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class="select_page">Seleccionar página</span> <span class="mobile_menu_bar mobile_menu_bar_toggle"></span> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div class="et_search_outer"> <div class="container et_search_form_container"> <form role="search" method="get" class="et-search-form" action="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/"> <input type="search" class="et-search-field" placeholder="Búsqueda …" value="" name="s" title="Buscar:" /><input type='hidden' name='lang' value='es' /> </form> <span class="et_close_search_field"></span> </div> </div> </header>  <div id="et-main-area"> <div id="main-content"> <article id="post-35460" class="post-35460 page type-page status-publish hentry"> <div class="entry-content"> <div class="et-l et-l--post"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_with_border et_pb_section et_pb_section_0 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_0 yoastBC et_pb_text_align_center et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><span><span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://www.tolkienestate.com/es/cartas/">Cartas</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Carta 131 a Milton Waldman (1951)</span></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_1 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_1"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_1 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><h1>Carta 131 a Milton Waldman (1951)</h1></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_2 et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_2"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_2 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_2 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p><span style="font-weight: 400;">‘Nowhere is the place or nature of ‘the Wizards’ made fully explicit…It appears finally that they were as one might say the near equivalent in the mode of these tales of Angels, guardian Angels.’</span></p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_3 et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_3"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_3 et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_text et_pb_text_3 et_animated et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_bg_layout_light"> <div class="et_pb_text_inner"><p>Mi estimado Milton,</p> <p>Me pide un breve esbozo de mi material que esté relacionado con mi mundo imaginario. Es difícil decir algo sin decir demasiado: el intento de decir unas pocas palabras abre una compuerta de entusiasmo, el egoísta y el artista a la vez desean expresar cómo se ha desarrollado el material, cómo es y qué quiere decir (según él lo piensa) o está tratando de representar con todo eso. He de infligirle algo de lo mencionado; pero agregaré un mero resumen de su contenido, que es (quizá) todo lo que necesita o para lo cual tiene tiempo o disponibilidad.</p> <p>En orden de tiempo, desarrollo y composición, este material empezó conmigo; aunque no creo que esto tenga interés para nadie, salvo para mí. Quiero decir, no recuerdo que haya habido un tiempo en que no estuviera edificándolo. Muchos niños inventan, o empiezan a inventar, lenguas imaginarias. Yo me dediqué a ello desde que empecé a escribir.</p> <p>Pero nunca dejé de hacerlo y, por supuesto, como filólogo profesional (interesado especialmente en la estética lingüística), he cambiado de gusto, mejorado en teoría y, quizás, en habilidad. Tras mis historias hay ahora un nexo de lenguas (en general, sólo esbozadas estructuralmente). Pero a esas criaturas que en inglés llamo equívocamente Elves* [Elfos] se les asignan dos lenguas emparentadas más completas, cuya historia está escrita y cuyas formas (que representan dos aspectos diferentes de mi propio gusto lingüístico) están deducidas científicamente de un origen común. Con el material de esas lenguas están hechos casi todos los<span> </span><em>nombres</em><span> </span>que figuran en mis leyendas</p> <p>Esto da cierto carácter (una coherencia, una consistencia de estilo lingüístico y una ilusión de historicidad) a la nomenclatura, o así me lo parece, que falta de modo notorio en otras creaciones comparables. No todos considerarán esto tan importante como yo, pues padezco la maldición de una sensibilidad aguda para tales asuntos.