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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Student_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Student of law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetarianism_and_committee_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetarianism_and_committee_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Vegetarianism and committee work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetarianism_and_committee_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Called_to_the_bar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Called_to_the_bar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Called to the bar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Called_to_the_bar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_activist_in_South_Africa_(1893–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_activist_in_South_Africa_(1893–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893–1914) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_rights_activist_in_South_Africa_(1893–1914)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893–1914) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_activist_in_South_Africa_(1893–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europeans,_Indians_and_Africans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europeans,_Indians_and_Africans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Europeans, Indians and Africans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europeans,_Indians_and_Africans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struggle_for_Indian_independence_(1915–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struggle_for_Indian_independence_(1915–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Struggle_for_Indian_independence_(1915–1947)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Struggle_for_Indian_independence_(1915–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Role in World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Champaran_agitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Champaran_agitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Champaran agitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Champaran_agitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kheda_agitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kheda_agitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Kheda agitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kheda_agitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khilafat_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khilafat_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Khilafat movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khilafat_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-co-operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-co-operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Non-co-operation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-co-operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_Satyagraha_(Salt_March/Civil_Disobedience_Movement)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_Satyagraha_(Salt_March/Civil_Disobedience_Movement)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Salt Satyagraha (Salt March/Civil Disobedience Movement) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_Satyagraha_(Salt_March/Civil_Disobedience_Movement)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gandhi_as_folk_hero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gandhi_as_folk_hero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Gandhi as folk hero </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gandhi_as_folk_hero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Negotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Round_Table_Conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Round_Table_Conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Round Table Conferences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Round_Table_Conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congress_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congress_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Congress politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congress_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_Quit_India_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_Quit_India_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 World War II and Quit India movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_Quit_India_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partition_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partition_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Partition and independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partition_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Funeral and memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles,_practices,_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles,_practices,_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Principles, practices, and beliefs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principles,_practices,_and_beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Principles, practices, and beliefs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Principles,_practices,_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Truth_and_Satyagraha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truth_and_Satyagraha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Truth and Satyagraha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truth_and_Satyagraha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonviolence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonviolence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Nonviolence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonviolence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Literary works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Followers_and_international_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Followers_and_international_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Followers and international influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Followers_and_international_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_days_that_celebrate_Gandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_days_that_celebrate_Gandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Global days that celebrate Gandhi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_days_that_celebrate_Gandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Father_of_the_Nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father_of_the_Nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Father of the Nation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father_of_the_Nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film,_theatre,_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film,_theatre,_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Film, theatre, and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film,_theatre,_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_impact_within_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_impact_within_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Current impact within India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_impact_within_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Descendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General and cited references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General and cited references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Scholarly articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mahatma Gandhi</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 199 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-199" aria-hidden="true" > 199 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%85%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9B_%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ማህተማ ጋንዲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማህተማ ጋንዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="مهاتما غاندي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مهاتما غاندي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Մահաթմա Կանտի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մահաթմա Կանտի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80" title="মোহনদাস কৰমচান্দ গান্ধী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মোহনদাস কৰমচান্দ গান্ধী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गाँधी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="महात्मा गाँधी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Qandi" title="Mahatma Qandi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mahatma Qandi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ماهاتما قاندی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماهاتما قاندی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80" title="মহাত্মা গান্ধী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাত্মা গান্ধী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Махатма Гандзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Махатма Гандзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Магатма Гандзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Магатма Гандзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गाँधी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महात्मा गाँधी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mah%C3%A1tma_G%C3%A1ndh%C3%AD" title="Mahátma Gándhí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mahátma Gándhí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A7_%DD%A3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="لماهاطما ݣاندي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لماهاطما ݣاندي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%A7_%DE%8E%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A9%DE%80" title="މަހާއްތްމާ ގާންދީހ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މަހާއްތްމާ ގާންދީހ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गान्धी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="महात्मा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Μαχάτμα Γκάντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαχάτμα Γκάντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مهاتما گاندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مهاتما گاندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="甘地 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="甘地" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A7%E0%AB%80" title="મહાત્મા ગાંધી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મહાત્મા ગાંધી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गांधी – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="महात्मा गांधी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Ганди, Мохандас Карамчанд – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ганди, Мохандас Карамчанд" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%ED%95%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A7%88_%EA%B0%84%EB%94%94" title="마하트마 간디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마하트마 간디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Մահաթմա Գանդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մահաթմա Գանդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गांधी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महात्मा गांधी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80" title="মহাত্মা গান্ধী – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মহাত্মা গান্ধী" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%C3%A6_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатмæ Ганди – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Махатмæ Ганди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="מהאטמה גנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהאטמה גנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მაჰათმა განდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაჰათმა განდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8E%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="مَہاتما گانٛدھی – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مَہاتما گانٛدھی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gand%C3%AE" title="Mahatma Gandî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mahatma Gandî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2_%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5" title="ມະຫາຕະມາ ຄານທີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ມະຫາຕະມາ ຄານທີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohand%C4%81ss_Karam%C4%8Dands_Gandijs" title="Mohandāss Karamčands Gandijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mohandāss Karamčands Gandijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Магьатма Ганди – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Магьатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohand%C3%A1sz_Karamcsand_Gandhi" title="Mohandász Karamcsand Gandhi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mohandász Karamcsand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गान्धी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="महात्मा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF" title="മഹാത്മാ ഗാന്ധി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഹാത്മാ ഗാന്ധി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गांधी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महात्मा गांधी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="მაჰათმა განდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაჰათმა განდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="مهاتما جاندى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مهاتما جاندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93%E1%80%AE" title="မဟာတ္မ ဂါန္ဓီ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="မဟာတ္မ ဂါန္ဓီ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ماهاتما گاندی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ماهاتما گاندی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯃꯍꯥꯇꯃꯥ ꯒꯥꯟꯗꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯍꯥꯇꯃꯥ ꯒꯥꯟꯗꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%9F%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%99_%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="မဟတ္တမ ဂန္ဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဟတ္တမ ဂန္ဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गान्धी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महात्मा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गान्धी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="महात्मा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8F%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="マハトマ・ガンディー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マハトマ・ガンディー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мохандас Ганди – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Мохандас Ганди" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle badge-Q51759403 badge-goodlist mw-list-item" title="good article badge, good list badge"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AD%80" title="ମହାତ୍ମା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହାତ୍ମା ଗାନ୍ଧୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxatma_Gandi" title="Maxatma Gandi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maxatma Gandi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80" title="ਮਹਾਤਮਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਤਮਾ ਗਾਂਧੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="موہن داس گاندھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="موہن داس گاندھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="مهاتما ګاندي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مهاتما ګاندي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27atma_Giandi" title="Ma'atma Giandi – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ma'atma Giandi" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B8" title="មហាត្មះគន្ធី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មហាត្មះគន្ធី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandi" title="Gandi – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Gandi" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandi_Moxandas_Karamchand" title="Gandi Moxandas Karamchand – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Gandi Moxandas Karamchand" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandi" title="Mohandas Gandi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mohandas Gandi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Магатма Ґанді – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Магатма Ґанді" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BEh%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Моhандас Карамчанд Ганди – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Моhандас Карамчанд Ганди" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80" title="महात्मा गान्धी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="महात्मा गान्धी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱛᱢᱟ ᱜᱟᱱᱫᱷᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85_%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="موہن داس کرم چند ڳاندھی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="موہن داس کرم چند ڳاندھی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandi" title="Mahatma Gandi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mahatma Gandi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92" title="මහත්මා ගාන්ධි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහත්මා ගාන්ධි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%8C%D9%8A" title="موهنداس ڪرمچند گانڌي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="موهنداس ڪرمچند گانڌي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3hand%C3%A1s_Karam%C4%8Dand_G%C3%A1ndh%C3%AD" title="Móhandás Karamčand Gándhí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Móhandás Karamčand Gándhí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="مەھاتما گاندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەھاتما گاندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மோகன்தாசு கரம்சந்த் காந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மோகன்தாசு கரம்சந்த் காந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandi" title="Mahatma Gandi – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Mahatma Gandi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%80" title="మహాత్మా గాంధీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మహాత్మా గాంధీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2_%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5" title="มหาตมา คานธี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาตมา คานธี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Маҳатма Гандӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Маҳатма Гандӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಮಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮಹಾತ್ಮ ಗಾಂಧಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandi" title="Mahatma Gandi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mahatma Gandi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandi" title="Mahatma Gandi – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mahatma Gandi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Махатма Ганди – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Махатма Ганди" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Магатма Ганді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магатма Ганді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%DB%81%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="موہن داس گاندھی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موہن داس گاندھی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="ماھاتما گەندى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماھاتما گەندى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandi" title="Mahatma Gandi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mahatma Gandi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" title="Mohandas Gandhi – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mohandas Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhi_Mahatma" title="Gandhi Mahatma – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gandhi Mahatma" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="甘地 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="甘地" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="甘地 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="甘地" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mahatma Gandhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="מאהענדאס קערעמטשענד גאנדי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאהענדאס קערעמטשענד גאנדי" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian independence activist (1869–1948)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gandhi" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gandhi (disambiguation)">Gandhi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81tm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahātmā">Mahātmā</a></div><div class="fn">Gandhi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma-Gandhi,_studio,_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg/220px-Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg/330px-Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg/440px-Mahatma-Gandhi%2C_studio%2C_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="3270" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Gandhi in 1931</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</div> (1869-10-02)2 October 1869 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Porbandar" title="Porbandar">Porbandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porbandar_State" title="Porbandar State">Porbandar State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar_Agency" title="Kathiawar Agency">Kathiawar Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1948(1948-01-30) (aged 78) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a> (gunshot wounds)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Bāpū (father), Rāṣṭrapitā (the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian Empire</a> (until 1947)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> (from 1947)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Arts_College" title="Samaldas Arts College">Samaldas Arts College</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/City_Law_School" title="City Law School">Inns of Court School of Law</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>anti-colonialist</li><li>political ethicist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1893–1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">campaign for India's independence from British rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">Nonviolent resistance</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (1920–1934)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba Gandhi</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1883; died 1944)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Gandhi" title="Karamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Putlibai_Gandhi" title="Putlibai Gandhi">Putlibai Gandhi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi family</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Indian National Congress">President of the Indian National Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 1924 – April 1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_-_His_Spiritual_Message_to_the_World,_17_October_1931.mp3" title="File:Gandhi - His Spiritual Message to the World, 17 October 1931.mp3">Mahatma Gandhi's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="365" data-mwtitle="Gandhi_-_His_Spiritual_Message_to_the_World,_17_October_1931.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Gandhi_-_His_Spiritual_Message_to_the_World%2C_17_October_1931.mp3/Gandhi_-_His_Spiritual_Message_to_the_World%2C_17_October_1931.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Gandhi_-_His_Spiritual_Message_to_the_World%2C_17_October_1931.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGandhi_-_His_Spiritual_Message_to_the_World%2C_17_October_1931.mp3&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGandhi_-_His_Spiritual_Message_to_the_World%2C_17_October_1931.mp3&lang=ml&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ml" label="മലയാളം ‪(ml)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Mahatma Gandhi's spiritual message to the world Recorded 17 October 1931</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohandas_K._Gandhi_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Signature of Gandhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mohandas_K._Gandhi_signature.svg/150px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mohandas_K._Gandhi_signature.svg/225px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mohandas_K._Gandhi_signature.svg/300px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="191" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>: Mōhanadāsa Karamacaṁda Gāṁdhī;<a href="#cite_note-4">[c]</a> 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial nationalism">anti-colonial nationalist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">political ethicist</a> who employed <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">nonviolent resistance</a> to lead the successful <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">campaign for India's independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a>. He inspired movements for <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movements" title="Civil rights movements">civil rights</a> and freedom across the world. The honorific <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81tm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahātmā">Mahātmā</a> (from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, meaning great-souled or venerable), first applied to him in <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> in 1914, is now used throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-5">[2]</a> Born and raised in a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> family in coastal <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, Gandhi trained in the law at the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> in London and was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the bar">called to the bar</a> at the age of 22. After two uncertain years in India, where he was unable to start a successful law practice, Gandhi moved to South Africa in 1893 to represent an Indian merchant in a lawsuit. He went on to live in South Africa for 21 years. There, Gandhi raised a family and first employed nonviolent resistance in a campaign for civil rights. In 1915, aged 45, he returned to India and soon set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against discrimination and excessive land-tax. Assuming leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>, and, above all, achieving <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">swaraj</a> or self-rule. Gandhi adopted the short <a href="/wiki/Dhoti" title="Dhoti">dhoti</a> woven with <a href="/wiki/Charkha_(spinning_wheel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charkha (spinning wheel)">hand-spun</a> yarn as a mark of identification with India's rural poor. He began to live in a <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">self-sufficient residential community</a>, to eat simple food, and undertake <a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">long fasts</a> as a means of both introspection and political protest. Bringing anti-colonial nationalism to the common Indians, Gandhi led them in challenging the British-imposed <a href="/wiki/Salt_tax#Impacted_regions" title="Salt tax">salt tax</a> with the 400 km (250 mi) <a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Dandi Salt March</a> in 1930 and in calling for the British to <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">quit India</a> in 1942. He was imprisoned many times and for many years in both South Africa and India. Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a> was challenged in the early 1940s by a <a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism</a> which demanded a separate homeland for Muslims within <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>. In August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partitioned</a> into two <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a>, a Hindu-majority <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and a Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Abstaining from the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">official celebration of independence</a>, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to alleviate distress. In the months following, he undertook several <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strikes</a> to stop the religious violence. The last of these was begun in Delhi on 12 January 1948, when Gandhi was 78. The belief that Gandhi had been too resolute in his defence of both Pakistan and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslim">Indian Muslims</a> spread among some Hindus in India. Among these was <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a militant <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu nationalist">Hindu nationalist</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>, western India, who <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">assassinated Gandhi</a> by firing three bullets into his chest at an interfaith prayer meeting in Delhi on 30 January 1948. Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is commemorated in India as <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_India" title="Public holidays in India">national holiday</a>, and worldwide as the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Nonviolence</a>. Gandhi is considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a> in post-colonial India. During India's nationalist movement and in several decades immediately after, he was also commonly called Bapu, an endearment roughly meaning "father". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_background">Early life and background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parents">Parents</h3></div> Gandhi's father, <a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi</a> (1822–1885), served as the <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">dewan</a> (chief minister) of Porbandar state.<a href="#cite_note-6">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-GangulyDocker20082-7">[4]</a> His family originated from the then village of <a href="/wiki/Kutiyana" title="Kutiyana">Kutiana</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201519–21-8">[5]</a> Although Karamchand only had been a clerk in the state administration and had an elementary education, he proved a capable chief minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201519–21-8">[5]</a> During his tenure, Karamchand married four times. His first two wives died young, after each had given birth to a daughter, and his third marriage was childless. In 1857, Karamchand sought his third wife's permission to remarry; that year, he married Putlibai (1844–1891), who also came from Junagadh,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201519–21-8">[5]</a> and was from a <a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2007a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTEyXCoc76AECpgPA5_5]-10">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a> Karamchand and Putlibai had four children: a son, Laxmidas (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860–1914); a daughter, Raliatbehn (1862–1960); a second son, Karsandas (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1866–1913).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201521-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2015512-13">[10]</a> and a third son, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a> who was born on 2 October 1869 in <a href="/wiki/Porbandar" title="Porbandar">Porbandar</a> (also known as Sudamapuri), a coastal town on the <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> Peninsula and then part of the small <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Porbandar_State" title="Porbandar State">Porbandar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar_Agency" title="Kathiawar Agency">Kathiawar Agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi20081–3-15">[12]</a> In 1874, Gandhi's father, Karamchand, left Porbandar for the smaller state of <a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a>, where he became a counsellor to its ruler, the Thakur Sahib; though Rajkot was a less prestigious state than Porbandar, the British regional political agency was located there, which gave the state's diwan a measure of security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201524–25-16">[13]</a> In 1876, Karamchand became diwan of Rajkot and was succeeded as diwan of Porbandar by his brother Tulsidas. Karamchand's family then rejoined him in Rajkot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201524–25-16">[13]</a> They moved to their family home <a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a> in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> As a child, Gandhi was described by his sister Raliat as "restless as mercury, either playing or roaming about. One of his favourite pastimes was twisting dogs' ears."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201522-18">[15]</a> The Indian classics, especially the stories of <a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravana</a> and king <a href="/wiki/Harishchandra" title="Harishchandra">Harishchandra</a>, had a great impact on Gandhi in his childhood. In his autobiography, Gandhi states that they left an indelible impression on his mind. Gandhi writes: "It haunted me and I must have acted Harishchandra to myself times without number." Gandhi's early self-identification with truth and love as supreme values is traceable to these epic characters.<a href="#cite_note-Sorokin2002-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> The family's religious background was eclectic. Mohandas was born into a <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Modh" title="Modh">Modh</a> <a href="/wiki/Bania_(caste)" title="Bania (caste)">Bania</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> Gandhi's father, Karamchand, was Hindu and his mother Putlibai was from a Pranami <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> Hindu family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi20082,_8,_269-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-sharma11-24">[21]</a> Gandhi's father was of Modh Baniya caste in the <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> His mother came from the medieval <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> bhakti-based <a href="/wiki/Pranami" title="Pranami">Pranami</a> tradition, whose religious texts include the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, and a collection of 14 texts with teachings that the tradition believes to include the essence of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sharma11-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Gandhi was deeply influenced by his mother, an extremely pious lady who "would not think of taking her meals without her daily prayers... she would take the hardest vows and keep them without flinching. To keep two or three consecutive fasts was nothing to her."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201523-27">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Laxmidas_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gandhi_and_Laxmidas_2.jpg/190px-Gandhi_and_Laxmidas_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gandhi_and_Laxmidas_2.jpg/285px-Gandhi_and_Laxmidas_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Gandhi_and_Laxmidas_2.jpg/380px-Gandhi_and_Laxmidas_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi (right) with his eldest brother Laxmidas in 1886<a href="#cite_note-Fischer1982p96-28">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> At the age of nine, Gandhi entered the local school in <a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a>, near his home. There, he studied the rudiments of arithmetic, history, the Gujarati language and geography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201524–25-16">[13]</a> At the age of 11, Gandhi joined the High School in Rajkot, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Alfred High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201525–26-29">[26]</a> He was an average student, won some prizes, but was a shy and tongue-tied student, with no interest in games; Gandhi's only companions were books and school lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA4_4]-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3></div> In May 1883, the 13-year-old Gandhi was married to 14-year-old <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturbai Gokuldas Kapadia</a> (her first name was usually shortened to "Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a>, according to the custom of the region at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Mohanty2011-31">[28]</a> In the process, he lost a year at school but was later allowed to make up by accelerating his studies.<a href="#cite_note-Childhood-32">[29]</a> Gandhi's wedding was a joint event, where his brother and cousin were also married. Recalling the day of their marriage, Gandhi once said, "As we didn't know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes, eating sweets and playing with relatives." As was the prevailing tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents' house, and away from her husband.<a href="#cite_note-Husband-33">[30]</a> Writing many years later, Gandhi described with regret the lustful feelings he felt for his young bride: "Even at school I used to think of her, and the thought of nightfall and our subsequent meeting was ever haunting me." Gandhi later recalled feeling jealous and possessive of her, such as when Kasturba would visit a temple with her girlfriends, and being sexually lustful in his feelings for her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201528–29-34">[31]</a> In late 1885, Gandhi's father, Karamchand, died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201529-35">[32]</a> Gandhi had left his father's bedside to be with his wife mere minutes before his passing. Many decades later, Gandhi wrote "if animal passion had not blinded me, I should have been spared the torture of separation from my father during his last moments."<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> Later, Gandhi, then 16 years old, and his wife, age 17, had their first child, who survived only a few days. The two deaths anguished Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201529-35">[32]</a> The Gandhis had four more children, all sons: <a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal</a>, born in 1888; <a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal</a>, born in 1892; <a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas</a>, born in 1897; and <a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas</a>, born in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-Mohanty2011-31">[28]</a> In November 1887, the 18-year-old Gandhi graduated from high school in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201530-37">[34]</a> In January 1888, he enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Samaldas_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaldas College">Samaldas College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_State" title="Bhavnagar State">Bhavnagar State</a>, then the sole degree-granting institution of higher education in the region. However, Gandhi dropped out and returned to his family in Porbandar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201532-38">[35]</a> Outside school, Gandhi's education was enriched by exposure to Gujarati literature, especially reformers like <a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Govardhanram_Tripathi" title="Govardhanram Tripathi">Govardhanram Tripathi</a>, whose works alerted the Gujaratis to their own faults and weaknesses such as belief in religious dogmatism.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_years_in_London">Three years in London</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_of_law">Student of law</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAHATMA_GANDHI_1869-1948_lived_here_as_a_law_student.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MAHATMA_GANDHI_1869-1948_lived_here_as_a_law_student.jpg/170px-MAHATMA_GANDHI_1869-1948_lived_here_as_a_law_student.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MAHATMA_GANDHI_1869-1948_lived_here_as_a_law_student.jpg/255px-MAHATMA_GANDHI_1869-1948_lived_here_as_a_law_student.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MAHATMA_GANDHI_1869-1948_lived_here_as_a_law_student.jpg/340px-MAHATMA_GANDHI_1869-1948_lived_here_as_a_law_student.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque at 20 Baron's Court Road, Barons Court, London</figcaption></figure> Gandhi had dropped out of the cheapest college he could afford in Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-Turban-40">[37]</a> Mavji Dave Joshiji, a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> priest and family friend, advised Gandhi and his family that he should consider law studies in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201532-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-B._R._Nanda-41">[38]</a> In July 1888, Gandhi's wife Kasturba gave birth to their first surviving child, Harilal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201533–34-42">[39]</a> Gandhi's mother was not comfortable about Gandhi leaving his wife and family and going so far from home. Gandhi's uncle Tulsidas also tried to dissuade his nephew, but Gandhi wanted to go. To persuade his wife and mother, Gandhi made a vow in front of his mother that he would abstain from meat, alcohol, and women. Gandhi's brother, Laxmidas, who was already a lawyer, cheered Gandhi's London studies plan and offered to support him. Putlibai gave Gandhi her permission and blessing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201532-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpgPA20_20–21]-43">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_student.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gandhi_student.jpg/170px-Gandhi_student.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gandhi_student.jpg/255px-Gandhi_student.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Gandhi_student.jpg/340px-Gandhi_student.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi in London as a law student</figcaption></figure> On 10 August 1888, Gandhi, aged 18, left Porbandar for Mumbai, then known as Bombay. A local newspaper covering the farewell function by his old high school in Rajkot noted that Gandhi was the first Bania from Kathiawar to proceed to England for his Barrister Examination.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> As Mohandas Gandhi waited for a berth on a ship to London he found that he had attracted the ire of the Modh Banias of Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Upon arrival in Bombay, he stayed with the local Modh Bania community whose elders warned Gandhi that England would tempt him to compromise his religion, and eat and drink in Western ways. Despite Gandhi informing them of his promise to his mother and her blessings, Gandhi was excommunicated from his caste. Gandhi ignored this, and on 4 September, he sailed from Bombay to London, with his brother seeing him off.<a href="#cite_note-Turban-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201533–34-42">[39]</a> Gandhi attended <a href="/wiki/University_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, London">University College, London</a>, where he took classes in English literature with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morley" title="Henry Morley">Henry Morley</a> in 1888–1889.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Gandhi also enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/City_Law_School" title="City Law School">Inns of Court School of Law</a> in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Temple" title="Inner Temple">Inner Temple</a> with the intention of becoming a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B._R._Nanda-41">[38]</a> His childhood shyness and self-withdrawal had continued through his teens. Gandhi retained these traits when he arrived in London, but joined a public speaking practice group and overcame his shyness sufficiently to practise law.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> Gandhi demonstrated a keen interest in the welfare of London's impoverished dockland communities. In 1889, a <a href="/wiki/London_dock_strike,_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="London dock strike, 1889">bitter trade dispute</a> broke out in London, with dockers striking for better pay and conditions, and seamen, shipbuilders, factory girls and other joining the strike in solidarity. The strikers were successful, in part due to the mediation of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Cardinal Manning</a>, leading Gandhi and an Indian friend to make a point of visiting the cardinal and thanking him for his work.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetarianism_and_committee_work">Vegetarianism and committee work</h3></div> His vow to his mother influenced Gandhi's time in London. Gandhi tried to adopt "English" customs, including taking dancing lessons.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> However, he didn't appreciate the bland vegetarian food offered by his landlady and was frequently hungry until he found one of London's few vegetarian restaurants. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Salt's</a> writing, Gandhi joined the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">London Vegetarian Society</a> (LVS) and was elected to its executive committee under the aegis of its president and benefactor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Hills" title="Arnold Hills">Arnold Hills</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-50">[47]</a> An achievement while on the committee was the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Bayswater" title="Bayswater">Bayswater</a> chapter.<a href="#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-51">[48]</a> Some of the vegetarians Gandhi met were members of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>, which had been founded in 1875 to further universal brotherhood, and which was devoted to the study of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> literature. They encouraged Gandhi to join them in reading the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a> both in translation as well as in the original.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-50">[47]</a> Gandhi had a friendly and productive relationship with Hills, but the two men took a different view on the continued LVS membership of fellow committee member <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allinson" title="Thomas Allinson">Thomas Allinson</a>. Their disagreement is the first known example of Gandhi challenging authority, despite his shyness and temperamental disinclination towards confrontation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Allinson had been promoting <a href="/wiki/Birth_control#Birth_control_movement" title="Birth control">newly available birth control methods</a>, but Hills disapproved of these, believing they undermined public morality. He believed <a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism#19th_century" title="History of vegetarianism">vegetarianism to be a moral movement</a> and that Allinson should therefore no longer remain a member of the LVS. Gandhi shared Hills' views on the dangers of birth control, but defended Allinson's right to differ.<a href="#cite_note-shyness-52">[49]</a> It would have been hard for Gandhi to challenge Hills; Hills was 12 years his senior and unlike Gandhi, highly eloquent. Hills bankrolled the LVS and was a <a href="/wiki/Captain_of_industry" title="Captain of industry">captain of industry</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Thames_Ironworks_and_Shipbuilding_Company" title="Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company">Thames Ironworks</a> company employing more than 6,000 people in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End of London</a>. Hills was also a highly accomplished sportsman who later founded the football club <a href="/wiki/West_Ham_United" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ham United">West Ham United</a>. In his 1927 An Autobiography, Vol. I, Gandhi wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> The question deeply interested me...I had a high regard for Mr. Hills and his generosity. But I thought it was quite improper to exclude a man from a vegetarian society simply because he refused to regard puritan morals as one of the objects of the society<a href="#cite_note-shyness-52">[49]</a></blockquote> A motion to remove Allinson was raised, and was debated and voted on by the committee. Gandhi's shyness was an obstacle to his defence of Allinson at the committee meeting. Gandhi wrote his views down on paper, but shyness prevented Gandhi from reading out his arguments, so Hills, the President, asked another committee member to read them out for him. Although some other members of the committee agreed with Gandhi, the vote was lost and Allinson was excluded. There were no hard feelings, with Hills proposing the toast at the LVS farewell dinner in honour of Gandhi's return to India.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Called_to_the_bar">Called to the bar</h3></div> Gandhi, at age 22, was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the bar">called to the bar</a> in June 1891 and then left London for India, where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and that his family had kept the news from Gandhi.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-50">[47]</a> His attempts at establishing a law practice in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> failed because Gandhi was psychologically unable to <a href="/wiki/Cross-examine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-examine">cross-examine</a> witnesses. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for litigants, but Gandhi was forced to stop after running afoul of British officer Sam Sunny.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-51">[48]</a> In 1893, a Muslim merchant in Kathiawar named Dada Abdullah contacted Gandhi. Abdullah owned a large successful shipping business in South Africa. His distant cousin in Johannesburg needed a lawyer, and they preferred someone with Kathiawari heritage. Gandhi inquired about his pay for the work. They offered a total salary of £105 (~$4,143 in 2023 money) plus travel expenses. He accepted it, knowing that it would be at least a one-year commitment in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Colony of Natal</a>, South Africa, also a part of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200882–83-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_rights_activist_in_South_Africa_(1893–1914)">Civil rights activist in South Africa (1893–1914)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Jee%27s_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gandhi_Jee%27s_Statue.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Jee%27s_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gandhi_Jee%27s_Statue.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Jee%27s_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gandhi_Jee%27s_Statue.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Jee%27s_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Gandhi commemorating the centenary of the incident at the <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietermaritzburg Railway Station">Pietermaritzburg Railway Station</a>, unveiled by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> on Church Street, Pietermaritzburg, in June 1993</figcaption></figure> In April 1893, Gandhi, aged 23, set sail for South Africa to be the lawyer for Abdullah's cousin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200882–83-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHOA-193-55">[52]</a> Gandhi spent 21 years in South Africa where he developed his political views, ethics, and politics.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keshavjee_2015_p.-57">[54]</a> During this time Gandhi briefly returned to India in 1902 to mobilise support for the welfare of Indians in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Immediately upon arriving in South Africa, Gandhi faced discrimination due to his skin colour and heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Parekh2001-59">[56]</a> Gandhi was not allowed to sit with European passengers in the stagecoach and was told to sit on the floor near the driver, then beaten when he refused; elsewhere, Gandhi was kicked into a gutter for daring to walk near a house, in another instance thrown off a train at <a href="/wiki/Pietermaritzburg" title="Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a> after refusing to leave the first-class.<a href="#cite_note-Turban-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhiman201625–27-60">[57]</a> Gandhi sat in the train station, shivering all night and pondering if he should return to India or protest for his rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhiman201625–27-60">[57]</a> Gandhi chose to protest and was allowed to board the train the next day.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-61">[58]</a> In another incident, the magistrate of a <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> court ordered Gandhi to remove his turban, which he refused to do.<a href="#cite_note-Turban-40">[37]</a> Indians were not allowed to walk on public footpaths in South Africa. Gandhi was kicked by a police officer out of the footpath onto the street without warning.<a href="#cite_note-Turban-40">[37]</a> When Gandhi arrived in South Africa, according to Arthur Herman, he thought of himself as "a Briton first, and an Indian second."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200887–88-62">[59]</a> However, the prejudice against Gandhi and his fellow Indians from British people that Gandhi experienced and observed deeply bothered him. Gandhi found it humiliating, struggling to understand how some people can feel honour or superiority or pleasure in such inhumane practices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhiman201625–27-60">[57]</a> Gandhi began to question his people's standing in the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allen2011-63">[60]</a> The Abdullah case that had brought him to South Africa concluded in May 1894, and the Indian community organised a farewell party for Gandhi as he prepared to return to India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200888–89-64">[61]</a> The farewell party was turned into a working committee to plan the resistance to a new Natal government discriminatory proposal. This led to Gandhi extending his original period of stay in South Africa. Gandhi planned to assist Indians in opposing a bill to <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">deny them the right to vote</a>, a right then proposed to be an exclusive European right. He asked <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, the British Colonial Secretary, to reconsider his position on this bill.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-56">[53]</a> Though unable to halt the bill's passage, Gandhi's campaign was successful in drawing attention to the grievances of Indians in South Africa. He helped found the <a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a> in 1894,<a href="#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-51">[48]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-61">[58]</a> and through this organisation, Gandhi moulded the Indian community of South Africa into a unified political force. In January 1897, when Gandhi landed in Durban, a mob of white settlers attacked him,<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> and Gandhi escaped only through the efforts of the wife of the police superintendent.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, Gandhi refused to press charges against any member of the mob.<a href="#cite_note-Tendulkar1951-51">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Boer_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3644" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi (middle, third from right) with the stretcher-bearers of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a></figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Boer War</a>, Gandhi volunteered in 1900 to form a group of stretcher-bearers as the <a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Ambulance_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Indian Ambulance Corps">Natal Indian Ambulance Corps</a>. According to Arthur Herman, Gandhi wanted to disprove the British colonial stereotype that Hindus were not fit for "manly" activities involving danger and exertion, unlike the Muslim "<a href="/wiki/Martial_race" title="Martial race">martial races</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008125-66">[63]</a> Gandhi raised 1,100 Indian volunteers to support British combat troops against the Boers. They were trained and medically certified to serve on the front lines. They were auxiliaries at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colenso" title="Battle of Colenso">Battle of Colenso</a> to a White volunteer ambulance corps. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spion_Kop" title="Battle of Spion Kop">Battle of Spion Kop</a>, Gandhi and his bearers moved to the front line and had to carry wounded soldiers for miles to a field hospital since the terrain was too rough for the ambulances. Gandhi and 37 other Indians received the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_South_Africa_Medal" title="Queen's South Africa Medal">Queen's South Africa Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008chapter_6-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-medals_south_african-68">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg/220px-Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg/330px-Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg/440px-Gandhi_and_Kasturbhai_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi and his wife <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba</a> (1902)</figcaption></figure> In 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> government promulgated a new Act compelling registration of the colony's Indian and Chinese populations. At a mass protest meeting held in Johannesburg on 11 September that year, Gandhi adopted his still evolving methodology of <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> (devotion to the truth), or nonviolent protest, for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Rai2000-69">[66]</a> According to Anthony Parel, Gandhi was also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> moral text <a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a> after <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> mentioned it in their correspondence that began with "<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>".<a href="#cite_note-LetterToAHindu-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-gandhi-71">[68]</a> Gandhi urged Indians to defy the new law and to suffer the punishments for doing so. His ideas of protests, persuasion skills, and public relations had emerged. Gandhi took these back to India in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2013aCh._22-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europeans,_Indians_and_Africans">Europeans, Indians and Africans</h3></div> Gandhi focused his attention on Indians and Africans while he was in South Africa. Initially, Gandhi was not interested in politics, but this changed after he was discriminated against and bullied, such as by being thrown out of a train coach due to his skin colour by a white train official. After several such incidents with <a href="/wiki/White_South_African" class="mw-redirect" title="White South African">Whites in South Africa</a>, Gandhi's thinking and focus changed, and he felt he must resist this and fight for rights. Gandhi entered politics by forming the Natal Indian Congress.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> According to Ashwin Desai and Goolam Vahed, Gandhi's views on racism are contentious in some cases. He suffered persecution from the beginning in South Africa. Like with other coloured people, white officials denied Gandhi his rights, and the press and those in the streets bullied and called Gandhi a "parasite", "semi-barbarous", "canker", "squalid coolie", "yellow man", and other epithets. People would even spit on him as an expression of racial hate.<a href="#cite_note-Desai2015p26-75">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg/170px-Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg/255px-Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg/340px-Indian_opinion_advertisement_in_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a>, a newspaper founded by Gandhi</figcaption></figure> While in South Africa, Gandhi focused on the racial persecution of Indians before he started to focus on racism against Africans. In some cases, state Desai and Vahed, Gandhi's behaviour was one of being a willing part of racial stereotyping and African exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-Desai2015p26-75">[72]</a> During a speech in September 1896, Gandhi complained that the whites in the British colony of South Africa were "degrading the Indian to the level of a raw <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_(racial_term)" title="Kaffir (racial term)">Kaffir</a>."<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> Scholars cite it as an example of evidence that Gandhi at that time thought of Indians and black South Africans differently.<a href="#cite_note-Desai2015p26-75">[72]</a> As another example given by Herman, Gandhi, at the age of 24, prepared a legal brief for the Natal Assembly in 1895, seeking voting rights for Indians. Gandhi cited race history and European Orientalists' opinions that "Anglo-Saxons and Indians are sprung from the same Aryan stock or rather the Indo-European peoples" and argued that Indians should not be grouped with the Africans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200888–89-64">[61]</a> Years later, Gandhi and his colleagues served and helped Africans as nurses and by opposing racism. The Nobel Peace Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> is among admirers of Gandhi's efforts to fight against racism in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> The general image of Gandhi, state Desai and Vahed, has been reinvented since his assassination as though Gandhi was always a saint, when in reality, his life was more complex, contained inconvenient truths, and was one that changed over time.