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class="select_page">Seleccionar página</span> <span class="mobile_menu_bar mobile_menu_bar_toggle"></span> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div class="et_search_outer"> <div class="container et_search_form_container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="et-search-form" action="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/"> <input type="search" class="et-search-field" placeholder="Búsqueda …" value="" name="s" title="Buscar:" /><input type='hidden' name='lang' value='es' /> </form> <span class="et_close_search_field"></span> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="et-main-area"> <div id="main-content"> <article id="post-35400" class="post-35400 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="et-l et-l--post"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 yoastBC et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><span><span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/estudiar/">Estudiar</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Tom Shippey, Los Monstruos y los Críticos y Otros Ensayos</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>ESTUDIAR</p></div> </div><div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Tom Shippey, Los Monstruos y los Críticos y Otros Ensayos</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Tom Shippey explores this collection of Tolkien’s most important scholarly essays and lectures, and shows how they can shed light on his literary work.</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_4 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><strong><em>Los Monstruos y</em><em><span> </span>los Críticos y otros ensayos</em></strong>, editado por Christopher Tolkien en 1983, reúne siete de los más importantes ensayos lingüísticos y literarios de J.R.R Tolkien: la conferencia titulada<span> </span><strong>«<em>Beowulf</em>: los monstruos y los críticos»</strong>, presentada el 25 de noviembre de 1936 y publicada en<span> </span><em>Proceedings of the British Academy</em><span> </span>el 22 del mismo mes; la nota introductoria<span> </span><strong>«Sobre la traducción de B<em>eowulf</em>»</strong>, prólogo a la reedición de una traducción de<span> </span><em>Beowulf</em><span> </span>por Clark Hall publicada en 1940;<span> </span><strong>«<em>Sir Gawain y el Caballero Verde</em>»</strong>, conferencia dada en Glasgow en abril de 1953; el ensayo<span> </span><strong>«Sobre los cuentos de hadas»</strong>, el cual fue, en primer lugar, una conferencia pronunciada en la Universidad de St. Andrews el 08 de marzo 1939, y publicada a continuación en 1947 en<span> </span><em>Essays Presented to Charles Williams</em>; la conferencia<span> </span><strong>«El inglés y el galés»</strong><span> </span>dada en Oxford el 21 de octubre 1955 y publicada en 1963;<span> </span><strong>«Un vicio secreto»</strong><span> </span>(¿conferencia pronunciada en 1931?); y, por último, su<span> </span><strong>«Discurso de despedida a la Universidad de Oxford»</strong>, pronunciado el 5 de junio de 1959.</p> <p>Aunque todos (excepto uno) fueron publicados con anterioridad, la mayoría de ellos aparecieron en publicaciones de difusión limitada; por lo que Christopher Tolkien revisó algunos errores y editó los siete ensayos, incluyendo una versión alternativa del «Discurso de despedida». Estos ensayos permiten hacerse una idea más precisa, de las singulares e insólitas concepciones del autor sobre la literatura (en particular medieval), sobre la naturaleza del lenguaje; y proporcionan información sobre su evolución como escritor y defensor de la<span> </span><em>fantasía</em>.</p> <p><strong>«</strong><strong><em>Beowulf</em></strong><strong>: los</strong><strong><span> </span>monstruos y los críticos</strong><strong>»</strong><strong></strong><strong><br /></strong></p> <p>El texto que da título al volumen es una conferencia de J.R.R Tolkien titulada «<em>Beowulf: los monstruos y los críticos</em>»<em>,</em><span> </span>pronunciada en 1936 en la British Academy. Esta conferencia transformó por completo los estudios sobre <em>Beowulf</em>, y constituye uno de los trabajos académicos citados con mayor frecuencia en ciencias humanas.</p> <p>En resumen: la opinión académica general de los que precedieron a Tolkien consistía inicialmente, en considerar el poema como una amalgama de elementos dispares, torpemente compilados por un escriba en una época posterior. Y cuando más adelante esta perspectiva se volvió insostenible y se pensó que al cabo el poema presentaba cierta unidad, se deploró, sin embargo, que el poeta decidiera contar historias sobre un héroe, ogros y un dragón, en lugar de detallar las guerras que se libraron en el Norte, a las cuales alude a menudo de manera sugestiva.