</p> <p>Pero una pasión mía igualmente fundamental<span> </span><em>ab initio</em><span> </span>es la que siento por el mito (¡no por la alegoría!) y, sobre todo, por la leyenda heroica a caballo entre el cuento de hadas y la historia, de la que no hay bastante en el mundo (que me sea accesible) para mi apetito. No me había graduado todavía cuando el pensamiento y la experiencia me revelaron que éstos no eran intereses divergentes —polos opuestos de la ciencia y la novela— sino integralmente relacionados. No soy «erudito»** en las cuestiones del mito y los cuentos de hadas, sin embargo, porque en tales casos (en la medida en que me son conocidas) he estado siempre buscando material, cosas de un cierto tono y aire, y no simple conocimiento. Además —y espero no parecer aquí absurdo—, desde mis días tempranos me afligió la pobreza de mi propio amado país: no tenía historias propias (vinculadas con su lengua y su suelo), no de la cualidad que yo buscaba y encontraba (como ingredientes) en leyendas de otras tierras. Las había griegas, célticas, en lenguas romances, germánicas, escandinavas y finlandesas (que me impresionaron profundamente); pero nada inglés, salvo un empobrecido material barato. Por supuesto, se disponía y se dispone de todo el mundo arthuriano; pero, aunque poderoso, está imperfectamente naturalizado, asociado con el suelo de Bretaña, pero no con el inglés; y no reemplaza lo que siento ausente. Por empezar, lo «feérico» es en él demasiado pródigo y fantástico, incoherente y repetitivo. Pero lo que es aún más importante: está implicado en la religión cristiana y explícitamente la contiene.</p> <p>Por razones que no he de elaborar, eso me parece fatal. El mito y el cuento de hadas, como toda forma de arte, deben reflejar y contener en solución elementos de moral y verdad (o error) religiosa, pero no de manera explícita, no en la forma conocida del mundo primordialmente «real». (Estoy hablando, por supuesto, de nuestra presente situación, no de los antiguos días paganos precristianos. Y no repetiré lo que intenté decir en mi ensayo, que usted ha leído.)</p> <p>¡No se ría! Pero una vez (mi cresta hace mucho que ha caído desde entonces) tenía intención de crear un cuerpo de leyendas más o menos conectadas, desde las amplias cosmogonías hasta el nivel del cuento de hadas romántico —lo más amplio fundado en lo menor en contacto con la tierra, al tiempo que lo menor obtiene esplendor de los vastos telones de fondo—, que podría dedicar simplemente a Inglaterra, a mi patria. Debía poseer el tono y la cualidad que yo deseaba, algo fresco y claro, impregnado de nuestro «aire» (el clima y el terreno del Noroeste, Bretaña y las partes más altas de Europa, no Italia ni el Egeo, todavía menos el Este); y aunque poseyera (si fuera capaz de lograrla) la sutil belleza evasiva que algunos llaman céltica (aunque rara vez se la encuentra en los verdaderos objetos célticos antiguos), debería ser «elevado», purgado de bastedad y adecuado a la mente más adulta de una tierra ahora hace ya mucho inmersa en la poesía. Trazaría en plenitud algunos de los grandes cuentos, y muchos los dejaría esbozados en el plan general. Los ciclos se vincularían en una totalidad majestuosa, y dejaría márgenes para que otras mentes y manos hicieran uso de la pintura, la música y el teatro. Absurdo.</p> <p>(…)<br />Me disgusta la Alegoría —la alegoría consciente e intencional—; sin embargo, todo intento de explicar el contenido de un mito o de un cuento de hadas, debe recurrir al lenguaje alegórico. (Y, por supuesto, cuanta más «vida» tiene un cuento, más susceptible será de interpretaciones alegóricas; al tiempo que cuanto mejor hecha esté una alegoría, más fácilmente será aceptable como historia.) De cualquier modo, todo este material*** trata sobre todo de la Caída, la Mortalidad y la Máquina. De la Caída, inevitablemente, y ese motivo se da de diversos modos. De la Mortalidad, especialmente en cuanto afecta el arte y el deseo creador (o, como yo diría, subcreador), que no parece tener función biológica ni formar parte de las satisfacciones de la vida biológica corriente, con la cual, en nuestro mundo, está por cierto generalmente en contienda. Este deseo, a la vez, se relaciona con un apasionado amor por el mundo primordial real y, por tanto, pleno del sentido de la mortalidad, aunque insatisfecho de él. Tiene varias oportunidades de «Caída». Puede volverse posesivo, adherirse a las cosas que ha hecho «como propias»; el subcreador desea ser el Señor y Dios de su creación privada. Se rebelará contra las leyes del Creador, especialmente en contra de la mortalidad. Ambas cosas (juntas o separadas) conducirán al deseo de Poder, para conseguir que la voluntad sea más prontamente eficaz, y, de ese modo, a la Máquina (o la Magia). Por esto último entiendo toda utilización de planes y proyectos externos (aparatos) en lugar del desarrollo de las capacidades o talentos inherentes internos, o aun la utilización de estos talentos con el corrupto motivo del dominio: intimidar al mundo real o reprimir otras voluntades. La Máquina es nuestra forma más evidente de hacerlo, aunque más estrechamente relacionada con la Magia de lo que suele reconocerse.