<a href="#cite_note-Desai2015p26-75">[72]</a> Scholars have also pointed the evidence to a rich history of co-operation and efforts by Gandhi and Indian people with nonwhite South Africans against persecution of Africans and the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> In 1903, Gandhi started the Indian Opinion, a journal that carried news of Indians in South Africa, Indians in India with articles on all subjects -social, moral and intellectual. Each issue was multi-lingual and carried material in English, Gujarati, Hindi and Tamil. It carried ads, depended heavily on Gandhi's contributions (often printed without a byline) and was an 'advocate' for the Indian cause.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> In 1906, when the <a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a> broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">colony of Natal</a>, the then 36-year-old Gandhi, despite sympathising with the Zulu rebels, encouraged Indian South Africans to form a volunteer stretcher-bearer unit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008136–137-80">[77]</a> Writing in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a>, Gandhi argued that military service would be beneficial to the Indian community and claimed it would give them "health and happiness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008154–157,_280–281-81">[78]</a> Gandhi eventually led a volunteer mixed unit of Indian and African stretcher-bearers to treat wounded combatants during the suppression of the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008136–137-80">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_suit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gandhi_suit.jpg/190px-Gandhi_suit.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gandhi_suit.jpg/285px-Gandhi_suit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Gandhi_suit.jpg/380px-Gandhi_suit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi photographed in South Africa (1909)</figcaption></figure> The medical unit commanded by Gandhi operated for less than two months before being disbanded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008136–137-80">[77]</a> After the suppression of the rebellion, the colonial establishment showed no interest in extending to the Indian community the civil rights granted to <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white South Africans</a>. This led Gandhi to becoming disillusioned with the Empire and aroused a spiritual awakening within him; historian <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Herman" title="Arthur L. Herman">Arthur L. Herman</a> wrote that Gandhi's African experience was a part of his great disillusionment with the West, transforming Gandhi into an "uncompromising non-cooperator".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008154–157,_280–281-81">[78]</a> By 1910, Gandhi's newspaper, Indian Opinion, was covering reports on discrimination against Africans by the colonial regime. Gandhi remarked that the Africans "alone are the original inhabitants of the land. … The whites, on the other hand, have occupied the land forcibly and appropriated it for themselves."<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> In 1910, Gandhi established, with the help of his friend <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a>, an idealistic community they named <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a> near Johannesburg.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> There, Gandhi nurtured his policy of peaceful resistance.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> In the years after black South Africans gained the right to vote in South Africa (1994), Gandhi was proclaimed a national hero with numerous monuments.<a href="#cite_note-Mbeki2006-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struggle_for_Indian_independence_(1915–1947)">Struggle for Indian independence (1915–1947)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div> At the request of <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a>, conveyed to Gandhi by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a>, Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He brought an international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and community organiser. Gandhi joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and was introduced to Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gokhale. Gokhale was a key leader of the Congress Party best known for his restraint and moderation, and his insistence on working inside the system. Gandhi took Gokhale's liberal approach based on British <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggish</a> traditions and transformed it to make it look Indian.<a href="#cite_note-Whiggism-87">[84]</a> Gandhi took leadership of the Congress in 1920 and began escalating demands until on 26 January 1930 the Indian National Congress declared the independence of India. The British did not recognise the declaration, but negotiations ensued, with the Congress taking a role in provincial government in the late 1930s. Gandhi and the Congress withdrew their support of the Raj when the Viceroy declared war on Germany in September 1939 without consultation. Tensions escalated until Gandhi demanded immediate independence in 1942, and the British responded by imprisoning him and tens of thousands of Congress leaders. Meanwhile, the Muslim League did co-operate with Britain and moved, against Gandhi's strong opposition, to demands for a totally separate Muslim state of Pakistan. In August 1947, the British partitioned the land with India and Pakistan each achieving independence on terms that Gandhi disapproved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits2002367–386-88">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_World_War_I">Role in World War I</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Indian Army during World War I">The role of India in World War I</a></div> In April 1918, during the latter part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Viceroy</a> invited Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> Gandhi agreed to support the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Turban-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-wikilivres.ca-90">[87]</a> In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Zulu War</a> of 1906 and the outbreak of World War I in 1914, when he recruited volunteers for the Ambulance Corps, this time Gandhi attempted to recruit combatants. In a June 1918 leaflet entitled "Appeal for Enlistment", Gandhi wrote: "To bring about such a state of things we should have the ability to defend ourselves, that is, the ability to bear arms and to use them... If we want to learn the use of arms with the greatest possible despatch, it is our duty to enlist ourselves in the army."<a href="#cite_note-CollectedWorks17b-91">[88]</a> However, Gandhi stipulated in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/John_Maffey,_1st_Baron_Rugby" title="John Maffey, 1st Baron Rugby">Viceroy's private secretary</a> that he "personally will not kill or injure anybody, friend or foe."<a href="#cite_note-CollectedWorks17c-92">[89]</a> Gandhi's support for the war campaign brought into question his consistency on nonviolence. <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Gandhi's private secretary</a> noted that "The question of the consistency between his creed of '<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a>' (nonviolence) and his recruiting campaign was raised not only then but has been discussed ever since."<a href="#cite_note-wikilivres.ca-90">[87]</a> According to political and educational scientist Christian Bartolf, Gandhi's support for the war stemmed from his belief that true ahimsa could not exist simultaneously with cowardice. Therefore, Gandhi felt that Indians needed to be willing and capable of using arms before they voluntarily chose non-violence.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> In July 1918, Gandhi said that he could not persuade even one individual to enlist for the world war. "So far I have not a single recruit to my credit apart," Gandhi wrote. He added: "They object because they fear to die."<a href="#cite_note-Jarboe-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Champaran_agitations">Champaran agitations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Kheda_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Gandhi_Kheda_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="345" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi in 1918, at the time of the Kheda and Champaran Satyagrahas</figcaption></figure> Gandhi's first major achievement came in 1917 with the <a href="/wiki/Champaran" title="Champaran">Champaran</a> agitation in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. The Champaran agitation pitted the local peasantry against largely Anglo-Indian plantation owners who were backed by the local administration. The peasants were forced to grow indigo (<a href="/wiki/Indigofera" title="Indigofera">Indigofera</a> sp.), a cash crop for <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo dye</a> whose demand had been declining over two decades and were forced to sell their crops to the planters at a fixed price. Unhappy with this, the peasantry appealed to Gandhi at his <a href="/wiki/Ashram" title="Ashram">ashram</a> in Ahmedabad. Pursuing a strategy of nonviolent protest, Gandhi took the administration by surprise and won concessions from the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Hardiman2001-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kheda_agitations">Kheda agitations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kheda Satyagraha">Kheda Satyagraha</a></div> In 1918, <a href="/wiki/Kheda" title="Kheda">Kheda</a> was hit by floods and famine and the peasantry was demanding relief from taxes. Gandhi moved his headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Laboratory-96">[93]</a> organising scores of supporters and fresh volunteers from the region, the most notable being <a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpg196_196–197]-97">[94]</a> Using non-co-operation as a technique, Gandhi initiated a signature campaign where peasants pledged non-payment of revenue even under the threat of confiscation of land. A social boycott of mamlatdars and talatdars (revenue officials within the district) accompanied the agitation. Gandhi worked hard to win public support for the agitation across the country. For five months, the administration refused, but by the end of May 1918, the government gave way on important provisions and relaxed the conditions of payment of revenue tax until the famine ended. In Kheda, Vallabhbhai Patel represented the farmers in negotiations with the British, who suspended revenue collection and released all the prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1974-98">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khilafat_movement">Khilafat movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></div> In 1919, following World War I, Gandhi (aged 49) sought political co-operation from Muslims in his fight against British imperialism by supporting the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> that had been defeated in the World War. Before this initiative of Gandhi, communal disputes and religious riots between Hindus and Muslims were common in British India, such as the riots of 1917–18. Gandhi had already vocally supported the British crown in the first world war.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> This decision of Gandhi was in part motivated by the British promise to reciprocate the help with swaraj (self-government) to Indians after the end of World War I.<a href="#cite_note-robbins133-100">[97]</a> The British government had offered, instead of self-government, minor reforms instead, disappointing Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-green89-101">[98]</a> He announced his satyagraha (civil disobedience) intentions. The British colonial officials made their counter move by passing the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a>, to block Gandhi's movement. The Act allowed the British government to treat civil disobedience participants as criminals and gave it the legal basis to arrest anyone for "preventive indefinite detention, incarceration without judicial review or any need for a trial."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault198268–72,_78–82,_96–102,_108–109-102">[99]</a> Gandhi felt that Hindu-Muslim co-operation was necessary for political progress against the British. He leveraged the <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat movement">Khilafat movement</a>, wherein <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslims in India, their leaders such as the sultans of princely states in India and Ali brothers championed the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> as a solidarity symbol of Sunni Islamic community (<a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>). They saw the Caliph as their means to support Islam and the Islamic law after the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault19824–8-103">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-paine20-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991161–164-105">[102]</a> Gandhi's support to the Khilafat movement led to mixed results. It initially led to a strong Muslim support for Gandhi. However, the Hindu leaders including Rabindranath Tagore questioned Gandhi's leadership because they were largely against recognising or supporting the Sunni Islamic Caliph in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-109">[d]</a> The increasing Muslim support for Gandhi, after he championed the Caliph's cause, temporarily stopped the Hindu-Muslim communal violence. It offered evidence of inter-communal harmony in joint Rowlatt satyagraha demonstration rallies, raising Gandhi's stature as the political leader to the British.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991140–147-111">[107]</a> His support for the Khilafat movement also helped Gandhi sideline <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a>, who had announced his opposition to the satyagraha non-co-operation movement approach of Gandhi. Jinnah began creating his independent support, and later went on to lead the demand for West and East Pakistan. Though they agreed in general terms on Indian independence, they disagreed on the means of achieving this. Jinnah was mainly interested in dealing with the British via constitutional negotiation, rather than attempting to agitate the masses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault1982113–116-112">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> In 1922, the Khilafat movement gradually collapsed following the end of the <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)">non-cooperation movement</a> with the arrest of Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Bandyopādhyāẏa-115">[111]</a> A number of Muslim leaders and delegates abandoned Gandhi and Congress.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Hindu-Muslim communal conflicts reignited, and deadly religious riots re-appeared in numerous cities, with 91 in <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces of Agra and Oudh</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits2002372-118">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-co-operation">Non-co-operation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-co-operation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-co-operation movement">Non-co-operation movement</a></div> With his book <a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind Swaraj">Hind Swaraj</a> (1909) Gandhi, aged 40, declared that British rule was established in India with the co-operation of Indians and had survived only because of this co-operation. If Indians refused to co-operate, British rule would collapse and <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">swaraj</a> (Indian independence) would come.<a href="#cite_note-GangulyDocker20082-7">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_besant_madras1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gandhi_besant_madras1921.jpg/220px-Gandhi_besant_madras1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gandhi_besant_madras1921.jpg/330px-Gandhi_besant_madras1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Gandhi_besant_madras1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a> en route to a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> in September 1921. Earlier, in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, on 21 September 1921, Gandhi had adopted the <a href="/wiki/Loin-cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Loin-cloth">loin-cloth</a> for the first time as a symbol of his identification with India's poor.</figcaption></figure> In February 1919, Gandhi cautioned the Viceroy of India with a cable communication that if the British were to pass the <a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Act</a>, he would appeal to Indians to start civil disobedience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103-120">[116]</a> The British government ignored him and passed the law, stating it would not yield to threats. The satyagraha civil disobedience followed, with people assembling to protest the Rowlatt Act. On 30 March 1919, British law officers opened fire on an assembly of unarmed people, peacefully gathered, participating in satyagraha in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103-120">[116]</a> People rioted in retaliation. On 6 April 1919, a Hindu festival day, Gandhi asked a crowd to remember not to injure or kill British people, but to express their frustration with peace, to boycott British goods and burn any British clothing they owned. He emphasised the use of non-violence to the British and towards each other, even if the other side used violence. Communities across India announced plans to gather in greater numbers to protest. Government warned him not to enter Delhi, but Gandhi defied the order and was arrested on 9 April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103-120">[116]</a> On 13 April 1919, people including women with children gathered in an Amritsar park, and <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Edward_Harry_Dyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Edward Harry Dyer">Reginald Dyer</a> surrounded them and ordered troops under his command to fire on them. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a> (or Amritsar massacre) of hundreds of Sikh and Hindu civilians enraged the subcontinent but was supported by some Britons and parts of the British media as a necessary response. Gandhi in Ahmedabad, on the day after the massacre in Amritsar, did not criticise the British and instead criticised his fellow countrymen for not exclusively using 'love' to deal with the 'hate' of the British government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103-120">[116]</a> Gandhi demanded that the Indian people stop all violence, stop all property destruction, and went on fast-to-death to pressure Indians to stop their rioting.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> The massacre and Gandhi's non-violent response to it moved many, but also made some Sikhs and Hindus upset that Dyer was getting away with murder. Investigation committees were formed by the British, which Gandhi asked Indians to boycott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103-120">[116]</a> The unfolding events, the massacre and the British response, led Gandhi to the belief that Indians will never get a fair equal treatment under British rulers, and he shifted his attention to swaraj and political independence for India.<a href="#cite_note-Chakrabarty2008-122">[118]</a> In 1921, Gandhi was the leader of the Indian National Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991161–164-105">[102]</a> He reorganised the Congress. With Congress now behind Gandhi, and Muslim support triggered by his backing the Khilafat movement to restore the Caliph in Turkey,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991161–164-105">[102]</a> Gandhi had the political support and the attention of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts1923-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault198268–72,_78–82,_96–102,_108–109-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-paine20-104">[101]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_spinning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gandhi_spinning.jpg/220px-Gandhi_spinning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gandhi_spinning.jpg/330px-Gandhi_spinning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gandhi_spinning.jpg/440px-Gandhi_spinning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3104" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi spinning yarn</figcaption></figure> Gandhi expanded his nonviolent non-co-operation platform to include the <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">swadeshi policy</a> – the boycott of foreign-made goods, especially British goods. Linked to this was his advocacy that <a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">khadi</a> (homespun cloth) be worn by all Indians instead of British-made textiles. Gandhi exhorted Indian men and women, rich or poor, to spend time each day spinning khadi in support of the independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990a89-123">[119]</a> In addition to boycotting British products, Gandhi urged the people to boycott British institutions and law courts, to resign from government employment, and to forsake <a href="/wiki/British_honours_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British honours system">British titles and honours</a>. Gandhi thus began his journey aimed at crippling the British India government economically, politically and administratively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShashi19969-124">[120]</a> The appeal of "Non-cooperation" grew, its social popularity drew participation from all strata of Indian society. Gandhi was arrested on 10 March 1922, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years' imprisonment. He began his sentence on 18 March 1922. With Gandhi isolated in prison, the Indian National Congress split into two factions, one led by <a href="/wiki/Chitta_Ranjan_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Chitta Ranjan Das">Chitta Ranjan Das</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a> favouring party participation in the legislatures, and the other led by <a href="/wiki/Chakravarti_Rajagopalachari" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakravarti Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, opposing this move.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990a131-125">[121]</a> Furthermore, co-operation among Hindus and Muslims ended as Khilafat movement collapsed with the rise of Atatürk in Turkey. Muslim leaders left the Congress and began forming Muslim organisations. The political base behind Gandhi had broken into factions. He was released in February 1924 for an <a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">appendicitis</a> operation, having served only two years.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Datta2006-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_Satyagraha_(Salt_March/Civil_Disobedience_Movement)">Salt Satyagraha (Salt March/Civil Disobedience Movement)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Salt Satyagraha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Salt_March.ogv/220px--Salt_March.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="81" data-mwtitle="Salt_March.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Salt_March.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Salt_March.ogv/Salt_March.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Salt_March.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/de/Salt_March.ogv/Salt_March.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Original footage of Gandhi and his followers marching to Dandi in the Salt Satyagraha</figcaption></figure> After his early release from prison for political crimes in 1924, Gandhi continued to pursue swaraj over the second half of the 1920s. He pushed through a resolution at the Calcutta Congress in December 1928 calling on the British government to grant India <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a> status or face a new campaign of non-cooperation with complete independence for the country as its goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990172-128">[124]</a> After Gandhi's support for World War I with Indian combat troops, and the failure of Khilafat movement in preserving the rule of Caliph in Turkey, followed by a collapse in Muslim support for his leadership, some such as <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a> questioned his values and non-violent approach.<a href="#cite_note-paine20-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991199–204-129">[125]</a> While many Hindu leaders championed a demand for immediate independence, Gandhi revised his own call to a one-year wait, instead of two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990172-128">[124]</a> The British did not respond favourably to Gandhi's proposal. British political leaders such as Lord Birkenhead and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> announced opposition to "the appeasers of Gandhi" in their discussions with European diplomats who sympathised with Indian demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008419–420-130">[126]</a> On 31 December 1929, an Indian flag was unfurled in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>. Gandhi led Congress in a celebration on 26 January 1930 of <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">India's Independence Day</a> in Lahore. This day was commemorated by almost every other Indian organisation. Gandhi then launched a new Satyagraha against the British salt tax in March 1930. He sent an ultimatum in the form of a letter personally addressed to Lord Irwin, the viceroy of India, on 2 March. Gandhi condemned British rule in the letter, describing it as "a curse" that "has impoverished the dumb millions by a system of progressive exploitation and by a ruinously expensive military and civil administration... It has reduced us politically to serfdom." Gandhi also mentioned in the letter that the viceroy received a salary "over five thousand times India's average income." In the letter, Gandhi also stressed his continued adherence to non-violent forms of protest.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> This was highlighted by the Salt March to Dandi from 12 March to 6 April, where, together with 78 volunteers, Gandhi marched 388 kilometres (241 mi) from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat to make salt himself, with the declared intention of breaking the salt laws. The march took 25 days to cover 240 miles with Gandhi speaking to often huge crowds along the way. Thousands of Indians joined him in Dandi. According to Sarma, Gandhi recruited women to participate in the salt tax campaigns and the boycott of foreign products, which gave many women a new self-confidence and dignity in the mainstream of Indian public life.<a href="#cite_note-Sarma1994-132">[128]</a> However, other scholars such as Marilyn French state that Gandhi barred women from joining his civil disobedience movement because Gandhi feared he would be accused of using women as a political shield.<a href="#cite_note-french219-133">[129]</a> When women insisted on joining the movement and participating in public demonstrations, Gandhi asked the volunteers to get permissions of their guardians and only those women who can arrange child-care should join him.<a href="#cite_note-suruchi77-134">[130]</a> Regardless of Gandhi's apprehensions and views, Indian women joined the Salt March by the thousands to defy the British salt taxes and monopoly on salt mining. On 5 May, Gandhi was interned under a regulation dating from 1827 in anticipation of a protest that he had planned. The protest at Dharasana salt works on 21 May went ahead without Gandhi. A horrified American journalist, <a href="/wiki/Webb_Miller_(journalist)" title="Webb Miller (journalist)">Webb Miller</a>, described the British response thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In complete silence the Gandhi men drew up and halted a hundred yards from the stockade. A picked column advanced from the crowd, waded the ditches and approached the barbed wire stockade... at a word of command, scores of native policemen rushed upon the advancing marchers and rained blows on their heads with their steel-shot lathis [long bamboo sticks]. Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to fend off blows. They went down like ninepins. From where I stood I heard the sickening whack of the clubs on unprotected skulls... Those struck down fell sprawling, unconscious or writhing with fractured skulls or broken shoulders.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a></blockquote> This went on for hours until some 300 or more protesters had been beaten, many seriously injured and two killed. At no time did they offer any resistance. After Gandhi's arrest, the women marched and picketed shops on their own, accepting violence and verbal abuse from British authorities for the cause in the manner Gandhi inspired.<a href="#cite_note-french219-133">[129]</a> This campaign was one of Gandhi's most successful at upsetting British hold on India; Britain responded by imprisoning over 60,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Hatt2002-136">[132]</a> However, Congress estimates put the figure at 90,000. Among them was one of Gandhi's lieutenants, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gandhi_as_folk_hero">Gandhi as folk hero</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_workers_on_strike_in_support_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_in_1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Indian_workers_on_strike_in_support_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_in_1930.jpg/220px-Indian_workers_on_strike_in_support_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_in_1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Indian_workers_on_strike_in_support_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_in_1930.jpg/330px-Indian_workers_on_strike_in_support_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_in_1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Indian_workers_on_strike_in_support_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_in_1930.jpg/440px-Indian_workers_on_strike_in_support_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_in_1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Indian workers on strike in support of Gandhi in 1930</figcaption></figure> Indian Congress in the 1920s appealed to <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> peasants by creating Telugu language plays that combined Indian mythology and legends, linked them to Gandhi's ideas, and portrayed Gandhi as a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>, a reincarnation of ancient and medieval Indian nationalist leaders and saints. The plays built support among peasants steeped in traditional Hindu culture, according to Murali, and this effort made Gandhi a folk hero in Telugu speaking villages, a sacred messiah-like figure.<a href="#cite_note-Murali1985-137">[133]</a> According to Dennis Dalton, it was Gandhi's ideas that were responsible for his wide following. Gandhi criticised Western civilisation as one driven by "brute force and immorality", contrasting it with his categorisation of Indian civilisation as one driven by "soul force and morality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton20128–14,_20–23,_30–35-138">[134]</a> Gandhi captured the imagination of the people of his heritage with his ideas about winning "hate with love." These ideas are evidenced in his pamphlets from the 1890s, in South Africa, where too Gandhi was popular among the Indian <a href="/wiki/Indian_indenture_system" title="Indian indenture system">indentured workers</a>. After he returned to India, people flocked to Gandhi because he reflected their values.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton20128–14,_20–23,_30–35-138">[134]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_first_visit_to_Odisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gandhi_first_visit_to_Odisha.jpg/220px-Gandhi_first_visit_to_Odisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gandhi_first_visit_to_Odisha.jpg/330px-Gandhi_first_visit_to_Odisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gandhi_first_visit_to_Odisha.jpg/440px-Gandhi_first_visit_to_Odisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption> Gandhi's first visit to <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> in 1921, a general meeting held at the riverbed of Kathajodi</figcaption></figure> Gandhi also campaigned hard going from one rural corner of the Indian subcontinent to another. He used terminology and phrases such as <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>-rajya from <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a> as a paradigmatic icon, and such cultural symbols as another facet of swaraj and satyagraha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhiman201646–49-139">[135]</a> During Gandhi's lifetime, these ideas sounded strange outside India, but they readily and deeply resonated with the culture and historic values of his people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton20128–14,_20–23,_30–35-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h3></div> The government, represented by <a href="/wiki/E._F._L._Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Lord Irwin</a>, decided to negotiate with Gandhi. The <a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> was signed in March 1931. The British Government agreed to free all <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a>, in return for the suspension of the civil disobedience movement. According to the pact, Gandhi was invited to attend the Round Table Conference in London for discussions and as the sole representative of the Indian National Congress. The conference was a disappointment to Gandhi and the nationalists. Gandhi expected to discuss India's independence, while the British side focused on the Indian princes and Indian minorities rather than on a transfer of power. Lord Irwin's successor, <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon" title="Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon">Lord Willingdon</a>, took a hard line against India as an independent nation, began a new campaign of controlling and subduing the nationalist movement. Gandhi was again arrested, and the government tried and failed to negate his influence by completely isolating him from his followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtquxD6dk914CpgPA375_375–377]-141">[137]</a> In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, a prominent Conservative politician who was then out of office but later became its prime minister, became a vigorous and articulate critic of Gandhi and opponent of his long-term plans. Churchill often ridiculed Gandhi, saying in a widely reported 1931 speech: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is alarming and also nauseating to see Mr Gandhi, a seditious Middle Temple lawyer, now posing as a fakir of a type well known in the East, striding half-naked up the steps of the Vice-regal palace....to parley on equal terms with the representative of the King-Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008359-142">[138]</a></blockquote> Churchill's bitterness against Gandhi grew in the 1930s. He called Gandhi as the one who was "seditious in aim" whose evil genius and multiform menace was attacking the British empire. Churchill called him a dictator, a "Hindu <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a>", fomenting a race war, trying to replace the Raj with <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> cronies, playing on the ignorance of Indian masses, all for selfish gain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008378–381-143">[139]</a> Churchill attempted to isolate Gandhi, and his criticism of Gandhi was widely covered by European and American press. It gained Churchill sympathetic support, but it also increased support for Gandhi among Europeans. The developments heightened Churchill's anxiety that the "British themselves would give up out of pacifism and misplaced conscience."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008378–381-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Round_Table_Conferences">Round Table Conferences</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahadev_Desai_and_Gandhi_2_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mahadev_Desai_and_Gandhi_2_1939.jpg/220px-Mahadev_Desai_and_Gandhi_2_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Mahadev_Desai_and_Gandhi_2_1939.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi and his personal assistant <a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a> at Birla House, 1939</figcaption></figure> During the discussions between Gandhi and the British government over 1931–32 at the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a>, Gandhi, now aged about 62, sought constitutional reforms as a preparation to the end of colonial British rule, and begin the self-rule by Indians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201692–99-144">[140]</a> The British side sought reforms that would keep the Indian subcontinent as a colony. The British negotiators proposed constitutional reforms on a British Dominion model that established separate electorates based on religious and social divisions. The British questioned the Congress party and Gandhi's authority to speak for all of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008332–333-145">[141]</a> They invited Indian religious leaders, such as Muslims and Sikhs, to press their demands along religious lines, as well as <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a> as the representative leader of the untouchables.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201692–99-144">[140]</a> Gandhi vehemently opposed a constitution that enshrined rights or representations based on communal divisions, because he feared that it would not bring people together but divide them, perpetuate their status, and divert the attention from India's struggle to end the colonial rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201697-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgandhi00judipage252_252–257]-147">[143]</a> The Second Round Table conference was the only time Gandhi left India between 1914 and his death in 1948. Gandhi declined the government's offer of accommodation in an expensive <a href="/wiki/West_End_of_London" title="West End of London">West End</a> hotel, preferring to stay in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a>, to live among working-class people, as he did in India.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Gandhi based himself in a small <a href="/wiki/Monastic_cell" title="Monastic cell">cell-bedroom</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Hall" title="Kingsley Hall">Kingsley Hall</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Hall#Gandhi" title="Kingsley Hall">three-month duration of his stay</a> and was enthusiastically received by East Enders.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> During this time, Gandhi renewed his links with the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country#United_Kingdom" title="Vegetarianism by country">British vegetarian movement</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_admiring_East_End_crowd_gathers_to_witness_the_arrival_of_Mahatma_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/An_admiring_East_End_crowd_gathers_to_witness_the_arrival_of_Mahatma_Gandhi.jpg/220px-An_admiring_East_End_crowd_gathers_to_witness_the_arrival_of_Mahatma_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/An_admiring_East_End_crowd_gathers_to_witness_the_arrival_of_Mahatma_Gandhi.jpg/330px-An_admiring_East_End_crowd_gathers_to_witness_the_arrival_of_Mahatma_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/An_admiring_East_End_crowd_gathers_to_witness_the_arrival_of_Mahatma_Gandhi.jpg/440px-An_admiring_East_End_crowd_gathers_to_witness_the_arrival_of_Mahatma_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3626" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>An admiring <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a> crowd gathers to witness the arrival of Mahatma Gandhi, 1931</figcaption></figure> After Gandhi returned from the Second Round Table conference, he started a new satyagraha. Gandhi was arrested and imprisoned at the <a href="/wiki/Yerwada_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerwada Jail">Yerwada Jail</a>, Pune. While he was in prison, the British government enacted a new law that granted untouchables a separate electorate. It came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Communal_Award" title="Communal Award">Communal Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008382–390-150">[146]</a> In protest, Gandhi started a fast-unto-death, while he was held in prison.<a href="#cite_note-Dirks2011p267-151">[147]</a> The resulting public outcry forced the government, in consultations with Ambedkar, to replace the Communal Award with a compromise <a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-yer-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014369–370-153">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress_politics">Congress politics</h3></div> In 1934, Gandhi resigned from Congress party membership. He did not disagree with the party's position, but felt that if he resigned, Gandhi's popularity with Indians would cease to stifle the party's membership, which actually varied, including communists, socialists, trade unionists, students, religious conservatives, and those with pro-business convictions, and that these various voices would get a chance to make themselves heard. Gandhi also wanted to avoid being a target for Raj propaganda by leading a party that had temporarily accepted political accommodation with the Raj.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990246-154">[150]</a> In 1936, Gandhi returned to active politics again with the Nehru presidency and the Lucknow session of the Congress. Although Gandhi wanted a total focus on the task of winning independence and not speculation about India's future, he did not restrain the Congress from adopting socialism as its goal. Gandhi had a clash with Subhas Chandra Bose, who had been elected president in 1938, and who had previously expressed a lack of faith in nonviolence as a means of protest.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> Despite Gandhi's opposition, Bose won a second term as Congress President, against Gandhi's nominee, <a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a>. Gandhi declared that Sitaramayya's defeat was his defeat.<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Bose later left the Congress when the All-India leaders resigned en masse in protest of his abandonment of the principles introduced by Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990277–281-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2006-158">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_Quit_India_movement">World War II and Quit India movement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg/220px-Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg/330px-Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg/440px-Gandhi_and_Nehru_in_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi talking with <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, his designated political heir, during the drafting of the Quit India Resolution in Bombay, August 1942</figcaption></figure> Gandhi opposed providing any help to the British war effort and he campaigned against any Indian participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008467–470-159">[155]</a> The British government responded with the arrests of Gandhi and many other Congress leaders and killed over 1,000 Indians who participated in this movement.<a href="#cite_note-auto-160">[156]</a> A number of violent attacks were also carried out by the nationalists against the British government.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-161">[157]</a> While Gandhi's campaign did not enjoy the support of a number of Indian leaders, and over 2.5 million Indians volunteered and joined the British military to fight on various fronts of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Forces</a>, the movement played a role in weakening the control over the South Asian region by the British regime and it ultimately paved the way for Indian independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008467–470-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-161">[157]</a> Gandhi's opposition to the Indian participation in World War II was motivated by his belief that India could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic freedom while that freedom was denied to India itself.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Gandhi also condemned Nazism and Fascism, a view which won endorsement of other Indian leaders. As the war progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, calling for the British to Quit India in a 1942 speech in Mumbai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a74–75-163">[159]</a> This was Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at securing the British exit from India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990309-164">[160]</a> The British government responded quickly to the Quit India speech, and within hours after Gandhi's speech arrested Gandhi and all the members of the Congress Working Committee.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> His countrymen retaliated the arrests by damaging or burning down hundreds of government owned railway stations, police stations, and cutting down telegraph wires.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a205–211-166">[162]</a> In 1942, Gandhi now nearing age 73, urged his people to completely stop co-operating with the imperial government. In this effort, Gandhi urged that they neither kill nor injure British people but be willing to suffer and die if violence is initiated by the British officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a74–75-163">[159]</a> He clarified that the movement would not be stopped because of any individual acts of violence, saying that the "ordered anarchy" of "the present system of administration" was "worse than real anarchy."<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Gandhi urged Indians to karo ya maro ("do or die") in the cause of their rights and freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a74–75-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg/220px-Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg/330px-Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg/440px-Gandhi_writing_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi in 1942, the year he launched the <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a></figcaption></figure> Gandhi's arrest lasted two years, as he was held in the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a>. During this period, Gandhi's longtime secretary Mahadev Desai died of a heart attack, his wife Kasturba died after 18 months' imprisonment on 22 February 1944, and Gandhi suffered a severe <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a205–211-166">[162]</a> While in jail, he agreed to an interview with Stuart Gelder, a British journalist. Gelder then composed and released an interview summary, cabled it to the mainstream press, that announced sudden concessions Gandhi was willing to make, comments that shocked his countrymen, the Congress workers and even Gandhi. The latter two claimed that it distorted what Gandhi actually said on a range of topics and falsely repudiated the Quit India movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a205–211-166">[162]</a> Gandhi was released before the end of the war on 6 May 1944 because of his failing health and necessary surgery; the Raj did not want him to die in prison and enrage the nation. Gandhi came out of detention to an altered political scene – the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> for example, which a few years earlier had appeared marginal, "now occupied the centre of the political stage"<a href="#cite_note-Lapping1989-170">[166]</a> and the topic of Jinnah's campaign for Pakistan was a major talking point. Gandhi and Jinnah had extensive correspondence and the two men met several times over a period of two weeks in September 1944 at <a href="/wiki/Jinnah_Mansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinnah Mansion">Jinnah's house</a> in Bombay, where Gandhi insisted on a united religiously plural and independent India which included Muslims and non-Muslims of the Indian subcontinent coexisting. Jinnah rejected this proposal and insisted instead for partitioning the subcontinent on religious lines to create a separate Muslim homeland (later Pakistan).<a href="#cite_note-Khan2007-page1-171">[167]</a> These discussions continued through 1947.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> While the leaders of Congress languished in jail, the other parties supported the war and gained organisational strength. Underground publications flailed at the ruthless suppression of Congress, but it had little control over events.<a href="#cite_note-BhattacharyaStudies2001-173">[169]</a> At the end of the war, the British gave clear indications that power would be transferred to Indian hands. At this point, Gandhi called off the struggle, and around 100,000 political prisoners were released, including the Congress's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShashi199613-174">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partition_and_independence">Partition and independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Jinnah_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gandhi_Jinnah_1944.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Jinnah_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gandhi_Jinnah_1944.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Jinnah_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Gandhi_Jinnah_1944.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Jinnah_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> in September 1944</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Suhrawardy_and_Mujib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gandhi_Suhrawardy_and_Mujib.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Suhrawardy_and_Mujib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gandhi_Suhrawardy_and_Mujib.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Suhrawardy_and_Mujib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Gandhi_Suhrawardy_and_Mujib.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Suhrawardy_and_Mujib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy (left) and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> (far right) during <a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> in October 1946</figcaption></figure> Gandhi <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_partition_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the partition of India">opposed the partition of the Indian subcontinent</a> along religious lines.<a href="#cite_note-Khan2007-page1-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002106–108-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-176">[172]</a> The Indian National Congress and Gandhi called for the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> to <a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a> demanded "Divide and Quit India."<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> Gandhi suggested an agreement which required the Congress and the Muslim League to co-operate and attain independence under a provisional government, thereafter, the question of partition could be resolved by a plebiscite in the districts with a Muslim majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994418-179">[175]</a> Jinnah rejected Gandhi's proposal and called for <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a>, on 16 August 1946, to press Muslims to publicly gather in cities and support his proposal for the partition of the Indian subcontinent into a Muslim state and non-Muslim state. <a href="/wiki/Huseyn_Shaheed_Suhrawardy" title="Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy">Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy</a>, the Muslim League Chief Minister of Bengal – now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a>), gave Calcutta's police special holiday to celebrate the Direct Action Day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–121-180">[176]</a> The Direct Action Day triggered a mass murder of Calcutta Hindus and the torching of their property, and holidaying police were missing to contain or stop the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2001a-181">[177]</a> The British government did not order its army to move in to contain the violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–121-180">[176]</a> The violence on Direct Action Day led to retaliatory violence against Muslims across India. Thousands of Hindus and Muslims were murdered, and tens of thousands were injured in the cycle of violence in the days that followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–127-182">[178]</a> Gandhi visited the most riot-prone areas to appeal a stop to the massacres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2001a-181">[177]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountbattens_with_Gandhi_(IND_5298).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mountbattens_with_Gandhi_%28IND_5298%29.jpg/220px-Mountbattens_with_Gandhi_%28IND_5298%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mountbattens_with_Gandhi_%28IND_5298%29.jpg/330px-Mountbattens_with_Gandhi_%28IND_5298%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Mountbattens_with_Gandhi_%28IND_5298%29.jpg/440px-Mountbattens_with_Gandhi_%28IND_5298%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi (center) in 1947, with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis Mountbatten</a>, Britain's last Viceroy of India, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten,_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma" title="Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma">Edwina Mountbatten</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a>, the Viceroy and Governor-General of British India for three years through February 1947, had worked with Gandhi and Jinnah to find a common ground, before and after accepting Indian independence in principle. Wavell condemned Gandhi's character and motives as well as his ideas. Wavell accused Gandhi of harbouring the single-minded idea to "overthrow British rule and influence and to establish a Hindu raj", and called Gandhi a "malignant, malevolent, exceedingly shrewd" politician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2012a64–66-183">[179]</a> Wavell feared a civil war on the Indian subcontinent, and doubted Gandhi would be able to stop it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2012a64–66-183">[179]</a> The British reluctantly agreed to grant independence to the people of the Indian subcontinent, but accepted Jinnah's proposal of partitioning the land into Pakistan and India. Gandhi was involved in the final negotiations, but <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a> states the "plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20027-184">[180]</a> The partition was controversial and violently disputed. More than half a million were killed in religious riots as 10 million to 12 million non-Muslims (Hindus and Sikhs mostly) migrated from Pakistan into India, and Muslims migrated from India into Pakistan, across the newly created borders of India, West Pakistan and East Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-185">[181]</a> Gandhi spent the day of independence not celebrating the end of the British rule, but appealing for peace among his countrymen by fasting and spinning in Calcutta on 15 August 1947. The partition had gripped the Indian subcontinent with religious violence and the streets were filled with corpses.<a href="#cite_note-gs-186">[182]</a> Gandhi's fasting and protests are credited for stopping the religious riots and communal violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2012a64–66-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-talbot-2016-gandhi-assets-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-elkins-pakistan-payment-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-blinkenberg-patel-cash-payments-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-sarkar-modern-india-jan48-1-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-gandhi-suhrud-patel-192">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-gurharpal=-shani-patel-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-burton-stein-godse-194">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi</a></div> At 5:17 p.m. on 30 January 1948, Gandhi was with his grandnieces in the garden of <a href="/wiki/Birla_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Birla House">Birla House</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a>), on his way to address a prayer meeting, when <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Godse</a>, a Hindu nationalist, fired three bullets into Gandhi's chest from a pistol at close range.<a href="#cite_note-ahmed-godse-assets-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-196">[192]</a> According to some accounts, Gandhi died instantly.<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi2007-198">[194]</a> In other accounts, such as one prepared by an eyewitness journalist, Gandhi was carried into the Birla House, into a bedroom. There, he died about 30 minutes later as one of Gandhi's family members read verses from Hindu scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-spear-gandhi-1948-preconditions-fast-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014344-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2004358-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-187">[183]</a> Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru addressed his countrymen over the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="All-India Radio">All-India Radio</a> saying:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA367_367]-203">[199]</a> <blockquote>Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this country.<a href="#cite_note-Jai1996-204">[200]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohandas_K._Gandhi,_Memorial_assassination_spot,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_Memorial_assassination_spot%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_Memorial_assassination_spot%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_Memorial_assassination_spot%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_Memorial_assassination_spot%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_Memorial_assassination_spot%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Mohandas_K._Gandhi%2C_Memorial_assassination_spot%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Memorial at the location of Gandhi's assassination in 1948. His stylised footsteps lead to the memorial.</figcaption></figure> Godse, a Hindu nationalist,<a href="#cite_note-babb-godse-assets-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-CushRobinson2008-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-sarkar-modern-india-jan48-2-206">[202]</a> with links to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardiman2003a174–176-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-bell-savarkar-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-geva-delhi-jan48-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-talbot-singh-delhi-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-187">[183]</a> made no attempt to escape; several other conspirators were soon arrested as well. The accused were <a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Nathuram Vinayak Godse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayan_Apte" title="Narayan Apte">Narayan Apte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a>, Shankar Kistayya, Dattatraya Parchure, Vishnu Karkare, Madanlal Pahwa, and <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Godse" title="Gopal Godse">Gopal Godse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-187">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-talbot-singh-delhi-210">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515-211">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jain76-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196538-214">[210]</a> The trial began on 27 May 1948 and ran for eight months before Justice Atma Charan passed his final order on 10 February 1949. The prosecution called 149 witnesses, the defence none.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515–29-215">[211]</a> The court found all of the defendants except one guilty as charged. Eight men were convicted for the murder conspiracy, and others were convicted for violation of the Explosive Substances Act. Savarkar was acquitted and set free. Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte were sentenced to death by <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> while the remaining six (including Godse's brother, Gopal) were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Life_in_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Life in prison">life imprisonment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_and_memorials">Funeral and memorials</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_funeral_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gandhi_funeral_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Gandhi_funeral_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gandhi_funeral_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Gandhi_funeral_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Gandhi_funeral_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Gandhi_funeral_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3314" data-file-height="2070" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi's funeral was marked by millions of Indians.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi94-218">[214]</a></figcaption></figure> Gandhi's death was mourned nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-spear-gandhi-1948-preconditions-fast-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014344-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2004358-202">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brown1991-p380-187">[183]</a> Over a million people joined the five-mile-long funeral procession that took over five hours to reach Raj Ghat from Birla house, where Gandhi was assassinated, and another million watched the procession pass by.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi94-218">[214]</a> His body was transported on a weapons carrier, whose chassis was dismantled overnight to allow a high-floor to be installed so that people could catch a glimpse of Gandhi's body. The engine of the vehicle was not used; instead, four drag-ropes held by 50 people each pulled the vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-ie48-219">[215]</a> All Indian-owned establishments in London remained closed in mourning as thousands of people from all faiths and denominations and Indians from all over Britain converged at <a href="/wiki/India_House,_London" title="India House, London">India House</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-ie48pg5-220">[216]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremation_at_Rajghat.