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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indonesian composer and musician (1910–1991)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Koesbini</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Koesbini_in_1965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Koesbini_in_1965.jpg/220px-Koesbini_in_1965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Koesbini_in_1965.jpg/330px-Koesbini_in_1965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Koesbini_in_1965.jpg/440px-Koesbini_in_1965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1135" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Koesbini in 1965</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1910-01-01</span>)</span>1 January 1910<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-02-28)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, Indonesia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Composer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1935–1970</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">"Bagimu Negeri"</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Koesbini</b> (<a href="/wiki/EYD" class="mw-redirect" title="EYD">Perfected Spelling</a>: <b>Kusbini</b>; 1 January 1910 – 28 February 1991) was an Indonesian composer and musician. Born the son of a forest ranger in <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>, he became interested in music at a young age and became a member of a <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>-based orchestra. By the 1930s he was composing his own <i><a href="/wiki/Kroncong" title="Kroncong">kroncong</a></i> songs and playing the violin and singing on radio broadcasts, gaining enough popularity to be contracted to Majestic Films in 1941 and score two films. During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a>, he composed the song "Bagimu Negeri", later considered his most significant work. During the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, Koesbini supported the republican government, and after the revolution concluded he operated his own music school while working for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)">Ministry of Teaching, Education, and Culture</a> and continuing to write new songs. </p><p>From a young age Koesbini wrote a mixture of nationalist and popular songs, generally in the <i>kroncong</i> style. In his collaborations he would allow others, such as the authors <a href="/wiki/Armijn_Pane" title="Armijn Pane">Armijn Pane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achdiat_Karta_Mihardja" title="Achdiat Karta Mihardja">Achdiat K. Mihardja</a>, to serve as lyricists. He wrote original songs for two films, <i><a href="/wiki/Djantoeng_Hati" title="Djantoeng Hati">Djantoeng Hati</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Mata_Iboe" title="Air Mata Iboe">Air Mata Iboe</a></i> (both 1941), as well as several stage plays. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koesbini was born in Kemlagi, a village in <a href="/wiki/Mojokerto" title="Mojokerto">Mojokerto</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">eastern Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, on 1 January 1910, a <a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Legi Friday</a>. He was the third son born to Koesnio, a forest ranger, and Moesinah. He considered his childhood as the son of a ranger, constantly moving about, to have helped him develop nationalistic leanings. Koesbini began his formal schooling at a <a href="/wiki/Hollandsch-Inlandsche_School" title="Hollandsch-Inlandsche School">Hollandsch-Inlandsche School</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Jombang_Regency" title="Jombang Regency">Jombang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056–57_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056–57-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to study at a <a href="/wiki/Meer_Uitgebreid_Lager_Onderwijs" title="Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs">MULO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>; he continued his education at the S. de Senerpont Domis <a href="/wiki/Trade_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade school">trade school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_career">Musical career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Musical career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a child, Koesbini enjoyed music, <a href="/wiki/Autodidactism" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodidactism">learning on his own</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Surabaya he joined the Jong Indisch Stryk-en Tokkel Orchestra under his brother, Koesbandi. In 1927 he left to attend a music course at the Apollo Music School in <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a>, staying there until 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1935 and 1939 he was a violin player and singer for the <a href="/wiki/NIROM" title="NIROM">NIROM</a> and CIRVO broadcasts in Surabaya, and was soon contracted by the Hoo Soen Hoo gramophone company to produce <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koesbini soon began writing, arranging, and orchestrating <i><a href="/wiki/Kroncong" title="Kroncong">kroncong</a></i> songs; these included songs with nationalist themes such as "Kewadjiban Manoesia", "Tjinta Tanah Air", and "Merdeka", as well as more popular tunes such as "Krontjong Poerbakala", "Bintang Sendjakala", and "Kerontjong Sarinande".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058–59_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058–59-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also wrote tunes to lyrics by other authors, such as "Padi Mengoening" (lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Armijn_Pane" title="Armijn Pane">Armijn Pane</a>), "Rontje Melati" (lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Achdiat_K._Mihardja" class="mw-redirect" title="Achdiat K. Mihardja">Achdiat K. Mihardja</a>), and "Lagu Kasihku" (lyrics by Kirdjomuljo).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Ensiklopedi Musik Indonesia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Remy_Sylado" title="Remy Sylado">Remy Sylado</a> noted that Koesbini would often perform <i>kroncong</i> adaptations of popular Western songs such as <a href="/wiki/Ballard_MacDonald" title="Ballard MacDonald">Ballard MacDonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Carroll" title="Harry Carroll">Harry Carroll</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Trail_of_the_Lonesome_Pine_(song)" title="The Trail of the Lonesome Pine (song)">The Trail of the Lonesome Pine</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Toselli" title="Enrico Toselli">Enrico Toselli</a>'s "Serenata", giving them Malay-language names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009115_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1941 Koesbini was contracted by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Young_(director)" title="Fred Young (director)">Fred Young</a>'s Majestic Film Company as a <a href="/wiki/Music_director" title="Music director">music director</a>; his troupe, the Krontjong Syncopaters, joined as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe29_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe29-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the company's first production, <i><a href="/wiki/Djantoeng_Hati" title="Djantoeng Hati">Djantoeng Hati</a></i>, he wrote seven <i>kroncong</i> songs to be sung by the main cast;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilmindonesia.or.id,_Djantoeng_Hati_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilmindonesia.or.id,_Djantoeng_Hati-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the title song, "Djantoeng Hati", he led a 60-strong orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majestic's second and final film, <i><a href="/wiki/Air_Mata_Iboe" title="Air Mata Iboe">Air Mata Iboe</a></i>, featured eleven <i>kroncong</i> songs, many by Koesbini; the music director also took on the role of Bakar, a man too poor to support his mother-in-law (<a href="/wiki/Fifi_Young" title="Fifi Young">Fifi Young</a>) after she is driven from her home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe30_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe30-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the company was based in Malang, much of its shooting was conducted in the colonial capital of <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>; Koesbini soon moved there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koesbini,_Bintang_Radio_1.2,_p18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Koesbini%2C_Bintang_Radio_1.2%2C_p18.jpg/170px-Koesbini%2C_Bintang_Radio_1.2%2C_p18.