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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Japanese Surrender</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Japanese_Surrender-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Japanese Surrender subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Japanese_Surrender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_and_Bersiap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_Bersiap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Revolution and Bersiap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_Bersiap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation_of_the_Republican_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_of_the_Republican_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Formation of the Republican government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_of_the_Republican_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_Situation_(1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_Situation_(1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Allied Situation (1945)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Allied_Situation_(1945)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Allied Situation (1945) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Allied_Situation_(1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allied_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Allied occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Surabaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Surabaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle of Surabaya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Surabaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Situation_from_Dutch_Landing_on_Java_until_Linggadjati_--_circa_January–December_1946" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Situation_from_Dutch_Landing_on_Java_until_Linggadjati_--_circa_January–December_1946"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Situation from Dutch Landing on Java until Linggadjati -- circa January–December 1946</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Situation_from_Dutch_Landing_on_Java_until_Linggadjati_--_circa_January–December_1946-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_and_major_military_engagements_(1946–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_and_major_military_engagements_(1946–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Diplomacy and major military engagements (1946–1948)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diplomacy_and_major_military_engagements_(1946–1948)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diplomacy and major military engagements (1946–1948) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_and_major_military_engagements_(1946–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linggadjati_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linggadjati_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Linggadjati Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linggadjati_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Product" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Product"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Operation Product</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Product-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renville_Agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renville_Agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Renville Agreement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renville_Agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Crow_and_General_Offensive_(Serangan_Oemoem)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Crow_and_General_Offensive_(Serangan_Oemoem)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Operation Crow and General Offensive (<i>Serangan Oemoem</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Crow_and_General_Offensive_(Serangan_Oemoem)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_turmoil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_turmoil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Internal turmoil</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Internal_turmoil-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Internal turmoil subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Internal_turmoil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_revolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_revolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social revolutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_revolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_and_Islamist_insurgencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_and_Islamist_insurgencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Communist and Islamist insurgencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_and_Islamist_insurgencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_of_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_of_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transfer of sovereignty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_of_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impacts_and_casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_and_casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Impacts and casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_and_casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_apologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_apologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Dutch apologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_apologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian National Revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة الوطنية الإندونيسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة الوطنية الإندونيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_indonesia" title="Revolución indonesia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución indonesia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ndoneziya_%C4%B0stiqlal_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="İndoneziya İstiqlal müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İndoneziya İstiqlal müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="اندونزی باغیمسیزلیق ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اندونزی باغیمسیزلیق ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="ইন্দোনেশীয় জাতীয় বিপ্লব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইন্দোনেশীয় জাতীয় বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-n%C3%AE_B%C3%AEn-cho%CC%8Dk_Kek-b%C4%93ng" title="Ìn-nî Bîn-cho̍k Kek-bēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-nî Bîn-cho̍k Kek-bēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%A1%D2%BB%D0%BE%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%BE_%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Индонезия бойондороҡһоҙлоғо өсөн һуғыш – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Индонезия бойондороҡһоҙлоғо өсөн һуғыш" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%96" title="Вайна за незалежнасць Інданезіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вайна за незалежнасць Інданезіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_Nacional_Indon%C3%A8sia" title="Revolució Nacional Indonèsia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució Nacional