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Cremation_at_Rajghat.gif/220px-Cremation_at_Rajghat.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Cremation_at_Rajghat.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Cremation of Mahatma Gandhi at <a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Rajghat</a>, 31 January 1948. It was attended by <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwina_Mountbatten,_Countess_Mountbatten_of_Burma" title="Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten of Burma">Edwina Mountbatten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Maulana Azad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajkumari_Amrit_Kaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajkumari Amrit Kaur">Rajkumari Amrit Kaur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a> and other national leaders. His son <a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas Gandhi</a> lit the pyre.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a></figcaption></figure> Gandhi was cremated in accordance with Hindu tradition. His ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services.<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> Most of the ashes were immersed at the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_at_Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam at Allahabad">Sangam at Allahabad</a> on 12 February 1948, but some were secretly taken away. In 1997, <a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar Gandhi</a> immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar2006-224">[220]</a> Some of Gandhi's ashes were scattered at the source of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jinja,_Uganda" title="Jinja, Uganda">Jinja, Uganda</a>, and a memorial plaque marks the event. On 30 January 2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at <a href="/wiki/Girgaum_Chowpatty" class="mw-redirect" title="Girgaum Chowpatty">Girgaum Chowpatty</a>. Another urn is at the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">palace</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> (where Gandhi was held as a political prisoner from 1942 to 1944<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a>) and another in the <a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship_Lake_Shrine" title="Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine">Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine</a> in Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-223">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-GWPM-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> The Birla House site where Gandhi was assassinated is now a memorial called Gandhi Smriti. The place near Yamuna River where he was cremated is the <a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_other_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="Raj Ghat and other memorials">Rāj Ghāt</a> memorial in New Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> A black marble platform, it bears the epigraph "Hē Rāma" (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: हे ! राम or, Hey <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Raam</a>). These are said to be Gandhi's last words after he was shot.<a href="#cite_note-Misra-230">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles,_practices,_and_beliefs">Principles, practices, and beliefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></div> Gandhi's spirituality was greatly based on his embracement of the five great vows of Jainism and Hindu Yoga philosophy, viz. Satya (truth), ahimsa (nonviolence), brahmacharya (celibacy), asteya (non-stealing), and aparigraha (non-attachment).<a href="#cite_note-Marbaniang-231">[227]</a> He stated that "Unless you impose on yourselves the five vows you may not embark on the experiment at all."<a href="#cite_note-Marbaniang-231">[227]</a> Gandhi's statements, letters and life have attracted much political and scholarly analysis of his principles, practices and beliefs, including what influenced him. Some writers present Gandhi as a paragon of ethical living and pacifism, while others present him as a more complex, contradictory and evolving character influenced by his culture and circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorman1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU6DE9OUvrTECpgPA192_192]–195,_208–229-232">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truth_and_Satyagraha">Truth and Satyagraha</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma_Gandhi_on_Rumours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mahatma_Gandhi_on_Rumours.jpg/220px-Mahatma_Gandhi_on_Rumours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mahatma_Gandhi_on_Rumours.jpg/330px-Mahatma_Gandhi_on_Rumours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Mahatma_Gandhi_on_Rumours.jpg/440px-Mahatma_Gandhi_on_Rumours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Plaque displaying one of Gandhi's quotes on rumour</figcaption></figure> Gandhi dedicated his life to discovering and pursuing truth, or <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a>, and called his movement <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">satyagraha</a>, which means "appeal to, insistence on, or reliance on the Truth."<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> The first formulation of the satyagraha as a political movement and principle occurred in 1920, which Gandhi tabled as "Resolution on Non-cooperation" in September that year before a session of the Indian Congress. It was the satyagraha formulation and step, states Dennis Dalton, that deeply resonated with beliefs and culture of his people, embedded him into the popular consciousness, transforming him quickly into Mahatma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton201230–32-235">[231]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_is_Truth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/God_is_Truth.jpg/220px-God_is_Truth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/God_is_Truth.jpg/330px-God_is_Truth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/God_is_Truth.jpg/440px-God_is_Truth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>"God is truth. The way to truth lies through <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (nonviolence)" – <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a>, 13 March 1927</figcaption></figure> Gandhi based Satyagraha on the Vedantic ideal of self-realisation, ahimsa (nonviolence), vegetarianism, and universal love. William Borman states that the key to his satyagraha is rooted in the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishadic</a> texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorman1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU6DE9OUvrTECpgPA26_26]–34-236">[232]</a> According to Indira Carr, Gandhi's ideas on ahimsa and satyagraha were founded on the philosophical foundations of Advaita Vedanta.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> I. Bruce Watson states that some of these ideas are found not only in traditions within Hinduism, but also in Jainism or Buddhism, particularly those about non-violence, vegetarianism and universal love, but Gandhi's synthesis was to politicise these ideas.<a href="#cite_note-Watson-238">[234]</a> His concept of satya as a civil movement, states Glyn Richards, are best understood in the context of the Hindu terminology of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> and <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-richards1-239">[235]</a> Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs first when he said, "God is Truth." Gandhi would later change this statement to "Truth is God." Thus, satya (truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God".<a href="#cite_note-Parel2006-240">[236]</a> Gandhi, states Richards, described the term "God" not as a separate power, but as the Being (Brahman, Atman) of the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> tradition, a nondual universal that pervades in all things, in each person and all life.<a href="#cite_note-richards1-239">[235]</a> According to Nicholas Gier, this to Gandhi meant the unity of God and humans, that all beings have the same one soul and therefore equality, that atman exists and is same as everything in the universe, ahimsa (non-violence) is the very nature of this atman.<a href="#cite_note-gier40-241">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salt_March.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Salt_March.jpg/220px-Salt_March.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Salt_March.jpg/330px-Salt_March.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Salt_March.jpg/440px-Salt_March.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi picking salt during <a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt Satyagraha</a> to defy colonial law giving salt collection monopoly to the British.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> His satyagraha attracted vast numbers of Indian men and women.<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a></figcaption></figure> The essence of <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a> is "soul force" as a political means, refusing to use brute force against the oppressor, seeking to eliminate antagonisms between the oppressor and the oppressed, aiming to transform or "purify" the oppressor. It is not inaction but determined passive resistance and non-co-operation where, states Arthur Herman, "love conquers hate".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtquxD6dk914CpgPA176_176]-244">[240]</a> A euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a "silent force" or a "soul force" (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical power. Satyagraha is also termed a "universal force", as it essentially "makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man and woman, friend and foe."<a href="#cite_note-rules-248">[e]</a> Gandhi wrote: "There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want of faith in one's cause."<a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a> and non-co-operation as practised under Satyagraha are based on the "law of suffering",<a href="#cite_note-CollectedWorks20-250">[245]</a> a doctrine that the endurance of suffering is a means to an end. This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an individual or society. Therefore, non-co-operation in Satyagraha is in fact a means to secure the co-operation of the opponent consistently with <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma2008-251">[246]</a> While Gandhi's idea of satyagraha as a political means attracted a widespread following among Indians, the support was not universal. For example, Muslim leaders such as Jinnah opposed the satyagraha idea, accused Gandhi to be reviving Hinduism through political activism, and began effort to counter Gandhi with Muslim nationalism and a demand for Muslim homeland.<a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a> The untouchability leader <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a>, in June 1945, after his decision to convert to Buddhism and the first <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_and_Justice_(India)" title="Ministry of Law and Justice (India)">Law and Justice minister</a> of modern India, dismissed Gandhi's ideas as loved by "blind Hindu devotees", primitive, influenced by spurious brew of Tolstoy and Ruskin, and "there is always some simpleton to preach them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008586-255">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> caricatured Gandhi as a "cunning huckster" seeking selfish gain, an "aspiring dictator", and an "atavistic spokesman of a pagan Hinduism." Churchill stated that the civil disobedience movement spectacle of Gandhi only increased "the danger to which white people there [British India] are exposed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008359,_378–380-258">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_at_Darwen_with_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gandhi_at_Darwen_with_women.jpg/220px-Gandhi_at_Darwen_with_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gandhi_at_Darwen_with_women.jpg/330px-Gandhi_at_Darwen_with_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Gandhi_at_Darwen_with_women.jpg/440px-Gandhi_at_Darwen_with_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi with textile workers at <a href="/wiki/Darwen" title="Darwen">Darwen</a>, Lancashire, 26 September 1931</figcaption></figure> Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of nonviolence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a large scale.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> The concept of nonviolence (<a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a>) has a long history in Indian religious thought, and is considered the highest dharma (ethical value/virtue), a precept to be observed towards all living beings (sarvbhuta), at all times (sarvada), in all respects (sarvatha), in action, words and thought.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> Gandhi explains his philosophy and ideas about ahimsa as a political means in his autobiography <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddRQcKsx-YgQCpgPR11_xi]-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stein20102-265">[260]</a> Although Gandhi considered non-violence to be "infinitely superior to violence", he preferred violence to cowardice.<a href="#cite_note-Gupta-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jahanbegloo_2020-267">[262]</a> Gandhi added that he "would rather have India resort to arms in order to defend her honor than that she should in a cowardly manner become or remain a helpless witness to her own dishonor."<a href="#cite_note-Jahanbegloo_2020-267">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Young_India.png/170px-Young_India.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Young_India.png/255px-Young_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Young_India.png/340px-Young_India.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a>, a weekly journal published by Gandhi from 1919 to 1932</figcaption></figure> Gandhi was a prolific writer. His signature style was simple, precise, clear and as devoid of artificialities.<a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> One of Gandhi's earliest publications, Hind Swaraj, published in Gujarati in 1909, became "the intellectual blueprint" for India's independence movement. The book was translated into English the next year, with a copyright legend that read "No Rights Reserved".<a href="#cite_note-ie12-269">[264]</a> For decades, Gandhi edited several newspapers including <a href="/wiki/Harijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Harijan">Harijan</a> in Gujarati, in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and in the English language; <a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a> while in South Africa and, <a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a>, in English, and Navajivan, a Gujarati monthly, on his return to India. Later, Navajivan was also published in Hindi. Gandhi also wrote letters almost every day to individuals and newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> Gandhi also wrote several books, including his autobiography, <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a> (Gujarātī "સત્યના પ્રયોગો અથવા આત્મકથા"), of which Gandhi bought the entire first edition to make sure it was reprinted.<a href="#cite_note-GreatSoulReview-271">[266]</a> His other autobiographies included: Satyagraha in South Africa about his struggle there, <a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule</a>, a political pamphlet, and a paraphrase in Gujarati of <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> which was an early <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">critique of political economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unto_this_last-272">[267]</a> This last essay can be considered his programme on economics. Gandhi also wrote extensively on vegetarianism, diet and health, religion, social reforms, etc. Gandhi usually wrote in Gujarati, though he also revised the Hindi and English translations of his books.<a href="#cite_note-Pareku-273">[268]</a> In 1934, Gandhi wrote Songs from Prison while prisoned in <a href="/wiki/Yerawada_Central_Jail" title="Yerawada Central Jail">Yerawada jail</a> in Maharashtra.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Gandhi's complete works were published by the Indian government under the name <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="s:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi">The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi</a> in the 1960s. The writings comprise about 50,000 pages published in about 100 volumes. In 2000, a revised edition of the complete works sparked a controversy, as it contained a large number of errors and omissions.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a> The Indian government later withdrew the revised edition.<a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of things named after Mahatma Gandhi">List of things named after Mahatma Gandhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi</a></div> Gandhi is noted as the greatest figure of the successful <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> against the British rule. He is also hailed as the greatest figure of modern India.<a href="#cite_note-283">[f]</a> American historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Stanley Wolpert</a> described Gandhi as "India's greatest revolutionary nationalist leader" and the greatest Indian since the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert200132–263-284">[278]</a> In 1999, Gandhi was named "Asian of the century" by <a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> In a 2000 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> poll, he was voted as the greatest man of the millennium.<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahatma_Gandhi_Biography-287">[281]</a> The word <a href="/wiki/Mahatma" title="Mahatma">Mahatma</a>, while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the West, is taken from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> words maha (meaning Great) and atma (meaning Soul).<a href="#cite_note-McGregor19932-288">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpgPA172_172]-289">[283]</a> He was publicly bestowed with the honorific title "Mahatma" in July 1914 at farewell meeting in Town Hall, <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> is said to have accorded the title to Gandhi by 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Tagore1998-292">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[g]</a> In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains that he never valued the title, and was often pained by it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990aviii-296">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA158_158]-298">[291]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma_Gandhi,_4c_%26_8c,1961_issues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1961_issues.jpg/330px-Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1961_issues.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1961_issues.jpg/495px-Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1961_issues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1961_issues.jpg/660px-Mahatma_Gandhi%2C_4c_%26_8c%2C1961_issues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>In 1961 the U.S. government issued two <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemorative stamps">commemorative stamps</a> in honour of Mahatma Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a></figcaption></figure> Innumerable streets, roads, and localities in India are named after Gandhi. These include <a href="/wiki/M.G._Road" class="mw-redirect" title="M.G. Road">M.G.Road</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Main_street" class="mw-redirect" title="Main street">main street</a> of a number of Indian cities including <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/M_G_Road,_Bangalore" title="M G Road, Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road_(Kolkata)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road (Kolkata)">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Road_(Lucknow)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Road (Lucknow)">Lucknow</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Mall,_Kanpur" title="The Mall, Kanpur">Kanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marg_(Gangtok)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marg (Gangtok)">Gangtok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marg_(Indore)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marg (Indore)">Indore</a>), <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Sion,_Mumbai" title="Sion, Mumbai">Sion</a>, Mumbai) and <a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a> (the capital of the state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, Gandhi's birthplace).<a href="#cite_note-300">[293]</a> As of 2008, over 150 countries have released stamps on Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-India_2008-301">[294]</a> In October 2019, about 87 countries including <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> released commemorative Gandhi stamps on the 150th anniversary of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-302">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_M.K._Gandhi_with_plinth,_Roma_Street_Parkland,_Brisbane,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Statue_of_M.K._Gandhi_with_plinth%2C_Roma_Street_Parkland%2C_Brisbane%2C_2024.jpg/220px-Statue_of_M.K._Gandhi_with_plinth%2C_Roma_Street_Parkland%2C_Brisbane%2C_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Statue_of_M.K._Gandhi_with_plinth%2C_Roma_Street_Parkland%2C_Brisbane%2C_2024.jpg/330px-Statue_of_M.K._Gandhi_with_plinth%2C_Roma_Street_Parkland%2C_Brisbane%2C_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Statue_of_M.K._Gandhi_with_plinth%2C_Roma_Street_Parkland%2C_Brisbane%2C_2024.jpg/440px-Statue_of_M.K._Gandhi_with_plinth%2C_Roma_Street_Parkland%2C_Brisbane%2C_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Gandhi, in the Roma Street Parkland, Brisbane, Australia.</figcaption></figure> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>'s Indian community commissioned a statue of Gandhi, created by <a href="/wiki/Ram_V._Sutar" title="Ram V. Sutar">Ram V. Sutar</a> and Anil Sutar in the <a href="/wiki/Roma_Street_Parkland" title="Roma Street Parkland">Roma Street Parkland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> It was unveiled by <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, then Prime Minister of India. <a href="/wiki/Flora_family" title="Flora family">Florian</a> asteroid <a href="/wiki/120461_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="120461 Gandhi">120461 Gandhi</a> was named in his honour in September 2020.<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a> In October 2022, a statue of Gandhi was installed in <a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> on the embankment of the rowing canal, opposite the cult monument to the defenders of Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> On 15 December 2022, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">New York</a> unveiled the statue of Gandhi. UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a> called Gandhi an "uncompromising advocate for peaceful co-existence."<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Followers_and_international_influence">Followers and international influence</h3></div> Gandhi influenced important leaders and political movements.<a href="#cite_note-Stein20102-265">[260]</a> Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a>, drew from the writings of Gandhi in the development of their own theories about nonviolence.<a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> King said, "Christ gave us the goals and Mahatma Gandhi the tactics."<a href="#cite_note-Tougas2011-314">[307]</a> King sometimes referred to Gandhi as "the little brown saint."<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a> Anti-<a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Africa_in_the_Apartheid_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Africa in the Apartheid Era">apartheid</a> activist and former President of South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, was inspired by Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Mandela-2000-316">[309]</a> Others include <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> <table style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatmagandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mahatmagandhi.jpg/220px-Mahatmagandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mahatmagandhi.jpg/330px-Mahatmagandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mahatmagandhi.jpg/440px-Mahatmagandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Bust</a> of Gandhi at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrid_-_Plaza_Joan_Mir%C3%B3,_Monumento_a_Mohandas_K._Gandhi_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Madrid_-_Plaza_Joan_Mir%C3%B3%2C_Monumento_a_Mohandas_K._Gandhi_2.jpg/170px-Madrid_-_Plaza_Joan_Mir%C3%B3%2C_Monumento_a_Mohandas_K._Gandhi_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Madrid_-_Plaza_Joan_Mir%C3%B3%2C_Monumento_a_Mohandas_K._Gandhi_2.jpg/255px-Madrid_-_Plaza_Joan_Mir%C3%B3%2C_Monumento_a_Mohandas_K._Gandhi_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Madrid_-_Plaza_Joan_Mir%C3%B3%2C_Monumento_a_Mohandas_K._Gandhi_2.jpg/340px-Madrid_-_Plaza_Joan_Mir%C3%B3%2C_Monumento_a_Mohandas_K._Gandhi_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">Statue</a> of Gandhi in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Commons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gandhi_Commons.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Commons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gandhi_Commons.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Commons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gandhi_Commons.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Commons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>Gandhi at Praça Túlio Fontoura, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> In his early years, the former <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Africa" title="President of South Africa">President of South Africa</a> Nelson Mandela was a follower of the nonviolent resistance philosophy of Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Mandela-2000-316">[309]</a> Bhana and Vahed commented on these events as "Gandhi inspired succeeding generations of South African activists seeking to end White rule. This legacy connects him to Nelson Mandela...in a sense, Mandela completed what Gandhi started."<a href="#cite_note-BhanaVahed2005-319">[312]</a> Gandhi's life and teachings inspired many who specifically referred to Gandhi as their mentor or who dedicated their lives to spreading his ideas. In Europe, <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> was the first to discuss Gandhi in his 1924 book Mahatma Gandhi, and Brazilian anarchist and feminist <a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a> wrote about Gandhi in her work on pacifism. In 1931, physicist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> exchanged letters with Gandhi and called him "a role model for the generations to come" in a letter writing about him.<a href="#cite_note-Albano-Müller-320">[313]</a> Einstein said of Gandhi: <blockquote>Mahatma Gandhi's life achievement stands unique in political history. He has invented a completely new and humane means for the liberation war of an oppressed country, and practised it with greatest energy and devotion. The moral influence he had on the consciously thinking human being of the entire civilised world will probably be much more lasting than it seems in our time with its overestimation of brutal violent forces. Because lasting will only be the work of such statesmen who wake up and strengthen the moral power of their people through their example and educational works. We may all be happy and grateful that destiny gifted us with such an enlightened contemporary, a role model for the generations to come. Generations to come will scarce believe that such a one as this walked the earth in flesh and blood.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Farah_Omar" title="Farah Omar">Farah Omar</a>, a political activist from <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a>, visited India in 1930, where he met Gandhi and was influenced by Gandhi's non-violent philosophy, which he adopted in his campaign in <a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-321">[314]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a> went to India in 1936 intending to live with Gandhi; he later returned to Europe to spread Gandhi's philosophy and founded the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_the_Ark" title="Community of the Ark">Community of the Ark</a> in 1948 (modelled after Gandhi's ashrams). <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Slade" class="mw-redirect" title="Madeleine Slade">Madeleine Slade</a> (known as "Mirabehn") was the daughter of a British admiral who spent much of her adult life in India as a devotee of Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Dhupelia-Mesthrie2005-322">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> In addition, the British musician <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> referred to Gandhi when discussing his views on nonviolence.<a href="#cite_note-Rolling_Stone-324">[317]</a> In 2007, former US Vice-President and environmentalist <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> drew upon Gandhi's idea of satyagraha in a speech on climate change.<a href="#cite_note-Al_Gore-325">[318]</a> 44th President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> said in September 2009 that his biggest inspiration came from Gandhi. His reply was in response to the question: "Who was the one person, dead or live, that you would choose to dine with?" Obama added, "He's somebody I find a lot of inspiration in. He inspired Dr. King with his message of nonviolence. He ended up doing so much and changed the world just by the power of his ethics."<a href="#cite_note-Wakefield-326">[319]</a> Time magazine named <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">The 14th Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Chavez" title="Cesar Chavez">Cesar Chavez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino Jr.">Benigno Aquino Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> as Children of Gandhi and his spiritual heirs to nonviolence.<a href="#cite_note-TimeTCOG-327">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi District">Mahatma Gandhi District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, Texas, United States, an ethnic Indian enclave, is officially named after Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-MorenoCelebrates-328">[321]</a> Gandhi's ideas had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a>. It began with his engagement with <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Jean-Luc Nancy</a> said that the French philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Maurice Blanchot</a> engaged critically with Gandhi from the point of view of "European spirituality."<a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury_Publishing-329">[322]</a> Since then philosophers including <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Balibar" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Balibar">Etienne Balibar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> found that Gandhi was a necessary reference to discuss morality in politics. American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Gene_Sharp" title="Gene Sharp">Gene Sharp</a> wrote an analytical text, <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_as_a_Political_Strategist" title="Gandhi as a Political Strategist">Gandhi as a political strategist</a>, on the significance of Gandhi's ideas, for creating nonviolent social change. Recently, in the light of climate change, Gandhi's views on technology are gaining importance in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_philosophy" title="Environmental philosophy">environmental philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">philosophy of technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury_Publishing-329">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_days_that_celebrate_Gandhi">Global days that celebrate Gandhi</h3></div> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> declared Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, as "the <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Nonviolence</a>".<a href="#cite_note-UN_declares_2_October,_Gandhi's_birthday,_as_International_Day_of_Nonviolence-330">[323]</a> First proposed by UNESCO in 1948, as the School Day of Nonviolence and Peace (DENIP in Spanish),<a href="#cite_note-cartadelapaz-331">[324]</a> 30 January is observed as the <a href="/wiki/School_Day_of_Non-violence_and_Peace" title="School Day of Non-violence and Peace">School Day of Nonviolence and Peace</a> in schools of many countries.<a href="#cite_note-DENIP-332">[325]</a> In countries with a Southern Hemisphere school calendar, it is observed on 30 March.<a href="#cite_note-DENIP-332">[325]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">magazine</a> named Gandhi the <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> in 1930.<a href="#cite_note-Mahatma_Gandhi_Biography-287">[281]</a> In the same magazine's 1999 list of <a href="/wiki/The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Most Important People of the Century">The Most Important People of the Century</a>, Gandhi was second only to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, who had called Gandhi "the greatest man of our age."<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nagpur">University of Nagpur</a> awarded him an <a href="/wiki/Legum_Doctor" title="Legum Doctor">LL.D.</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> awarded the annual <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a> to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial discrimination and segregation, was a prominent non-Indian recipient. In 2003, Gandhi was posthumously awarded with the <a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Prize" title="World Peace Prize">World Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-livinghumanity-335">[328]</a> Two years later, he was posthumously awarded with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Companions_of_O._R._Tambo" title="Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo">Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burger_2002_p.-336">[329]</a> In 2011, Gandhi topped the TIME's list of top 25 political icons of all time.<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> Gandhi did not receive the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, although he was nominated five times between 1937 and 1948, including the first-ever nomination by the <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AFSC-338">[331]</a> though Gandhi made the short list only twice, in 1937 and 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Tønnesson-339">[332]</a> Decades later, the Nobel Committee publicly declared its regret for the omission and admitted to deeply divided nationalistic opinion denying the award.<a href="#cite_note-Tønnesson-339">[332]</a> Gandhi was nominated in 1948 but was assassinated before nominations closed. That year, the committee chose not to award the peace prize stating that "there was no suitable living candidate", and later research shows that the possibility of awarding the prize posthumously to Gandhi was discussed and that the reference to no suitable living candidate was to Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-Tønnesson-339">[332]</a> Geir Lundestad, Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee in 2006 said, "The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace prize, whether Nobel committee can do without Gandhi is the question."<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> was awarded the Prize in 1989, the chairman of the committee said that this was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi."<a href="#cite_note-Tønnesson-339">[332]</a> In the summer of 1995, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a> inducted Gandhi posthumously into the Vegetarian Hall of Fame.<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Father_of_the_Nation">Father of the Nation</h4></div> Indians widely describe Gandhi as the <a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of the Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-elkins-ginsburg-melton-342">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-archive.indianexpress.com-343">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-344">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nehru-345">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-McAllister1982-346">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eck2003-347">[340]</a> Origin of this title is traced back to a radio address (on Singapore radio) on 6 July 1944 by <a href="/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Bose" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhash Chandra Bose">Subhash Chandra Bose</a> where Bose addressed Gandhi as "The Father of the Nation".<a href="#cite_note-348">[341]</a> On 28 April 1947, <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a> during a conference also referred Gandhi as "Father of the Nation".<a href="#cite_note-Father_of_the_Nation_RTI-349">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constitution_does_not_permit_any_titles-350">[343]</a> He is also conferred the title "Bapu"<a href="#cite_note-Nehru-345">[338]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: endearment for father,<a href="#cite_note-McAllister1982-346">[339]</a> papa<a href="#cite_note-McAllister1982-346">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eck2003-347">[340]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film,_theatre,_and_literature">Film, theatre, and literature</h3></div> <ul><li>A five-hour, nine-minute long biographical documentary film,<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma:_Life_of_Gandhi,_1869%E2%80%931948" title="Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948">Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Vithalbhai_Jhaveri" title="Vithalbhai Jhaveri">Vithalbhai Jhaveri</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> in 1968, quoting Gandhi's words and using black and white archival footage and photographs, captures the history of those times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kingsley" title="Ben Kingsley">Ben Kingsley</a> portrayed him in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard Attenborough</a>'s 1982 film <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(film)" title="Gandhi (film)">Gandhi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a> which won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> for Best Picture. It was based on the biography by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Louis Fischer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> The 1996 film <a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Mahatma" title="The Making of the Mahatma">The Making of the Mahatma</a> documented Gandhi's time in South Africa and his transformation from an inexperienced barrister to recognised political leader.<a href="#cite_note-Making-355">[348]</a></li> <li>Gandhi was a central figure in the 2006 comedy film <a href="/wiki/Lage_Raho_Munna_Bhai" title="Lage Raho Munna Bhai">Lage Raho Munna Bhai</a>. Jahnu Barua's <a href="/wiki/Maine_Gandhi_Ko_Nahin_Mara" title="Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara">Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (I did not kill Gandhi)</a>, places contemporary society as a backdrop with its vanishing memory of Gandhi's values as a metaphor for the senile forgetfulness of the protagonist of his 2005 film,<a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> writes <a href="/wiki/Vinay_Lal" title="Vinay Lal">Vinay Lal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a></li> <li>In the tale Le Jour du Jugement Dernier, in the collection Les Mémoires de Satan et autres contes loufoques, by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cormon" title="Pierre Cormon">Pierre Cormon</a>, God tries to judge Gandhi at the Last Judgement but realises that the character is more complex than he appears.</li> <li>In 1967, Gandhi was set to be featured on the album cover of one of the best selling albums of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" title="Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band">Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band</a>, however this idea was later cancelled due to respect for Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a></li> <li>The 1979 opera <a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_(opera)" title="Satyagraha (opera)">Satyagraha</a> by American composer <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> is loosely based on Gandhi's life.<a href="#cite_note-KostelanetzFlemming1999-359">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glass2015-360">[353]</a> The opera's libretto, taken from the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, is sung in the original <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetzFlemming1999168-361">[354]</a></li> <li>The 1995 Marathi play Gandhi Virudh Gandhi explored the relationship between Gandhi and his son Harilal. The 2007 film, <a href="/wiki/Gandhi,_My_Father" title="Gandhi, My Father">Gandhi, My Father</a> was inspired on the same theme. The 1989 Marathi play <a href="/wiki/Me_Nathuram_Godse_Boltoy" title="Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy">Me Nathuram Godse Boltoy</a> and the 1997 Hindi play Gandhi Ambedkar criticised Gandhi and his principles.<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a></li> <li>Several biographers have undertaken the task of describing Gandhi's life. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Dinanath_Gopal_Tendulkar" title="Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar">D. G. Tendulkar</a> with his Mahatma. Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi in eight volumes, <a href="/wiki/Chaman_Nahal" title="Chaman Nahal">Chaman Nahal</a>'s Gandhi Quartet, and <a href="/wiki/Pyarelal_Nayyar" title="Pyarelal Nayyar">Pyarelal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sushila_Nayyar" title="Sushila Nayyar">Sushila Nayyar</a> with their Mahatma Gandhi in 10 volumes. The 2010 biography, <a href="/wiki/Great_Soul:_Mahatma_Gandhi_and_His_Struggle_With_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India">Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld" title="Joseph Lelyveld">Joseph Lelyveld</a> contained controversial material speculating about Gandhi's sexual life.<a href="#cite_note-LelyveldNYT-364">[357]</a> Lelyveld, however, stated that the press coverage "grossly distort[s]" the overall message of the book.<a href="#cite_note-LelyveldResponse-365">[358]</a> The 2014 film <a href="/wiki/Welcome_Back_Gandhi" title="Welcome Back Gandhi">Welcome Back Gandhi</a> takes a fictionalised look at how Gandhi might react to modern day India.<a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> The 2019 play Bharat Bhagya Vidhata, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Rakesh_Jhaveri" title="Rakesh Jhaveri">Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Sangeet_Natak_Akademi" title="Sangeet Natak Akademi">Sangeet Natak Akademi</a> and Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur takes a look at how Gandhi cultivated the values of truth and non-violence.<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a></li> <li>"Mahatma Gandhi" is used by <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a> in his lyrics for the song "<a href="/wiki/You%27re_the_Top" title="You're the Top">You're the Top</a>" which is included in the 1934 musical <a href="/wiki/Anything_Goes" title="Anything Goes">Anything Goes</a>. In the song, Porter rhymes 'Mahatma Gandhi' with 'Napoleon Brandy.'<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a></li> <li>Gandhi is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a> song "<a href="/wiki/They_Killed_Him" title="They Killed Him">They Killed Him</a>".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_impact_within_India">Current impact within India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Memorial_Kanyakumari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a>, a temple in <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>, was erected in honour of Gandhi.</figcaption></figure> India, with its rapid economic modernisation and urbanisation, has rejected <a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Gandhi's economics</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> but accepted much of his politics and continues to revere his memory. Reporter Jim Yardley notes that "modern India is hardly a Gandhian nation, if it ever was one. His vision of a village-dominated economy was shunted aside during his lifetime as rural romanticism, and his call for a national ethos of personal austerity and nonviolence has proved antithetical to the goals of an aspiring economic and military power." By contrast, Gandhi is "given full credit for India's political identity as a tolerant, secular democracy."<a href="#cite_note-Obama-370">[363]</a> Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, is a <a href="/wiki/National_holiday_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National holiday in India">national holiday in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a>. His image also appears on <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series_(banknotes)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series (banknotes)">paper currency of all denominations</a> issued by <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, except for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_1-rupee_note" title="Indian 1-rupee note">one rupee note</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rbi_notes-371">[364]</a> Gandhi's date of death, 30 January, is commemorated as a <a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-MDay-372">[365]</a> There are three temples in India dedicated to Gandhi.<a href="#cite_note-GandhiGod-373">[366]</a> One is located at <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a> in Odisha, the second at Nidaghatta village near Kadur in <a href="/wiki/Chikmagalur" title="Chikmagalur">Chikmagalur</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, and the third at <a href="/wiki/Chityal,_Nalgonda_district" title="Chityal, Nalgonda district">Chityal</a> in the district of <a href="/wiki/Nalgonda_district" title="Nalgonda district">Nalgonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GandhiGod-373">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> The Gandhi Memorial in <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a> resembles central Indian Hindu temples and the <a href="/wiki/Tamukkam_Palace" title="Tamukkam Palace">Tamukkam or Summer Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> now houses the Mahatma Gandhi Museum.<a href="#cite_note-AbramEdwards2003-375">[368]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants">Descendants</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the Indian political family <a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_family_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gandhi_family_tree.jpg/440px-Gandhi_family_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gandhi_family_tree.jpg/660px-Gandhi_family_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Gandhi_family_tree.jpg/880px-Gandhi_family_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Family tree of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and <a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba Gandhi</a> (source: Gandhi Ashram Sabarmati)</figcaption></figure> Gandhi's children and grandchildren live in India and other countries. Grandson <a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan Gandhi</a> is a professor in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and an author of Gandhi's biography titled Mohandas,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_376-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2007a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-376">[369]</a> while another, Tarun Gandhi, has authored several authoritative books on his grandfather. Another grandson, Kanu Ramdas Gandhi (the son of Gandhi's third son <a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas</a>), was found living at an old age home in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> despite having taught earlier in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/27px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/41px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/54px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a> – Gandhi International Research Institute and Museum for Gandhian study, research on Mahatma Gandhi and dialogue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Christianity">Inclusive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_peace_activists" title="List of peace activists">List of peace activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a> (a.k.a. Seven Blunders of the World)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikaranasuddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikaranasuddhi">Trikaranasuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Did not graduate </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Informal <a href="/wiki/Academic_audit" title="Academic audit">auditing student</a> between 1888 and 1891 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Pronounced variously <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɡɑːndi, ˈɡændi/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">GA(H)N-dee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Gujarati: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">[ˈmoɦəndɑs ˈkəɾəmtʃənd ˈɡɑ̃dʱi]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault198268–72,_78–82,_96–102,_108–109-102">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1923-108">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-rules-248"><a href="#cite_ref-rules_248-0">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Vilanilam-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parker-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Douglas-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> The earliest record of usage, however, is in a private letter from <a href="/wiki/Pranjivan_Mehta" title="Pranjivan Mehta">Pranjivan Mehta</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a> dated 1909.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gandhi">"Gandhi"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114041417/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gandhi">Archived</a> 14 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFK.P._Goswami1971" class="citation book cs1">K.P. Goswami (1971). Mahatma Gandhi:A Chronology. Publications Division, Government of India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3AA+Chronology&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1971&rft.au=K.P.+Goswami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Entry for 9 July 1914. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2009" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA21">An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth</a>. The Floating Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77541-405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77541-405-6"><bdi>978-1-77541-405-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130538/https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography%3A+The+Story+of+My+Experiments+With+Truth&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=The+Floating+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-77541-405-6&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Din3_3H1szHYC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GangulyDocker20082-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GangulyDocker20082_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GangulyDocker20082_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangulyDocker2008" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Debjani; Docker, John, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Rethinking Gandhi and Nonviolent Relationality: Global Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07431-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-07431-0"><bdi>978-1-134-07431-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721085146/https://books.google.com/books?id=cId9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti-colonial nationalist politics in the twentieth-century in ways that neither indigenous nor westernized Indian nationalists could.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Gandhi+and+Nonviolent+Relationality%3A+Global+Perspectives&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-07431-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcId9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201519–21-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201519–21_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201519–21_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201519–21_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, pp. 19–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra,_Amalendu2004" class="citation book cs1">Misra, Amalendu (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aLgB8pZg0qsC&pg=PA67">Identity and Religion: Foundations of anti-Islamism in India</a>. Sage Publications. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3227-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3227-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-3227-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Religion%3A+Foundations+of+anti-Islamism+in+India&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3227-7&rft.au=Misra%2C+Amalendu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaLgB8pZg0qsC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2007a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTEyXCoc76AECpgPA5_5]-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2007a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidTEyXCoc76AECpgPA5_5]_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2007a">Gandhi (2007a)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEyXCoc76AEC&pg=PA5">5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalhotra,_S.L.2001" class="citation book cs1">Malhotra, S.L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRq21fNfydIC&pg=PA5">Lawyer to Mahatma: Life, Work and Transformation of M. K. Gandhi</a>. Deep & Deep Publications. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-293-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7629-293-1"><bdi>978-81-7629-293-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130509/https://books.google.com/books?id=fRq21fNfydIC&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lawyer+to+Mahatma%3A+Life%2C+Work+and+Transformation+of+M.+K.+Gandhi&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Deep+%26+Deep+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7629-293-1&rft.au=Malhotra%2C+S.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfRq21fNfydIC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201521-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201521_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2015512-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha2015512_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2012" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Anne M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA8">Mohandas Gandhi</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0662-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-0662-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130649/https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024. <q>The name Gandhi means "grocer", although Mohandas's father and grandfather were politicians not grocers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohandas+Gandhi&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0662-5&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvxDMQZ7fakC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi20081–3-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi20081–3_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2008">Gandhi (2008)</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201524–25-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201524–25_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201524–25_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201524–25_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKateshiya2024" class="citation news cs1">Kateshiya, Gopal B (14 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gandhis-family-house-which-sowed-seeds-of-his-transformation-9452843/">"Know Your City: Gandhi's family house which witnessed his transformation from 'Mohan to Mahatma'"</a>. The Indian Express. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224423/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gandhis-family-house-which-sowed-seeds-of-his-transformation-9452843/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Know+Your+City%3A+Gandhi%27s+family+house+which+witnessed+his+transformation+from+%27Mohan+to+Mahatma%27&rft.date=2024-07-14&rft.aulast=Kateshiya&rft.aufirst=Gopal+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fcities%2Fahmedabad%2Fgandhis-family-house-which-sowed-seeds-of-his-transformation-9452843%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201522-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201522_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorokin2002-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Sorokin2002_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorokin2002" class="citation book cs1">Sorokin, Pitirim Aleksandrovich (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DGCleCxTkbIC&pg=PA169">The Ways and Power of Love: types, factors, and techniques of moral transformation</a>. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890151-86-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890151-86-7"><bdi>978-1-890151-86-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ways+and+Power+of+Love%3A+types%2C+factors%2C+and+techniques+of+moral+transformation&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Templeton+Foundation+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-890151-86-7&rft.aulast=Sorokin&rft.aufirst=Pitirim+Aleksandrovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDGCleCxTkbIC%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolphRudolph1983" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber & Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73136-0"><bdi>978-0-226-73136-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224423/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+The+Traditional+Roots+of+Charisma&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73136-0&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Susanne+Hoeber&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Lloyd+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFi6GDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2014a">Guha (2014a)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+subcaste+the+Gandhis+belonged+to+was+known+as+Modh+Bania,+the+prefix%22&pg=PP42">42</a>. "The subcaste the Gandhis belonged to was known as Modh Bania, the prefix apparently referring to the town of Modhera, in Southern Gujarat." </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenard,_John1999" class="citation book cs1">Renard, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/responsesto101qu0000rena_e0p7/page/139">Responses to 101 Questions on Hinduism</a>. Paulist Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/responsesto101qu0000rena_e0p7/page/139">139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3845-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3845-6"><bdi>978-0-8091-3845-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses+to+101+Questions+on+Hinduism&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3845-6&rft.au=Renard%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresponsesto101qu0000rena_e0p7%2Fpage%2F139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi20082,_8,_269-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi20082,_8,_269_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2008">Gandhi (2008)</a>, pp. 2, 8, 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-sharma11-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sharma11_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sharma11_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvind_Sharma2013" class="citation book cs1">Arvind Sharma (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar">Gandhi: A Spiritual Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhispiritualb0000shar/page/11">11</a>–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18738-0"><bdi>978-0-300-18738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+A+Spiritual+Biography&rft.pages=11-14&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18738-0&rft.au=Arvind+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhispiritualb0000shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolphRudolph,_Lloyd_I.1983" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber & Rudolph, Lloyd I. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">Gandhi: The Traditional Roots of Charisma</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73136-0"><bdi>978-0-226-73136-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fi6GDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+The+Traditional+Roots+of+Charisma&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73136-0&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Susanne+Hoeber&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Lloyd+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFi6GDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Toffin2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Toffin (2012). John Zavos; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uuuICwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249">Public Hinduisms</a>. Sage Publications. pp. 249–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1696-7"><bdi>978-81-321-1696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Hinduisms&rft.pages=249-57&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1696-7&rft.au=Gerard+Toffin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuuuICwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201523-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201523_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer1982p96-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer1982p96_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer,_Louis1982" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Louis (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02NWvRxCx64C">Gandhi, his life and message for the world</a>. New American Library. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-62142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-62142-9"><bdi>978-0-451-62142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+his+life+and+message+for+the+world&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-451-62142-9&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02NWvRxCx64C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201525–26-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201525–26_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA4_4]-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA4_4]_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhose1991">Ghose (1991)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA4">4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mohanty2011-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mohanty2011_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mohanty2011_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanty2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mohanty, Rekha (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071619/http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/46-50.pdf#page=58">"From Satya to Sadbhavna"</a> (PDF). Orissa Review (January 2011): 45–49. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2011/Jan/engpdf/46-50.pdf#page=58">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orissa+Review&rft.atitle=From+Satya+to+Sadbhavna&rft.issue=January+2011&rft.pages=45-49&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Rekha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodisha.gov.in%2Fe-magazine%2FOrissareview%2F2011%2FJan%2Fengpdf%2F46-50.pdf%23page%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Childhood-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Childhood_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1940" class="citation web cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas K. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/At_the_High_School">"At the High School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a>. Wikilivres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307155915/http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/At_the_High_School">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+My+Experiments+with+Truth&rft.atitle=At+the+High+School&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikilivres.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth%2FPart_I%2FAt_the_High_School&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Husband-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Husband_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1940" class="citation web cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas K. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband">"Playing the Husband"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a>. Wikilivres. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307155915/http://wikilivres.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Playing_the_Husband">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Story+of+My+Experiments+with+Truth&rft.atitle=Playing+the+Husband&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikilivres.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth%2FPart_I%2FPlaying_the_Husband&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201528–29-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201528–29_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201529-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201529_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201529_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2009" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, M. K. (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC">An Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth</a>. The Floating Press. pp. 61–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77541-405-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77541-405-6"><bdi>978-1-77541-405-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224424/https://books.google.com/books?id=in3_3H1szHYC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography%3A+The+Story+of+My+Experiments+With+Truth&rft.pages=61-62&rft.pub=The+Floating+Press&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-77541-405-6&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Din3_3H1szHYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201530-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201530_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201532-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201532_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201532_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201532_38-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2014" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arDvngEACAAJ">Gandhi Before India</a>. Alfred A. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth/Part_I/Preparation_for_England">the original</a> on 2 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preparation+for+England&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+My+Experiments+with+Truth&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikilivres.ca%2Fwiki%2FThe_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth%2FPart_I%2FPreparation_for_England&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-B._R._Nanda-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B._R._Nanda_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-B._R._Nanda_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._R._Nanda2019" class="citation cs2">B. R. Nanda (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi">"Mahatma Gandhi"</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513015455/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi">archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2017, retrieved 3 June 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2019&rft.au=B.+R.+Nanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FMahatma-Gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Quote: "Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India – died January 30, 1948, Delhi), Indian lawyer, politician, ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha201533–34-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201533–34_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha201533–34_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2015">Guha (2015)</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpgPA20_20–21]-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpgPA20_20–21]_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2008">Gandhi (2008)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA20">20–21</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2014" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arDvngEACAAJ">Gandhi Before India</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53229-7"><bdi>978-0-385-53229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Before+India&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53229-7&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarDvngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2014" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arDvngEACAAJ">Gandhi Before India</a>. Alfred A. 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"3". In Roxanne Reid (ed.). New History of South Africa (1st ed.). Tafelberg. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-624-04359-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-624-04359-1"><bdi>978-0-624-04359-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=New+History+of+South+Africa&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tafelberg&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-624-04359-1&rft.aulast=Giliomee&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft.au=Mbenga%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower,_Paul_F.1969" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Paul F. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00018590">"Gandhi in South Africa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_African_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Modern African Studies">The Journal of Modern African Studies</a>. 7 (3): 441–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022278X00018590">10.1017/S0022278X00018590</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-278X">0022-278X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/159062">159062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154872727">154872727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Gandhi+in+South+Africa&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=441-55&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0022-278X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154872727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F159062%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022278X00018590&rft.au=Power%2C+Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0022278X00018590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keshavjee_2015_p.-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Keshavjee_2015_p._57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeshavjee2015" class="citation book cs1">Keshavjee, M.M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_2KmmwEACAAJ">Into that Heaven of Freedom: The Impact of Apartheid on an Indian Family's Diasporic History</a>. Mawenzi House Publishers Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927494-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-927494-27-1"><bdi>978-1-927494-27-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317164705/https://books.google.com/books?id=_2KmmwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Into+that+Heaven+of+Freedom%3A+The+Impact+of+Apartheid+on+an+Indian+Family%27s+Diasporic+History&rft.pub=Mawenzi+House+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-927494-27-1&rft.aulast=Keshavjee&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_2KmmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hcipretoria.gov.in/eoi.php?id=Africa">"High Commission of India, Pretoria, South Africa : Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa"</a>. www.hcipretoria.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909090657/https://www.hcipretoria.gov.in/eoi.php?id=Africa">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hcipretoria.gov.in&rft.atitle=High+Commission+of+India%2C+Pretoria%2C+South+Africa+%3A+Mahatma+Gandhi+in+South+Africa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcipretoria.gov.in%2Feoi.php%3Fid%3DAfrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parekh2001-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Parekh2001_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParekh2001" class="citation book cs1">Parekh, Bhikhu C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC">Gandhi: a very short introduction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285457-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-285457-5"><bdi>978-0-19-285457-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-285457-5&rft.aulast=Parekh&rft.aufirst=Bhikhu+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0chB4q7XeHcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhiman201625–27-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhiman201625–27_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhiman201625–27_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhiman201625–27_60-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhiman2016">Dhiman (2016)</a>, pp. 25–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2002">Gandhi (2002)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200887–88-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200887–88_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen2011-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Allen2011_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2011" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Jeremiah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyl8f54UToQC&pg=PT273">Sleeping with Strangers: A Vagabond's Journey Tramping the Globe</a>. Other Places Publishing. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935850-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935850-01-4"><bdi>978-1-935850-01-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130651/https://books.google.com/books?id=vyl8f54UToQC&pg=PT273">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleeping+with+Strangers%3A+A+Vagabond%27s+Journey+Tramping+the+Globe&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Other+Places+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-935850-01-4&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Jeremiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvyl8f54UToQC%26pg%3DPT273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman200888–89-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200888–89_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman200888–89_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_Mahatma_Gandhi/Volume_II/March_1897_Memorial">"March 1897 Memorial" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_Mahatma_Gandhi/Volume_II">The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi </a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=March+1897+Memorial&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">: correspondence and newspaper accounts of the incident. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008125-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008125_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008chapter_6-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008chapter_6_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, chapter 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-medals_south_african-68"><a href="#cite_ref-medals_south_african_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-02-24_076.pdf">"South African Medals that Mahatma Returned Put on View at Gandhi Mandap Exhibition"</a> (PDF). Press Information Bureau of India – Archive. 5 March 1949. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928203725/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1949-02-24_076.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Press+Information+Bureau+of+India+%E2%80%93+Archive&rft.atitle=South+African+Medals+that+Mahatma+Returned+Put+on+View+at+Gandhi+Mandap+Exhibition&rft.date=1949-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpibarchive.nic.in%2Farchive%2FArchiveSecondPhase%2FDEFENCE%2F1949-JAN-DEC-DEFENCE%2FPDF%2FDEF-1949-02-24_076.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rai2000-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Rai2000_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRai2000" class="citation book cs1">Rai, Ajay Shanker (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9ZSLa6cy-8C&pg=PA35">Gandhian Satyagraha: An Analytical And Critical Approach</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-799-1"><bdi>978-81-7022-799-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224938/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9ZSLa6cy-8C&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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The Literature Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061110204732/http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 12 February 2012. <q>The Hindu Kural</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Literature+Network&rft.atitle=A+Letter+to+A+Hindu%3A+The+Subjection+of+India-Its+Cause+and+Cure&rft.date=1908-12-14&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.online-literature.com%2Ftolstoy%2F2733%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandhi-71"><a href="#cite_ref-gandhi_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParel2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Parel" title="Anthony Parel">Parel, Anthony J.</a> (2002), "Gandhi and Tolstoy", in M. P. Mathai; M. S. John; Siby K. Joseph (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kcpDOVk5Gp8C&pg=PA96">Meditations on Gandhi : a Ravindra Varma festschrift</a>, New Delhi: Concept, pp. 96–112, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-961-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7022-961-2"><bdi>978-81-7022-961-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 8 September 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+Tolstoy&rft.btitle=Meditations+on+Gandhi+%3A+a+Ravindra+Varma+festschrift&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=96-112&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7022-961-2&rft.aulast=Parel&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkcpDOVk5Gp8C%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuha2013aCh._22-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuha2013aCh._22_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2013a">Guha (2013a)</a>, Ch. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiSalvo2013" class="citation book cs1">DiSalvo, Charles R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XGtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law: The Man before the Mahatma</a>. Univ of California Press. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95662-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95662-9"><bdi>978-0-520-95662-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007225044/https://books.google.com/books?id=9XGtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR14#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.K.+Gandhi%2C+Attorney+at+Law%3A+The+Man+before+the+Mahatma&rft.pages=14-15&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95662-9&rft.aulast=DiSalvo&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XGtAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2007" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA158">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. New York: Facts On File. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5458-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5458-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007224940/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA158#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desai2015p26-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Desai2015p26_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desai2015p26_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desai2015p26_75-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Desai2015p26_75-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesaiVahed2015" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Ashwin; Vahed, Goolem (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZZ1CgAAQBAJ">The South African Gandhi: Stretcher-Bearer of Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 22–26, 33–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-9717-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-9717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+South+African+Gandhi%3A+Stretcher-Bearer+of+Empire&rft.pages=22-26%2C+33-38&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-9717-7&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Ashwin&rft.au=Vahed%2C+Goolem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZZ1CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiSalvo2013" class="citation book cs1">DiSalvo, Charles R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=plYlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law: The Man Before the Mahatma</a>. University of California Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28015-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-28015-1"><bdi>978-0-520-28015-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317164248/https://books.google.com/books?id=plYlDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA153">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.K.+Gandhi%2C+Attorney+at+Law%3A+The+Man+Before+the+Mahatma&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-28015-1&rft.aulast=DiSalvo&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DplYlDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddy2016" class="citation web cs1">Reddy, E.S. (18 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/history/gandhi-and-africans">"Some of Gandhi's Early Views on Africans Were Racist. But That Was Before He Became Mahatma"</a>. The Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225184538/https://thewire.in/history/gandhi-and-africans">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Some+of+Gandhi%27s+Early+Views+on+Africans+Were+Racist.+But+That+Was+Before+He+Became+Mahatma&rft.date=2016-10-18&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fhistory%2Fgandhi-and-africans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsamyMbanasoKorieh2010" class="citation book cs1">Ramsamy, Edward; Mbanaso, Michael; Korieh, Chima (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-J-EZLTRVRwC">Minorities and the State in Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a>. pp. 71–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62196-874-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62196-874-0"><bdi>978-1-62196-874-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+the+State+in+Africa&rft.pages=71-73&rft.pub=Cambria+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-62196-874-0&rft.aulast=Ramsamy&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Mbanaso%2C+Michael&rft.au=Korieh%2C+Chima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-J-EZLTRVRwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2014" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arDvngEACAAJ">Gandhi Before India</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53229-7"><bdi>978-0-385-53229-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240907114829/https://books.google.hu/books/about/Gandhi_Before_India.html?id=arDvngEACAAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2024. 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The Wire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225175747/https://thewire.in/history/setting-the-record-straight-on-gandhi-and-race">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Setting+the+Record+Straight+on+Gandhi+and+Race&rft.date=2018-12-23&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fhistory%2Fsetting-the-record-straight-on-gandhi-and-race&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVashi2011" class="citation news cs1">Vashi, Ashish (31 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/For-Gandhi-Kallenbach-was-a-friend-and-guide/articleshow/7829668.cms?referral=PM">"For Gandhi, Kallenbach was a friend and guide"</a>. The Times of India. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415150305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/For-Gandhi-Kallenbach-was-a-friend-and-guide/articleshow/7829668.cms?referral=PM">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=For+Gandhi%2C+Kallenbach+was+a+friend+and+guide&rft.date=2011-03-31&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft.aulast=Vashi&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FFor-Gandhi-Kallenbach-was-a-friend-and-guide%2Farticleshow%2F7829668.cms%3Freferral%3DPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartley2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Bartley, Grant (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324184714/http://philosophynow.org/issues/101/Satyagraha">"Satuagraha § A Medium for Truth"</a>. Philosophy Now. No. 101. 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"Gandhi's Decisive South African 1913 Campaign: A Personal Perspective from the Letters of Betty Molteno". <a href="/wiki/South_African_Historical_Journal" title="South African Historical Journal">South African Historical Journal</a>. 66 (1): 22–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582473.2013.862565">10.1080/02582473.2013.862565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162635102">162635102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Gandhi%27s+Decisive+South+African+1913+Campaign%3A+A+Personal+Perspective+from+the+Letters+of+Betty+Molteno&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-54&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2013.862565&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162635102%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Corder%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Plaut%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mbeki2006-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Mbeki2006_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Colleen (1 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01">"Mbeki: Mahatma Gandhi Satyagraha 100th Anniversary (01/10/2006)"</a>. Speeches. Polityorg.za. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502050531/http://www.polity.org.za/article/mbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speeches&rft.atitle=Mbeki%3A+Mahatma+Gandhi+Satyagraha+100th+Anniversary+%2801%2F10%2F2006%29&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Colleen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polity.org.za%2Farticle%2Fmbeki-mahatma-gandhi-satyagraha-100th-anniversary-01102006-2006-10-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiggism-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Whiggism_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashad1966" class="citation journal cs1">Prashad, Ganesh (September 1966). 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Based on public domain volumes. </li> <li id="cite_note-wikilivres.ca-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wikilivres.ca_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wikilivres.ca_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai,_Mahadev_Haribhai1930" class="citation book cs1">Desai, Mahadev Haribhai (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi/Volume_1/Preface">"Preface"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iDQKAQAAIAAJ">Day-to-day with Gandhi: secretary's diary</a>. Translated by Hemantkumar Nilkanth. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-906237-2-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-906237-2-8"><bdi>978-81-906237-2-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Day-to-day+with+Gandhi%3A+secretary%27s+diary&rft.pub=Sarva+Seva+Sangh+Prakashan&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=978-81-906237-2-8&rft.au=Desai%2C+Mahadev+Haribhai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikilivres.ca%2Fwiki%2FDay_to_Day_with_Gandhi%2FVolume_1%2FPreface&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030070451/http://www.wikilivres.ca/wiki/Day_to_Day_with_Gandhi">Alt URL</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollectedWorks17b-91"><a href="#cite_ref-CollectedWorks17b_91-0">^</a> Gandhi (1965), Collected Works, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF">Vol 17.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015235028/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF">Archived</a> 15 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chapter "67. Appeal for enlistment", Nadiad, 22 June 1918. </li> <li id="cite_note-CollectedWorks17c-92"><a href="#cite_ref-CollectedWorks17c_92-0">^</a> Gandhi (1965), Collected Works, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF">Vol 17.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015235028/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL017.PDF">Archived</a> 15 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Chapter 8. Letter to J. L. Maffey", Nadiad, 30 April 1918. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartolf2013" class="citation web cs1">Bartolf, Christian (22 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.satyagrahafoundation.org/gandhi-and-war-the-mahatma-gandhi-bart-de-ligt-correspondence">"Gandhi and War: The Mahatma Gandhi / Bart de Ligt Correspondence"</a>. Satyagraha Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205071823/https://www.satyagrahafoundation.org/gandhi-and-war-the-mahatma-gandhi-bart-de-ligt-correspondence/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Satyagraha+Foundation&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+War%3A+The+Mahatma+Gandhi+%2F+Bart+de+Ligt+Correspondence&rft.date=2013-08-22&rft.aulast=Bartolf&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.satyagrahafoundation.org%2Fgandhi-and-war-the-mahatma-gandhi-bart-de-ligt-correspondence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarboe-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Jarboe_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_T._Jarboe2021" class="citation book cs1">Andrew T. Jarboe (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GvYrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Indian Soldiers in World War I: Race and Representation in an Imperial War</a>. University of Nebraska. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781496206787" title="Special:BookSources/9781496206787"><bdi>9781496206787</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231021061242/https://books.google.com/books?id=GvYrEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Soldiers+in+World+War+I%3A+Race+and+Representation+in+an+Imperial+War&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781496206787&rft.au=Andrew+T.+Jarboe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGvYrEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardiman2001-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Hardiman2001_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardiman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hardiman, David (April 2001). "Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics by Jacques Pouchepadass (Review)". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 11 (1): 99–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186301450152">10.1017/S1356186301450152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25188108">25188108</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154941166">154941166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Champaran+and+Gandhi%3A+Planters%2C+Peasants+and+Gandhian+Politics+by+Jacques+Pouchepadass+%28Review%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-101&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154941166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25188108%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186301450152&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laboratory-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Laboratory_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206050856/http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm">"Satyagraha Laboratories of Mahatma Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> website. <a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aicc.org.in/satyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm">the original</a> on 6 December 2006. Retrieved 25 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+National+Congress+website&rft.atitle=Satyagraha+Laboratories+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aicc.org.in%2Fsatyagraha_laboratories_of_mahatma_gandhi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpg196_196–197]-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpg196_196–197]_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2008">Gandhi (2008)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=196">196–197</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1974-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Brown1974_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1974" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith M. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA94">Gandhi's Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915–1922</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 94–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-09873-1"><bdi>978-0-521-09873-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Rise+to+Power%3A+Indian+Politics+1915%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=94-102&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-09873-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHUo4AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNojeim2004" class="citation book cs1">Nojeim, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9a5AAAAIAAJ">Gandhi and King: The Power of Nonviolent Resistance</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96574-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96574-7"><bdi>978-0-275-96574-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240203075416/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9a5AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+King%3A+The+Power+of+Nonviolent+Resistance&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96574-7&rft.aulast=Nojeim&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9a5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-robbins133-100"><a href="#cite_ref-robbins133_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Robbins2002" class="citation book cs1">Keith Robbins (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnTq4w-Ny3oC">The First World War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 133–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280318-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280318-4"><bdi>978-0-19-280318-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War&rft.pages=133-137&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280318-4&rft.au=Keith+Robbins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnTq4w-Ny3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-green89-101"><a href="#cite_ref-green89_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenNicholas_Szechenyi2017" class="citation book cs1">Green, Michael J.; Nicholas Szechenyi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xHnDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89">A Global History of the Twentieth Century: Legacies and Lessons from Six National Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. pp. 89–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7972-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7972-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-7972-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Legacies+and+Lessons+from+Six+National+Perspectives&rft.pages=89-90&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7972-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft.au=Nicholas+Szechenyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xHnDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault198268–72,_78–82,_96–102,_108–109-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinault198268–72,_78–82,_96–102,_108–109_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinault198268–72,_78–82,_96–102,_108–109_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinault198268–72,_78–82,_96–102,_108–109_102-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinault1982">Minault (1982)</a>, pp. 68–72, 78–82, 96–102, 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault19824–8-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinault19824–8_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinault1982">Minault (1982)</a>, pp. 4–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-paine20-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paine20_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paine20_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-paine20_104-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_C.M._Paine2015" class="citation book cs1">Sarah C.M. Paine (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJ9sBgAAQBAJ">Nation Building, State Building, and Economic Development: Case Studies and Comparisons</a>. Routledge. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46409-9"><bdi>978-1-317-46409-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Building%2C+State+Building%2C+and+Economic+Development%3A+Case+Studies+and+Comparisons&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46409-9&rft.au=Sarah+C.M.+Paine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJ9sBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991161–164-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1991161–164_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1991161–164_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1991161–164_105-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhose1991">Ghose (1991)</a>, p. 161–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Matthews2012" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Matthews (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r9A4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT31">Jinnah vs. Gandhi</a>. Hachette. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-078-7"><bdi>978-93-5009-078-7</bdi></a>. <q>Rabindranath Tagore heavily criticized Gandhi at the time in private letters (...). They reveal Tagore's belief that Gandhi had committed the Indian political nation to a cause that was mistakenly anti-Western and fundamentally negative.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah+vs.+Gandhi&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-5009-078-7&rft.au=Roderick+Matthews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr9A4AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKham1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kham, Aqeeluzzafar (1990). "The All-India Muslim Conference and the Origin of the Khilafat Movement in India". Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society. 38 (2): 155–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+All-India+Muslim+Conference+and+the+Origin+of+the+Khilafat+Movement+in+India&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-162&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kham&rft.aufirst=Aqeeluzzafar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts1923-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1923_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts1923_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1923" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, W.H. (1923). "A Review of the Gandhi Movement in India". Political Science Quarterly. 38 (2): 227–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2142634">10.2307/2142634</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142634">2142634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+the+Gandhi+Movement+in+India&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-48&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2142634&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2142634%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBose,_SugataJalal,_Ayesha2004" class="citation book cs1">Bose, Sugata & Jalal, Ayesha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMJIuHL9ksAC&pg=PA112">Modern South History, Culture, Political Economy</a>. Psychology Press. pp. 112–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-71253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-71253-5"><bdi>978-0-203-71253-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+South+History%2C+Culture%2C+Political+Economy&rft.pages=112-14&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-203-71253-5&rft.au=Bose%2C+Sugata&rft.au=Jalal%2C+Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMJIuHL9ksAC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991140–147-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1991140–147_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown (1991)</a>, pp. 140–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinault1982113–116-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinault1982113–116_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMinault1982">Minault (1982)</a>, pp. 113–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar_S._Ahmed1997" class="citation book cs1">Akbar S. Ahmed (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jinnahpakistanis00ahme/page/57">Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jinnahpakistanis00ahme/page/57">57–71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-14966-2"><bdi>978-0-415-14966-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jinnah%2C+Pakistan+and+Islamic+Identity%3A+The+Search+for+Saladin&rft.pages=57-71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-14966-2&rft.au=Akbar+S.+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjinnahpakistanis00ahme%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamicity.org/3910/gandhi-and-islam/">"Gandhi and Islam"</a>. www.islamicity.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907012817/https://www.islamicity.org/3910/gandhi-and-islam/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.islamicity.org&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamicity.org%2F3910%2Fgandhi-and-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bandyopādhyāẏa-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Bandyopādhyāẏa_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandyopādhyāẏa2004" class="citation book cs1">Bandyopādhyāẏa, Ś. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA304">From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India</a>. Orient Blackswan. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2596-2"><bdi>978-81-250-2596-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710131254/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&pg=PA304">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023. <q>He was arrested on 10 March 1922 and was sentenced to prison for six years. [...] Gradually the Khilafat movement too died.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Plassey+to+Partition%3A+A+History+of+Modern+India&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2596-2&rft.aulast=Bandyop%C4%81dhy%C4%81%E1%BA%8Fa&rft.aufirst=%C5%9A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oVra0ulQ3QC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Judith_Margaret1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith Margaret (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ">Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873112-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873112-2"><bdi>978-0-19-873112-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702121919/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq7tAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+the+origins+of+an+Asian+democracy&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873112-2&rft.au=Brown%2C+Judith+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEq7tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_Sumit1983" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Sumit (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark">Modern India: 1885–1947</a>. Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernindia1885100sark/page/n252">233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-90425-1"><bdi>978-0-333-90425-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+1885%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-333-90425-1&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernindia1885100sark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkovits2002372-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkovits2002372_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarkovits2002">Markovits (2002)</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwinDekar2013" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, Lewis V.; Dekar, Paul R. (30 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xdNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168%257CYEAR=2013%257CPUBLISHER=WIPF">In an Inescapable Network of Mutuality: Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Globalization of an Ethical Ideal</a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-434-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61097-434-9"><bdi>978-1-61097-434-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005092125/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xdNAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA168%7CYEAR=2013%7CPUBLISHER=WIPF">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+an+Inescapable+Network+of+Mutuality%3A+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+and+the+Globalization+of+an+Ethical+Ideal&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013-08-30&rft.isbn=978-1-61097-434-9&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Lewis+V.&rft.au=Dekar%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xdNAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA168%25257CYEAR%3D2013%25257CPUBLISHER%3DWIPF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103_120-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a99–103_120-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2002a">Wolpert (2002a)</a>, pp. 99–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1940" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1940). <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments With Truth</a> (2nd ed.). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographyst00gand/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-5909-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-5909-9"><bdi>0-8070-5909-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography+or+The+Story+of+My+Experiments+With+Truth&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.pages=82&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1940&rft.isbn=0-8070-5909-9&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+Karamchand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Also available at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_Autobiography_or_The_Story_of_my_Experiments_with_Truth" class="extiw" title="s:An Autobiography or The Story of my Experiments with Truth">Wikisource</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakrabarty2008-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Chakrabarty2008_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarty2008" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C&pg=PA154">Indian Politics and Society since Independence: events, processes and ideology</a>. Routledge. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40868-4"><bdi>978-0-415-40868-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007230049/https://books.google.com/books?id=QzQHZ178C24C&pg=PA154">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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Sahitya Akademi. p. 1345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-260-1194-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007230102/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 4 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature+%28Volume+Two%29+%28Devraj+To+Jyoti%29&rft.pages=1345&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1194-0&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC%26pg%3DPA1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990172-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990172_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990172_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1990">Gandhi (1990)</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991199–204-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1991199–204_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhose1991">Ghose (1991)</a>, p. 199–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008419–420-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008419–420_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, pp. 419–420. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakshi,_S._R.1988" class="citation book cs1">Bakshi, S. 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Indian Historical Review. 21 (1/2): 78–79. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-9836">0376-9836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Gandhian+Movement+and+Women%27s+Awakening+in+Orissa&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=78-79&rft.date=1994-01&rft.issn=0376-9836&rft.aulast=Sarma&rft.aufirst=Bina+Kumari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-french219-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-french219_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-french219_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarilyn_French2008" class="citation book cs1">Marilyn French (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hyr9pwbqeqoC">From Eve to Dawn, A History of Women in the World, Volume IV: Revolutions and Struggles for Justice in the 20th Century</a>. City University of New York Press. pp. 219–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-628-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55861-628-8"><bdi>978-1-55861-628-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Eve+to+Dawn%2C+A+History+of+Women+in+the+World%2C+Volume+IV%3A+Revolutions+and+Struggles+for+Justice+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=219-20&rft.pub=City+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55861-628-8&rft.au=Marilyn+French&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHyr9pwbqeqoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suruchi77-134"><a href="#cite_ref-suruchi77_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuruchi_Thapar-Bjorkert2006" class="citation book cs1">Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2OyILUFU1NQC&pg=PA77">Women in the Indian National Movement: Unseen Faces and Unheard Voices, 1930–42</a>. Sage Publications. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3407-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3407-3"><bdi>978-0-7619-3407-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Indian+National+Movement%3A+Unseen+Faces+and+Unheard+Voices%2C+1930%E2%80%9342&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-3407-3&rft.au=Suruchi+Thapar-Bjorkert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2OyILUFU1NQC%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer,_L.1950" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, L. (1950). 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Evans Brothers. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52308-4"><bdi>978-0-237-52308-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241007230102/https://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2024. 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Sage Publications. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4208-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-4208-9"><bdi>978-1-4129-4208-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Group+Processes+and+Intergroup+Relations&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-4208-9&rft.au=John+M+Levine&rft.au=Michael+A.+Hogg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrQ5DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtquxD6dk914CpgPA375_375–377]-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtquxD6dk914CpgPA375_375–377]_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA375">375–377</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008359-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008359_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008378–381-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008378–381_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008378–381_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, pp. 378–381. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201692–99-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201692–99_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201692–99_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuldoon2016">Muldoon (2016)</a>, pp. 92–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008332–333-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008332–333_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2008">Gandhi (2008)</a>, pp. 332–333. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201697-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuldoon201697_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuldoon2016">Muldoon (2016)</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgandhi00judipage252_252–257]-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailsgandhi00judipage252_252–257]_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown (1991)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhi00judi/page/252">252–257</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/blue-plaques/mahatma-gandhi-kingsley-hall/">"Mahatma Gandhi | Philosopher & Teacher | Blue Plaques"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Gandhi_subhas.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orissa+Review&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+Subhas+Chandra+Bose&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Dash&rft.aufirst=Siddhartha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forissa.gov.in%2Fe-magazine%2FOrissareview%2Fjan2005%2FenglishPdf%2FGandhi_subhas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990277–281-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990277–281_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1990">Gandhi (1990)</a>, pp. 277–281. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarkar2006-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarkar2006_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sarkar, Jayabrata (18 April 2006). "Power, Hegemony and Politics: Leadership Struggle in Congress in the 1930s". <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 40 (2): 333–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X0600179X">10.1017/S0026749X0600179X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145725909">145725909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Power%2C+Hegemony+and+Politics%3A+Leadership+Struggle+in+Congress+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=333-70&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X0600179X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145725909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jayabrata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008467–470-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008467–470_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008467–470_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, pp. 467–470. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-160"><a href="#cite_ref-auto_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarques2020" class="citation book cs1">Marques, J. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vCrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT403">The Routledge Companion to Inclusive Leadership</a>. Routledge Companions in Business, Management and Marketing. Taylor & Francis. p. 403. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03965-8"><bdi>978-1-000-03965-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=vCrXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT403">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Inclusive+Leadership&rft.series=Routledge+Companions+in+Business%2C+Management+and+Marketing&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03965-8&rft.aulast=Marques&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvCrXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_161-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonKillingray1992" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, D.; Killingray, D. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rni7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51">Policing and Decolonisation: Politics, Nationalism, and the Police, 1917-65</a>. Studies in imperialism. Manchester University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3033-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3033-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-3033-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=rni7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2022. <q>Britain's hold over India weakened and an early resumption of Congress rule appeared inevitable</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policing+and+Decolonisation%3A+Politics%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Police%2C+1917-65&rft.series=Studies+in+imperialism&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3033-8&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Killingray%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drni7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBipan_Chandra2000" class="citation book cs1">Bipan Chandra (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0q7xH06NrFkC&pg=PT543">India's Struggle for Independence</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-183-3"><bdi>978-81-8475-183-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pages=543&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-183-3&rft.au=Bipan+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0q7xH06NrFkC%26pg%3DPT543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a74–75-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a74–75_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a74–75_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a74–75_163-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2002a">Wolpert (2002a)</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990309-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990309_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1990">Gandhi (1990)</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurcharan_Das1990" class="citation book cs1">Gurcharan Das (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgbeMDKvkU0C&pg=PA49">A Fine Family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-012258-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-012258-9"><bdi>978-0-14-012258-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Fine+Family&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-012258-9&rft.au=Gurcharan+Das&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgbeMDKvkU0C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a205–211-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a205–211_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a205–211_166-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2002a205–211_166-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2002a">Wolpert (2002a)</a>, pp. 205–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock1983" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Peter (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vRduAAAAMAAJ">The Mahatma and mother India: essays on Gandhiʼs nonviolence and nationalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajivan Publishing House">Navajivan Publishing House</a>. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mahatma+and+mother+India%3A+essays+on+Gandhi%CA%BCs+nonviolence+and+nationalism&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvRduAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimaye1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madhu_Limaye" title="Madhu Limaye">Limaye, Madhu</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVIwAQAAIAAJ">Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru: a historic partnership</a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7018-547-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7018-547-5"><bdi>81-7018-547-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133300/https://books.google.com/books?id=WVIwAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi+and+Jawaharlal+Nehru%3A+a+historic+partnership&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-7018-547-5&rft.aulast=Limaye&rft.aufirst=Madhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVIwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Pochhammer,_Wilhelm2005" class="citation book cs1">von Pochhammer, Wilhelm (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA469">India's Road to Nationhood: A Political History of the Subcontinent</a>. Allied Publishers. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7764-715-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7764-715-6"><bdi>81-7764-715-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133128/https://books.google.com/books?id=mHLB4m75pisC&pg=PA469#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Road+to+Nationhood%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Subcontinent&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=81-7764-715-6&rft.au=von+Pochhammer%2C+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHLB4m75pisC%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapping1989-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Lapping1989_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapping,_Brian1989" class="citation book cs1">Lapping, Brian (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBsiAQAAIAAJ">End of empire</a>. Paladin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08870-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-586-08870-8"><bdi>978-0-586-08870-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=End+of+empire&rft.pub=Paladin&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-586-08870-8&rft.au=Lapping%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBsiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khan2007-page1-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2007-page1_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khan2007-page1_171-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2007" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/18">The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12078-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12078-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpartitionma00khan%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Quote: "the Muslim League had only caught on among South Asian Muslims during the Second World War. ... By the late 1940s, the League and the Congress had impressed in the British their own visions of a free future for Indian people. ... one, articulated by the Congress, rested on the idea of a united, plural India as a home for all Indians and the other, spelt out by the League, rested on the foundation of Muslim nationalism and the carving out of a separate Muslim homeland." (p. 18) </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1947/05/07/archives/gandhi-jinnah-meet-first-time-since-44-disagree-on-pakistan-but.html">"Gandhi, Jinnah Meet First Time Since '44; Disagree on Pakistan, but Will Push Peace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 7 May 1947. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430103734/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30A1EFA3F58147B93C5A9178ED85F438485F9">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gandhi%2C+Jinnah+Meet+First+Time+Since+%2744%3B+Disagree+on+Pakistan%2C+but+Will+Push+Peace&rft.date=1947-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1947%2F05%2F07%2Farchives%2Fgandhi-jinnah-meet-first-time-since-44-disagree-on-pakistan-but.