</p> <p>La conferencia de Tolkien defiende, al contrario, de manera firme y, a veces, irónica, la decisión del poeta y el poema en sí mismo: el poeta de<span> </span><em>Beowulf</em> tenía razón al elegir como tema la<span> </span><em>fantasía</em><span> </span>en lugar de la Historia, y al hacerlo universaliza su propósito; sus numerosas alusiones a acontecimientos no relatados dotan de profundidad a su obra. Ante todo, el poema ofrece una especie de negociación entre el mundo fuertemente arraigado a la fe cristiana del poeta y el mundo de sus antepasados paganos, el cual contempla con admiración y compasión.</p> <p>Podría argüirse que lo que dijo Tolkien del poeta anglosajón anónimo se asemeja al propio autor y a sus obras de ficción, y más particularmente a<span> </span><em>El Señor de los Anillos</em>, que comenzó a redactar, un año después de esta conferencia, en 1937.</p> <p><strong>«</strong><strong>Sobre la traducción de B<em>eowulf</em></strong><strong>»</strong><strong><em> </em></strong></p> <p>Unos años más tarde, J.R.R Tolkien se interesó de nuevo en<span> </span><em>Beowulf<span> </span></em>con su ensayo «Sobre la traducción de<span> </span><em>Beowulf»</em>. En él, recomienda no ver la traducción como un ejercicio escolar, sino como una manera de retomar el camino hacia un mundo desaparecido mediante el estudio minucioso de las palabras utilizadas en el texto original.</p> <p>Las ediciones modernas de este poema facilitan la traducción al estudiante, pero tienden a ocultar las diferencias estilísticas y léxicas, las cuales, en opinión de Tolkien, son imprescindibes, ya que permiten conocer la visión que tenían los antepasados del poeta de su mundo: de la Tierra Media bajo «la bóveda celeste», rodeada «por el espacio sin límites, sobre el mar sin orillas», del cruel destino, al que los hombres se enfrentan con valentía heroica.</p> <p><span>[Para más información sobre <em>Beowulf</em>, y la traducción de J.R.R. Tolkien publicada en España en 2015, véase: “<em>Beowulf. Traducción y comentario</em>”, y “Entender<em> Beowulf</em><em>”</em>.]</span></p> <p><strong>«</strong><strong><em>Sir Gawain</em></strong><strong><em><span> </span>y el Caballero Verde»</em></strong></p> <p>Después de<span> </span><em>Beowulf,</em><span> </span>la obra medieval que revestía mayor importancia para el autor era, sin duda, el<span> </span>romance<span> </span><em>Sir Gawain y el Caballero Verde.<span> </span></em>Tolkien realizó entonces una edición y traducción al inglés moderno<span> </span>de este romance; y como era de esperar ofreció en su ensayo (incluido en<span> </span><em>Los Monstruos y los Críticos</em>) sobre el mismo, una interpretación muy personal del poema, que no se centra en sus diferencias respecto al heroismo, sino en su nexos católicos.</p> <p>Según Tolkien, el punto en que<span> </span><em>Gawain</em><span> </span>se confiesa y recibe la absolución, tras haber consentido indebidamente, ocultar al señor del castillo que recibió el cinturón de su dama (Gawain había prometido, como en un juego, intercambiar con él todo lo que recibiera o ganara durante su estancia en el castillo), representa uno de los momentos claves del poema. Pero, ¿era realmente necesario confesar su pecado? Y, tras confesarlo, ¿no debería solucionarlo restituyendo el cinturón? ¿O fue el poeta quien no se percató de la contradicción?</p> <p>Tolkien afirma que la última opción es imposible, ya que convertiría al poeta en un mero chapucero y, por el contrario, piensa que la falta de Gawain no es una violación del código moral cristiano, sino del código de un juego aristocrático, el cual el poeta quería mostrar como definitivamente subordinado al código moral cristiano. Aunque el poema contenga reminiscencias de interés respecto a la antigüedad pagana, no se debe permitir que estos elementos dominen su interpretación.</p> <p><strong>«El inglés y el galés», «Un vicio secreto», «Discurso de despedida a la Universidad de Oxford»</strong></p> <p>Estos tres ensayos que acabamos de mencionar alumbran de manera clara la propia creación de (J.R.R) Tolkien. En<span> </span><strong>«El inglés y el galés»</strong><span> </span>Tolkien describe la fascinación que tiene desde su infancia por la lengua galesa, y prosigue, proponiendo una vez más, idiosincrásicamente, una teoría acerca de lo que hace la belleza intrínseca de una lengua, ante todo en sus sonidos.