Indonèsia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_revoluce" title="Indonéská národní revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indonéská národní revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesischer_Unabh%C3%A4ngigkeitskrieg" title="Indonesischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indonesischer Unabhängigkeitskrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoneesia_rahvuslik_revolutsioon" title="Indoneesia rahvuslik revolutsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Indoneesia rahvuslik revolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_indonesia" title="Revolución indonesia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución indonesia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiako_Iraultza_Nazionala" title="Indonesiako Iraultza Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indonesiako Iraultza Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="جنگ استقلال اندونزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ استقلال اندونزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale_indon%C3%A9sienne" title="Révolution nationale indonésienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution nationale indonésienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="인도네시아 독립 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도네시아 독립 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="इंडोनेशियाई राष्ट्रीय क्रांति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंडोनेशियाई राष्ट्रीय क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezijska_nacionalna_revolucija" title="Indonezijska nacionalna revolucija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indonezijska nacionalna revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27indipendenza_indonesiana" title="Guerra d'indipendenza indonesiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra d'indipendenza indonesiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת העצמאות של אינדונזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת העצמאות של אינדונזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C4%93zijas_neatkar%C4%ABbas_kar%C5%A1" title="Indonēzijas neatkarības karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indonēzijas neatkarības karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indon%C3%A9z_f%C3%BCggetlens%C3%A9gi_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Indonéz függetlenségi háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indonéz függetlenségi háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ ദേശീയ വിപ്ലവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ ദേശീയ വിപ്ലവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesische_Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" title="Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="インドネシア独立戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インドネシア独立戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_indonesiske_nasjonalrevolusjonen" title="Den indonesiske nasjonalrevolusjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den indonesiske nasjonalrevolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د اندونیزیا ملي انقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اندونیزیا ملي انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonezyjska_Rewolucja_Narodowa" title="Indonezyjska Rewolucja Narodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indonezyjska Rewolucja Narodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_da_Indon%C3%A9sia" title="Revolução Nacional da Indonésia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução Nacional da Indonésia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Война за независимость Индонезии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Война за независимость Индонезии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Индонежански рат за независност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индонежански рат за независност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_vallankumous" title="Indonesian vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Indonesian vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a 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Ulusal Devrimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Endonezya Ulusal Devrimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%97" title="Війна за незалежність Індонезії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війна за незалежність Індонезії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="انڈونیشی قومی انقلاب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انڈونیشی قومی انقلاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_D%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_Indonesia" title="Cách mạng Dân tộc Indonesia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cách mạng Dân tộc Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="印尼獨立革命 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印尼獨立革命" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="印度尼西亚民族革命 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度尼西亚民族革命" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaman_Siap-siapan" title="Jaman Siap-siapan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jaman Siap-siapan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Nasional_Indonesia" title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Revolusi Nasional Indonesia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until June 10, 2025 at 16:45 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1945–49 Indonesian conflict and diplomatic struggle against Dutch rule</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the violent revolution and unrest in 1998, see <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">May 1998 riots of Indonesia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Indonesian National Revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath of World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Asia" title="Decolonisation of Asia">decolonisation of Asia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sukarno reading the proclamation of Indonesian independence. To the far right is Mohammad Hatta. 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Indonesian soldiers marches through an empty street. 12 November 1949"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Een_afdeling_TNI_militairen_marcheert_door_een_lege_straat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_888.jpg/139px-Een_afdeling_TNI_militairen_marcheert_door_een_lege_straat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_888.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Een_afdeling_TNI_militairen_marcheert_door_een_lege_straat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_888.jpg/209px-Een_afdeling_TNI_militairen_marcheert_door_een_lege_straat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Een_afdeling_TNI_militairen_marcheert_door_een_lege_straat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_888.jpg/278px-Een_afdeling_TNI_militairen_marcheert_door_een_lege_straat%2C_Bestanddeelnr_888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3774" data-file-height="2486" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_Burnt_Out_During_The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE5724.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The burnt-out LaSalle 1940 Series 52 Sedan of the late Brigadier Mallaby on the spot where he was murdered by Indonesian nationalists in Surabaya (Soerabaja) on 31 October 1945."