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BhattacharyaStudies2001-173"><a href="#cite_ref-BhattacharyaStudies2001_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharya2001" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2GI26jditsC&pg=PA33">Propaganda and information in Eastern India, 1939–45: a necessary weapon of war</a>. Psychology Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1406-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1406-3"><bdi>978-0-7007-1406-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133630/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2GI26jditsC&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+information+in+Eastern+India%2C+1939%E2%80%9345%3A+a+necessary+weapon+of+war&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1406-3&rft.aulast=Bhattacharya&rft.aufirst=Sanjoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2GI26jditsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShashi199613-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShashi199613_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShashi1996">Shashi (1996)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002106–108-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2002106–108_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2002">Gandhi (2002)</a>, pp. 106–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-176"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2007" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Yasmin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan">The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/n30">1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12078-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12078-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Yasmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpartitionma00khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Quote: "South Asians learned that the British Indian Empire would be partitioned on 3 June 1947. They heard about it on the radio, from relations and friends, by reading newspapers and, later, through government pamphlets. Among a population of almost four hundred million, where the vast majority lived in the countryside, ..., it is hardly surprising that many ... did not hear the news for many weeks afterward. For some, the butchery and forced relocation of the summer months of 1947 may have been the first they know about the creation of the two new states rising from the fragmentary and terminally weakened British empire in India." (p. 1) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_KulkeDietmar_Rothermund2004" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC">A History of India</a>. Routledge. pp. 311–12, context: 308–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32920-0"><bdi>978-0-415-32920-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185128/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=311-12%2C+context%3A+308-16&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32920-0&rft.au=Hermann+Kulke&rft.au=Dietmar+Rothermund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRoW9GuFJ9GIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenderel_Moon1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Penderel_Moon" title="Penderel Moon">Penderel Moon</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WpViCTc-YAgC">Divide and Quit</a>. University of California Press. pp. 11–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divide+and+Quit&rft.pages=11-28&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Penderel+Moon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWpViCTc-YAgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJack1994418-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJack1994418_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJack1994">Jack (1994)</a>, p. 418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–121-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–121_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–121_180-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2009">Wolpert (2009)</a>, pp. 118–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2001a-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2001a_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2001a_181-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2001a">Wolpert (2001a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–127-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2009118–127_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2009">Wolpert (2009)</a>, pp. 118–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2012a64–66-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2012a64–66_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2012a64–66_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2012a64–66_183-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalton2012a">Dalton (2012a)</a>, pp. 64–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert20027-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert20027_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2002">Wolpert (2002)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-MetcalfMetcalf2006-185"><a href="#cite_ref-MetcalfMetcalf2006_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Barbara Daly; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C">A concise history of modern India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 221–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86362-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86362-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230702122602/https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+history+of+modern+India&rft.pages=221-22&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86362-9&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Daly&rft.au=Metcalf%2C+Thomas+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiuESgYNYPl0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gs-186"><a href="#cite_ref-gs_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelyveld2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lelyveld" title="Joseph Lelyveld">Lelyveld, Joseph</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely/page/278">Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatsoulmahatma0000lely/page/278">278–81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26958-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26958-4"><bdi>978-0-307-26958-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Soul%3A+Mahatma+Gandhi+and+His+Struggle+with+India&rft.pages=278-81&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26958-4&rft.aulast=Lelyveld&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatsoulmahatma0000lely%2Fpage%2F278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown1991-p380-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_187-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_187-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_187-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown1991-p380_187-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown (1991)</a>, p. 380: "Despite and indeed because of his sense of helplessness Delhi was to be the scene of what he called his greatest fast. ... His decision was made suddenly, though after considerable thought – he gave no hint of it even to Nehru and Patel who were with him shortly before he announced his intention at a prayer-meeting on 12 January 1948. He said he would fast until communal peace was restored, real peace rather than the calm of a dead city imposed by police and troops. Patel and the government took the fast partly as condemnation of their decision to withhold a considerable cash sum still outstanding to Pakistan as a result of the allocation of undivided India's assets because the hostilities that had broken out in Kashmir; ... But even when the government agreed to pay out the cash, Gandhi would not break his fast: that he would only do after a large number of important politicians and leaders of communal bodies agreed to a joint plan for restoration of normal life in the city." </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-2016-gandhi-assets-188"><a href="#cite_ref-talbot-2016-gandhi-assets_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot2016" class="citation book cs1">Talbot, Ian (2016). A History of Modern South Asia, Politics, States, Diasporas. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19694-8"><bdi>978-0-300-19694-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015937886">2015937886</a>. <q>Disputes over Kashmir and the division of assets and water in the aftermath of Partition increased Pakistan's anxieties regarding its much larger neighbor. Kashmir's significance for Pakistan far exceeded its strategic value; its "illegal" accession to India challenged the state's ideological foundations and pointed to a lack of sovereign fulfillment. The "K" in Pakistan's name stood for Kashmir. Of less symbolic significance was the division of post-Partition assets. Not until December 1947 was an agreement reached on Pakistan's share of the sterling assets held by the undivided Government of India at the time of independence. The bulk of these (550 million rupees) was held back by New Delhi because of the Kashmir conflict and paid only following Gandhi's intervention and fasting. India delivered Pakistan's military equipment even more tardily, and less than a sixth of the 160,000 tons of ordnance allotted to Pakistan by the Joint Defence Council was actually delivered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+South+Asia%2C+Politics%2C+States%2C+Diasporas&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015937886&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19694-8&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elkins-pakistan-payment-189"><a href="#cite_ref-elkins-pakistan-payment_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Elkins" title="Caroline Elkins">Elkins, Caroline</a> (2022). Violence: A History of the British Empire. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307272423" title="Special:BookSources/9780307272423"><bdi>9780307272423</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021018550">2021018550</a>. <q>A few months later, with war-fueled tensions over Kashmir mounting and India refusing to pay Pakistan 550 million rupees, Pakistan's share of Britain's outstanding war debt, Gandhi began to fast. "This time my fast is not only against Hindus and Muslims," the Mahatma said, "but also against the Judases who put on false appearances and betray themselves, myself and society." The elderly and frail man who was India's symbolic political and spiritual leader went three days without food before India's cabinet agreed to pay Pakistan, something Nehru had long promised Jinnah he would do.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence%3A+A+History+of+the+British+Empire&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021018550&rft.isbn=9780307272423&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-blinkenberg-patel-cash-payments-190"><a href="#cite_ref-blinkenberg-patel-cash-payments_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlinkenberg2022" class="citation book cs1">Blinkenberg, Lars (2022). India-Pakistan: The History of Unsolved Conflicts: Volume I. Lindhardt og Ringhof. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788726894707" title="Special:BookSources/9788726894707"><bdi>9788726894707</bdi></a>. <q>Sardar Patel decided, in the middle of December 1947, that the recent financial agreements with Pakistan should not be followed, unless Pakistan ceased to support the raiders. ... Gandhi was not convinced and he felt—like Mountbatten and Nehru—that the agreed transfer to Pakistan of a cash amount of Rs. 550 million should be implemented despite the Kashmir crisis. Gandhi started a fast unto death, which was officially done to stop communal trouble, especially in Delhi, but "word went round that it was directed against Sardar Patel's decision to withhold the cash balances"... Only because of Gandhi's interference, which was soon to cause his death, Sardar Patel gave in and the money was handed over to Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-Pakistan%3A+The+History+of+Unsolved+Conflicts%3A+Volume+I&rft.pub=Lindhardt+og+Ringhof&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9788726894707&rft.aulast=Blinkenberg&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarkar-modern-india-jan48-1-191"><a href="#cite_ref-sarkar-modern-india-jan48-1_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sumit_Sarkar" title="Sumit Sarkar">Sarkar, Sumit</a> (2014). Modern India: 1885–1947. Delhi and Chennai: Pearson Education. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789332535749" title="Special:BookSources/9789332535749"><bdi>9789332535749</bdi></a>. <q>This last fast seems to have been directed in part also against Patel's increasingly communal attitudes (the Home Minister had started thinking in terms of a total transfer of population in the Punjab, and was refusing to honour a prior agreement by which India was obliged to give 55 crores of pre-Partition Government of India financial assets to Pakistan). 'You are not the Sardar I once knew,' Gandhi is said to have remarked during the fast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+1885%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Delhi+and+Chennai&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789332535749&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandhi-suhrud-patel-192"><a href="#cite_ref-gandhi-suhrud-patel_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhiSuhrud2022" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Gopalkrishna; Suhrud, Tridip (2022). Scorching Love: Letters from Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi to his son, Devadas. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <q>The national capital and its surrounding areas are gripped by massacres and the spewing of hate. The two Punjabs on either side of the border are aflame. On 1 January 1948, a Thai visitor comes and compliments him on India's independence. "Today ... Indian fears his brother Indian. Is this independence?', Gandhi asks in response. Gandhi smarts at the Government of India's new cabinet headed by Jawaharlal Nehru deciding to withhold the transfer of Pakistan's share (Rs 55 crores) of the 'sterling balance' that undivided India has held at independence. The attack on Kashmur is cited as a reason for this. Patel says India cannot give money to Pakistan 'for making bullets to be shot at us'. Gandhi's intense agitation settles into an inner quiet on 12 January when the clear thought comes to him that he must fast. And indefinitely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scorching+Love%3A+Letters+from+Mohandas+Karamchand+Gandhi+to+his+son%2C+Devadas&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Gopalkrishna&rft.au=Suhrud%2C+Tridip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> ‘It will end when and if I am satisfied that there is a reunion of hearts of all communities...’ </li> <li id="cite_note-gurharpal=-shani-patel-193"><a href="#cite_ref-gurharpal=-shani-patel_193-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghShani2022" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Gurharpal; Shani, Georgio (2022). Sikh Nationalism: From a Dominant Minority to an Ethno-Religious Diaspora. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-13654-0"><bdi>978-1-107-13654-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021017207">2021017207</a>. <q>For further evidence of Patel's involvement in the clearing of Muslims in north India, see Pandey (2001, 196). Against the background of the India-Pakistan conflict in Kashmir, the dispute between the two countries over the division of cash balances and Gandhi's fast in early 1948, Mountbatten noted the following of his interview with Patel: 'He expressed the view that the only way to re-establish decent relationship between the Muslims and non-Muslim communities was to remove Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan and drive out the Muslims of the East Punjab and the affected neighbouring areas.' MB1/D76/1. Mountbatten Papers, University of Southampton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Nationalism%3A+From+a+Dominant+Minority+to+an+Ethno-Religious+Diaspora&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021017207&rft.isbn=978-1-107-13654-0&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Gurharpal&rft.au=Shani%2C+Georgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burton-stein-godse-194"><a href="#cite_ref-burton-stein-godse_194-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinArnold2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Arnold_(historian)" title="David Arnold (historian)">Arnold, David</a> (2010). A History of India. Blackwell History of the World Series (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 352–353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9509-6</bdi></a>. <q>He undertook a fast not only to restrain those bent on communal reprisal but also to influence the powerful Home Minister, Sardar Patel, who was refusing to share out the assets of the former imperial treasury with Pakistan, as had been agreed. Gandhi's insistence on justice for Pakistan now that the partition was a fact ... had prompted Godse's fanatical action.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.series=Blackwell+History+of+the+World+Series&rft.pages=352-353&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft.au=Arnold%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahmed-godse-assets-195"><a href="#cite_ref-ahmed-godse-assets_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2022" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Raja Qaiser (2022). Pakistan Factor and the Competing Perspectives in India: Party Centric View. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-16-7051-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-16-7051-0"><bdi>978-981-16-7051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Factor+and+the+Competing+Perspectives+in+India%3A+Party+Centric+View&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-981-16-7051-0&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Raja+Qaiser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CushRobinson2008-196">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2008_196-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CushRobinson2008_196-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushRobinsonYork2008" class="citation book cs1">Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544">Encyclopedia of Hinduism</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 544. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1267-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012221104/http://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC&pg=PA544">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=544&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0&rft.aulast=Cush&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Catherine&rft.au=York%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di_T0HeWE-EAC%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahatma_Gandhi2000" class="citation book cs1">Mahatma Gandhi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USxWAAAAYAAJ">The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0154-8"><bdi>978-81-230-0154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-230-0154-8&rft.au=Mahatma+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSxWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi2007-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi2007_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Tushar A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12">"Let's Kill Gandhi !": A Chronicle of His Last Days, the Conspiracy, Murder, Investigation, and Trial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rupa_Publications" title="Rupa Publications">Rupa & Company</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-291-1094-7"><bdi>978-81-291-1094-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101071616/https://books.google.com/books?id=x-dsbNz7syQC&pg=PT12">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Let%27s+Kill+Gandhi+%21%22%3A+A+Chronicle+of+His+Last+Days%2C+the+Conspiracy%2C+Murder%2C+Investigation%2C+and+Trial&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Rupa+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-291-1094-7&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Tushar+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx-dsbNz7syQC%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Henry_Pronko2013" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Henry Pronko (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VOBAAAAQBAJ">Empirical Foundations of Psychology</a>. Routledge. pp. 342–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32701-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-32701-8"><bdi>978-1-136-32701-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empirical+Foundations+of+Psychology&rft.pages=342-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-32701-8&rft.au=Nicholas+Henry+Pronko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VOBAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spear-gandhi-1948-preconditions-fast-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spear-gandhi-1948-preconditions-fast_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spear-gandhi-1948-preconditions-fast_200-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpear1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Percival_Spear" title="Percival Spear">Spear, Percival</a> (1990) [1978], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13362/page/n241/mode/2up">History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century</a>, Penguin, p. 239, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-140-13836-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-140-13836-8"><bdi>978-0-140-13836-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+the+sixteenth+century+to+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-140-13836-8&rft.aulast=Spear&rft.aufirst=Percival&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.bengal.10689.13362%2Fpage%2Fn241%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014344-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014344_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014344_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014">McDermott et al. (2014)</a>, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert2004358-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2004358_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert2004358_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2004">Wolpert (2004)</a>, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA367_367]-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA367_367]_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhose1991">Ghose (1991)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA367">367</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jai1996-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Jai1996_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJai2002" class="citation book cs1">Jai, Janak Raj (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC&pg=PA45">Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers</a>. Regency Publications. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86030-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86030-25-7"><bdi>978-81-86030-25-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commissions+and+Omissions+by+Indian+Prime+Ministers&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=2002-07&rft.isbn=978-81-86030-25-7&rft.aulast=Jai&rft.aufirst=Janak+Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Wrc1K0uJTgC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-babb-godse-assets-205"><a href="#cite_ref-babb-godse-assets_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabb2020" class="citation book cs1">Babb, Lawrence A. (2020). Religion in India: Past and Present. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780466231" title="Special:BookSources/9781780466231"><bdi>9781780466231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+India%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Dunedin+Academic+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781780466231&rft.aulast=Babb&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarkar-modern-india-jan48-2-206"><a href="#cite_ref-sarkar-modern-india-jan48-2_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarkar2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sumit_Sarkar" title="Sumit Sarkar">Sarkar, Sumit</a> (2014). Modern India: 1885–1947. Delhi and Chennai: Pearson Education. p. 375. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789332535749" title="Special:BookSources/9789332535749"><bdi>9789332535749</bdi></a>. <q>Three days later the Mahatma was dead, murdered by a Hindu fanatic, Nathuram Godse, as a climax to a conspiracy hatched by a Poona Brahman group originally inspired by V.D. Savarkar—a conspiracy which, despite ample warnings, the police of Bombay and Delhi had done nothing to foil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+India%3A+1885%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Delhi+and+Chennai&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789332535749&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Sumit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardiman2003a174–176-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardiman2003a174–176_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardiman2003a">Hardiman (2003a)</a>, pp. 174–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-bell-savarkar-208"><a href="#cite_ref-bell-savarkar_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bell, J. Bowyer</a> (2017) [2005]. Assassin: Theory and Practice of Political Violence. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0509-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0509-4"><bdi>978-1-4128-0509-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assassin%3A+Theory+and+Practice+of+Political+Violence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-0509-4&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+Bowyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-geva-delhi-jan48-209"><a href="#cite_ref-geva-delhi-jan48_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeva2022" class="citation book cs1">Geva, Rotem (2022). Delhi Reborn: Partition and Nation Building in India's Capital. Stanford University Press. pp. 130–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781503631199" title="Special:BookSources/9781503631199"><bdi>9781503631199</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2021051794">2021051794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delhi+Reborn%3A+Partition+and+Nation+Building+in+India%27s+Capital&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2021051794&rft.isbn=9781503631199&rft.aulast=Geva&rft.aufirst=Rotem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-talbot-singh-delhi-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-singh-delhi_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-talbot-singh-delhi_210-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbotSingh2009" class="citation cs2">Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118">The Partition of India</a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 118–119, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85661-4"><bdi>978-0-521-85661-4</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154810/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ&pg=PA118">archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024, retrieved 2 December 2021, <q>It is now almost a cliché that the Partition transformed Delhi from a Mughal to a Punjabi city. The bitter experiences of the refugees encouraged them to support right-wing Hindu parties. ... Trouble began in September (1947) after the arrival from refugees from Pakistan who were determined on revenge and driving Muslims out of properties which they could then occupy. Gandhi in his prayer meetings in Birla House denounced the 'crooked and ungentlemanly' squeezing out of Muslims. Despite these exhortations, two-thirds of the city's Muslims were to eventually abandon India's capital.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partition+of+India&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85661-4&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gurharpal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutKmPQAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhosla196515_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhosla1965">Khosla (1965)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jain76-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Jain76_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagdish_Chandra_Jain1987" class="citation book cs1">Jagdish Chandra Jain (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NurqxSttqjoC&pg=PA76">Gandhi, the Forgotten Mahatma</a>. Mittal Publications. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-037-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7099-037-6"><bdi>978-81-7099-037-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%2C+the+Forgotten+Mahatma&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7099-037-6&rft.au=Jagdish+Chandra+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNurqxSttqjoC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Robert_Nash1981" class="citation book cs1">Jay Robert Nash (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9aQlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">Almanac of World Crime</a>. 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Retrieved 30 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yakub+Memon+first+to+be+hanged+in+Maharashtra+after+Ajmal+Kasab&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-others%2Fyakub-memon-first-to-be-hanged-in-maharashtra-after-ajmal-kasab%2F%3FSocialMedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon2014" class="citation news cs1">Menon, Vinod Kumar (30 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid-day.com/articles/revealed-the-secret-room-where-godse-was-kept-after-killing-gandhi/15058009">"Revealed: The secret room where Godse was kept after killing Gandh"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+The+secret+room+where+Godse+was+kept+after+killing+Gandh&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Vinod+Kumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Farticles%2Frevealed-the-secret-room-where-godse-was-kept-after-killing-gandhi%2F15058009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gandhi94-218">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi94_218-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gandhi94_218-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahatma_Gandhi1994" class="citation book cs1">Mahatma Gandhi (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand/page/483">The Gandhi Reader: A Sourcebook of His Life and Writings</a>. Grove Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand/page/483">483–89</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3161-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-3161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gandhi+Reader%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+His+Life+and+Writings&rft.pages=483-89&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4&rft.au=Mahatma+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhireadersou00gand%2Fpage%2F483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ie48-219"><a href="#cite_ref-ie48_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2273%2C2717510">"Over a million get last darshan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 1 February 1948. p. 1 (bottom left). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201204152021/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2273,2717510">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Over+a+million+get+last+darshan&rft.pages=1+%28bottom+left%29&rft.date=1948-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D4cU-AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2273%252C2717510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ie48pg5-220"><a href="#cite_ref-ie48pg5_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2964%2C2759742">"Of all faiths and races, together they shed their silent tears"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 31 January 1948. p. 5 (top centre). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225055655/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=4cU-AAAAIBAJ&pg=2964%2C2759742">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Of+all+faiths+and+races%2C+together+they+shed+their+silent+tears&rft.pages=5+%28top+centre%29&rft.date=1948-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D4cU-AAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2964%252C2759742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaels1948" class="citation web cs1">Michaels, James (31 January 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1948/01/31/Cremation-of-Gandhis-body/1311719724408/">"Cremation of Gandhi's body"</a>. United Press International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004072556/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1948/01/31/Cremation-of-Gandhis-body/1311719724408/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Press+International&rft.atitle=Cremation+of+Gandhi%27s+body&rft.date=1948-01-31&rft.aulast=Michaels&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1948%2F01%2F31%2FCremation-of-Gandhis-body%2F1311719724408%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76">Life</a>. 15 March 1948. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019">0024-3019</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133744/https://books.google.com/books?id=LEEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA76#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1948-03-15&rft.issn=0024-3019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEEEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-2008-ashes_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-2008-ashes_223-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh,_Randeep2008" class="citation news cs1">Ramesh, Randeep (16 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/16/india.international">"Gandhi's ashes to rest at sea, not in a museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901110713/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jan/16/india.international">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Gandhi%27s+ashes+to+rest+at+sea%2C+not+in+a+museum&rft.date=2008-01-16&rft.au=Ramesh%2C+Randeep&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fjan%2F16%2Findia.international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar2006-224"><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar2006_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2006" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Shanti (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=abPsWgqrmMMC&pg=PA170">Gandhi meets primetime: globalization and nationalism in Indian television</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07244-4"><bdi>978-0-252-07244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+meets+primetime%3A+globalization+and+nationalism+in+Indian+television&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07244-4&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Shanti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DabPsWgqrmMMC%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2011" class="citation cs2">Desai, Ian (2011), Towheed, Shafquat; Owens, W.R. 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Retrieved 14 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Little+Serenity+in+a+City+of+Madness&rft.pages=B+2&rft.date=2001-09-27&rft.aulast=Ferrell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F421687420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/the-mahatma/life-chronology.html">"The Mahatma – Life Chronology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Gandhi Ashram</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223063304/https://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/the-mahatma/life-chronology.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gandhi+Ashram&rft.atitle=The+Mahatma+%E2%80%93+Life+Chronology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgandhiashramsabarmati.org%2Fen%2Fthe-mahatma%2Flife-chronology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargot_Bigg2012" class="citation book cs1">Margot Bigg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moonhandbookstaj0000bigg">Delhi</a>. Avalon. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moonhandbookstaj0000bigg/page/14">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-490-0"><bdi>978-1-61238-490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delhi&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61238-490-0&rft.au=Margot+Bigg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmoonhandbookstaj0000bigg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Misra-230"><a href="#cite_ref-Misra_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Misra, R.P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC">Rediscovering Gandhi</a>. Gandhian studies and peace research series (in Maltese). Concept Publishing Company in collaboration with Gandhi Smriti & Darshan Samiti. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-375-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-375-5"><bdi>978-81-8069-375-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806123136/https://books.google.com/books?id=kp6x7zDLhfMC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Gandhi&rft.series=Gandhian+studies+and+peace+research+series&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company+in+collaboration+with+Gandhi+Smriti+%26+Darshan+Samiti&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-375-5&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=R.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkp6x7zDLhfMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marbaniang-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marbaniang_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marbaniang_231-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarbaniang2023" class="citation book cs1">Marbaniang, Domenic (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14">"Gandhian Pluralist Spirituality and the Anticorruption Mission of the Aam Aadmi Party in Delhi"</a>. Asian Spiritualities and Social Transformation. Springer Nature. pp. 247–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-99-2641-1_14">10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-2641-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-99-2641-1"><bdi>978-981-99-2641-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240810010402/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-2641-1_14">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2024. Retrieved 10 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gandhian+Pluralist+Spirituality+and+the+Anticorruption+Mission+of+the+Aam+Aadmi+Party+in+Delhi&rft.btitle=Asian+Spiritualities+and+Social+Transformation&rft.pages=247-261&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-99-2641-1_14&rft.isbn=978-981-99-2641-1&rft.aulast=Marbaniang&rft.aufirst=Domenic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-981-99-2641-1_14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorman1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU6DE9OUvrTECpgPA192_192]–195,_208–229-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorman1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU6DE9OUvrTECpgPA192_192]–195,_208–229_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorman1986">Borman (1986)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA192">192</a>–195, 208–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalton2012">Dalton (2012)</a>, pp. 30–35. "Yet he [Gandhi] must bear some of the responsibility for losing his followers along the way. The sheer vagueness and contradictions recurrent throughout his writing made it easier to accept him as a saint than to fathom the challenge posed by his demanding beliefs. Gandhi saw no harm in self-contradictions: life was a series of experiments, and any principle might change if Truth so dictated." </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1960" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Gene (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhiwieldsweap00shar">Gandhi Wields the Weapon of Moral Power: Three Case Histories</a>. Navajivan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhiwieldsweap00shar/page/4">4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Wields+the+Weapon+of+Moral+Power%3A+Three+Case+Histories&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Navajivan&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhiwieldsweap00shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton201230–32-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton201230–32_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalton2012">Dalton (2012)</a>, pp. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorman1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU6DE9OUvrTECpgPA26_26]–34-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorman1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidU6DE9OUvrTECpgPA26_26]–34_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorman1986">Borman (1986)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA26">26</a>–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndira_Carr2012" class="citation book cs1">Indira Carr (2012). Stuart Brown; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZQqBgAAQBAJ">Biographical Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Philosophers</a>. Routledge. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92796-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92796-8"><bdi>978-1-134-92796-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Twentieth-Century+Philosophers&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92796-8&rft.au=Indira+Carr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUZQqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Watson_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1977" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, I. Bruce (1977). "Satyagraha: The Gandhian Synthesis". Journal of Indian History. 55 (1/2): 325–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indian+History&rft.atitle=Satyagraha%3A+The+Gandhian+Synthesis&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=325-35&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=I.+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-richards1-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richards1_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-richards1_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1986" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Glyn (1986). "Gandhi's Concept of Truth and the Advaita Tradition". Religious Studies. 22 (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034412500017996">10.1017/S0034412500017996</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-4125">0034-4125</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20006253">20006253</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170379545">170379545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=Gandhi%27s+Concept+of+Truth+and+the+Advaita+Tradition&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1986&rft.issn=0034-4125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170379545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20006253%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034412500017996&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parel2006-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Parel2006_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParel,_Anthony2006" class="citation book cs1">Parel, Anthony (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC&pg=PA195">Gandhi's Philosophy and the Quest for Harmony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86715-3"><bdi>978-0-521-86715-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073617/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQhz0fW0HZUC&pg=PA195">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Philosophy+and+the+Quest+for+Harmony&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86715-3&rft.au=Parel%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQhz0fW0HZUC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gier40-241"><a href="#cite_ref-gier40_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_F._Gier2004" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas F. Gier (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40">The Virtue of Nonviolence: From Gautama to Gandhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 40–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5949-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5949-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-5949-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073707/https://books.google.com/books?id=tVLt99uleLwC&pg=PA40">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtue+of+Nonviolence%3A+From+Gautama+to+Gandhi&rft.pages=40-42&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5949-2&rft.au=Nicholas+F.+Gier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtVLt99uleLwC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPletcher" class="citation web cs1">Pletcher, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March">"Salt March | Definition, Causes, History, & Facts"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121121103/https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Salt+March+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Causes%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft.aulast=Pletcher&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSalt-March&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSita_Anantha_Raman2009" class="citation book cs1">Sita Anantha Raman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwKrCQAAQBAJ">Women in India: A Social and Cultural History</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 164–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-01440-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-01440-6"><bdi>978-0-313-01440-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+India%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.pages=164-166&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-01440-6&rft.au=Sita+Anantha+Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwKrCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtquxD6dk914CpgPA176_176]-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidtquxD6dk914CpgPA176_176]_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C&pg=PA176">176</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, M.K. "Some Rules of Satyagraha Young India (Navajivan) 23 February 1930". The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Vol. 48. p. 340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Rules+of+Satyagraha+Young+India+%28Navajivan%29+23+February+1930&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=340&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra2017" class="citation web cs1">Misra, Bijoy (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=13907">"Mahatma Gandhi's Rules for Satyagraha"</a>. www.lokvani.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730054534/https://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=13907">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lokvani.com&rft.atitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%27s+Rules+for+Satyagraha&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=Bijoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lokvani.com%2Flokvani%2Farticle.php%3Farticle_id%3D13907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> (Young India, 27 February 1930, The Gujarati original of this appeared in Navajivan, 23 February 1930) </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2013" class="citation web cs1">Yadav, Yogendra (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gandhiking.ning.com/profiles/blogs/some-rules-of-satyagraha-1">"Some Rules of Satyagraha"</a>. The Gandhi-King Community. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811213050/https://gandhiking.ning.com/profiles/blogs/some-rules-of-satyagraha-1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024. Retrieved 5 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gandhi-King+Community&rft.atitle=Some+Rules+of+Satyagraha&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Yogendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgandhiking.ning.com%2Fprofiles%2Fblogs%2Fsome-rules-of-satyagraha-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhuRao1967" class="citation book cs1">Prabhu, R.K.; Rao, U.R., eds. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070902015645/http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap34.htm">"Power of Satyagraha"</a>. The Mind of Mahatma Gandhi. Ahemadabad: Navajivan Mudranalaya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7229-149-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-7229-149-3"><bdi>81-7229-149-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap34.htm">the original</a> on 2 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+of+Satyagraha&rft.btitle=The+Mind+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.place=Ahemadabad&rft.pub=Navajivan+Mudranalaya&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=81-7229-149-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkgandhi.org%2Fmomgandhi%2Fchap34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CollectedWorks20-250"><a href="#cite_ref-CollectedWorks20_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1982" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, M.K. (1982) [Young India, 16 June 1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL020.PDF">"156. The Law of Suffering"</a> (PDF). Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Vol. 20 (electronic ed.). New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. pp. 396–99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128150127/http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL020.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 28 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=156.+The+Law+of+Suffering&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=396-99&rft.edition=electronic&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Govt.+of+India&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiserve.org%2Fcwmg%2FVOL020.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma2008-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma2008_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma2008" class="citation book cs1">Sharma, Jai Narain (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XxJvoBWTAXoC&pg=PA17">Satyagraha: Gandhi's approach to conflict resolution</a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-480-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-480-6"><bdi>978-81-8069-480-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073713/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxJvoBWTAXoC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satyagraha%3A+Gandhi%27s+approach+to+conflict+resolution&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-480-6&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Jai+Narain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxJvoBWTAXoC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Taras2002" class="citation book cs1">R. Taras (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Npt_DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Liberal and Illiberal Nationalisms</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59640-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-59640-5"><bdi>978-0-230-59640-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberal+and+Illiberal+Nationalisms&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-230-59640-5&rft.au=R.+Taras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNpt_DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">, Quote: "In 1920 Jinnah opposed satyagraha and resigned from the Congress, boosting the fortunes of the Muslim League." </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasmin_Khan2007" class="citation book cs1">Yasmin Khan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/11">The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan</a>. Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan/page/11">11–22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12078-3"><bdi>978-0-300-12078-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Partition%3A+The+Making+of+India+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=11-22&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12078-3&rft.au=Yasmin+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatpartitionma00khan%2Fpage%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRafiq_Zakaria2002" class="citation book cs1">Rafiq Zakaria (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RdITXUpyVgC">The Man who Divided India</a>. Popular Prakashan. pp. 83–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-145-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7991-145-7"><bdi>978-81-7991-145-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+who+Divided+India&rft.pages=83-85&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-7991-145-7&rft.au=Rafiq+Zakaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RdITXUpyVgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008586-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008586_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, p. 586. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCháirez-Garza2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cháirez-Garza, Jesús Francisco (2 January 2014). "Touching space: Ambedkar on the spatial features of untouchability". Contemporary South Asia. 22 (1). Taylor & Francis: 37–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09584935.2013.870978">10.1080/09584935.2013.870978</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145020542">145020542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.atitle=Touching+space%3A+Ambedkar+on+the+spatial+features+of+untouchability&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-50&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09584935.2013.870978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145020542%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A1irez-Garza&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Ambedkar, B. R. (1945), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Dr.BabasahebAmbedkarWritingsAndSpeechespdfsAllVolumes/Volume_09#page/n15/mode/2up/search/ahimsa">What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables</a>, Thacker & Co. Editions, First Edition, pp. v, 282–297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerman2008359,_378–380-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerman2008359,_378–380_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerman2008">Herman (2008)</a>, pp. 359, 378–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsirvatham1995" class="citation book cs1">Asirvatham, Eddy (1995). Political Theory. S.chand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-219-0346-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-219-0346-7"><bdi>81-219-0346-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Theory&rft.pub=S.chand&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-219-0346-7&rft.aulast=Asirvatham&rft.aufirst=Eddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParel2016" class="citation book cs1">Parel, Anthony J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMGSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">Pax Gandhiana: The Political Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 202–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049146-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049146-8"><bdi>978-0-19-049146-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721073651/https://books.google.com/books?id=bMGSDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA202">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>Gandhi staked his reputation as an original political thinker on this specific issue. Hitherto, violence had been used in the name of political rights, such as in street riots, regicide, or armed revolutions. Gandhi believes there is a better way of securing political rights, that of nonviolence, and that this new way marks an advance in political ethics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pax+Gandhiana%3A+The+Political+Philosophy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pages=202-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049146-8&rft.aulast=Parel&rft.aufirst=Anthony+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMGSDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Chapple1993" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Chapple (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Y00Q0_mOkAC">Nonviolence to Animals, Earth, and Self in Asian Traditions</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. pp. 16–18, 54–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1497-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1497-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-1497-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nonviolence+to+Animals%2C+Earth%2C+and+Self+in+Asian+Traditions&rft.pages=16-18%2C+54-57&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1497-2&rft.au=Christopher+Chapple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Y00Q0_mOkAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1920" class="citation journal cs1">Gandhi, Mohandis K. (11 August 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_3/young_india_vol2_img251.jpg">"The Doctrine of the Sword"</a>. Young India. M. K. Gandhi: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019152536/https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/datalink/files/ghp_journals/journal_image_3/young_india_vol2_img251.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Young+India&rft.atitle=The+Doctrine+of+the+Sword&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1920-08-11&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandis+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiheritageportal.org%2Fdatalink%2Ffiles%2Fghp_journals%2Fjournal_image_3%2Fyoung_india_vol2_img251.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Cited from <a href="#CITEREFBorman1986">Borman (1986)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC&pg=PA253">253</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevji2012" class="citation book cs1">Devji, Faisal (2012). The Impossible Indian: Gandhi and the Temptation of Violence. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impossible+Indian%3A+Gandhi+and+the+Temptation+of+Violence&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Devji&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddRQcKsx-YgQCpgPR11_xi]-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksiddRQcKsx-YgQCpgPR11_xi]_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson2006">Johnson (2006)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC&pg=PR11">xi</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stein20102-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stein20102_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stein20102_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA289">A History of India</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 289–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721074132/https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=GBS.PA289">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 21 July 2019. <q>Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pages=289-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC%26pg%3DGBS.PA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2013" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Sourabh (2 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/gandhi-jayanti-non-violent-mahatma-gandhi-preferred-violence-over-cowardice-212996-2013-10-01">"Gandhi Jayanti: Why non-violent Mahatma Gandhi preferred violence to cowardice"</a>. India Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806103121/https://www.indiatoday.in/featured/story/gandhi-jayanti-non-violent-mahatma-gandhi-preferred-violence-over-cowardice-212996-2013-10-01">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Gandhi+Jayanti%3A+Why+non-violent+Mahatma+Gandhi+preferred+violence+to+cowardice&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sourabh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Ffeatured%2Fstory%2Fgandhi-jayanti-non-violent-mahatma-gandhi-preferred-violence-over-cowardice-212996-2013-10-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahanbegloo_2020-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jahanbegloo_2020_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jahanbegloo_2020_267-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahanbegloo2020" class="citation book cs1">Jahanbegloo, R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BBIHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">Mahatma Gandhi: A Nonviolent Perspective on Peace</a>. Peacemakers. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-22313-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-22313-2"><bdi>978-1-000-22313-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230806124828/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBIHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2023. Retrieved 6 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3A+A+Nonviolent+Perspective+on+Peace&rft.series=Peacemakers&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-22313-2&rft.aulast=Jahanbegloo&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBBIHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mkgandhi.org/j.a.p/author.htm">"M.K. Gandhi as a Author | M.K. Gandhi: Author, Journalist, Printer-Publisher | Journalist Gandhi"</a>. www.mkgandhi.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125084617/https://www.mkgandhi.org/j.a.p/author.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mkgandhi.org&rft.atitle=M.K.+Gandhi+as+a+Author+%7C+M.K.+Gandhi%3A+Author%2C+Journalist%2C+Printer-Publisher+%7C+Journalist+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkgandhi.org%2Fj.a.p%2Fauthor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ie12-269"><a href="#cite_ref-ie12_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indianexpress.com/news/would-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian/900506/0">"Would Gandhi have been a Wikipedian?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 17 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209021916/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/would-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian/900506/0">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Would+Gandhi+have+been+a+Wikipedian%3F&rft.date=2012-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fwould-gandhi-have-been-a-wikipedian%2F900506%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/masters/mahatma-gandhi/journalist.asp">"Peerless Communicator"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804022748/http://www.lifepositive.com/Spirit/masters/mahatma-gandhi/journalist.asp">Archived</a> 4 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by V. N. Narayanan. Life Positive Plus, October–December 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-GreatSoulReview-271"><a href="#cite_ref-GreatSoulReview_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Andrew2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Andrew</a> (26 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358">"Among the Hagiographers (A book review of "Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India" by Joseph Lelyveld)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103114003/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Among+the+Hagiographers+%28A+book+review+of+%22Great+Soul%3A+Mahatma+Gandhi+and+His+Struggle+With+India%22+by+Joseph+Lelyveld%29&rft.date=2011-03-26&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748703529004576160371482469358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unto_this_last-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Unto_this_last_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, M.