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Koesbini%2C_Bintang_Radio_1.2%2C_p18.jpg/255px-Koesbini%2C_Bintang_Radio_1.2%2C_p18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Koesbini%2C_Bintang_Radio_1.2%2C_p18.jpg/340px-Koesbini%2C_Bintang_Radio_1.2%2C_p18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>Koesbini in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a> began in 1942, Koesbini worked for the Japanese-run Cultural Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon migrated to the People's Labour Center<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Poetera) in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cikini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cikini (page does not exist)">Cikini</a>, Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942 he composed the song "Bagimu Negeri", singing to the nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> an early version of the song, which used the term <i><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Indonesia raya</a></i> ('Greater Indonesia') in the final line. Though Sukarno approved of the song's nationalist sentiments, he demanded that the final line be changed; <i>Indonesia raya</i> was thus replaced by <i>jiwa raga kami</i> ('our bodies and souls'). According to Hari Budiono, this change allowed Koesbini to escape censorship during the occupation, as the song had no explicit mention of Indonesia;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199057_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199057-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indeed, "Bagimu Negeri" was first broadcast on a Japanese-run radio station, sung by <a href="/wiki/Saridjah_Niung" title="Saridjah Niung">Ibu Sud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Indonesia">Independent Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independent Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the occupation, Koesbini provided music for several pro-nationalist stage plays, including <i>Lukisan Zaman</i> (<i>Portrait of the Times</i>, by Armijn Pane). During the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a> (1945–1949), he was a member of the Committee for the National Anthem "<a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Indonesia Raya</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his work with this committee concluded in 1949, he decided to stay in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koesbini was taken on as an employee of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_and_Culture_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Education and Culture (Indonesia)">Ministry of Teaching, Education, and Culture</a>, heading the music office of the Yogyakarta branch of the ministry. He continued to write songs with a number of musicians, including Himodigdojo, D. Suradji, and Sri Murtono; many, such as his "Hymne The New Emerging Forces" ("Hymn of the New Emerging Forces") and "Nasakom Bersatu" ("<a href="/wiki/Nasakom" title="Nasakom">Nasakom</a> Unite", lyrics by Subronto), contained nationalist themes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196528_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196528-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also compiled song lyrics and information on the history of Indonesian music<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196528_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196528-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and operated a music school, the Sanggar Olah Seni Indonesia, which he established in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199059_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199059-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1965, "Bagimu Negeri" was considered compulsory for Indonesian elementary school students;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is still considered Koesbini's most enduring song.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009115_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009115-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koesbini was awarded the Arts and Culture Award from the Indonesian government in 1972, followed by an award for by the commander of National Defense Area II (Pangkowilhan II) in 1976. On 27 May 1987 the state television network <a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">TVRI</a> broadcast a biographical documentary on him as part of a series on Indonesian cultural figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1990, Koesbini and his wife Ngadiyan had had eleven children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Koesbini's death on 28 February 1991, he was buried in a simple ceremony to the sound of "Perdamaian", one of his compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuspa_Swara_Team2007176_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuspa_Swara_Team2007176-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The road in front of his home was renamed Koesbini Street by the Yogyakarta Municipal Government. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Sanggar Olah Seni Indonesia is still maintained by Koesbini's children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009116_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009116-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An elementary school for <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">indigenous Indonesians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Indonesian, <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Poesat Keboedajaan</i></span>; in Japanese, <i>Keimin Bunka Shidōsho</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">啓民文化指導所</span></span>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Original: Poesat Tenaga Rakjat</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other members included <a href="/wiki/Ki_Hadjar_Dewantara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ki Hadjar Dewantara">Ki Hadjar Dewantara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Yamin">Muhammad Yamin</a>, Cornel Simanjuntak, <a href="/wiki/Saridjah_Niung" title="Saridjah Niung">Ibu Sud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanusi_Pane" title="Sanusi Pane">Sanusi Pane</a> (<a href="#CITEREFKamadjaja1965">Kamadjaja 1965</a>, p. 27).