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_Burnt_Out_During_The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE5724.jpg/110px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_Burnt_Out_During_The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE5724.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_Burnt_Out_During_The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE5724.jpg/165px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_Burnt_Out_During_The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE5724.jpg 1.5x, 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Militairen_rennen_in_een_kampong%2C_waar_een_aantal_huizen_in_brand_staan%2C_Bestanddeelnr_39-4-6.jpg/261px-Militairen_rennen_in_een_kampong%2C_waar_een_aantal_huizen_in_brand_staan%2C_Bestanddeelnr_39-4-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Militairen_rennen_in_een_kampong%2C_waar_een_aantal_huizen_in_brand_staan%2C_Bestanddeelnr_39-4-6.jpg/348px-Militairen_rennen_in_een_kampong%2C_waar_een_aantal_huizen_in_brand_staan%2C_Bestanddeelnr_39-4-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3777" data-file-height="2486" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Een_groep_Recce_M3_Stuart_tanks_passeert_geparkeerde_vrachtwagen._Bestanddeelnr_5740.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A group of Dutch turretless M3 Stuart reconnaissance tanks pass a line of parked trucks, watched by a captain of Dutch 5 Brigade, 20 December 1948."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Een_groep_Recce_M3_Stuart_tanks_passeert_geparkeerde_vrachtwagen._Bestanddeelnr_5740.jpg/151px-Een_groep_Recce_M3_Stuart_tanks_passeert_geparkeerde_vrachtwagen._Bestanddeelnr_5740.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Een_groep_Recce_M3_Stuart_tanks_passeert_geparkeerde_vrachtwagen._Bestanddeelnr_5740.jpg/227px-Een_groep_Recce_M3_Stuart_tanks_passeert_geparkeerde_vrachtwagen._Bestanddeelnr_5740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Een_groep_Recce_M3_Stuart_tanks_passeert_geparkeerde_vrachtwagen._Bestanddeelnr_5740.jpg/302px-Een_groep_Recce_M3_Stuart_tanks_passeert_geparkeerde_vrachtwagen._Bestanddeelnr_5740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3792" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:135px;max-width:135px"><div style="height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soevereiniteitsoverdracht_Indonesi%C3%AB._Koningin_Juliana_tekent_de_akte,_Bestanddeelnr_934-5295.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Queen Juliana of the Netherlands signing the treaty that transferred sovereignty to Indonesia, 27 December 1949."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Soevereiniteitsoverdracht_Indonesi%C3%AB._Koningin_Juliana_tekent_de_akte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-5295.jpg/133px-Soevereiniteitsoverdracht_Indonesi%C3%AB._Koningin_Juliana_tekent_de_akte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-5295.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Soevereiniteitsoverdracht_Indonesi%C3%AB._Koningin_Juliana_tekent_de_akte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-5295.jpg/200px-Soevereiniteitsoverdracht_Indonesi%C3%AB._Koningin_Juliana_tekent_de_akte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-5295.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Soevereiniteitsoverdracht_Indonesi%C3%AB._Koningin_Juliana_tekent_de_akte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-5295.jpg/266px-Soevereiniteitsoverdracht_Indonesi%C3%AB._Koningin_Juliana_tekent_de_akte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-5295.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2484" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><br /><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><b>From top, left to right:</b></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a> proclaimed Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Indonesian soldiers in the streets, November 1949. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Remains of the car of Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Aubertin_Walter_Sothern_Mallaby" title="Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby">Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby</a>, where he was killed on 30 October 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Battle of Surabaya</a>. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> A village near <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Sea_of_Fire" title="Bandung Sea of Fire">a number of houses were set on fire</a>. Two Indonesian soldiers are visible on the left of the picture. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Dutch forces during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Kraai" title="Operation Kraai">Operation Kraai</a>, 1948. </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Queen <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana of the Netherlands</a> signing the <i>Soevereiniteitsoverdracht</i> (Transfer of Sovereignty) of Indonesia. </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>17 August 1945 – 27 December 1949<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1945-08-17</span> – <span class="dtend">1949-12-27</span>)</span><br />(4 years, 4 months, 1 week and 3 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Independence of Indonesia from the Netherlands</li> <li>End of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_colonial_empire" title="Dutch colonial empire">Dutch colonial empire</a> rule over most parts of Indonesia, as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> ceased to exist</li> <li>Dutch recognition of the Indonesian independence in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch-Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference</a></li> <li>Formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></li> <li>Creation of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Netherlands-Indonesia Union</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> cedes control of most territories of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia">PDRI</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">TNI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Police.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Police.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Police.png/35px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Police.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Police.png/46px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_National_Police.