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030070419/http://wikilivres.ca/wiki/Unto_This_Last_%E2%80%94_M._K._Gandhi">Unto this Last: A paraphrase</a>. Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7229-076-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-7229-076-4"><bdi>81-7229-076-4</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unto+this+Last%3A+A+paraphrase&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House&rft.isbn=81-7229-076-4&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikilivres.ca%2Fwiki%2FUnto_This_Last_%25E2%2580%2594_M._K._Gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Pareku-273"><a href="#cite_ref-Pareku_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPareku2001" class="citation book cs1">Pareku, Bhikhu (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&pg=PT159">Gandhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160667-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160667-0"><bdi>978-0-19-160667-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329134137/https://books.google.com/books?id=0chB4q7XeHcC&pg=PT159#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160667-0&rft.aulast=Pareku&rft.aufirst=Bhikhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0chB4q7XeHcC%26pg%3DPT159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.K._Gandhi1934" class="citation book cs1">M.K. Gandhi (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/songsfromprison00mkga">Songs From Prison</a>. Public Resource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Songs+From+Prison&rft.date=1934&rft.au=M.K.+Gandhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsongsfromprison00mkga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Revised-edition-of-Bapus-works-to-be-withdrawn/articleshow/1298101.cms">"Revised edition of Bapu's works to be withdrawn"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 16 November 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029052020/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-11-16/india/27838774_1_second-edition-bapu-gujarat-vidyapith">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Revised+edition+of+Bapu%27s+works+to+be+withdrawn&rft.date=2005-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FRevised-edition-of-Bapus-works-to-be-withdrawn%2Farticleshow%2F1298101.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Rühe" class="citation web cs1">Peter Rühe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160907204816/http://www.gandhiserve.org/e/cwmg/cwmg_controversy.htm">"Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi (CWMG) Controversy"</a>. Gandhiserve.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/e/cwmg/cwmg_controversy.htm">the original</a> on 7 September 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+%28CWMG%29+Controversy&rft.pub=Gandhiserve.org&rft.au=Peter+R%C3%BChe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiserve.org%2Fe%2Fcwmg%2Fcwmg_controversy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vilanilam-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Vilanilam_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilanilam2005" class="citation book cs1">Vilanilam, J.V. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0oFjDwAAQBAJ">Mass Communication In India: A Sociological Perspective</a>. SAGE Publications. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-570-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5280-570-9"><bdi>978-93-5280-570-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163650/https://books.google.com/books?id=0oFjDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. <q>The greatest of all national leaders (and journalists) of the independence movement was Mahatma Gandhi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mass+Communication+In+India%3A+A+Sociological+Perspective&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-93-5280-570-9&rft.aulast=Vilanilam&rft.aufirst=J.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0oFjDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker-278"><a href="#cite_ref-Parker_278-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1995" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj0sAQAAIAAJ">The Times Illustrated History of the World</a>. HarperCollins. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270010-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270010-0"><bdi>978-0-06-270010-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163654/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bj0sAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. <q>The hero of Indian independence from the British, and the greatest figure in decolonization, was Mahatma Gandhi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+Illustrated+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-270010-0&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBj0sAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Douglas-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Douglas_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2021" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, R. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpJFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT192">The World War 1939–1945: The Cartoonists' Vision</a>. Routledge Library Editions: WW2. Routledge. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-46048-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-46048-3"><bdi>978-1-000-46048-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163648/https://books.google.com/books?id=PpJFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT192">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. <q>Mahatma Gandhi was the most influential of all the Indian politicians in the campaign for independence</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+War+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Cartoonists%27+Vision&rft.series=Routledge+Library+Editions%3A+WW2&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-000-46048-3&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpJFEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashadNawani2006" class="citation book cs1">Prashad, G.; Nawani, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iXjvbI4ZswIC">Writings on Nehru: Some Reflections on Indian Thoughts and Related Essays</a>. Northern Book Centre. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-204-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-204-2"><bdi>978-81-7211-204-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220154726/https://books.google.com/books?id=iXjvbI4ZswIC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. <q>Mahatma Gandhi was the greatest absorbant [sic] and the greatest personality of modern India</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+on+Nehru%3A+Some+Reflections+on+Indian+Thoughts+and+Related+Essays&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-204-2&rft.aulast=Prashad&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Nawani%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXjvbI4ZswIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlambergerKakar2018" class="citation book cs1">Blamberger, G.; Kakar, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mH1TDwAAQBAJ">Imaginations of Death and the Beyond in India and Europe</a>. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-6707-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-6707-5"><bdi>978-981-10-6707-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220154357/https://books.google.com/books?id=mH1TDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. <q>Mahatma Gandhi, modern India's greatest icon, elevated his search for moksha above any of his social or political goals, including India's freedom from colonial rule.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imaginations+of+Death+and+the+Beyond+in+India+and+Europe&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Springer+Nature+Singapore&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-981-10-6707-5&rft.aulast=Blamberger&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Kakar%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmH1TDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2001" class="citation book cs1">Carson, C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTI7AQAAQBAJ">The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr</a>. Grand Central Publishing. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7595-2037-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7595-2037-0"><bdi>978-0-7595-2037-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220155912/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTI7AQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023. <q>Gandhi is not only the greatest figure in India's history, but his influence is felt in almost every aspect of life and public policy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7595-2037-0&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTI7AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolpert200132–263-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolpert200132–263_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWolpert2001">Wolpert (2001)</a>, pp. 32–263. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99dec02/head2.htm">"Indira 'woman of millennium', Mahatma 'Asian of century'"</a>. Tribune India. 2 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163643/https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99dec02/head2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Indira+%27woman+of+millennium%27%2C+Mahatma+%27Asian+of+century%27&rft.date=1999-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F1999%2F99dec02%2Fhead2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/583427.stm">"Mahatma Gandhi 'greatest man'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 1 January 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163643/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/583427.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi+%27greatest+man%27&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fsouth_asia%2F583427.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahatma_Gandhi_Biography-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahatma_Gandhi_Biography_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahatma_Gandhi_Biography_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en/mahatma-gandhi-biography">"Mahatma Gandhi Biography"</a>. Social Justice & Special Assistance, Government of Maharashtra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314232130/https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en/mahatma-gandhi-biography">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Social+Justice+%26+Special+Assistance%2C+Government+of+Maharashtra&rft.atitle=Mahatma+Gandhi+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsjsa.maharashtra.gov.in%2Fen%2Fmahatma-gandhi-biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGregor19932-288"><a href="#cite_ref-McGregor19932_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor1993" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhindiengli00mcgr_0">The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhindiengli00mcgr_0/page/799">799</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-864339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-864339-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Hindi-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=799&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-864339-5&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhindiengli00mcgr_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Quote: (mahā- (S. "great, mighty, large, ..., eminent") + <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātmā</a> (S. "1. soul, spirit; the self, the individual; the mind, the heart; 2. the ultimate being."): "high-souled, of noble nature; a noble or venerable man." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpgPA172_172]-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFauJL7LKXmkCpgPA172_172]_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2008">Gandhi (2008)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC&pg=PA172">172</a>. "...Kasturba would accompany Gandhi on his departure from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a> for <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in July 1914 en route to India. ... In different South African towns (<a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, Cape Town, <a href="/wiki/Bloemfontein" title="Bloemfontein">Bloemfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">Natal</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verulam,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Verulam, KwaZulu-Natal">Verulam</a>), the struggle's martyrs were honoured and the Gandhi's bade farewell. Addresses in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> and Verulam referred to Gandhi as a 'Mahatma', 'great soul'. He was seen as a great soul because he had taken up the poor's cause. The whites too said good things about Gandhi, who predicted a future for the Empire if it respected justice." </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharan_Shandilya" class="citation book cs1">Charan Shandilya. India-China Relations. Pt. Sunderlal Institute of Asian Studies. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India-China+Relations&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Pt.+Sunderlal+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.au=Charan+Shandilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MgBAAAAMAAJ">Mahatma Gandhi: A Chronology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)</a>. 1971. p. 60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163647/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MgBAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3A+A+Chronology&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting+%28India%29&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MgBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tagore1998-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Tagore1998_292-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagore1998" class="citation book cs1">Tagore, Rabindranath (1998). Dutta, Krishna (ed.). Rabindranath Tagore: an anthology. Robinson, Andrew. Macmillan. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20079-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-20079-4"><bdi>978-0-312-20079-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabindranath+Tagore%3A+an+anthology&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-20079-4&rft.aulast=Tagore&rft.aufirst=Rabindranath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuha2013a">Guha (2013a)</a>, pp. 362, 662. "During my last trip to Europe I saw a great deal of Mr Gandhi. From year to year (I have known him intimately for over twenty years) I have found him getting more and more selfless. He is now leading almost an ascetic sort of life – not the life of an ordinary ascetic that we usually see but that of a great Mahatma and the one idea that engrosses his mind is his motherland." </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Pranjivan Mehta to G. K. Gokhale, dated Rangoon, 8 November 1909, File No. 4, Servants of India Society Papers, NMML. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990aviii-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990aviii_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi1990a">Gandhi (1990a)</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Basu Majumdar, A. K. (1993), Rabindranath Tagore: The Poet of India, Indus Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85182-92-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-85182-92-2">81-85182-92-2</a>, p. 83: "When Gandhi returned to India, Rabindranath's eldest brother Dwijendranath, was perhaps the first to address him as Mahatma. Rabindranath followed suit and then the whole of India called him Mahatma Gandhi." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA158_158]-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhose1991[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5l0BPnxN1h8CpgPA158_158]_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhose1991">Ghose (1991)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C&pg=PA158">158</a>. "So Tagore differed from many of Gandhi's ideas, but yet he had great regard for him and Tagore was perhaps the first important Indian who called Gandhi a Mahatma. But in 1921 when Gandhi was asked whether he was really a Mahatma Gandhi replied that he did not feel like one, and that, in any event, he could not define a Mahatma for he had never met any." </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.5370">"Champion of Liberty Issue"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227230840/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/object/npm_1980.2493.5370">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Champion+of+Liberty+Issue&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpm_1980.2493.5370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2007" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaaftergandhi00guha">India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy</a>. Delhi: Ecco Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019881-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-019881-7"><bdi>978-0-06-019881-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+After+Gandhi%3A+The+History+of+the+World%27s+Largest+Democracy&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Ecco+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-019881-7&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiaaftergandhi00guha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-India_2008-301"><a href="#cite_ref-India_2008_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/stamps-on-mahatma-gandhi-in-150-countries-30857-2008-10-02">"Stamps on Mahatma Gandhi in 150 countries"</a>. India Today. Press Trust of India. 2 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163643/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/stamps-on-mahatma-gandhi-in-150-countries-30857-2008-10-02">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Stamps+on+Mahatma+Gandhi+in+150+countries&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Flatest-headlines%2Fstory%2Fstamps-on-mahatma-gandhi-in-150-countries-30857-2008-10-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/world/palestine-turkey-uzbekistan-commemorative-gandhi-stamps">"Palestine, Turkey and Uzbekistan Issue Commemorative Gandhi Stamps"</a>. The Wire. 2 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163647/https://thewire.in/world/palestine-turkey-uzbekistan-commemorative-gandhi-stamps">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=Palestine%2C+Turkey+and+Uzbekistan+Issue+Commemorative+Gandhi+Stamps&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fworld%2Fpalestine-turkey-uzbekistan-commemorative-gandhi-stamps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.irna.ir/news/83501059/Memorial-stamp-marking-Mahatma-Gandhi-unveiled-in-Iran">"Memorial stamp marking Mahatma Gandhi unveiled in Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_News_Agency" title="Islamic Republic News Agency">Islamic Republic News Agency</a>. 2 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163649/https://en.irna.ir/news/83501059/Memorial-stamp-marking-Mahatma-Gandhi-unveiled-in-Iran">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Memorial+stamp+marking+Mahatma+Gandhi+unveiled+in+Iran&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.irna.ir%2Fnews%2F83501059%2FMemorial-stamp-marking-Mahatma-Gandhi-unveiled-in-Iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Yojana October 2020 (English) (Special Edition): A Development Monthly. 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The Economic Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317163647/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/russia-marks-150th-year-of-mahatma-gandhi-with-series-of-events/articleshow/71403404.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+marks+150th+year+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+with+series+of+events&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.aulast=Chaudhury&rft.aufirst=Dipanjan+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Frussia-marks-150th-year-of-mahatma-gandhi-with-series-of-events%2Farticleshow%2F71403404.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2014" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Tony (16 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/indian-pm-narendra-modi-unveils-gandhi-statue-20141116-11nwf9.html">"Indian PM Narendra Modi unveils Gandhi statue"</a>. Brisbane Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122082916/https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/indian-pm-narendra-modi-unveils-gandhi-statue-20141116-11nwf9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brisbane+Times&rft.atitle=Indian+PM+Narendra+Modi+unveils+Gandhi+statue&rft.date=2014-11-16&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brisbanetimes.com.au%2Fnational%2Fqueensland%2Findian-pm-narendra-modi-unveils-gandhi-statue-20141116-11nwf9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/people/foreigners/display/104400-mohandas-karamchand-mahatma-gandhi">"Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monument+Australia&rft.atitle=Mohandas+Karamchand+%28Mahatma%29+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonumentaustralia.org.au%2Fthemes%2Fpeople%2Fforeigners%2Fdisplay%2F104400-mohandas-karamchand-mahatma-gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2020/MPC_20200924.pdf">"The Minor Planet Circular 125471"</a> (PDF). Minor Planet Center. 24 September 2020. p. 939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231001011306/https://minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/2020/MPC_20200924.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Minor+Planet+Circular+125471&rft.pages=939&rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2F2020%2FMPC_20200924.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jjtv.kz/en/news/society/24948-statue-of-mahatma-gandhi-erected-in-astana">"Statue of Mahatma Gandhi erected in Astana"</a>. jjtv.kz. 14 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108045833/https://jjtv.kz/en/news/society/24948-statue-of-mahatma-gandhi-erected-in-astana">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jjtv.kz&rft.atitle=Statue+of+Mahatma+Gandhi+erected+in+Astana&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjjtv.kz%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fsociety%2F24948-statue-of-mahatma-gandhi-erected-in-astana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/mahatma-gandhi-s-bust-at-un-a-reminder-of-values-he-upheld-un-chief-122121500167_1.html">"Mahatma Gandhi's bust at UN, a reminder of values he upheld: UN Chief"</a>. Business Standard News. 15 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221226013414/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/mahatma-gandhi-s-bust-at-un-a-reminder-of-values-he-upheld-un-chief-122121500167_1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard+News&rft.atitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%27s+bust+at+UN%2C+a+reminder+of+values+he+upheld%3A+UN+Chief&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Finternational%2Fmahatma-gandhi-s-bust-at-un-a-reminder-of-values-he-upheld-un-chief-122121500167_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090321002316/http://mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/kingpapers/article/kings_trip_to_india/">"King's Trip to India"</a>. Mlk-kpp01.stanford.edu. 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Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King+moved%2C+as+father+was%2C+on+trip+to+Gandhi%27s+memorial&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.au=Sidner%2C+Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F02%2F17%2Fking.anniversaryvisit%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Souza,_Placido_P.2003" class="citation news cs1">D'Souza, Placido P. (20 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/COMMEMORATING-MARTIN-LUTHER-KING-JR-Gandhi-s-2640319.php">"Commemorating Martin Luther King Jr.: Gandhi's influence on King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130118040508/http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/openforum/article/COMMEMORATING-MARTIN-LUTHER-KING-JR-Gandhi-s-2640319.php">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Commemorating+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%3A+Gandhi%27s+influence+on+King&rft.date=2003-01-20&rft.au=D%27Souza%2C+Placido+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fopinion%2Fopenforum%2Farticle%2FCOMMEMORATING-MARTIN-LUTHER-KING-JR-Gandhi-s-2640319.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tougas2011-314"><a href="#cite_ref-Tougas2011_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTougas2011" class="citation book cs1">Tougas, Shelley (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzWQKHKcrOMC&pg=PT12">Birmingham 1963: How a Photograph Rallied Civil Rights Support</a>. Capstone Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4398-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7565-4398-3"><bdi>978-0-7565-4398-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329134209/https://books.google.com/books?id=zzWQKHKcrOMC&pg=PT12#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. 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Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Sacred+Warrior&rft.date=1999-12-31&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Mandela&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C993025%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mzv.cz/newdelhi/en/pr/commemorative_soiree_relevance_of_vaclav.html">"Commemorative Soirée: Relevance of Václav Havel Today"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorative+Soir%C3%A9e%3A+Relevance+of+V%C3%A1clav+Havel+Today&rft.pub=Embassy+of+the+Czech+Republic+in+Delhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mzv.cz%2Fnewdelhi%2Fen%2Fpr%2Fcommemorative_soiree_relevance_of_vaclav.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethi2004" class="citation web cs1">Sethi, Rubina (22 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040222/spectrum/book1.htm">"An alternative Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a>. India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090514084050/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040222/spectrum/book1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=An+alternative+Gandhi&rft.date=2004-02-22&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=Rubina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2004%2F20040222%2Fspectrum%2Fbook1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BhanaVahed2005-319"><a href="#cite_ref-BhanaVahed2005_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhanaVahed2005" class="citation book cs1">Bhana, Surendra; Vahed, Goolam H. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fF9uAAAAMAAJ">The Making of a Political Reformer: Gandhi in South Africa, 1893–1914</a>. Manohar. pp. 44–45, 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-612-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-612-4"><bdi>978-81-7304-612-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+a+Political+Reformer%3A+Gandhi+in+South+Africa%2C+1893%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=44-45%2C+149&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-612-4&rft.aulast=Bhana&rft.aufirst=Surendra&rft.au=Vahed%2C+Goolam+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfF9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albano-Müller-320"><a href="#cite_ref-Albano-Müller_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117104005/http://www.gandhiserve.org/streams/einstein.html">"Einstein on Gandhi (Einstein's letter to Gandhi – Courtesy:Saraswati Albano-Müller & Notes by Einstein on Gandhi – Source: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem)"</a>. Gandhiserve.org. 18 October 1931. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/streams/einstein.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Einstein+on+Gandhi+%28Einstein%27s+letter+to+Gandhi+%E2%80%93+Courtesy%3ASaraswati+Albano-M%C3%BCller+%26+Notes+by+Einstein+on+Gandhi+%E2%80%93+Source%3A+The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem%29&rft.pub=Gandhiserve.org&rft.date=1931-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiserve.org%2Fstreams%2Feinstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-321"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUwechue1981" class="citation book cs1">Uwechue, Raph (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zTlyAAAAMAAJ">Makers of Modern Africa: Profiles in History</a>. Published by Africa Journal Ltd. for Africa Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903274-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903274-14-2"><bdi>978-0-903274-14-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329134139/https://books.google.com/books?id=zTlyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+Modern+Africa%3A+Profiles+in+History&rft.pub=Published+by+Africa+Journal+Ltd.+for+Africa+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-903274-14-2&rft.aulast=Uwechue&rft.aufirst=Raph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTlyAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhupelia-Mesthrie2005-322"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhupelia-Mesthrie2005_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhupelia-Mesthrie2005" class="citation book cs1">Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Uma (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCR0AJx-9pwC&pg=PA293">Gandhi's prisoner?: the life of Gandhi's son Manilal</a>. Permanent Black. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-116-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-116-6"><bdi>978-81-7824-116-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329134332/https://books.google.com/books?id=hCR0AJx-9pwC&pg=PA293">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+prisoner%3F%3A+the+life+of+Gandhi%27s+son+Manilal&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-116-6&rft.aulast=Dhupelia-Mesthrie&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCR0AJx-9pwC%26pg%3DPA293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208170605/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041003/asp/look/story_3824566.asp">"In the company of Bapu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a>. 3 October 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041003/asp/look/story_3824566.asp">the original</a> on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=In+the+company+of+Bapu&rft.date=2004-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1041003%2Fasp%2Flook%2Fstory_3824566.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rolling_Stone-324"><a href="#cite_ref-Rolling_Stone_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore,_Mikal2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Gilmore, Mikal (5 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528225215/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/8898300/lennon_lives_forever">"Lennon Lives Forever"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/8898300/lennon_lives_forever">the original</a> on 28 May 2007. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Lennon+Lives+Forever&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft.au=Gilmore%2C+Mikal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F8898300%2Flennon_lives_forever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al_Gore-325"><a href="#cite_ref-Al_Gore_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebome2008" class="citation news cs1">Applebome, Peter (30 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/nyregion/30towns.html">"Applying Gandhi's Ideas to Climate Change"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202130853/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/30/nyregion/30towns.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021. <q>Al Gore cited both Gandhi and Abraham Lincoln in a speech on climate change in 2007. He noted Gandhi's sense of satyagraha ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Applying+Gandhi%27s+Ideas+to+Climate+Change&rft.date=2008-03-30&rft.aulast=Applebome&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F03%2F30%2Fnyregion%2F30towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wakefield-326"><a href="#cite_ref-Wakefield_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna32723625">"Obama steers clear of politics in school pep talk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 8 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223415/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32723625/ns/politics-white_house/t/obama-steers-clear-politics-school-pep-talk/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+steers+clear+of+politics+in+school+pep+talk&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna32723625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimeTCOG-327"><a href="#cite_ref-TimeTCOG_327-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,993026,00.html">"The Children of Gandhi"</a> (excerpt). Time. 31 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013134/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C993026%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Children+of+Gandhi&rft.date=1999-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C993026%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MorenoCelebrates-328"><a href="#cite_ref-MorenoCelebrates_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno,_Jenalia2010" class="citation web cs1">Moreno, Jenalia (16 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-community-celebrates-district-named-for-1613050.php">"Houston community celebrates district named for Gandhi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411062824/http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Houston-community-celebrates-district-named-for-1613050.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Houston+community+celebrates+district+named+for+Gandhi&rft.date=2010-01-16&rft.au=Moreno%2C+Jenalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fnews%2Fhouston-texas%2Farticle%2FHouston-community-celebrates-district-named-for-1613050.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomsbury_Publishing-329">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Publishing_329-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Publishing_329-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohanDwivediNancy2018" class="citation book cs1">Mohan, Shaj; Dwivedi, Divya; Nancy, Jean-Luc (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MB2DwAAQBAJ&q=blanchot">Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-Politics</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2173-3"><bdi>978-1-4742-2173-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329134142/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MB2DwAAQBAJ&q=blanchot#v=snippet&q=blanchot&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+Philosophy%3A+On+Theological+Anti-Politics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-2173-3&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=Shaj&rft.au=Dwivedi%2C+Divya&rft.au=Nancy%2C+Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MB2DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dblanchot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_declares_2_October,_Gandhi's_birthday,_as_International_Day_of_Nonviolence-330"><a href="#cite_ref-UN_declares_2_October,_Gandhi's_birthday,_as_International_Day_of_Nonviolence_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22926&Cr=non&Cr1=violence">"UN declares 2 October, Gandhi's birthday, as International Day of Nonviolence"</a>. UN News Centre. 15 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120123011319/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=22926&Cr=non&Cr1=violence">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+declares+2+October%2C+Gandhi%27s+birthday%2C+as+International+Day+of+Nonviolence&rft.pub=UN+News+Centre&rft.date=2007-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fapps%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FNewsID%3D22926%26Cr%3Dnon%26Cr1%3Dviolence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cartadelapaz-331"><a href="#cite_ref-cartadelapaz_331-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartadelapaz.org/portal_cp/anoticies_detall.php?id=682">"School Day of Nonviolence And Peace"</a>. Letter of Peace addressed to the UN. cartadelapaz.org. 30 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101164628/http://www.cartadelapaz.org/portal_cp/anoticies_detall.php?id=682">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Letter+of+Peace+addressed+to+the+UN&rft.atitle=School+Day+of+Nonviolence+And+Peace&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartadelapaz.org%2Fportal_cp%2Fanoticies_detall.php%3Fid%3D682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DENIP-332">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DENIP_332-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DENIP_332-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEulogio_Díaz_del_Corral1983" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eulogio Díaz del Corral (31 January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://denip.webcindario.com/denip.english.html">"DENIP: School Day of Nonviolence and Peace"</a>. DENIP (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227082217/http://denip.webcindario.com/denip.english.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DENIP&rft.atitle=DENIP%3A+School+Day+of+Nonviolence+and+Peace&rft.date=1983-01-31&rft.au=Eulogio+D%C3%ADaz+del+Corral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdenip.webcindario.com%2Fdenip.english.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ronald (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gchgl_XLqI0C&dq=%22greatest+man+of+our+age%22+gandhi+einstein&pg=PT862">Einstein: The Life and Times</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-0270-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-0270-6"><bdi>978-1-4482-0270-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Einstein%3A+The+Life+and+Times&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4482-0270-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgchgl_XLqI0C%26dq%3D%2522greatest%2Bman%2Bof%2Bour%2Bage%2522%2Bgandhi%2Beinstein%26pg%3DPT862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_006_06_0311_0316_0.pdf">"University and Educational Intelligence"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a>. 6 (6): 314. December 1937. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716025131/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_006_06_0311_0316_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=University+and+Educational+Intelligence&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=314&rft.date=1937-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FDownloads%2Farticle_id_006_06_0311_0316_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-livinghumanity-335"><a href="#cite_ref-livinghumanity_335-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livinghumanity.org/peace-laureates/">"Peace Laureates – livinghumanity"</a>. LivingHumanity. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240321104237/https://livinghumanity.org/peace-laureates/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peace+Laureates+%E2%80%93+livinghumanity&rft.pub=LivingHumanity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivinghumanity.org%2Fpeace-laureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burger_2002_p.-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Burger_2002_p._336-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2002" class="citation book cs1">Burger, D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hfRCpvoGtwgC">South Africa Yearbook 2002/03</a>. Government Communication and Information System. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-919855-14-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-919855-14-1"><bdi>978-1-919855-14-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324121451/https://books.google.com/books?id=hfRCpvoGtwgC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa+Yearbook+2002%2F03&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Government+Communication+and+Information+System&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-919855-14-1&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhfRCpvoGtwgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2046285_2045996_2045906,00.html">"Top 25 Political Icons"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. 4 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228045051/http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2046285_2045996_2045906%2C00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Top+25+Political+Icons&rft.date=2011-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2046285_2045996_2045906%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFSC-338"><a href="#cite_ref-AFSC_338-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204172207/http://www.afsc.org/nobel-peace-prize-nominations">"Nobel Peace Prize Nominations"</a>. American Friends Service Committee. 14 April 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afsc.org/nobel-peace-prize-nominations">the original</a> on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Peace+Prize+Nominations&rft.pub=American+Friends+Service+Committee&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afsc.org%2Fnobel-peace-prize-nominations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tønnesson-339">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tønnesson_339-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tønnesson_339-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tønnesson_339-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tønnesson_339-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTønnesson1999" class="citation web cs1">Tønnesson, Øyvind (1 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/gandhi/">"Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705224937/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/peace/gandhi/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%2C+the+Missing+Laureate&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1999-12-01&rft.aulast=T%C3%B8nnesson&rft.aufirst=%C3%98yvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fthemes%2Fpeace%2Fgandhi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century">"Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in the 21st Century"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915025114/http://www.icrs.ugm.ac.id/wednesday-forum-schedule/111-relevance-of-gandhian-philosophy-in-the-21st-century">Archived</a> 15 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Icrs.ugm.ac.id. Retrieved 5 August 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navs-online.org/purposes-programs/hall-of-fame/">"Vegetarian Hall of Fame"</a>. North American Vegetarian Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413101836/https://navs-online.org/purposes-programs/hall-of-fame/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+American+Vegetarian+Society&rft.atitle=Vegetarian+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavs-online.org%2Fpurposes-programs%2Fhall-of-fame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elkins-ginsburg-melton-342"><a href="#cite_ref-elkins-ginsburg-melton_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkinsGinsburgMelton2009" class="citation cs2">Elkins, Zachary; Ginsburg, Tom; Melton, Melton (2009), The Endurance of National Constitutions, Cambridge University Press, p. 158, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51550-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51550-4"><bdi>978-0-521-51550-4</bdi></a>, <q>Whereas Pakistan's leaders died early, India's founding triumvirate of <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel">Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a> provided a stable hand for the early years, and a personal continuity with the father of the nation, Mahatma Gandhi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Endurance+of+National+Constitutions&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51550-4&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft.au=Ginsburg%2C+Tom&rft.au=Melton%2C+Melton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.indianexpress.com-343"><a href="#cite_ref-archive.indianexpress.com_343-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140906121950/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gandhi-not-formally-conferred-father-of-the-nation-title-govt/973101">"Gandhi not formally conferred 'Father of the Nation' title: Govt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. 11 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gandhi-not-formally-conferred-father-of-the-nation-title-govt/973101/">the original</a> on 6 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Gandhi+not+formally+conferred+%27Father+of+the+Nation%27+title%3A+Govt&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fgandhi-not-formally-conferred-father-of-the-nation-title-govt%2F973101%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timesofindia.indiatimes.com-344"><a href="#cite_ref-timesofindia.indiatimes.com_344-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107223546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government/articleshow/16961980.cms">"Constitution doesn't permit 'Father of the Nation' title: Government"</a>. The Times of India. 26 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government/articleshow/16961980.cms">the original</a> on 7 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Constitution+doesn%27t+permit+%27Father+of+the+Nation%27+title%3A+Government&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FConstitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government%2Farticleshow%2F16961980.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nehru-345">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nehru_345-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nehru_345-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehru" class="citation book cs1">Nehru, Jawaharlal. An Autobiography. Bodley Head.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.aulast=Nehru&rft.aufirst=Jawaharlal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAllister1982-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAllister1982_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAllister1982_346-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAllister1982_346-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllister1982" class="citation book cs1">McAllister, Pam (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reweavingwebofli00mcal">Reweaving the Web of Life: Feminism and Nonviolence</a>. New Society Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reweavingwebofli00mcal/page/194">194</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-017-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-017-7"><bdi>978-0-86571-017-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 August 2013. <q>With love, Yours, Bapu (You closed with the term of endearment used by your close friends, the term you used with all the movement leaders, roughly meaning 'Papa'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reweaving+the+Web+of+Life%3A+Feminism+and+Nonviolence&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-017-7&rft.aulast=McAllister&rft.aufirst=Pam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freweavingwebofli00mcal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Another letter written in 1940 shows similar tenderness and caring. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eck2003-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eck2003_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eck2003_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Eck" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Eck">Eck, Diana L.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpR0AmKLeY4C&pg=PA210">Encountering God: A Spiritual Journey from Bozeman to Banaras</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beacon_Press" title="Beacon Press">Beacon Press</a>. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7301-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7301-8"><bdi>978-0-8070-7301-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 August 2013. <q>... his niece Manu, who, like others called this immortal Gandhi 'Bapu,' meaning not 'father,' but the familiar, 'daddy'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+God%3A+A+Spiritual+Journey+from+Bozeman+to+Banaras&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-7301-8&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpR0AmKLeY4C%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413080948/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/01/stories/13011282.htm">"Crusade with arms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. February 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/01/stories/13011282.htm">the original</a> on 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Crusade+with+arms&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2F2000%2F02%2F01%2Fstories%2F13011282.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Father_of_the_Nation_RTI-349"><a href="#cite_ref-Father_of_the_Nation_RTI_349-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/10-year-olds-rti-on-father-of-the-nation-title-for-gandhi-474827">"Father of the Nation RTI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204192603/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/10-year-olds-rti-on-father-of-the-nation-title-for-gandhi-474827">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Father+of+the+Nation+RTI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2F10-year-olds-rti-on-father-of-the-nation-title-for-gandhi-474827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_does_not_permit_any_titles-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_does_not_permit_any_titles_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government/articleshow/16961980.cms">"Constitution does not permit any titles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107223546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Constitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government/articleshow/16961980.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Constitution+does+not+permit+any+titles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FConstitution-doesnt-permit-Father-of-the-Nation-title-Government%2Farticleshow%2F16961980.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfHUvW7L5-k#t=5h6m10s">"Mahatma: Life of Gandhi, 1869–1948 (1968 – 5hrs 10min)"</a>. Channel of GandhiServe Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150118145035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rfHUvW7L5-k#t=5h6m10s">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahatma%3A+Life+of+Gandhi%2C+1869%E2%80%931948+%281968+%E2%80%93+5hrs+10min%29&rft.pub=Channel+of+GandhiServe+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DrfHUvW7L5-k%23t%3D5h6m10s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231162132/http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/our_photographers/vithalbhai_jhaveri.html">"Vithalbhai Jhaveri"</a>. GandhiServe Foundatiom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gandhiserve.org/information/our_photographers/vithalbhai_jhaveri.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vithalbhai+Jhaveri&rft.pub=GandhiServe+Foundatiom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gandhiserve.org%2Finformation%2Four_photographers%2Fvithalbhai_jhaveri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Dwyer, Rachel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~sj6/Case%20of%20the%20Missing%20Mahatma.pdf#page=9">"The Case of the Missing Mahatma:Gandhi and the Hindi Cinema"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Public_Culture" title="Public Culture">Public Culture</a>. 23 (2). Duke University Press: 349–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F08992363-1161949">10.1215/08992363-1161949</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321082552/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~sj6/Case%20of%20the%20Missing%20Mahatma.pdf#page=9">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+the+Missing+Mahatma%3AGandhi+and+the+Hindi+Cinema&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=349-76&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F08992363-1161949&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjan.ucc.nau.edu%2F~sj6%2FCase%2520of%2520the%2520Missing%2520Mahatma.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1957" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Louis (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/lifeofmahatmagan00loui">The Life of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. 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Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hinduism+Today&rft.atitle=Making+of+the+Mahatma&rft.date=1997-02&rft.au=Melvani%2C+Lavina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduismtoday.com%2Fmodules%2Fsmartsection%2Fitem.php%3Fitemid%3D4798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandohar" class="citation web cs1">Pandohar, Jaspreet (Reviewer). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/10/03/maine_gandhi_ko_nahi_mara_2005_review.shtml">"Movies – Maine Gandhi Ko Nahin Mara (I Did Not Kill Gandhi) (2005)"</a>. BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704134213/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/10/03/maine_gandhi_ko_nahi_mara_2005_review.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2015. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movies+%E2%80%93+Maine+Gandhi+Ko+Nahin+Mara+%28I+Did+Not+Kill+Gandhi%29+%282005%29&rft.pub=BBC+%28British+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.aulast=Pandohar&rft.aufirst=Jaspreet+%28Reviewer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffilms%2F2005%2F10%2F03%2Fmaine_gandhi_ko_nahi_mara_2005_review.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal" class="citation web cs1">Lal, Vinay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042605/http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS%28Gandhi%29/mov9.pdf#page=9">"Moving Images of Gandhi"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vinaylal.com/ESSAYS(Gandhi)/mov9.pdf#page=9">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moving+Images+of+Gandhi&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Vinay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vinaylal.com%2FESSAYS%28Gandhi%29%2Fmov9.pdf%23page%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarczewskiFarr2019" class="citation book cs1">Barczewski, S.; Farr, M. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILm9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159">The MacKenzie Moment and Imperial History: Essays in Honour of John M. MacKenzie</a>. Britain and the World. Springer International Publishing. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24459-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-24459-0"><bdi>978-3-030-24459-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MacKenzie+Moment+and+Imperial+History%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+M.+MacKenzie&rft.series=Britain+and+the+World&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-24459-0&rft.aulast=Barczewski&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Farr%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILm9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KostelanetzFlemming1999-359"><a href="#cite_ref-KostelanetzFlemming1999_359-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostelanetzFlemming1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kostelanetz" title="Richard Kostelanetz">Kostelanetz, Richard</a>; Flemming, Robert (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_D8-I4aZALzMC">Writings on Glass: Essays, Interviews, Criticism</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_D8-I4aZALzMC/page/n112">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21491-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21491-0"><bdi>978-0-520-21491-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writings+on+Glass%3A+Essays%2C+Interviews%2C+Criticism&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21491-0&rft.aulast=Kostelanetz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Flemming%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_D8-I4aZALzMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glass2015-360"><a href="#cite_ref-Glass2015_360-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Glass2015" class="citation book cs1">Philip Glass (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpPXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT192">Words Without Music: A Memoir</a>. 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DNA. 1 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622050823/http://www.dnaindia.com/opinion/4153/report-its-fashionable-to-be-anti-gandhi">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+fashionable+to+be+anti-Gandhi&rft.pub=DNA&rft.date=2005-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fopinion%2F4153%2Freport-its-fashionable-to-be-anti-gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt,_Devina2009" class="citation news cs1">Dutt, Devina (20 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Id8PjapDYFoJqUkyzJvG7N/Drama-king.html">"Drama king"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mint_(newspaper)" title="Mint (newspaper)">Live Mint</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430154736/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Id8PjapDYFoJqUkyzJvG7N/Drama-king.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Mint&rft.atitle=Drama+king&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft.au=Dutt%2C+Devina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2FLeisure%2FId8PjapDYFoJqUkyzJvG7N%2FDrama-king.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LelyveldNYT-364"><a href="#cite_ref-LelyveldNYT_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunzru2011" class="citation news cs1">Kunzru, Hari (29 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/30/books/in-great-soul-joseph-lelyveld-re-examines-gandhi.html">"Appreciating Gandhi Through His Human Side"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131013732/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/30/books/in-great-soul-joseph-lelyveld-re-examines-gandhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Appreciating+Gandhi+Through+His+Human+Side&rft.date=2011-03-29&rft.aulast=Kunzru&rft.aufirst=Hari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F30%2Fbooks%2Fin-great-soul-joseph-lelyveld-re-examines-gandhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> (Review of Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India by Joseph Lelyveld). </li> <li id="cite_note-LelyveldResponse-365"><a href="#cite_ref-LelyveldResponse_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/us-author-slams-gandhi-gay-claim/story-fn3dxity-1226030279549">"US author slams Gandhi gay claim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Australian" title="The Australian">The Australian</a>. Agence France-Presse. 29 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501191126/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/breaking-news/us-author-slams-gandhi-gay-claim/story-fn3dxity-1226030279549">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian&rft.atitle=US+author+slams+Gandhi+gay+claim&rft.date=2011-03-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbreaking-news%2Fus-author-slams-gandhi-gay-claim%2Fstory-fn3dxity-1226030279549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamath2011" class="citation news cs1">Kamath, Sudhish (28 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-welcome-effort/article1496255.ece">"A Welcome Effort"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202232729/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-welcome-effort/article1496255.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+Welcome+Effort&rft.date=2011-02-28&rft.aulast=Kamath&rft.aufirst=Sudhish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ftodays-paper%2Ftp-features%2Ftp-metroplus%2Fa-welcome-effort%2Farticle1496255.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandit2019" class="citation web cs1">Pandit, Unnati (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelivenagpur.com/2019/03/05/bharat-bhagya-vidhata-captivates-the-audience/">"Bharat Bhagya Vidhata' captivates the audience"</a>. The Live Nagpur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507072107/https://thelivenagpur.com/2019/03/05/bharat-bhagya-vidhata-captivates-the-audience/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Live+Nagpur&rft.atitle=Bharat+Bhagya+Vidhata%27+captivates+the+audience&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Pandit&rft.aufirst=Unnati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelivenagpur.com%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2Fbharat-bhagya-vidhata-captivates-the-audience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524203238/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/01/theater/new-york-cole-porter-s-lyrics-depend-music-but-even-solo-they-re-so-easy-love.html">"NEW YORK; Cole Porter's Lyrics Depend On the Music, But Even Solo They're So Easy to Love"</a>. The New York Times. 1 November 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/01/theater/new-york-cole-porter-s-lyrics-depend-music-but-even-solo-they-re-so-easy-love.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NEW+YORK%3B+Cole+Porter%27s+Lyrics+Depend+On+the+Music%2C+But+Even+Solo+They%27re+So+Easy+to+Love&rft.date=1987-11-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F11%2F01%2Ftheater%2Fnew-york-cole-porter-s-lyrics-depend-music-but-even-solo-they-re-so-easy-love.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh,_B._N.2001" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, B. N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aM18jLPbhj8C&pg=PA211">Contemporary issues in development economics</a>. Psychology Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25136-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25136-5"><bdi>978-0-415-25136-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+issues+in+development+economics&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25136-5&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+B.