundi–China relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cameroon–China relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cape Verde–China relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Central African Republic–China relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chad–China relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Comoros_relations" title="China–Comoros relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Democratic Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="China–Republic of the Congo relations">Congo, Republic of the</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Djibouti_relations" title="China–Djibouti relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Egypt_relations" title="China–Egypt relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Equatorial_Guinea_relations" title="China–Equatorial Guinea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Eritrea_relations" title="China–Eritrea relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="China–Ethiopia relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gabon_relations" title="China–Gabon relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Gambia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Gambia relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="China–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Guinea-Bissau_relations" title="China–Guinea-Bissau relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="China–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="China–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="China–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="China–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="China–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="China–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="China–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="China–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="China–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="China–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="China–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="China–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="China–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="China–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="China–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="China–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="China–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="China–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="China–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="China–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="China–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="China–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="China–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="China–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="China–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="China–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="China–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="China–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="China–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–China relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Argentina–China relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93China_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–China relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Barbados–China relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bolivia–China relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Canada–China relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Chile–China relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Colombia_relations" title="China–Colombia relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Costa_Rica_relations" title="China–Costa Rica relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cuba_relations" title="China–Cuba relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Dominican_Republic_relations" title="China–Dominican Republic relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ecuador_relations" title="China–Ecuador relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93El_Salvador_relations" title="China–El Salvador relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Grenada_relations" title="China–Grenada relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="China–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Honduras_relations" title="China–Honduras relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="China–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="China–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="China–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="China–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="China–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="China–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="China–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="China–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="China–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Afghanistan–China relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Armenia–China relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Azerbaijan–China relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bangladesh–China relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bhutan–China relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brunei–China relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Cambodia–China relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93East_Timor_relations" title="China–East Timor relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Georgia_relations" title="China–Georgia relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="China–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="China–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="China–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="China–Japan relations">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="History of China–Japan relations">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="China–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="China–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="China–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="China–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="China–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="China–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="China–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="China–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="China–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="China–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="China–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="China–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino%E2%80%93Korean_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sino–Korean relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="China–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="China–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="China–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="China–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="China–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="China–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="China–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="China–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_under_Chinese_rule" title="Vietnam under Chinese rule">Northern Domination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="China–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Albania–China relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Austria–China relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belarus–China relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Belgium–China relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Bulgaria–China relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Croatia_relations" title="China–Croatia relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Cyprus_relations" title="China–Cyprus relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Czech_Republic_relations" title="China–Czech Republic relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Denmark_relations" title="China–Denmark relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Finland_relations" title="China–Finland relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93France_relations" title="China–France relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="China–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="China–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="China–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="China–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="China–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="China–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="China–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="China–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="China–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="China–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="China–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="China–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="China–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="China–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="China–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93San_Marino_relations" title="China–San Marino relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="China–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="China–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="China–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="China–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="China–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="China–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="China–Holy See relations">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Australia–China relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Fiji_relations" title="China–Fiji relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="China–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="China–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="China–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="China–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="China–Niue relations">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="China–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="China–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="China–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="China–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="China–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_relations" title="Sino-Soviet relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="China–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BCIM_Economic_Corridor" title="BCIM Economic Corridor">BCIM Economic Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-African_relations" title="Sino-African relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Arab_relations" title="Sino-Arab relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Caribbean_relations" title="Sino-Caribbean relations">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="China–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Latin_America_relations" title="Sino-Latin America relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Pacific_relations" title="Sino-Pacific relations">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Third_World_relations" title="Sino-Third World relations">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_China" title="Arctic policy of China">Arctic policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:China_and_the_Antarctic" title="Category:China and the Antarctic">China and the Antarctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Central Foreign Affairs Commission</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (China)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(China)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (China)">Foreign Minister</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_China" title="List of diplomatic missions of China">Diplomatic missions of China</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_China" title="List of diplomatic missions in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%27s_peaceful_rise" title="China's peaceful rise">China's peaceful rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China">Dates of diplomatic recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_China" title="Foreign policy of China">Foreign policy of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Relations_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China">Foreign Relations Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hong_Kong" title="Foreign relations of Hong Kong">Foreign relations of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-dash_line" title="Nine-dash line">Nine-dash line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panda_diplomacy" title="Panda diplomacy">Panda diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadium_diplomacy" title="Stadium diplomacy">Stadium diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls</a></li> <li>Major historical splits <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_built_by_China_as_aid" title="List of theaters built by China as aid">Theater diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought_on_Diplomacy" title="Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy">Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Foreign_relations_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Foreign_relations_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Algeria–India relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Angola–India relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Benin–India relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Botswana–India relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burkina Faso–India relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burundi–India relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cameroon–India relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Central African Republic–India relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chad–India relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Comoros–India relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Congo–India relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Djibouti–India relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Egypt–India relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eritrea–India relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eswatini–India relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ethiopia–India relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–India relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Gabon–India relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–India relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ghana–India relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea–India relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–India relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="India–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="India–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="India–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="India–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="India–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="India–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="India–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="India–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="India–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="India–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="India–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="India–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="India–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="India–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="India–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="India–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="India–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="India–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="India–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="India–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="India–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="India–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="India–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="India–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="India–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="India–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="India–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="India–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="India–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–India relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Argentina–India relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas–India relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Barbados–India relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belize–India relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bolivia–India relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cayman Islands–India relations">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chile–India relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Colombia–India relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Costa Rica–India relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cuba–India relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominica–India relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominican Republic–India relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ecuador–India relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="El Salvador–India relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Grenada–India relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guatemala–India relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guyana–India relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Haiti–India relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Honduras–India relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="India–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="India–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="India–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="India–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="India–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="India–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_relations" title="India–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Lucia_relations" title="India–Saint Lucia relations">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relations" title="India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="India–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="India–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="India–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="India–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="India–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Armenia–India relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Azerbaijan–India relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bahrain–India relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bhutan–India relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brunei–India relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cambodia–India relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hong Kong–India relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93India_relations" title="East Timor–India relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="India–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="India–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="India–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="India–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="India–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="India–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="India–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="India–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="India–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="India–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="India–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="India–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="India–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="India–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="India–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="India–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="India–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="India–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="India–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="India–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="India–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="India–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="India–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="India–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="India–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="India–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="India–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="India–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="India–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="India–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="India–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Albania–India relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Austria–India relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belarus–India relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belgium–India relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bulgaria–India relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–India relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Croatia–India relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cyprus–India relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Czech Republic–India relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Denmark–India relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Estonia–India relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Finland–India relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93India_relations" title="France–India relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Greece–India relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hungary–India relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Holy See–India relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Iceland–India relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="India–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="India–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="India–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="India–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="India–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="India–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="India–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="India–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="India–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="India–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li>Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="India–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="India–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="India–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="India–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="India–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="India–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="India–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="India–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="India–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="India–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="India–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="India–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="India–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Fiji–India relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="India–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Marshall_Islands_relations" title="India–Marshall Islands relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="India–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="India–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="India–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cook Islands–India relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="India–Niue relations">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="India–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="India–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="India–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="India–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="India–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations" title="India–Tuvalu relations">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Pacific_Islands_Relations#Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pacific Islands Relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="India–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="India–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_Ministerial_Dialogue" title="2+2 Ministerial Dialogue">2+2 Ministerial Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Africa–India relations">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Africa_Forum_Summit" title="India–Africa Forum Summit">Summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBIN" title="BBIN">BBIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> (<a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">13th summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connect_Central_Asia" title="Connect Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2U2_Group" title="I2U2 Group">I2U2 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Naval_Symposium" title="Indian Ocean Naval Symposium">Indian Ocean Naval Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_relations" title="India–Pacific Islands relations">India–Pacific Islands relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_Cooperation" title="Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation">Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="India–Latin America relations">India–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">Mekong–Ganga Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th Summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_sanctions" title="India sanctions">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations" title="India and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_foreign_relations" title="History of Indian foreign relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Diplomatic missions <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_India" title="List of diplomatic missions of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_India" title="List of diplomatic missions in India">in India</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Chennai" title="List of diplomatic missions in Chennai">in Chennai</a>)</li> <li>Ambassadors and High Commissioners <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_to_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India">to India</a></li> <li>Foreign aid <a href="/wiki/Indian_foreign_aid" title="Indian foreign aid">by India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_India" title="Foreign aid to India">to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas citizens</a></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation_Programme" title="Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme">ITEC programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_e-Network_project" title="Pan-African e-Network project">Pan-African e-Network project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Indira Gandhi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Narendra Modi government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">South Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)#Act_East_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Act East</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts with Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Disputes with China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">Disputes with Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_visits_to_India" title="List of diplomatic visits to India">State visits to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">State visits by prime ministers of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Manmohan_Singh" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS" title="Member states of BRICS">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">Kazan 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th BRICS summit">TBD 2025</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">China–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Pezeshkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games" title="2024 BRICS Games">2024 Kazan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Gymnastics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development 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