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1280" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">POLRI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdouts</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <hr /> <small><b>Internal conflict:</b></small><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">DI/TII</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Front_(Indonesia)" title="People's Democratic Front (Indonesia)">FDR</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">KNIL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Indies_Civil_Administration" title="Netherlands Indies Civil Administration">NICA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pao_An_Tui.svg/15px-Pao_An_Tui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pao_An_Tui.svg/23px-Pao_An_Tui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pao_An_Tui.svg/30px-Pao_An_Tui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="703" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pao_An_Tui" title="Pao An Tui">Pao An Tui</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-until1946_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-until1946-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a><sup id="cite_ref-until1946_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-until1946-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Surrendered_Personnel" title="Japanese Surrendered Personnel">Japan</a><sup id="cite_ref-until1946_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-until1946-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">M. Hatta</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oerip_Soemohardjo" title="Oerip Soemohardjo">O. Soemohardjo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hamengkubuwono_IX" title="Hamengkubuwono IX">HB IX</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gatot_Soebroto" title="Gatot Soebroto">Gatot Soebroto</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">A.H Nasution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-ranking_commanders_of_the_Indonesian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="List of high-ranking commanders of the Indonesian War of Independence"><i>and others...</i></a> </p> <hr /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosuwirjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo">S.M Kartosoewirjo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Fatah" title="Amir Fatah">Amir Fatah</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Musso" title="Musso">Musso</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Amir_Sjarifuddin" title="Amir Sjarifuddin">A. Sjarifuddin</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">D. N. Aidit</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Beel" title="Louis Beel">Louis Beel</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hubertus_van_Mook" title="Hubertus van Mook">Hubertus van Mook</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Spoor" title="Simon Spoor">Simon Spoor</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Lovink" title="Tony Lovink">Tony Lovink</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdulkadir_Widjojoatmodjo" title="Abdulkadir Widjojoatmodjo">A. Widjojoatmodjo</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Westerling" title="Raymond Westerling">Raymond Westerling</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aubertin_Walter_Sothern_Mallaby" title="Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby">A.W.S Mallaby</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mansergh" title="Robert Mansergh">Robert Mansergh</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Christison" title="Philip Christison">Philip Christison</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>Republican Army</b>: 150,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Youth volunteers</b>: 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Japanese volunteers</b>: 903<sup id="cite_ref-ji2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ji2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Indian defectors</b>: 600<sup id="cite_ref-mi_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>Netherlands</b>: 220,000<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>United Kingdom</b>: 45,000<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Japan</b>: 35,000<sup id="cite_ref-salim_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salim-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>Indonesia</b>: (civilian and combatants): 97,421 (confirmed killed)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Exeter_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exeter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />100,000 killed (highest estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-Exeter_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exeter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend1988228_and_237_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend1988228_and_237-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPendit1988Stoler1985103ToerToerKamil2005aToerToerKamil2005bToerToerKamil2005cToerToerKamil2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendit1988Stoler1985103ToerToerKamil2005aToerToerKamil2005bToerToerKamil2005cToerToerKamil2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Japanese volunteers</b>: 531 killed<sup id="cite_ref-ji2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ji2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Indian defectors</b>: 525 killed<sup id="cite_ref-mi_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mi-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist">• <b>Netherlands</b>: 4,585 killed<sup id="cite_ref-niod_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niod-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>• <b>United Kingdom</b>: 980 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1969544_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1969544-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>• <b>Japan</b>: 1,293 killed<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>• 5,500–20,000 <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo people</a> and European civilians killed and 2,500 missing<sup id="cite_ref-NIOD_FAQ_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOD_FAQ-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIOD_Kemperman_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOD_Kemperman-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguwo_air_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Maguwo air base">Maguwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kotabaru" title="Battle of Kotabaru">Kotabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Semarang" title="Battle of Semarang">Semarang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_Kali_Bekasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedy of Kali Bekasi">Bekasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Padang_Area" title="Battle of Padang Area">Padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medan" title="Battle of Medan">Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambarawa" title="Battle of Ambarawa">Ambarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bojong_Kokosan" title="Battle of Bojong Kokosan">Bojong Kokosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolaka_incident" title="Kolaka incident">Kolaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbok_affair" title="Cumbok affair">Cumbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Physical_Revolution" title="Kalimantan Physical Revolution">Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Desa_War" title="Dayak Desa War">West Kalimantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumai" title="Battle of Kumai">Kumai</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1946</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lengkong_incident" title="Lengkong incident">Lengkong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sumatra_revolution" title="East Sumatra revolution">East Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Sea_of_Fire" title="Bandung Sea of Fire">Bandung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bali_Strait" title="Battle of Bali Strait"> Bali Strait</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3_July_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="3 