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056–57-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056–57_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiono1990">Budiono 1990</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196525_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamadjaja1965">Kamadjaja 1965</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196526_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamadjaja1965">Kamadjaja 1965</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058–59-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058–59_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiono1990">Budiono 1990</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196527_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamadjaja1965">Kamadjaja 1965</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009115-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009115_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009115_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimanjuntak2009">Simanjuntak 2009</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe29-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe29_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe">Pertjatoeran Doenia 1941, Air Mata Iboe</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilmindonesia.or.id,_Djantoeng_Hati-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilmindonesia.or.id,_Djantoeng_Hati_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilmindonesia.or.id,_Djantoeng_Hati">Filmindonesia.or.id, Djantoeng Hati</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe30-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe30_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe">Pertjatoeran Doenia 1941, Air Mata Iboe</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199057-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199057_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiono1990">Budiono 1990</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199058_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiono1990">Budiono 1990</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196528-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196528_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKamadjaja196528_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKamadjaja1965">Kamadjaja 1965</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199059-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199059_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiono1990">Budiono 1990</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudiono199056_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBudiono1990">Budiono 1990</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuspa_Swara_Team2007176-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuspa_Swara_Team2007176_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuspa_Swara_Team2007">Puspa Swara Team 2007</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009116-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimanjuntak2009116_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimanjuntak2009">Simanjuntak 2009</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPertjatoeran_Doenia_1941,_Air_Mata_Iboe" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Air Mata Iboe". <i>Pertjatoeran Doenia Dan Film</i> (in Indonesian). <b>1</b> (7). Batavia: <span class="nowrap">29–</span>32. December 1941.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pertjatoeran+Doenia+Dan+Film&rft.atitle=Air+Mata+Iboe&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1941-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoesbini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudiono1990" class="citation book cs1">Budiono, Hari (1990). "Sebuah Harapan Si Buaya Kroncong" [A Hope for the Crocodile of Kroncong]. In Ashadi Siregar (ed.). <i>33 Profil Budayawan Indonesia</i> [<i>33 Profiles of Indonesian Cultural Figures</i>]. Jakarta: Directorate of Television. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23142568">23142568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sebuah+Harapan+Si+Buaya+Kroncong&rft.btitle=33+Profil+Budayawan+Indonesia&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Television&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23142568&rft.aulast=Budiono&rft.aufirst=Hari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoesbini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilmindonesia.or.id,_Djantoeng_Hati" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202195749/http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-d013-41-163161_djantoeng-hati">"Djantoeng Hati"</a>. <i>filmindonesia.or.id</i> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Konfidan Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filmindonesia.or.id/movie/title/lf-d013-41-163161_djantoeng-hati">the original</a> on 2 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=filmindonesia.or.id&rft.atitle=Djantoeng+Hati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffilmindonesia.or.id%2Fmovie%2Ftitle%2Flf-d013-41-163161_djantoeng-hati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoesbini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamadjaja1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kamadjaja" title="Kamadjaja">Kamadjaja</a> (1965). "Kusbini: Ahli dan Pedjuang Musik jang Konsekwen" [Kusbini: A Consequential Musical Expert and Revolutionary]. <i>16 Lagu Wadjib</i> [<i>16 Compulsory Songs</i>]. Jakarta: U.P. Indonesia. pp. <span class="nowrap">25–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10285725">10285725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kusbini%3A+Ahli+dan+Pedjuang+Musik+jang+Konsekwen&rft.btitle=16+Lagu+Wadjib&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.pub=U.P.+Indonesia&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10285725&rft.au=Kamadjaja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoesbini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuspa_Swara_Team2007" class="citation book cs1">Puspa Swara Team (2007). <i>Kumpulan Lagu Nasional: Persembahan untuk Indonesiaku</i> [<i>Collection of National Songs: An Offering to My Indonesia</i>]. Depok: Puspa Swara. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-1133-71-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-1133-71-5"><bdi>978-979-1133-71-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kumpulan+Lagu+Nasional%3A+Persembahan+untuk+Indonesiaku&rft.place=Depok&rft.pub=Puspa+Swara&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-979-1133-71-5&rft.au=Puspa+Swara+Team&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoesbini" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak2009" class="citation book cs1">Simanjuntak, Hamonangan, ed. (2009). <i>100 Tokoh yang Mengubah Indonesia</i> [<i>100 Figures who Changed Indonesia</i>]. Yogyakarta: Narasi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-16815-3-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-16815-3-7"><bdi>978-979-16815-3-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Tokoh+yang+Mengubah+Indonesia&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.pub=Narasi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-979-16815-3-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKoesbini" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000034614917">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1467239">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMm89PpBfJ3kqpRv7CQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85329419">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p142344214">Netherlands</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&oldid=1181365974">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koesbini&oldid=1181365974</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910_births" title="Category:1910 births">1910 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">1991 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_composers" 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