</p> <p>(…)<br />En medio de esta Edad aparecen los Hobbits. Su origen es desconocido (aun para sí mismos),**** pues escaparon a la atención de los grandes, o los pueblos civilizados que guardaban registros, mientras que ellos no los guardaban salvo vagas tradiciones orales, hasta que hubieron emigrado desde las fronteras del Bosque Negro, huyendo de la Sombra, y avanzaron hacia el oeste hasta ponerse en contacto con los últimos restos del Reino de Arnor.</p> <p>Su principal asentamiento, donde todos los habitantes son hobbits y se mantiene una vida rural ordenada y civilizada aunque sencilla, es la<span> </span><em>Comarca</em>, originalmente los huertos y bosques de la heredad real de Arnor, concedida como feudo; pero el «Rey», hacedor de leyes, hace ya mucho que ha desaparecido, salvo de la memoria, antes que tengamos muchas noticias de la<span> </span><em>Comarca</em>. Es en el año 1341 de la Comarca (o 2941 de la Tercera Edad, es decir, en su último siglo) cuando Bilbo —El Hobbit y héroe de ese cuento— inicia su «aventura».</p> <p>En esa historia, que no es preciso resumir, no se explica ni la naturaleza ni la situación de los hobbits, sino que se las sobreentiende, y lo poco que se dice de ellas adquiere la forma de alusiones casuales a algo que se conoce. La totalidad de la «política mundial», esbozada arriba, está por supuesto en mente, y también se hace referencia a ella en ocasiones como a algo registrado cabalmente en otro sitio. Elrond es un personaje importante, aunque su dignidad, altos poderes y linaje se silencian de forma moderada y no se revelan en pleno. También hay alusiones a la historia de los Elfos, la Caída de Gondolin, etcétera. Las sombras y el mal del Bosque Negro, aunque en el estilo aminorado del «cuento de hadas», procuran una de las partes más importantes de la aventura. Sólo en un punto actúa esta «política mundial» como parte del mecanismo de la historia. Gandalf el Mago***** parte, pues ha sido llamado para atender importantes asuntos —el intento de poner solución a la amenaza que constituye el Nigromante—, de modo que deja al Hobbit sin ayuda o consejo en medio de su «aventura», obligándolo a tenerse sobre sus propias piernas y volverse un héroe según su propio estilo. (Muchos lectores han observado este punto y han supuesto que el Nigromante debía tener un lugar destacado en una continuación o en algunos otros cuentos de este tiempo.)</p> <p>El tono y el estilo en general diferentes de<span> </span><em>El Hobbit</em><span> </span>son consecuencia de que lo haya considerado en su punto de partida como material del gran ciclo susceptible de ser tratado como «cuento de hadas» para niños. Algunos de los detalles de tono y tratamiento son, creo ahora, aun sobre esta base, equivocados. Pero no querría cambiar mucho. Es en realidad el estudio de un hombre del todo corriente que no es artista, ni noble, ni heroico (aunque en él lleva las dormidas semillas de esas cualidades) en un marco grandioso; y de hecho (como lo observó un crítico) el tono y el estilo cambian, con el desarrollo del Hobbit, pasando del cuento de hadas a la nobleza y elevación, para recaer otra vez luego del regreso.</p> <p>La Búsqueda del Oro del Dragón, el tema principal del cuento en concreto de<span> </span><em>El Hobbit</em>, es, en relación con el ciclo general, del todo periférica e incidental, conectada con él sobre todo mediante la historia del Enano, que nunca resulta fundamental en estos cuentos, aunque a menudo es importante.****** Pero durante el curso de la Búsqueda, el Hobbit toma posesión, aparentemente por «accidente», de un «anillo mágico» cuyo principal y único poder inmediato evidente es volver invisible a quien lo lleva. Aunque para este cuento un accidente, imprevisto y sin ocupar lugar alguno en el plan de la búsqueda, resulta esencial para el buen éxito de la jornada. Al regresar el Hobbit, con amplitud de visión y sabiduría aumentadas, aunque inalterado en cuanto a lenguaje, retiene el anillo como secreto personal.