July affair">3 July</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Margarana" title="Battle of Margarana">Margarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_campaign_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947">South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> <p><b>1947–1948</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Lima_Hari_Lima_Malam_di_Palembang" class="extiw" title="id:Pertempuran Lima Hari Lima Malam di Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/3_March_affair" title="3 March affair">3 March</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Product" title="Operation Product">Product</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rawagede_massacre" title="Rawagede massacre">Rawagede</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergosono_massacre" title="Mergosono massacre">Mergosono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karangresik" title="Battle of Karangresik">Karangresik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerbong_Maut_incident" title="Gerbong Maut incident">Bondowoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Madiun affair">Madiun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kraai" title="Operation Kraai">Kraai</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rengat_massacre" title="Rengat massacre">Rengat</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1949</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciseupan" title="Battle of Ciseupan">Ciseupan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_and_Surakarta_Offensive" title="Yogyakarta and Surakarta Offensive">Yogyakarta and Surakarta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Offensive_of_1_March_1949" title="General Offensive of 1 March 1949">Yogyakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Surakarta" title="Siege of Surakarta">Surakarta</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Post-<a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">RTC</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APRA_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="APRA coup d'état"><i>APRA</i> coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_Uprising" title="Makassar Uprising">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Ambon" title="Invasion of Ambon">Ambon</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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period</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island_incident" title="Ganghwa Island incident">Ganghwa (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Disposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Disposition">Ryukyu (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">Manchuria, Korea, and Taiwan (1894–1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Liaodong Peninsula (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">China (1899–1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Manchuria and Korea (1904–1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Korea (1910)</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Taishō period">Taishō period</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_German_colonial_possessions" title="Japanese occupation of German colonial possessions">German Pacific possesions (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberia (1918–1922)</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_(1926%E2%80%931989)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shōwa (1926–1989)">Shōwa period</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria and Inner Mongolia (1931–1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China (1937–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Asia-Pacific (1941–1945)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dutch_colonial_conflicts11372" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>17th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bantam" title="Battle of Bantam">Bantam (1601)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Amboina" title="Capture of Amboina">Amboina (1605)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malacca_(1606)" title="Siege of Malacca (1606)">Malacca (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Rachado" title="Battle of Cape Rachado">Cape Rachado (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pulo_Buton" title="Battle of Pulo Buton">Pulo Buton (1606)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1607)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1607)">Mozambique (1607)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mozambique_(1608)" title="Siege of Mozambique (1608)">Mozambique (1608)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Banda Islands (1609–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_invasion_of_Johor" title="Acehnese invasion of Johor">Johor (1613)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Macau" title="Battle of Macau">Macau (1622)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Pescadores (1622–24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Salvador">Salvador (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filips_van_Zuylen%27s_campaign_agaisnt_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Filips van Zuylen's campaign agaisnt Luanda">Luanda (1624)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_1_February_1625" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 1 February 1625">Persian Gulf (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Salvador">Salvador (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1625)" title="Battle of Elmina (1625)">Elmina (1625)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_in_the_Bay_of_Matanzas" title="Battle in the Bay of Matanzas">Cuba (1628)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Batavia" title="Siege of Batavia">Batavia (1628–29)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Recife_(1630)" title="Siege of Recife (1630)">Recife (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jambi" title="Battle of Jambi">Jambi (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abrolhos" title="Battle of Abrolhos">Abrolhos (1631)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Liaoluo Bay (1633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_pacification_campaign_on_Formosa" title="Dutch pacification campaign on Formosa">Taiwan (1635–36)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mata_Redonda" title="Battle of Mata Redonda">Brazil (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Liuqiu Island (1636)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_Porto_Calvo" title="Campaign of Porto Calvo">Porto Calvo (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elmina_(1637)" title="Battle of Elmina (1637)">Elmina (1637)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%E1%BB%8Bnh%E2%80%93Nguy%E1%BB%85n_War" title="Trịnh–Nguyễn War">Vietnam (1637–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goa_(1638)" title="Battle of Goa (1638)">Goa (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salvador_(1638)" title="Siege of Salvador (1638)">Salvador (1638)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_30_September_1639" title="Action of 30 September 1639">Mormugão (1639)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_12%E2%80%9317_January_1640" title="Action of 12–17 January 1640">Itamaracá (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Galle_(1640)" title="Siege