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaM18jLPbhj8C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obama-370"><a href="#cite_ref-Obama_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYardley,_Jim2010" class="citation news cs1">Yardley, Jim (6 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/asia/07gandhi.html">"Obama Invokes Gandhi, Whose Ideal Eludes India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130817091454/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/07/world/asia/07gandhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obama+Invokes+Gandhi%2C+Whose+Ideal+Eludes+India&rft.date=2010-11-06&rft.au=Yardley%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F11%2F07%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F07gandhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbi_notes-371"><a href="#cite_ref-rbi_notes_371-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111026095526/http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ic_banknotes.aspx">"Reserve Bank of India – Bank Notes"</a>. Rbi.org.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ic_banknotes.aspx">the original</a> on 26 October 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reserve+Bank+of+India+%E2%80%93+Bank+Notes&rft.pub=Rbi.org.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbi.org.in%2Fscripts%2Fic_banknotes.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDay-372"><a href="#cite_ref-MDay_372-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee,_Sailen" class="citation web cs1">Chatterjee, Sailen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fjan2000/f270120001.html">"Martyrs' Day"</a>. Features. Press Information Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120202060355/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/fjan2000/f270120001.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Features&rft.atitle=Martyrs%27+Day&rft.au=Chatterjee%2C+Sailen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpib.nic.in%2Ffeature%2Ffeyr2000%2Ffjan2000%2Ff270120001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GandhiGod-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GandhiGod_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GandhiGod_373-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaggere,_Niranjan2010" class="citation web cs1">Kaggere, Niranjan (2 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Here,%20Gandhi%20is%20god/articleshow/21768559.cms">"Here, Gandhi is God"</a>. BangaloreMirror.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004222327/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/others/Here%2C%20Gandhi%20is%20god/articleshow/21768559.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here%2C+Gandhi+is+God&rft.pub=BangaloreMirror.com&rft.date=2010-10-02&rft.au=Kaggere%2C+Niranjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbangaloremirror.indiatimes.com%2Fbangalore%2Fothers%2FHere%2C%2520Gandhi%2520is%2520god%2Farticleshow%2F21768559.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180414101632/http://mahatmagandhitemple.org/">"Mahatma Gandhi Temple"</a>. www.mahatmagandhitemple.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahatmagandhitemple.org/">the original</a> on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mahatmagandhitemple.org&rft.atitle=Mahatma+Gandhi+Temple&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahatmagandhitemple.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbramEdwards2003-375"><a href="#cite_ref-AbramEdwards2003_375-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramEdwards2003" class="citation book cs1">Abram, David; Edwards, Nick (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC">The Rough Guide to South India</a>. Rough Guides. p. 506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-103-6"><bdi>978-1-84353-103-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+South+India&rft.pages=506&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-103-6&rft.aulast=Abram&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Edwards%2C+Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsEhJBfbhTAAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi2007a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandhi2007a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2024)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandhi2007a">Gandhi (2007a)</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDave2016" class="citation news cs1">Dave, Hiral (22 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lodged-in-old-age-home-in-delhi-gandhi-s-grandson-looks-to-rajkot/story-8uykSprAZxSXisG2axWDSN.html">"Lodged in old age home in Delhi, Gandhi's grandson looks to Rajkot"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026082647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lodged-in-old-age-home-in-delhi-gandhi-s-grandson-looks-to-rajkot/story-8uykSprAZxSXisG2axWDSN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Lodged+in+old+age+home+in+Delhi%2C+Gandhi%27s+grandson+looks+to+Rajkot&rft.date=2016-06-22&rft.aulast=Dave&rft.aufirst=Hiral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Flodged-in-old-age-home-in-delhi-gandhi-s-grandson-looks-to-rajkot%2Fstory-8uykSprAZxSXisG2axWDSN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIans2016" class="citation news cs1">Ians, Surat (8 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanu-gandhi-gandhiji-s-grandson-and-ex-nasa-scientist-dies/story-7WSlnYpQi6OYLMCxFZNt3N.html">"Kanu Gandhi, Gandhiji's grandson and ex-Nasa scientist, dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210819194616/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kanu-gandhi-gandhiji-s-grandson-and-ex-nasa-scientist-dies/story-7WSlnYpQi6OYLMCxFZNt3N.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Kanu+Gandhi%2C+Gandhiji%27s+grandson+and+ex-Nasa+scientist%2C+dies&rft.date=2016-11-08&rft.aulast=Ians&rft.aufirst=Surat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fkanu-gandhi-gandhiji-s-grandson-and-ex-nasa-scientist-dies%2Fstory-7WSlnYpQi6OYLMCxFZNt3N.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ahmed, Talat (2018). Mohandas Gandhi: Experiments in Civil Disobedience. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-3429-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-3429-6">0-7453-3429-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1956" class="citation book cs1">Barr, F. Mary (1956). <a href="/wiki/Bapu_(book)" title="Bapu (book)">Bapu: Conversations and Correspondence with Mahatma Gandhi</a> (2nd ed.). Bombay: International Book House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8372568">8372568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bapu%3A+Conversations+and+Correspondence+with+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.place=Bombay&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=International+Book+House&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8372568&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=F.+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> (see <a href="/wiki/Bapu_(book)" title="Bapu (book)">book article</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBondurant1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Bondurant, Joan Valérie</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hcf8jPrSKYC">Conquest of Violence: the Gandhian philosophy of conflict</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquest+of+Violence%3A+the+Gandhian+philosophy+of+conflict&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bondurant&rft.aufirst=Joan+Val%C3%A9rie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hcf8jPrSKYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorman1986" class="citation book cs1">Borman, William (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6DE9OUvrTEC">Gandhi and Non-Violence</a>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-331-2"><bdi>978-0-88706-331-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+Non-Violence&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-331-2&rft.aulast=Borman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU6DE9OUvrTEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Judith Margaret (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhi00judi">Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05125-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05125-4"><bdi>978-0-300-05125-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+Prisoner+of+Hope&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05125-4&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith+Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhi00judi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brown, Judith M. (2004). "Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [Mahatma Gandhi] (1869–1948)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Brown, Judith M., and Anthony Parel, eds. (2012). The Cambridge Companion to Gandhi; 14 essays by scholars.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadha1997" class="citation book cs1">Chadha, Yogesh (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhilife0000chad">Gandhi: a life</a>. John Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24378-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-24378-6"><bdi>978-0-471-24378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+a+life&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-471-24378-6&rft.aulast=Chadha&rft.aufirst=Yogesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhilife0000chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwivediMohanNancy2019" class="citation book cs1">Dwivedi, Divya; Mohan, Shaj; Nancy, Jean-Luc (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MB2DwAAQBAJ&q=gandhi+and+philosophy">Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics</a>. Bloomsbury Academic, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2173-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-2173-3"><bdi>978-1-4742-2173-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+Philosophy%3A+On+Theological+Anti-politics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic%2C+UK&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-2173-3&rft.aulast=Dwivedi&rft.aufirst=Divya&rft.au=Mohan%2C+Shaj&rft.au=Nancy%2C+Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MB2DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgandhi%2Band%2Bphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2012" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Dennis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KxUp1igCL_0C">Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15959-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15959-3"><bdi>978-0-231-15959-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3A+Nonviolent+Power+in+Action&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15959-3&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKxUp1igCL_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2012a" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Dennis (2012a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=shCQVfWixiAC">Mahatma Gandhi: Nonviolent Power in Action</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53039-2"><bdi>978-0-231-53039-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3A+Nonviolent+Power+in+Action&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53039-2&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DshCQVfWixiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhiman2016" class="citation book cs1">Dhiman, S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y2kCgAAQBAJ">Gandhi and Leadership: New Horizons in Exemplary Leadership</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49235-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49235-7"><bdi>978-1-137-49235-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+Leadership%3A+New+Horizons+in+Exemplary+Leadership&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-49235-7&rft.aulast=Dhiman&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Y2kCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaswaran2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Easwaran, Eknath</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_the_Man" title="Gandhi the Man">Gandhi the Man: How One Man Changed Himself to Change the World</a>. Nilgiri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-055-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-055-7"><bdi>978-1-58638-055-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+the+Man%3A+How+One+Man+Changed+Himself+to+Change+the+World&rft.pub=Nilgiri+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58638-055-7&rft.aulast=Easwaran&rft.aufirst=Eknath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook2010" class="citation book cs1">Hook, Sue Vander (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KMmI6FZYNcIC&pg=PA18">Mahatma Gandhi: Proponent of Peace</a>. ABDO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61758-813-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61758-813-6"><bdi>978-1-61758-813-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3A+Proponent+of+Peace&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61758-813-6&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Sue+Vander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKMmI6FZYNcIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1990" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ayZuAAAAMAAJ">Patel, A Life</a>. Navajivan Pub. House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patel%2C+A+Life&rft.pub=Navajivan+Pub.+House&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DayZuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007a" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Rajmohan (2007a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TEyXCoc76AEC">Mohandas: A True Story of a Man, His People, and an Empire</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310411-7"><bdi>978-0-14-310411-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohandas%3A+A+True+Story+of+a+Man%2C+His+People%2C+and+an+Empire&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310411-7&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTEyXCoc76AEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2007b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (2007b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FDI8LkGsIAC&pg=PT10">Mohandas: True Story of a Man, His People, and an Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-317-2"><bdi>978-81-8475-317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohandas%3A+True+Story+of+a+Man%2C+His+People%2C+and+an+Empire&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-317-2&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FDI8LkGsIAC%26pg%3DPT10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Gandhi, Rajmohan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FauJL7LKXmkC">Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25570-8"><bdi>978-0-520-25570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+The+Man%2C+His+People%2C+and+the+Empire&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25570-8&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Rajmohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFauJL7LKXmkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangrade2004" class="citation book cs1">Gangrade, K.D. (2004). "Role of Shanti Sainiks in the Global Race for Armaments". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UODB6R_LmWsC">Moral Lessons From Gandhi's Autobiography And Other Essays</a>. Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-084-6"><bdi>978-81-8069-084-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Role+of+Shanti+Sainiks+in+the+Global+Race+for+Armaments&rft.btitle=Moral+Lessons+From+Gandhi%27s+Autobiography+And+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-084-6&rft.aulast=Gangrade&rft.aufirst=K.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUODB6R_LmWsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhose1991" class="citation book cs1">Ghose, Sankar (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l0BPnxN1h8C">Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Allied Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7023-205-6"><bdi>978-81-7023-205-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Allied+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-7023-205-6&rft.aulast=Ghose&rft.aufirst=Sankar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l0BPnxN1h8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Guha, Ramachandra</a> (2013). <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Before_India" title="Gandhi Before India">Gandhi Before India</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53230-3"><bdi>978-0-385-53230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Before+India&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53230-3&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2013a" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2013a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/gandhibeforeindia">Gandhi Before India</a>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08387-9"><bdi>978-0-670-08387-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Before+India&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-670-08387-9&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhibeforeindia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2013x" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2013x). <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Before_India" title="Gandhi Before India">Gandhi Before India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Books Limited">Penguin Books Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-322-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-322-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-322-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+Before+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-322-8&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2014a" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (15 October 2014a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+subcaste+the+Gandhis+belonged+to+was+known+as+Modh+Bania,+the+prefix%22&pg=PP42">Gandhi before India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Books Limited">Penguin Books Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-322-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-322-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-322-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329130511/https://books.google.com/books?id=XS7UAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+subcaste+the+Gandhis+belonged+to+was+known+as+Modh+Bania,+the+prefix%22&pg=PP42">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 24 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+before+India&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-322-8&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXS7UAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bsubcaste%2Bthe%2BGandhis%2Bbelonged%2Bto%2Bwas%2Bknown%2Bas%2BModh%2BBania%2C%2Bthe%2Bprefix%2522%26pg%3DPP42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuha2015" class="citation book cs1">Guha, Ramachandra (2015). Gandhi before India. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53230-3"><bdi>978-0-385-53230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+before+India&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53230-3&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardiman2003" class="citation book cs1">Hardiman, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWYV5qYZ3-oC">Gandhi in His Time and Ours: the global legacy of his ideas</a>. C. Hurst & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-711-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-711-8"><bdi>978-1-85065-711-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+in+His+Time+and+Ours%3A+the+global+legacy+of+his+ideas&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-711-8&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUWYV5qYZ3-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardiman2003a" class="citation book cs1">Hardiman, David (2003a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC">Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13114-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13114-8"><bdi>978-0-231-13114-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133801/https://books.google.com/books?id=XwStR-MUwPQC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+in+His+Time+and+Ours%3A+The+Global+Legacy+of+His+Ideas&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13114-8&rft.aulast=Hardiman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXwStR-MUwPQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatt2002" class="citation book cs1">Hatt, Christine (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6vvy-J7vhcC">Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Evans Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-237-52308-4"><bdi>978-0-237-52308-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Evans+Brothers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-237-52308-4&rft.aulast=Hatt&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6vvy-J7vhcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2008" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Arthur (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tquxD6dk914C">Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-90504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-90504-5"><bdi>978-0-553-90504-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+%26+Churchill%3A+The+Epic+Rivalry+that+Destroyed+an+Empire+and+Forged+Our+Age&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-553-90504-5&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtquxD6dk914C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> Ebook: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80463-8">978-0-553-80463-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJai1996" class="citation book cs1">Jai, Janak Raj (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wrc1K0uJTgC">Commissions and Omissions by Indian Prime Ministers: 1947–1980</a>. Regency Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86030-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86030-23-3"><bdi>978-81-86030-23-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commissions+and+Omissions+by+Indian+Prime+Ministers%3A+1947%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Regency+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-86030-23-3&rft.aulast=Jai&rft.aufirst=Janak+Raj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Wrc1K0uJTgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajmudar2005" class="citation book cs1">Majmudar, Uma (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xM4paHEq5oQC">Gandhi's Pilgrimage of Faith: from darkness to light</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6405-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6405-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-6405-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Pilgrimage+of+Faith%3A+from+darkness+to+light&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6405-2&rft.aulast=Majmudar&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxM4paHEq5oQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2002" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Claude, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C">A History of Modern India, 1480–1950</a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-004-4"><bdi>978-1-84331-004-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+India%2C+1480%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-004-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuzOmy2y0Zh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDermottGordonEmbreePritchett2014" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_A._Gordon" title="Leonard A. Gordon">Gordon, Leonard A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ainslie_T._Embree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainslie T. Embree">Embree, Ainslie T.</a>; Pritchett, Frances W.; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Dalton" title="Dennis Dalton">Dalton, Dennis</a>, eds. (2014). Sources of Indian Traditions, Volume 2: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh (3rd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13830-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13830-7"><bdi>978-0-231-13830-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Indian+Traditions%2C+Volume+2%3A+Modern+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+and+Bangladesh&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13830-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2002" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Jake C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetsofjustso0000mill">Prophets of a just society</a>. Nova Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-068-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-068-5"><bdi>978-1-59033-068-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+of+a+just+society&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-068-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jake+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetsofjustso0000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinault1982" class="citation book cs1">Minault, Gail (1982). The Khilafat Movement Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-05072-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-05072-0"><bdi>0-231-05072-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khilafat+Movement+Religious+Symbolism+and+Political+Mobilization+in+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-231-05072-0&rft.aulast=Minault&rft.aufirst=Gail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldoon2016" class="citation book cs1">Muldoon, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D1gfDAAAQBAJ">Empire, Politics and the Creation of the 1935 India Act: Last Act of the Raj</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14431-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14431-1"><bdi>978-1-317-14431-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%2C+Politics+and+the+Creation+of+the+1935+India+Act%3A+Last+Act+of+the+Raj&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14431-1&rft.aulast=Muldoon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1gfDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPāṇḍeya2003" class="citation book cs1">Pāṇḍeya, Viśva Mohana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu2lu-ZI-vQC">Historiography of India's Partition: an analysis of imperialist writings</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0314-6"><bdi>978-81-269-0314-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiography+of+India%27s+Partition%3A+an+analysis+of+imperialist+writings&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0314-6&rft.aulast=P%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Deya&rft.aufirst=Vi%C5%9Bva+Mohana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVu2lu-ZI-vQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilisukNagler2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Pilisuk" title="Marc Pilisuk">Pilisuk, Marc</a>; Nagler, Michael N. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GTJV2UcZVHcC">Peace Movements Worldwide: Players and practices in resistance to war</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36482-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-36482-2"><bdi>978-0-313-36482-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Movements+Worldwide%3A+Players+and+practices+in+resistance+to+war&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-36482-2&rft.aulast=Pilisuk&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Nagler%2C+Michael+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTJV2UcZVHcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRühe2004" class="citation book cs1">Rühe, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9fWAAAACAAJ">Gandhi</a>. Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7148-4459-6"><bdi>978-0-7148-4459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi&rft.pub=Phaidon&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7148-4459-6&rft.aulast=R%C3%BChe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-9fWAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchouten2008" class="citation book cs1">Schouten, Jan Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIoKdTH7KPsC">Jesus as Guru: the image of Christ among Hindus and Christians in India</a>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2443-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2443-4"><bdi>978-90-420-2443-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+as+Guru%3A+the+image+of+Christ+among+Hindus+and+Christians+in+India&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2443-4&rft.aulast=Schouten&rft.aufirst=Jan+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIoKdTH7KPsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1979" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Gene (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhiaspolitica0000shar">Gandhi as a Political Strategist: with essays on ethics and politics</a>. P. Sargent Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87558-090-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87558-090-6"><bdi>978-0-87558-090-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+as+a+Political+Strategist%3A+with+essays+on+ethics+and+politics&rft.pub=P.+Sargent+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87558-090-6&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhiaspolitica0000shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShashi1996" class="citation book cs1">Shashi, S. S. (1996). Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. Anmol Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7041-859-7"><bdi>978-81-7041-859-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Indica%3A+India%2C+Pakistan%2C+Bangladesh&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7041-859-7&rft.aulast=Shashi&rft.aufirst=S.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha2015" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Satya (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTU_CQAAQBAJ">The Dialectic of God: The Theosophical Views Of Tagore and Gandhi</a>. Partridge Publishing India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-4748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4828-4748-2"><bdi>978-1-4828-4748-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialectic+of+God%3A+The+Theosophical+Views+Of+Tagore+and+Gandhi&rft.pub=Partridge+Publishing+India&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4828-4748-2&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=Satya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTU_CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofri1999" class="citation book cs1">Sofri, Gianni (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QbCN4R_ZBCUC">Gandhi and India: a century in focus</a>. Windrush Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900624-12-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900624-12-1"><bdi>978-1-900624-12-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+and+India%3A+a+century+in+focus&rft.pub=Windrush+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-900624-12-1&rft.aulast=Sofri&rft.aufirst=Gianni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQbCN4R_ZBCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker2006" class="citation book cs1">Thacker, Dhirubhai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1345">"Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand"</a>. In Amaresh Datta (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Two) (Devraj To Jyoti). Sahitya Akademi. p. 1345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-260-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gandhi%2C+Mohandas+Karamchand&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature+%28Volume+Two%29+%28Devraj+To+Jyoti%29&rft.pages=1345&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1194-0&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Dhirubhai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB4n3MVozbUC%26pg%3DPA1345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2004" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Anne M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mohandasgandhi0000todd">Mohandas Gandhi</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-7864-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-7864-8"><bdi>978-0-7910-7864-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohandas+Gandhi&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-7864-8&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmohandasgandhi0000todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988">; short biography for children</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2009" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Anne M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=svxDMQZ7fakC&pg=PA7">Mohandas Gandhi</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0662-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-0662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohandas+Gandhi&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0662-5&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsvxDMQZ7fakC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2001" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C">Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515634-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230721084554/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Passion%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515634-8&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpBy6BCupe4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2001a" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/wolpert-gandhi.html">"Midnight in Calcutta"</a>. Gandhi's Passion: The life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515634-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515634-X"><bdi>0-19-515634-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160321161002/http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/wolpert-gandhi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2016. Retrieved 20 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Midnight+in+Calcutta&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Passion%3A+The+life+and+legacy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-515634-X&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fw%2Fwolpert-gandhi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ih1VCqkUr4gC&pg=PA197">Gandhi's Passion: the life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972872-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972872-5"><bdi>978-0-19-972872-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Passion%3A+the+life+and+legacy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972872-5&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dih1VCqkUr4gC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2002a" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2002a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C">Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515634-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515634-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219190635/https://books.google.com/books?id=KpBy6BCupe4C">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Passion%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515634-8&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpBy6BCupe4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" title="Stanley Wolpert">Wolpert, Stanley</a> (2004). A New History of India (7th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195166787" title="Special:BookSources/0195166787"><bdi>0195166787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+India&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0195166787&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert2009" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC">Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539394-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539394-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539394-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001210558/http://books.google.com/books?id=zuoMsBWCTBUC">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shameful+Flight%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+British+Empire+in+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539394-1&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuoMsBWCTBUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_articles">Scholarly articles</h3></div> <ul><li>Danielson, Leilah C. "'In My Extremity I Turned to Gandhi': American Pacifists, Christianity, and Gandhian Nonviolence, 1915–1941". Church History 72.2 (2003): 361–388.</li> <li>Du Toit, Brian M. "The Mahatma Gandhi and South Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 34#4 (1996): 643–660. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/161593">161593</a>.</li> <li>Gokhale, B. G. "Gandhi and the British Empire", History Today (Nov 1969), 19#11 pp 744–751 online.</li> <li>Juergensmeyer, Mark. "The Gandhi Revival – A Review Article." The Journal of Asian Studies 43#2 (Feb. 1984), pp. 293–298. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2055315">2055315</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhosla1965" class="citation book cs1">Khosla, G.D. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921232029/http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/the-murder-of-the-mahatma.pdf">The Murder of the Mahatma (proceedings by the Chief Justice of Punjab)</a> (PDF). Jaico Publishers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mkgandhi.org/ebks/The-Murder-of-the-Mahatma.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Murder+of+the+Mahatma+%28proceedings+by+the+Chief+Justice+of+Punjab%29&rft.pub=Jaico+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Khosla&rft.aufirst=G.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mkgandhi.org%2Febks%2FThe-Murder-of-the-Mahatma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Kishwar, Madhu. "Gandhi on Women." Economic and Political Weekly 20, no. 41 (1985): 1753–758. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4374920">4374920</a>.</li> <li>Mohammed, Fevin "Gandhi the Great". (2013) (PhD in Historical Research, Coordinated under Prof. Ram Prasad Sharma).</li> <li>Murthy, C. S. H. N., Oinam Bedajit Meitei, and Dapkupar Tariang. "The Tale Of Gandhi Through The Lens: An Inter-Textual Analytical Study Of Three Major Films-Gandhi, The Making Of The Mahatma, And Gandhi, My Father." CINEJ Cinema Journal 2.2 (2013): 4–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cinej.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/cinej/article/download/66/239">online</a></li> <li>Power, Paul F. "Toward a Revaluation of Gandhi's Political Thought." Western Political Quarterly 16.1 (1963): 99–108 excerpt.</li> <li>Rudolph, Lloyd I. "Gandhi in the Mind of America." Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. 47 (2010): 23–26. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25764146">25764146</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbel_M2005" class="citation book cs1">Abel M (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ox3WE2GCbNAC&pg=PA125">Glimpses of Indian National Movement</a>. ICFAI Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7881-420-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7881-420-9"><bdi>978-81-7881-420-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Indian+National+Movement&rft.pub=ICFAI+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7881-420-9&rft.au=Abel+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOx3WE2GCbNAC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, C. F. (2008) [1930]. "VII – The Teaching of Ahimsa". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3EAV6JhQmgkC">Mahatma Gandhi's Ideas Including Selections from His Writings</a>. Pierides Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-3309-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4437-3309-0"><bdi>978-1-4437-3309-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII+%E2%80%93+The+Teaching+of+Ahimsa&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%27s+Ideas+Including+Selections+from+His+Writings&rft.pub=Pierides+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4437-3309-0&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3EAV6JhQmgkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton,_Dennis1996" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Dennis, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mahatmagandhisel00maha">Mahatma Gandhi: Selected Political Writings</a>. Hackett Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-330-3"><bdi>978-0-87220-330-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahatma+Gandhi%3A+Selected+Political+Writings&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-330-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmahatmagandhisel00maha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan,_Ronald2011" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, Ronald, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001171306/https://www.questia.com/read/54615149/selected-writings-of-mahatma-gandhi">Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Literary Licensing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-00907-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-00907-6"><bdi>978-1-258-00907-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/54615149/selected-writings-of-mahatma-gandhi">the original</a> on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Writings+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Literary+Licensing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-258-00907-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F54615149%2Fselected-writings-of-mahatma-gandhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.209598">Satyagraha in South Africa</a> (in Gujarati) (1st ed.). Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House. <q>Translated by Valji G. Desai</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Satyagraha+in+South+Africa&rft.place=Ahmedabad&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Navajivan+Publishing+House&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+Karamchand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.209598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1994" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1994). The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi. Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0239-2"><bdi>978-81-230-0239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Works+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Govt.+of+India&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-230-0239-2&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+Karamchand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"> (100 volumes). Free online access from Gandhiserve.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1928" class="citation journal cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/item/20111212-545">"Drain Inspector's Report"</a>. The United States of India. 5 (6–8): 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+of+India&rft.atitle=Drain+Inspector%27s+Report&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6%E2%80%938&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+Karamchand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saadigitalarchive.org%2Fitem%2F20111212-545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1990a" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1990a). Desai, Mahadev H. (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_With_Truth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of My Experiments With Truth">Autobiography: The Story of My Experiments With Truth</a>. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-24593-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-24593-4"><bdi>0-486-24593-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography%3A+The+Story+of+My+Experiments+With+Truth&rft.place=Mineola%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Dover&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-486-24593-4&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+Karamchand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi2002" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (2002). Fischer, Louis (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Essential_Gandhi" title="The Essential Gandhi">The Essential Gandhi: An Anthology of His Writings on His Life, Work and Ideas</a> (2nd ed.). Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3050-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-3050-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Gandhi%3A+An+Anthology+of+His+Writings+on+His+Life%2C+Work+and+Ideas&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3050-7&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=Mohandas+Karamchand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack1994" class="citation book cs1">Jack, Homer A., ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gandhireadersou00gand">The Gandhi Reader: A Source Book of His Life and Writings</a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3161-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3161-4"><bdi>978-0-8021-3161-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gandhi+Reader%3A+A+Source+Book+of+His+Life+and+Writings&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3161-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgandhireadersou00gand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Richard L., ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRQcKsx-YgQC">Gandhi's Experiments with Truth: Essential Writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1143-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1143-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-1143-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%27s+Experiments+with+Truth%3A+Essential+Writings+by+and+about+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1143-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRQcKsx-YgQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParel,_Anthony_J.2009" class="citation book cs1">Parel, Anthony J., ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oc47gUOPZfcC">Gandhi: "Hind Swaraj" and Other Writings Centenary Edition</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14602-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14602-9"><bdi>978-0-521-14602-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi%3A+%22Hind+Swaraj%22+and+Other+Writings+Centenary+Edition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14602-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doc47gUOPZfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMahatma+Gandhi" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Mahatma Gandhi at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_K._Gandhi" class="extiw" title="c:Mohandas K. Gandhi">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="q:Mahatma Gandhi">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001" class="extiw" title="d:Q1001">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701151650/http://www.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/502501%3Bjsessionid%3DD74A55AB7FEF2464BAE33254D74FFA03">Gandhi's correspondence with the Indian government 1942–1944</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/">About Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gandhiashramsabarmati.org/">Gandhi at Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3490">Works by Mahatma Gandhi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gandhi%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gandhi%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gandhi%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Gandhi%22%29%20OR%20%28%221869-1948%22%20AND%20Gandhi%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Mahatma Gandhi</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/622">Works by Mahatma Gandhi</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/005823">Newspaper clippings about Mahatma Gandhi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Template talk:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mahatma Gandhi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mahatma_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ambulance_Corps" title="Indian Ambulance Corps">Indian Ambulance Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoy_Farm" title="Tolstoy Farm">Tolstoy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement#Gandhi_arrives_in_India" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_India" title="Flag of India">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikom_Satyagraha" title="Vaikom Satyagraha">Vaikom Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)#Second_Round_Table_Conference_(September_–_December_1931)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Second Round Table Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_Pact" title="Poona Pact">Poona Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_speech" title="Quit India speech">speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Vidyapith" title="Gujarat Vidyapith">Gujarat Vidyapith University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_Sevak_Sangh" title="Harijan Sevak Sangh">Harijan Sevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochrab_Ashram" title="Kochrab Ashram">India ashrams (Kochrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Asram" title="Gandhi Memorial Asram">Sodepur Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevagram" title="Sevagram">Sevagram)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fasts_undertaken_by_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of fasts undertaken by Mahatma Gandhi">List of fasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Practices_and_beliefs_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi">Practices and beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_nationalism" title="Composite nationalism">Composite nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_economics" title="Gandhian economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_(Gandhism)" title="Trusteeship (Gandhism)">trusteeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nai_Talim" title="Nai Talim">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleven_vows" title="Eleven vows">Eleven vows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_cap" title="Gandhi cap">Gandhi cap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harijan_(magazine)" title="Harijan (magazine)">Harijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hind_Swaraj_or_Indian_Home_Rule" title="Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule">Hind Swaraj (Indian Home Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Opinion" title="Indian Opinion">Indian Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" title="The Story of My Experiments with Truth">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Prabhat" title="Mangal Prabhat">Mangal Prabhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Social_Sins" title="Seven Social Sins">Seven Social Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajivan_Trust" title="Navajivan Trust">Navajivan Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Heritage_Portal" title="Gandhi Heritage Portal">Gandhi Heritage Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Letter_to_a_Hindu" title="A Letter to a Hindu">A Letter to a Hindu</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience (essay)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadi" title="Khadi">Khadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsee_Rustomjee" title="Parsee Rustomjee">Parsee Rustomjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a>) (<a href="/wiki/The_Masque_of_Anarchy" title="The Masque of Anarchy">The Masque of Anarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmad" title="Narmad">Narmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Rajchandra" title="Shrimad Rajchandra">Shrimad Rajchandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Gandhi's translation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raghupati_Raghava_Raja_Ram" title="Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram">Raghupati Raghava Raja Ram</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ekla_Chalo_Re" title="Ekla Chalo Re">Ekla Chalo Re</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hari_Tuma_Haro" title="Hari Tuma Haro">Hari Tuma Haro</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Jana_To" title="Vaishnava Jana To">Vaishnava Jana To</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Anand" title="Swami Anand">Swami Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Freer_Andrews" title="Charles Freer Andrews">C. F. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnalal_Bajaj" title="Jamnalal Bajaj">Jamnalal Bajaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarlal_Banker" title="Shankarlal Banker">Shankarlal Banker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarla_Behn" title="Sarla Behn">Sarla Behn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brij_Krishna_Chandiwala" title="Brij Krishna Chandiwala">Brij Krishna Chandiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakar_Chaturvedi" title="Sudhakar Chaturvedi">Sudhakar Chaturvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugatram_Dave" title="Jugatram Dave">Jugatram Dave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Desai" title="Mahadev Desai">Mahadev Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Dharmadhikari" title="Dada Dharmadhikari">Dada Dharmadhikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiv_Prasad_Gupta" title="Shiv Prasad Gupta">Shiv Prasad Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_Hajee_Ahmed_Jhaveri" title="Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri">Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Kumarappa" title="J. C. Kumarappa">J. C. Kumarappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kallenbach" title="Hermann Kallenbach">Hermann Kallenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">Acharya Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohanlal_Pandya" title="Mohanlal Pandya">Mohanlal Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narhari_Parikh" title="Narhari Parikh">Narhari Parikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">Chakravarti Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Amtus_Salam" title="Bibi Amtus Salam">Bibi Amtus Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonja_Schlesin" title="Sonja Schlesin">Sonja Schlesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anugrah_Narayan_Sinha" title="Anugrah Narayan Sinha">Anugrah Narayan Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Krishna_Sinha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Krishna Sinha">Sri Krishna Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._A._Sundaram" title="V. A. Sundaram">V. A. Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Tyabji" title="Abbas Tyabji">Abbas Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravishankar_Vyas" title="Ravishankar Vyas">Ravishankar Vyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishorlal_Mashruwala" title="Kishorlal Mashruwala">Kishorlal Mashruwala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi">Artistic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhigiri" title="Gandhigiri">Gandhigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Award" title="Gandhi Peace Award">Gandhi Peace Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Foundation" title="Gandhi Peace Foundation">Gandhi Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Kashi_Vidyapith" title="Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith">Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi Series">Indian currency (Gandhi Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_New_Series" title="Mahatma Gandhi New Series">Gandhi New Series,</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian rupee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_10_Rupee_Mahatma_Gandhi_postage_stamp" title="Indian 10 Rupee Mahatma Gandhi postage stamp">Indian 10 Rupee postage stamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Family of Mahatma Gandhi">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karamchand_Uttamchand_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi">Karamchand Gandhi (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasturba_Gandhi" title="Kasturba Gandhi">Kasturba (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harilal_Gandhi" title="Harilal Gandhi">Harilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manilal_Gandhi" title="Manilal Gandhi">Manilal (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Gandhi" title="Ramdas Gandhi">Ramdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devdas_Gandhi" title="Devdas Gandhi">Devdas (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maganlal_Gandhi" title="Maganlal Gandhi">Maganlal (cousin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaldas_Gandhi" title="Samaldas Gandhi">Samaldas (nephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Manilal_Gandhi" title="Arun Manilal Gandhi">Arun (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ela_Gandhi" title="Ela Gandhi">Ela (granddaughter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajmohan_Gandhi" title="Rajmohan Gandhi">Rajmohan (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalkrishna_Gandhi" title="Gopalkrishna Gandhi">Gopalkrishna (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramchandra_Gandhi" title="Ramchandra Gandhi">Ramchandra (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi_(scientist)" title="Kanu Gandhi (scientist)">Kanu (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanu_Gandhi" title="Kanu Gandhi">Kanu (grandnephew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" title="Tushar Gandhi">Tushar (great-grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leela_Gandhi" title="Leela Gandhi">Leela (great-granddaughter)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhay_and_Rani_Bang" title="Abhay and Rani Bang">Abhay Bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brajkishore_Prasad" title="Brajkishore Prasad">Brajkishore Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draupadi_Murmu" class="mw-redirect" title="Draupadi Murmu">Draupadi Murmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Vallabh_Pant" class="mw-redirect" title="Govind Vallabh Pant">Govind Vallabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bondurant" title="Joan Bondurant">Joan Bondurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanza_del_Vasto" title="Lanza del Vasto">Lanza del Vasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad" title="Maulana Azad">Maulana Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Lacerda_de_Moura" title="Maria Lacerda de Moura">Maria Lacerda de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehdi_Bazargan" title="Mehdi Bazargan">Mehdi Bazargan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjee_Singh" title="Ramjee Singh">Ramjee Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Sadashiv_Sane" title="Pandurang Sadashiv Sane">Sane Guruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Memorials_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Category:Memorials to Mahatma Gandhi">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Accra" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Accra">Ghana</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Gandhi_Maidan" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi Maidan">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salt_Satyagraha_Memorial" title="National Salt Satyagraha Memorial">National Salt Satyagraha Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_of_India" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament of India">New Delhi</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Africa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Johannesburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Pietermaritzburg" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Pietermaritzburg">Pietermaritzburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi,_Tavistock_Square" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi, Tavistock Square">Tavistock Square</a></li></ul></li> <li>U.S. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Davis,_California)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Davis, California)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr._(Denver)" title="Statue of Martin Luther King Jr. (Denver)">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(Houston)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (Houston)">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Milwaukee)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Milwaukee)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (New York City)">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Mahatma_Gandhi_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Mahatma Gandhi (San Francisco)">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Jayanti" title="Gandhi Jayanti">Gandhi Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Non-Violence" title="International Day of Non-Violence">International Day of Non-Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Day_(India)" title="Martyrs' Day (India)">Martyrs' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_for_Nonviolence" title="Season for Nonviolence">Season for Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Palace" title="Aga Khan Palace">Aga Khan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Bhawan,_Chandigarh" title="Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh">Gandhi Bhawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Mandapam_(Chennai)" title="Gandhi Mandapam (Chennai)">Gandhi Mandapam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Market" title="Gandhi Market">Gandhi Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_(bookstore)" title="Gandhi (bookstore)">Bookstores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Promenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi Promenade">Gandhi Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Smriti" title="Gandhi Smriti">Gandhi Smriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari#Tourist_sites" title="Kanyakumari">Gandhi Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Museum,_Madurai" title="Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai">Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Teerth" title="Gandhi Teerth">Gandhi Teerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Temple,_Bhatara" title="Gandhi Temple, Bhatara">Gandhi Temple, Bhatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Gandhi_No_Delo" title="Kaba Gandhi No Delo">Kaba Gandhi No Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Mandir,_Porbandar" title="Kirti Mandir, Porbandar">Kirti Mandir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_College" title="Mahatma Gandhi College">Mahatma Gandhi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Marine_National_Park" title="Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park">Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Centre,_Matale" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Centre, Matale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Bhavan" title="Mani Bhavan">Mani Bhavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_High_School_(Rajkot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred High School (Rajkot)">Mohandas Gandhi High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gandhi_Museum" title="National Gandhi Museum">National Gandhi Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_associated_memorials" title="Raj Ghat and associated memorials">Raj Ghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_named_after_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="List of roads named after Mahatma Gandhi">Roads named after Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Ashram" title="Sabarmati Ashram">Sabarmati Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha_House" title="Satyagraha House">Satyagraha House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Mahatma_Gandhi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Mahatma Gandhi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_reform_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Template:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Template talk:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_reform_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu reform movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_reform_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Reform movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Dharm" title="Adi Dharm">Adi Dharm</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadharan_Brahmo_Samaj" title="Sadharan Brahmo Samaj">Sadharan Brahmo Samaj</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advait_Mat" title="Advait Mat">Advait Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Light_Mission" title="Divine Light Mission">Divine Light Mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Meditation_Institute" title="American Meditation Institute">American Meditation Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Ananda movement">Ananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda#In_the_West._Ananda_Ashrama" title="Swami Paramananda">Ananda Ashrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Marga" title="Ananda Marga">Ananda Marga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shree_Shree_Anandamayee_Sangha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shree Shree Anandamayee Sangha">Anandamayee Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Living_Foundation" title="Art of Living Foundation">Art of Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmaya_Mission" title="Chinmaya Mission">Chinmaya Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda#Organizations_founded" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Datta Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuman Foundation">Hanuman Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Institute_of_Yoga_Science_and_Philosophy" title="Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy">Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Janajagruti_Samiti" title="Hindu Janajagruti Samiti">Hindu Janajagruti Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Sena" title="Hindu Sena">Hindu Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Yuva_Vahini" title="Hindu Yuva Vahini">Hindu Yuva Vahini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Sanstha" title="Sanatan Sanstha">Sanatan Sanstha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vedanta_Society" title="International Vedanta Society">International Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISKCON_Revival_Movement" title="ISKCON Revival Movement">ISKCON Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Foundation" title="Isha Foundation">Isha Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Kriya Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahima_Dharma" title="Mahima Dharma">Mahima Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi_Math" title="Mata Amritanandamayi Math">Mata Amritanandamayi Math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Narayana_Dharma_Paripalana_Yogam_(SNDP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP)">Narayana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prarthana_Samaj" title="Prarthana Samaj">Prarthana Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Society" title="Vedanta Society">Vedanta Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaja_Yoga" title="Sahaja Yoga">Sahaja Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba_movement" title="Sathya Sai Baba movement">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsang_(Deoghar)" title="Satsang (Deoghar)">Satsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Dharma" title="Satya Dharma">Satya Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyashodhak_Samaj" title="Satyashodhak Samaj">Satyashodhak Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Identity_Foundation" title="Science of Identity Foundation">Science of Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship" title="Self-Realization Fellowship">Self-Realization Fellowship</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yogoda_Satsanga_Society_of_India" title="Yogoda Satsanga Society of India">Yogoda Satsanga</a></li> <li>Shirdi Sai Baba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_yoga" title="Sivananda yoga">Sivananda yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo_Ashram" title="Sri Aurobindo Ashram">Sri Aurobindo Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramana_Ashram" title="Sri Ramana Ashram">Sri Ramana Ashram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Abidance_in_Truth" title="Society of Abidance in Truth">Abidance in Truth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadhyaya_Movement" title="Swadhyaya Movement">Swadhyay Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narnarayan_Dev_Yuvak_Mandal" title="Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal">NNDYM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghar_Wapsi" title="Ghar Wapsi">Ghar Wapsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Women in Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Gurus</a> and revivalist writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mata_Amritanandamayi" title="Mata Amritanandamayi">Amritanandamayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gururaj_Ananda_Yogi" title="Gururaj Ananda Yogi">Ananda Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anukulchandra_Chakravarty" title="Anukulchandra Chakravarty">Anukulchandra Chakravarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arumuka_Navalar" title="Arumuka Navalar">Arumuka Navalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Athavale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boro_Maa" title="Boro Maa">Boro Maa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chinmoy" title="Sri Chinmoy">Chinmoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daya_Mata" title="Daya Mata">Daya Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapathi_Sachchidananda" title="Ganapathi Sachchidananda">Ganapathi Sachchidananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haidakhan_Babaji" title="Haidakhan Babaji">Haidakhan Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hariharananda_Giri" title="Hariharananda Giri">Hariharananda Giri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhguru" title="Sadhguru">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Bhagawan" title="Kalki Bhagawan">Kalki Bhagawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Chintaman_Kelkar" title="Narasimha Chintaman Kelkar">Kelkar, N. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyananda" title="Kriyananda">Kriyananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada_Lekhraj" title="Dada Lekhraj">Lekhraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neem_Karoli_Baba" title="Neem Karoli Baba">Neem Karoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Srivastava" title="Nirmala Srivastava">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Paramananda" title="Swami Paramananda">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prem_Rawat" title="Prem Rawat">Prem Rawat</a></li> <li>Ram Chandra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabhat_Ranjan_Sarkar" title="Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar">Sarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshub_Chandra_Sen" title="Keshub Chandra Sen">Sen, K. C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debendranath_Tagore" title="Debendranath Tagore">Tagore, D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu_Vaswani" title="Sadhu Vaswani">Vaswani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vipulananda" title="Swami Vipulananda">Vipulananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudevananda_Saraswati" title="Vishnudevananda Saraswati">Vishnudevananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_revivalists" title="Category:Hindu revivalists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence of Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian-origin religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_National_Congress" title="Template talk:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_National_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian National Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_National_Congress_25px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/25px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/38px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg/50px-Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="562" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">History of the Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="Electoral history of the Indian National Congress">Electoral history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru%E2%80%93Gandhi_family" title="Nehru–Gandhi family">Nehru–Gandhi family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)" title="The Emergency (India)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(Organisation)" title="Indian National Congress (Organisation)">Indian National Congress (Organisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(R)" title="Indian National Congress (R)">Indian National Congress (R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian National Congress (I)">Indian National Congress (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_National_Congress_breakaway_parties" title="List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties">Breakaway parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Congress_Committee" title="All India Congress Committee">All India Congress Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Working_Committee" title="Congress Working Committee">Congress Working Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Pradesh Congress Committee">Regional Congress Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pradesh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Arunachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Arunachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Assam Pradesh Congress Committee">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Template talk:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism_and_vegetarianism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Veganism and vegetarianism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Veganism_and_vegetarianism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarianism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_veganism" title="Black veganism">Black veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitarianism" title="Fruitarianism">Fruitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism#History" title="Veganism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_veganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw veganism">Raw veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_edge" title="Straight edge">Straight edge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardline_(subculture)" title="Hardline (subculture)">Hardline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_nutrition" title="Vegan nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_school_meal" title="Vegan school meal">Vegan school meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_vegetarianism" title="Economic vegetarianism">Economic vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto_vegetarianism" title="Lacto vegetarianism">Lacto vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacto-ovo_vegetarianism" title="Lacto-ovo vegetarianism">Lacto-ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovo_vegetarianism" title="Ovo vegetarianism">Ovo vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Diet_Pyramid" title="Vegetarian Diet Pyramid">Vegetarian Diet Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_nutrition" title="Vegetarian nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_by_country" title="Vegetarianism by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarians" title="List of vegetarians">Vegetarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegans" title="List of vegans">Vegans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_vegetarian_and_vegan_characters" title="List of fictional vegetarian and vegan characters">Fictional characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_organizations" title="List of vegetarian and vegan organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_restaurants" title="List of vegetarian and vegan restaurants">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_and_plant-based_media" title="List of vegan and plant-based media">Vegan media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare" title="Animal welfare">Animal welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_vegetarianism" title="Environmental vegetarianism">Environmental vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat paradox">Meat paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replaceability_argument" title="Replaceability argument">Replaceability argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_vegetarianism" title="Islamic vegetarianism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_vegetarianism" title="Jewish vegetarianism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism#Vegetarianism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agave_syrup" title="Agave syrup">Agave syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_chicken_fillet_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan chicken fillet roll">Chicken fillet roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut burger">Coconut burger</a></li> <li>Dairy alternatives <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">Coconut milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cream" title="Plant cream">Plant cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_milk" title="Plant milk">Plant milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_yogurt" title="Soy yogurt">Soy yogurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_cheese" title="Vegan cheese">Cheese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">Grains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelatin_dessert#Gelatin_substitutes" title="Gelatin dessert">Gelatin substitutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrageenan" title="Carrageenan">Carrageenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulaman" title="Gulaman">Gulaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjac#Fruit_jelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Konjac">Konjac jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose#Food" title="Bacterial cellulose">Microbial cellulose</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_jambon" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan jambon">Jambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">List of meat substitutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">Miso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_duck" title="Mock duck">Mock duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_yeast" title="Nutritional yeast">Nutritional yeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">Quorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_gluten_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheat gluten (food)">Seitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">Tempeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">Tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofurkey" title="Tofurkey">Tofurkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_bacon" title="Vegetarian bacon">Vegetarian bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_hot_dog" title="Vegetarian hot dog">Hot dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_non-vegetarian_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian and non-vegetarian marks">Vegetarian mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_sausage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_sausage_roll" title="Meat-free sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_beer" title="Vegetarianism and beer">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_wine" title="Vegetarianism and wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_burger" title="Veggie burger">Veggie burger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian organizations">Groups</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegetarian festivals">events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegan_Society" title="American Vegan Society">American Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Vegan_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="China Vegan Society">China Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_Empowerment_Project" title="Food Empowerment Project">Food Empowerment Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Vegan" title="Go Vegan">Go Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Vereniging_voor_Veganisme" title="Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme">Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Hen_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Hen House">Our Hen House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_Committee_for_Responsible_Medicine" title="Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine">Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plamil_Foods" title="Plamil Foods">Plamil Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Awareness_Foundation" title="Vegan Awareness Foundation">Vegan Awareness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegan flag">Vegan flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Outreach" title="Vegan Outreach">Vegan Outreach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_Prisoners_Support_Group" title="Vegan Prisoners Support Group">Vegan Prisoners Support Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Society" title="The Vegan Society">The Vegan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganmania" title="Veganmania">Veganmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganuary" title="Veganuary">Veganuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganz" title="Veganz">Veganz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegan_Day" title="World Vegan Day">World Vegan Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcott_House" title="Alcott House">Alcott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Christian_Church_(vegetarian)" title="Bible Christian Church (vegetarian)">Bible Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Vegetarian_Society" title="Boston Vegetarian Society">Boston Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Vegetarian_Association" title="Christian Vegetarian Association">Christian Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Vegetarian_Union" title="European Vegetarian Union">European Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Vegetarian_Society" title="French Vegetarian Society">French Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_Krishna_Food_for_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Hare Krishna Food for Life">Hare Krishna Food for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vegetarian_Union" title="International Vegetarian Union">International Vegetarian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Veg" title="Jewish Veg">Jewish Veg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat-free_days" title="Meat-free days">Meat-free days</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meatless_Monday" title="Meatless Monday">Meatless Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Fast">Friday Fast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Vegetarian_Society" title="North American Vegetarian Society">North American Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Age" title="Order of the Golden Age">Order of the Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Deutschland" title="ProVeg Deutschland">ProVeg Deutschland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_International" title="ProVeg International">ProVeg International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProVeg_Nederland" title="ProVeg Nederland">ProVeg Nederland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Vegetarian_Society" title="Scottish Vegetarian Society">Scottish Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swissveg" title="Swissveg">Swissveg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Vegetarian_Association" title="Toronto Vegetarian Association">Toronto Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Federal_Union" title="Vegetarian Federal Union">Vegetarian Federal Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society_(Singapore)" title="Vegetarian Society (Singapore)">Vegetarian Society (Singapore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Pride" title="Veggie Pride">Veggie Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_Health" title="Viva! Health">Viva! Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Esperantist_Vegetarian_Association" title="World Esperantist Vegetarian Association">World Esperantist Vegetarian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Vegetarian_Day" title="World Vegetarian Day">World Vegetarian Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegetarian_and_vegan_companies" title="List of vegetarian and vegan companies">List of vegetarian and vegan companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books, reports, journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a> (3rd century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a> (1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Cookery" title="Vegetable Cookery">Vegetable Cookery</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a> (1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reasons_for_not_Eating_Animal_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasons for not Eating Animal Food">Reasons for not Eating Animal Food</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a> (1824)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature%27s_Own_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature's Own Book">Nature's Own Book</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruits_and_Farinacea" title="Fruits and Farinacea">Fruits and Farinacea</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pleasure_Boat" title="The Pleasure Boat">The Pleasure Boat</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_is_Vegetarianism%3F" title="What is Vegetarianism?">What is Vegetarianism?</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley%27s_Vegetarianism" title="Shelley's Vegetarianism">Shelley's Vegetarianism</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Scenes_in_Slaughter-Houses" title="Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses">Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Why I Am a Vegetarian">Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figs_or_Pigs%3F" title="Figs or Pigs?">Figs or Pigs?</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifty_Years_of_Food_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifty Years of Food Reform">Fifty Years of Food Reform</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Reasons_Why_I_Am_a_Vegetarian" title="Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian">Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meat_Fetish" title="The Meat Fetish">The Meat Fetish</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fleshless_Diet" class="mw-redirect" title="A Fleshless Diet">A Fleshless Diet</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benefits_of_Vegetarianism" title="The Benefits of Vegetarianism">The Benefits of Vegetarianism</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Good_Life" title="Living the Good Life">Living the Good Life</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Talents_(cookbook)" title="Ten Talents (cookbook)">Ten Talents</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_Small_Planet" title="Diet for a Small Planet">Diet for a Small Planet</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegetarian_Epicure" title="The Vegetarian Epicure">The Vegetarian Epicure</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective Cookbooks</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farm_Vegetarian_Cookbook" title="The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook">The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurel%27s_Kitchen" title="Laurel's Kitchen">Laurel's Kitchen</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Cookbook" title="Moosewood Cookbook">Moosewood Cookbook</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fit_for_Life" title="Fit for Life">Fit for Life</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America" title="Diet for a New America">Diet for a New America</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sexual_Politics_of_Meat" title="The Sexual Politics of Meat">The Sexual Politics of Meat</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Cooking_for_Everyone" title="Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone">Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_China_Study" title="The China Study">The China Study</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinny_Bitch" title="Skinny Bitch">Skinny Bitch</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock%27s_Long_Shadow" title="Livestock's Long Shadow">Livestock's Long Shadow</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bloodless_Revolution_(book)" title="The Bloodless Revolution (book)">The Bloodless Revolution</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_Animals" title="Eating Animals">Eating Animals</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_We_Love_Dogs,_Eat_Pigs,_and_Wear_Cows" title="Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows">Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vegan_Studies_Project" title="The Vegan Studies Project">The Vegan Studies Project</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Animal_Farming" title="The End of Animal Farming">The End of Animal Farming</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Kingdom:_The_Abundant_World_of_Vegan_Recipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Kingdom: The Abundant World of Vegan Recipes">Vegetable Kingdom</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_Atlas" title="Meat Atlas">Meat Atlas</a> (annual)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vegan_media" class="mw-redirect" title="List of vegan media">Films and shows</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_for_a_New_America_(film)" title="Diet for a New America (film)">Diet for a New America (film)</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Punk_Kitchen" title="Post Punk Kitchen">Post Punk Kitchen</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Sacred_Duty" title="A Sacred Duty">A Sacred Duty</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat,_Sick_and_Nearly_Dead" title="Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead">Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planeat" title="Planeat">Planeat</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Live_(2013_film)" title="Live and Let Live (2013 film)">Live and Let Live</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowspiracy" title="Cowspiracy">Cowspiracy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlantPure_Nation" title="PlantPure Nation">PlantPure Nation</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_the_Health" title="What the Health">What the Health</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnage_(2017_film)" title="Carnage (2017 film)">Carnage</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_You_Alive" title="Eating You Alive">Eating You Alive</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Game_Changers" title="The Game Changers">The Game Changers</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maa_Ka_Doodh" title="Maa Ka Doodh">Maa Ka Doodh</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_Are_What_You_Eat:_A_Twin_Experiment" title="You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment">You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naked_Food" title="Naked Food">Naked Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Times" title="Vegetarian Times">Vegetarian Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VegNews" title="VegNews">VegNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Agenda" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Agenda">The Animals' Agenda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics, activists, authors, physicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elisa_Aaltola" title="Elisa Aaltola">Elisa Aaltola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzanne_M._Babich" title="Suzanne M. Babich">Suzanne M. Babich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neal_D._Barnard" title="Neal D. Barnard">Neal D. Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Benatar" title="David Benatar">David Benatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bonsall" title="Will Bonsall">Will Bonsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Bulsiewicz" title="Will Bulsiewicz">Will Bulsiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Butaud" title="Georges Butaud">Georges Butaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodey_Castricano" title="Jodey Castricano">Jodey Castricano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Colin_Campbell" title="T. Colin Campbell">T. Colin Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cook_(vegan)" title="Robert Cook (vegan)">Robert Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Davis" title="Brenda Davis">Brenda Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Davis_(surgeon)" title="Garth Davis (surgeon)">Garth Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Deckers" title="Jan Deckers">Jan Deckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Desmond" title="Alan Desmond">Alan Desmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freya_Dinshah" title="Freya Dinshah">Freya Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Jay_Dinshah" title="H. Jay Dinshah">H. Jay Dinshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dornbusch" title="George Dornbusch">George Dornbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_Esselstyn" title="Caldwell Esselstyn">Caldwell Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Fuhrman" title="Joel Fuhrman">Joel Fuhrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristi_Funk" title="Kristi Funk">Kristi Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Greger" title="Michael Greger">Michael Greger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Breeze_Harper" title="A. Breeze Harper">A. Breeze Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kahn" title="Joel Kahn">Joel Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Yale_Kamila" title="Avery Yale Kamila">Avery Yale Kamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Klaper" title="Michael Klaper">Michael Klaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aph_Ko" title="Aph Ko">Aph Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_G._Lee" title="Maxwell G. Lee">Maxwell G. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27arri" title="Al-Ma'arri">Al-Ma'arri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_Mangels" title="Reed Mangels">Reed Mangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._McDougall" title="John A. McDougall">John A. McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McWilliams" title="James E. McWilliams">James E. McWilliams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesanto_Melina" title="Vesanto Melina">Vesanto Melina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Newman" title="Gemma Newman">Gemma Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emelia_Quinn" title="Emelia Quinn">Emelia Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunaura_Taylor" title="Sunaura Taylor">Sunaura Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Twine_(sociologist)" title="Richard Twine (sociologist)">Richard Twine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_A._Williams" title="Kim A. Williams">Kim A. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Wright_(literary_scholar)" title="Laura Wright (literary scholar)">Laura Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Za%C3%AFkowska" title="Sophie Zaïkowska">Sophie Zaïkowska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Vegetarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_B._Acosta" title="Phyllis B. Acosta">Phyllis B. Acosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alcott" title="William Alcott">William Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_P._Allinson" title="Bertrand P. Allinson">Bertrand P. Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allinson" title="Thomas Allinson">Thomas Allinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Attwood" title="Charles R. Attwood">Charles R. Attwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Axon" class="mw-redirect" title="William Axon">William Axon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Baltzer" title="Eduard Baltzer">Eduard Baltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._S._Bathgate" title="H. S. Bathgate">H. S. Bathgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_A._Barrows" title="Horace A. Barrows">Horace A. Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barstow" title="Geoffrey Barstow">Geoffrey Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_H._Beard" title="Sidney H. Beard">Sidney H. Beard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">George Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bell_(physician)" title="Robert Bell (physician)">Robert Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Berg" title="Ragnar Berg">Ragnar Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rynn_Berry" title="Rynn Berry">Rynn Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Bircher-Benner" title="Maximilian Bircher-Benner">Maximilian Bircher-Benner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Black_(physician)" title="George Black (physician)">George Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bonnejoy" title="Ernest Bonnejoy">Ernest Bonnejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Duncan_Bulkley" title="Lucius Duncan Bulkley">Lucius Duncan Bulkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Buttner" title="J. L. Buttner">J. L. Buttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Carton" title="Paul Carton">Paul Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_Caudwell" title="Job Caudwell">Job Caudwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Clark (Bible Christian)">James Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cheyne_(physician)" title="George Cheyne (physician)">George Cheyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Clubb" title="Henry S. Clubb">Henry S. Clubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cocchi" title="Antonio Cocchi">Antonio Cocchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Collier" title="Edwin Collier">Edwin Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenna_F._Cooper" title="Lenna F. Cooper">Lenna F. Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani%C3%ABl_de_Clercq" title="Daniël de Clercq">Daniël de Clercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danjou" title="Georges Danjou">Georges Danjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Elmslie_Duncan" title="James Elmslie Duncan">James Elmslie Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Forward" title="Charles W. Forward">Charles W. Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_Fox" title="Michael Allen Fox">Michael Allen Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Foxcroft" title="Peter Foxcroft">Peter Foxcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gaard" title="Greta Gaard">Greta Gaard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasinh_Narayan_Godbole" title="Narasinh Narayan Godbole">Narasinh Narayan Godbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Grand" title="Jules Grand">Jules Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Hacker" title="Jeremiah Hacker">Jeremiah Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haddon" title="John Haddon">John Haddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hadwen" title="Walter Hadwen">Walter Hadwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig_(physician)" title="Alexander Haig (physician)">Alexander Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hare" title="Edward Hare">Edward Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harvey_(Bible_Christian)" title="William Harvey (Bible Christian)">William Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Hecquet" title="Philippe Hecquet">Philippe Hecquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Hines" title="Brian Hines">Brian Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_Holbrook" title="Martin Luther Holbrook">Martin Luther Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Jennings" title="Isaac Jennings">Isaac Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_Kellogg" title="John Harvey Kellogg">John Harvey Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kerr" title="Norman Kerr">Norman Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Kress" title="Daniel H. Kress">Daniel H. Kress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambe_(physician)" title="William Lambe (physician)">William Lambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Lee" title="Elmer Lee">Elmer Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_M._Levin" title="Susan M. Levin">Susan M. Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Marquette" title="Jacques de Marquette">Jacques de Marquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Garrett_Marsh" title="Alice Garrett Marsh">Alice Garrett Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stella_McCartney" title="Stella McCartney">Stella McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_McCollum" title="Elmer McCollum">Elmer McCollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Metcalfe" title="William Metcalfe">William Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Peck_Miller" title="Eli Peck Miller">Eli Peck Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Willis_Miller" title="Harry Willis Miller">Harry Willis Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_D._Mussey" title="Reuben D. Mussey">Reuben D. Mussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._E._O%27Callaghan" title="R. E. O'Callaghan">R. E. O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Oldfield" title="Josiah Oldfield">Josiah Oldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Ornish" title="Dean Ornish">Dean Ornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ortt" title="Felix Ortt">Felix Ortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_V._Pink" title="Cyril V. Pink">Cyril V. Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_Doyle_Register" title="Ulma Doyle Register">Ulma Doyle Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Romanes" title="Kenneth Romanes">Kenneth Romanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollo_Russell" title="Rollo Russell">Rollo Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Lindstr%C3%B6m_Saxon" title="Johan Lindström Saxon">Johan Lindström Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scholefield_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Scholefield (Bible Christian)">James Scholefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Schwartz" title="Richard H. Schwartz">Richard H. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Shearn" title="W. B. Shearn">W. B. Shearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Simpson_(Bible_Christian)" title="James Simpson (Bible Christian)">James Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lester_Smith" title="Ernest Lester Smith">Ernest Lester Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Stephens" title="William O. Stephens">William O. Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stoddard" title="Alan Stoddard">Alan Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Thacher_Trall" title="Russell Thacher Trall">Russell Thacher Trall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Towgood" title="Frederick Towgood">Frederick Towgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Trist" title="Sidney Trist">Sidney Trist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Weilsh%C3%A4user" title="Emil Weilshäuser">Emil Weilshäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severin_Wielobycki" title="Severin Wielobycki">Severin Wielobycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Williams_(humanitarian)" title="Howard Williams (humanitarian)">Howard Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wokes" title="Frank Wokes">Frank Wokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._Sibly" title="W. A. Sibly">W. A. Sibly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzachi_Zamir" title="Tzachi Zamir">Tzachi Zamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Keen_Zolber" title="Kathleen Keen Zolber">Kathleen Keen Zolber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chefs and cookbook authors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Anderson" title="Pamela Anderson">Pamela Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nava_Atlas" title="Nava Atlas">Nava Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayim_Bialik" title="Mayim Bialik">Mayim Bialik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleigh_Bodrug" title="Carleigh Bodrug">Carleigh Bodrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Boots" title="Gypsy Boots">Gypsy Boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOSH!" title="BOSH!">BOSH!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Brotherton" title="Martha Brotherton">Martha Brotherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Espe_Brown" title="Edward Espe Brown">Edward Espe Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabitha_Brown_(actress)" title="Tabitha Brown (actress)">Tabitha Brown (actress)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzy_Amis_Cameron" title="Suzy Amis Cameron">Suzy Amis Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Che" title="Hannah Che">Hannah Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Cole" title="Pinky Cole">Pinky Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Coscarelli" title="Chloe Coscarelli">Chloe Coscarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_Devi" title="Yamuna Devi">Yamuna Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Dragonwagon" title="Crescent Dragonwagon">Crescent Dragonwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Elliot" title="Rose Elliot">Rose Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_Esselstyn" title="Rip Esselstyn">Rip Esselstyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Fiore" title="Toni Fiore">Toni Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Lee_Flinders" title="Carol Lee Flinders">Carol Lee Flinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Gauthier" title="Alexis Gauthier">Alexis Gauthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richa_Hingle" title="Richa Hingle">Richa Hingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Jaffrey" title="Madhur Jaffrey">Madhur Jaffrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Katzen" title="Mollie Katzen">Mollie Katzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Moore_Lapp%C3%A9" title="Frances Moore Lappé">Frances Moore Lappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Madison" title="Deborah Madison">Deborah Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_McCartney" title="Linda McCartney">Linda McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCartney" title="Mary McCartney">Mary McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetty_Lui_McKinnon" title="Hetty Lui McKinnon">Hetty Lui McKinnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracye_McQuirter" title="Tracye McQuirter">Tracye McQuirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Lee_Molinaro" title="Joanne Lee Molinaro">Joanne Lee Molinaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_Morgan" title="Charity Morgan">Charity Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Chandra_Moskowitz" title="Isa Chandra Moskowitz">Isa Chandra Moskowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawa_Muhaiyaddeen" title="Bawa Muhaiyaddeen">Bawa Muhaiyaddeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_Oakley" title="Gaz Oakley">Gaz Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Patrick-Goudreau" title="Colleen Patrick-Goudreau">Colleen Patrick-Goudreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Pritchard" title="Mathew Pritchard">Mathew Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda_Saraswati" title="Swami Satchidananda Saraswati">Satchidananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Sarno" title="Derek Sarno">Derek Sarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyoko_Schinner" title="Miyoko Schinner">Miyoko Schinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicia_Silverstone" title="Alicia Silverstone">Alicia Silverstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Sunderani" title="Hannah Sunderani">Hannah Sunderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Terry" title="Bryant Terry">Bryant Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Thomas" title="Anna Thomas">Anna Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Thomas" title="Haile Thomas">Haile Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Toyota" title="Lauren Toyota">Lauren Toyota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeeca_Uy" title="Jeeca Uy">Jeeca Uy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Veronesi" title="Umberto Veronesi">Umberto Veronesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisha_Vora" title="Nisha Vora">Nisha Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wakeman_(author)" title="Alan Wakeman (author)">Alan Wakeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Yonan" title="Joe Yonan">Joe Yonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_%26_Esther%27s_Vegan_Jewish_Deli" title="Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli">Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnaholic" title="Cinnaholic">Cinnaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Kitchen" title="Crossroads Kitchen">Crossroads Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Elephant_Vegetarian_Bistro" title="Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro">Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greens_Restaurant" title="Greens Restaurant">Greens Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltl_Restaurant" title="Hiltl Restaurant">Hiltl Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pine_(restaurant)" title="Little Pine (restaurant)">Little Pine (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moosewood_Restaurant" title="Moosewood Restaurant">Moosewood Restaurant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purezza" title="Purezza">Purezza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutty_Vegan" title="Slutty Vegan">Slutty Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souley_Vegan" title="Souley Vegan">Souley Vegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sound_Lounge,_London" title="The Sound Lounge, London">The Sound Lounge, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Galaxy" title="Veggie Galaxy">Veggie Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veggie_Grill" title="Veggie Grill">Veggie Grill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former restaurants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cranks_(restaurant)" title="Cranks (restaurant)">Cranks (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Thought_(restaurant)" title="Food for Thought (restaurant)">Food for Thought (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSpiral_Lounge" title="InSpiral Lounge">InSpiral Lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil_as_Anything" title="Lentil as Anything">Lentil as Anything</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Caf%C3%A9" title="Minerva Café">Minerva Café</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Riverside_Cafe" title="New Riverside Cafe">New Riverside Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(restaurant)" title="Nix (restaurant)">Nix (restaurant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Cafeteria" title="Penny Cafeteria">Penny Cafeteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_Peacock" title="Pink Peacock">Pink Peacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hollow_Reed" title="The Hollow Reed">The Hollow Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pitman_Vegetarian_Hotel" title="The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel">The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_symbolism" title="Vegetarian and vegan symbolism">Vegetarian and vegan symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juice_fasting" title="Juice fasting">Juice fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_and_vegan_dog_diet" title="Vegetarian and vegan dog diet">Vegetarian and vegan dog diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_action_plan" title="Plant-based action plan">Plant-based action plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_diet" title="Low-carbon diet">Low-carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_health_diet" title="Planetary health diet">Planetary health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Flexitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shurtleff" title="William Shurtleff">William Shurtleff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akiko_Aoyagi" title="Akiko Aoyagi">Akiko Aoyagi</a> (The Book of Tofu)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template talk:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> writers (<a href="/wiki/India#Modern_India" title="India">1848</a> to date)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Religious writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa (The Mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Anirvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Anirvan">Sri Anirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsvarupa_dasa_Goswami" title="Satsvarupa dasa Goswami">Satsvarupa dasa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Prabhavananda" title="Swami Prabhavananda">Swami Prabhavananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prem" title="Krishna Prem">Krishna Prem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Swami Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati (Arya Samaj)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satprakashananda" title="Swami Satprakashananda">Swami Satprakashananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Swami Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Political writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(author)" title="Ram Gopal (author)">Ram Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Oraon" title="Kartik Oraon">Kartik Oraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdhari_Singh_Dinkar" title="Ramdhari Singh Dinkar">Ramdhari Singh Dinkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Tripathi" title="Amish Tripathi">Amish Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westerners influenced by Hinduism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dyer" title="Wayne Dyer">Wayne Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">R.W. Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">H.S. Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Balagangadhara" title="S. N. Balagangadhara">S. N. Balagangadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Gargi" title="Sister Gargi">Sister Gargi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Meenakshi Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Schweig" title="Graham Schweig">Graham Schweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Eastern_religions_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of modern Eastern religions writers">List of modern Eastern religions writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_Hinduism" title="List of writers on Hinduism">List of writers on Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critique_of_political_economy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Template:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Template talk:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critique_of_political_economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Johan_Stagnelius" title="Erik Johan Stagnelius">Erik Johan Stagnelius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–21st-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Moishe Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Reichelt" title="Helmut Reichelt">Helmut Reichelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Backhaus" title="Hans-Georg Backhaus">Hans-Georg Backhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kurz (philosopher)">Robert Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Michael Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosdolsky" title="Roman Rosdolsky">Roman Rosdolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrine_Mar%C3%A7al" title="Katrine Marçal">Katrine Marçal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Abstract labour and concrete labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrematistics" title="Chrematistics">Chrematistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismal Science">Dismal Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">Law of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorisation" title="Valorisation">Valorisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy" title="The Right to Be Lazy">The Right to Be Lazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Production" title="The Mirror of Production">The Mirror of Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlines_of_a_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy">Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accursed_Share" title="The Accursed Share">The Accursed Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Cooked_Adam_Smith%27s_Dinner%3F" title="Who Cooked Adam Smith's Dinner?">Who Cooked Adam Smith's Dinner?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assume_a_can_opener" title="Assume a can opener">Assume a can opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrematistics" title="Chrematistics">Chrematistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Asian_of_the_Century_The_Big_Five" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asian_of_the_Century" title="Template:Asian of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asian_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Asian of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asian_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asian of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Asian_of_the_Century_The_Big_Five" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Asian_of_the_Century" title="Asian of the Century">Asian of the Century</a> The Big Five</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mohandas K. Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1001#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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[\"CITEREFBarczewskiFarr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarr1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartolf2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhanaVahed2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBipan_Chandra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlambergerKakar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlinkenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBondurant1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorman1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBose,_SugataJalal,_Ayesha2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrock1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown,_Judith_Margaret1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurger2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChadha1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarty2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharan_Shandilya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterjee,_Sailen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhury2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Chapple1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCháirez-Garza2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCone1992\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFFischer,_L.1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer,_Louis1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1928\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1940\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1990a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2007a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2007b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGandhi2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGandhiSuhrud2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGangrade2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGangulyDocker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerard_Toffin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeva2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhose1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhose1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh,_B._N.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiliomeeMbenga2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilmore,_Mikal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenNicholas_Szechenyi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuha2013\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFPenderel_Moon1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Rühe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilip_Glass2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilisukNagler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletcher\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPower,_Paul_F.1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrabhuRao1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrashad1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrashadNawani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPāṇḍeya2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Taras2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRafiq_Zakaria2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRai2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamesh,_Randeep2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsamyMbanasoKorieh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenard,_John1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts,_Andrew2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoderick_Matthews2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolphRudolph,_Lloyd_I.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudolphRudolph1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRühe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_C.M._Paine2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar,_Sumit1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkar2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSarma1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchouten2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSethi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShashi1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSidner,_Sara2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghShani2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSita_Anantha_Raman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofri1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorokin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpear1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinArnold2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuruchi_Thapar-Bjorkert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwapnajit_Mitra2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagore1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbotSingh2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTendulkar1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTendulkar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThacker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Weber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolstoy1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTougas2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTønnesson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUwechue1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVashi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilanilam2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2002a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolpert2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYardley,_Jim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasmin_Khan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Pochhammer,_Wilhelm2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Asian of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 210,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 62,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Critique of political economy\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 5,\n [\"Hindu reform movements\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 4,\n [\"Indian National Congress Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Indian independence movement\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 4,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Mahatma Gandhi\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Modern Hindu writers\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 7,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 131,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Simple living\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 4,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Indian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Vegetarianism\"] = 1,\n [\"Vn\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","760","22.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","460","13.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","5.3"],["recursiveClone 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