</p> <p>La continuación,<span> </span><em>El Señor de los Anillos</em>, mucho más voluminosa, y espero que proporcionalmente la mejor del ciclo completo, concluye toda la narración; se intenta incluir en ella y liquidar todos los elementos y motivos de lo que ha precedido: elfos, enanos, los Reyes de los Hombres, heroicos jinetes «homéricos», orcos y demonios, los terrores de los Servidores del Anillo y la Nigromancia, y el vasto horror del Trono Oscuro; aun en estilo incluye el coloquialismo y la vulgaridad de los Hobbits, poesía y el más elevado estilo en prosa. Hernos de ver el derrocamiento de la última encarnación del Mal, la destrucción del Anillo, la partida final de los Elfos y el regreso en magnificencia del verdadero Rey, que se hace cargo del Dominio de los Hombres, heredando todo lo que puede transmitirse de los Elfos a través de su alto matrimonio con Arwen, hija de Elrond, como también la línea de realeza de Númenor. Pero así como los primeros Cuentos son vistos a través de ojos élficos, por así decir, este último gran cuento, bajado a tierra desde el mito y la leyenda, es visto sobre todo a través de los ojos de los Hobbits: de este modo se vuelve de hecho antropocéntrico. Pero a través de los Hobbits, no los llamados Hombres, porque el último Cuento ha de ejemplificar con el máximo de claridad un tema recurrente: el lugar que ocupan en la «política mundial» los actos imprevistos e imprevisibles de la voluntad y las virtuosas hazañas de los aparentemente pequeños, insignificantes, olvidados en el lugar de los Sabios y Grandes (tanto buenos como malvados). Una moraleja de la totalidad (después del simbolismo básico del Anillo como mera voluntad de poder que intenta volverse objetiva mediante la fuerza y el mecanismo físicos y, por tanto, también mediante mentiras) es la evidente de que sin lo elevado y lo noble, lo simple y lo vulgar son por completo mezquinos; y sin lo simple y lo corriente, lo noble y lo heroico carecen por completo de significado.</p> <p> </p> <p><span>* Con la intención de que la palabra se comprenda en sus antiguas significaciones,que continuaron hasta Spenser…, malditos sean Shakespeare y sus condenadas telarañas.</span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p><span>** Aunque he pensado <em>sobre</em> ellas no poco.</span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p><span>*** Concierne fundamentalmente, supongo, al problema de las relaciones del Arte (y la Subcreación) y la Realidad Primaria.</span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p><span>**** Los Hobbits, por supuesto, representan realmente une rama de la raza específicamente <em>humana</em> (ni Elfos ni Humanos); de ahí que las dos especies puedan vivir juntas (como en Bree), y se llaman simplemente la Gente Grande y la Gente Pequeña. Están totalmente privados de poderes sobrehumanos, pero se los representa como en contacto más íntimo con la «naturaleza» (la tierra y otras criaturas vivientes, las plantas y los animales) y anormalmente libres, según lo que es corriente en los humanos, de ambiciones o la codicia de la riqueza. Se los hace <em>pequeños</em> (tienen poco más de la mitad de la estatura de un hombre pero decrecen con la edad) en parte para exhibir la mezquindad del hombre, del hombre estrecho de miras y poco imaginativo, aunque no con la pequeñez ni el salvajismo de Swift, y sobre todo para mostrar en criaturas de muy escasa potencia físisca el asombroso e inesperado heroísmo de los hombres ordinarios «en casos de apuro».</span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p><span>***** En ningún sitio se explica plenamente el lugar de origen o la naturaleza de «los Magos». Su nombre, relacionado con los Sabios, es una anglificación de su nombre élfico, y en todo momento se emplea como enteramente diferente de Hechicero o Brujo. Se descubre finalmente que eran, como podría decirse en el contexto de estos cuentos, el equivalente más cercano de los Ángeles, Ángeles Guardianes. Sus poderes se centran primordialmente en alentar a los enemigos del mal, y estimular su ingenio y valor para que se unan y resistan. Aparecen como ancianos y sabios, y aunque en el mundo ellos mismos sufren (enviados por los potestades del verdadero Oeste), su edad aumenta sólo muy lentamente y sus cabellos grises a penas cambian. Gandalf, cuya función es específicamente vigilar los asuntos humanos (de los Hombres y los Hobbits), continúa su marcha a través de todos los cuentos.</span></p> <p><span></span></p> <p><span>****** La hostilidad de los Enanos y los Elfos (aun de los buenos), un motivo que aparece con frecuencia, deriva de las leyendas de la Primera Edad; las Minas de Moria, las guerras de los Enanos y los Orcos (trasgos, la soldadesca del Señor Oscuro) se refieren a la Segunda edad y a principios de la Tercera.</span></p> <p> </p></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer class="et-l et-l--footer"> <div class="et_builder_inner_content et_pb_gutters3"> <div class="et_pb_section et_pb_section_0_tb_footer et_pb_with_background et_section_regular" > <div class="et_pb_row et_pb_row_0_tb_footer"> <div class="et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et_pb_column_0_tb_footer et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough et-last-child"> <div class="et_pb_module et_pb_image 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