<br />En<span> </span><strong>«Un vicio secreto»</strong>, el vicio que Tolkien confiesa es su imperiosa necesidad en crear lenguas; una propensión que, según su opinion, está mucho más extendida de lo que comúnmente se cree, y representa una parte imprescindible de las creaciones del ser humano. En definitiva, el estudio de la lengua no sólo tiene una meta utilitaria, sino que también posee, o debería poseer, una dimension estética; la creación de lenguajes es un aspecto importante de la necesidad legítima de<span> </span><em>fantasía</em><span> </span>que tiene el ser humano. Pero, ¿por qué no se trata de algo comúnmente conocido y aceptado?</p> <p>En el último texto del volumen, su<span> </span><strong>«Discurso de despedida a la Universidad de Oxford»</strong>, pronunciado en 1959, cuando se retiró, Tolkien expresa su fe en la literatura, y ofrece algunas pistas sobre su método: «siempre prefiero intentar exprimir el jugo de una simple frase, o explorar las implicaciones de una palabra, antes que intentar resumir un período en una conferencia, o disparar contra un poeta en un párrafo.», comenta con severidad, y con un toque de amargura, las actividades de «misologia» académicos (como él los llama), quienes, motivados por el deseo de que se estudie la literatura en la universidad, desacreditaron el estudio de la lengua e impusieron el realismo como literatura «legítima», relegando la<span> </span><em>fantasía,</em><span> </span>bajo todas sus formas, a los márgenes.</p> <p>Tolkien afirma, en cambio, que «la<span> </span>filología<span> </span>es el fundamento de las letras humanas» y que «la literatura» y «la lengua» están íntimamente relacionadas. Parece claro, entonces, que comenta su propio trabajo cuando declara que «la Filología rescató los documentos supervivientes del olvido y la ignorancia, y presentó a los amantes de la poesía y la historia fragmentos de un pasado noble que, sin ella, habrían permanecido para siempre muertos y oscuros». En cierto modo, su obra entera aparece como una especie de «filología de ficción».</p> <p><strong>«Sobre los cuentos de hadas»</strong><br /><span>[Consultar nuestro artículo para una presentación detallada de este texto fundamental.]</span></p> <p>La mayoría de los temas mencionados anteriormente se encuentran en el extenso ensayo de Tolkien «Sobre los cuentos de hadas»: los cuentos de hadas son un buen ejemplo de la marginalizacion de un género de la fantasía. En efecto, fueron relegados durante siglos a los niños y sus niñeras de clase baja, y considerados como carentes de interés por los eruditos (varones cultos) – hasta que fueron rescatados por los hermanos Grimm, a los que se puede considerar, por tanto, como los predecesores de Tolkien.</p> <p>Esta marginación dio pie a una serie de desafortunados prejuicios acerca de las hadas y de la<span> </span><span>Faërie</span>. Tolkien refuta aquellas ideas detalladamente, y destaca un elemento positivo: la importancia de la<span> </span><em><span>eucatástrofe</span></em><span> </span>en los cuentos de hadas y en los géneros relacionados, como la balada tradicional; y sostiene que la<span> </span><em><span>subcreación</span></em><span> </span>presente en todos los géneros de<span> </span><em>fantasía</em><span> </span>es un derecho innato del ser humano. Los mitos creados o inventados por los seres humanos son ecos del mito por el cual fueron creados. Los cuentos de hadas, así como las historias de ogros, dragones y gigantes verdes que cambian de forma (véase más arriba el texto de<span> </span><em>Sir Gawain</em>), son totalmente compatibles con la fe cristiana.</p> <p>Un último ejemplo de autorreferencia disfrazada puede ser observado en esta conferencia, cuando Tolkien comenta que, al igual que los seres humanos narran cuentos de hadas, presumiblemente las hadas cuentan historias de humanos. Pero como los cuentos de hadas suelen implicar «la huida de la muerte», ¿de qué tratan las historias sobre los hombres? La respuesta, por supuesto, es que tales historias ya existen, en el «Silmarillion», aún inédito cuando Tolkien pronunció su conferencia. En particular, en los «grandes cuentos» de Beren, de Turín, de Tuor y Eärendil, en los que los hombres cambian el curso de la historia élfica, la cual sólo los propios Elfos recuerdan. Y hacia el final de la historia de Beren, Lúthien, la joven elfa, elige «la huida de la inmortalidad.»</p> <p>Por tanto, los siete ensayos reunidos en este volumen ofrecen una perspectiva continua, no sólo en sus temas declarados, sino también en la vida intelectual y creativa interior de su autor y su<span> </span><em>Legendarium</em>.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer class="et-l et-l--footer"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image et_pb_image_0_tb_footer"> <span class="et_pb_image_wrap "><img decoding="async" src="https://jrrtestate.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/footerlogo.png" alt="" title="" /></span> 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