of Galle (1640)">Ceylon (1640)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malacca_(1641)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malacca (1641)">Malacca (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Luanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Luanda">Luanda (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1641)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1641)">Taiwan (1641)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Salvador_(1642)" title="Battle of San Salvador (1642)">Taiwan (1642)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Valdivia" title="Dutch expedition to Valdivia">Chile (1643)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodia (1643–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">New Netherland (1643–45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Carical_Conflict" title="Dano-Carical Conflict">India (1644-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabocas" title="Battle of Tabocas">Tabocas (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casa_Forte" title="Battle of Casa Forte">Brazil (1645)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_La_Naval_de_Manila" title="Battles of La Naval de Manila">Philippines (1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Kombi (1647)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="First Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1648)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Guararapes" title="Second Battle of Guararapes">Guararapes (1649)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Huaiyi Rebellion">Taiwan (1652)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Recife_(1652-54)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Recife (1652-54)">2nd Recife (1652-1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_May_1654" class="mw-redirect" title="Action of 2 May 1654">2nd Colombo (1654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mannar_(1658)" title="Battle of Mannar (1658)">Mannar (1658)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Malabar_(1658-1663)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Malabar (1658-1663)">Malabar (1658-1663)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esopus_Wars" title="Esopus Wars">New Netherland (1659–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi%E2%80%93Dutch_Wars" title="Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars">Cape Colony (1659-1677)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Formosa (1661–62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan-Dutch_War_(1670-1675)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandyan-Dutch War (1670-1675)">Ceylon (1670-1670)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masulipatnam" title="Battle of Masulipatnam">India (1673)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunajaya_rebellion" title="Trunajaya rebellion">Java (1674–80)</a></li></ul> <p><b>18th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="First Javanese War of Succession">Java (1704–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Second Javanese War of Succession">Java (1719–23)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Travancore–Dutch War">India (1739–41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Java War (1741–1743)">Java (1741–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penfui" title="Battle of Penfui">Penfui (1749)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Javanese_War_of_Succession" title="Third Javanese War of Succession">Java (1749–57)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan%E2%80%93Dutch_war_(1764%E2%80%931766)" title="Kandyan–Dutch war (1764–1766)">Ceylon (1764-1766)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Negapatam" title="Siege of Negapatam">India (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Sumatra" title="Raid on Sumatra">Sumatra (1781)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Trincomalee" title="Capture of Trincomalee">Ceylon (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley%27s_Gold_Coast_expedition" title="Shirley's Gold Coast expedition">Gold Coast (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">Cape Colony (1795)</a></li></ul> <p><b>19th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Surinam_(1804)" title="Invasion of Surinam (1804)">Surinam (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Cape Colony (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_campaign_of_1806%E2%80%9307" class="mw-redirect" title="Java campaign of 1806–07">Java (1806–07)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Spice_Islands" title="Invasion of the Spice Islands">Moluccas (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Java_(1811)" title="Invasion of Java (1811)">Java (1811)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Algiers (1816)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioners-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Interlude:_the_suppression_of_the_insurrection_of_Pattimura" title="Commissioners-General of the Dutch East Indies">Ambon (1817)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_expedition_to_Palembang" title="First expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_expedition_to_Palembang" title="Second expedition to Palembang">Palembang (1821)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Sumatra (1821–37)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_the_West_Coast_of_Borneo" title="Expedition to the West Coast of Borneo">Borneo (1823)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bone_War" title="First Bone War">Bone (1824–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java (1825–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_on_the_west_coast_of_Sumatra" title="Dutch expedition on the west coast of Sumatra">Aceh (1831)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Ahanta_War" title="Dutch–Ahanta War">Ahanta (1837–39)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1846)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1846)">Bali (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Northern_Bali_(1848)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch intervention in Northern Bali (1848)">Bali (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1849)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1849)">Bali (1849)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_Bovenlanden_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="Palembang Bovenlanden Expeditions">Palembang (1851–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_against_the_Chinese_in_Montrado" title="Expedition against the Chinese in Montrado">Montrado (1854–55)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_Expedition" title="Nias Expedition">Nias (1855–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1858)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1858)">Bali (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bone_War" title="Second Bone War">Bone (1858–59)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjarmasin_War" title="Banjarmasin War">Borneo (1859–63)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Shimonoseki" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles for Shimonoseki">Japan (1863–64)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasoemah_Expedition" title="Pasoemah Expedition">Pasoemah (1864–68)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Gold_Coast_expedition_of_1869%E2%80%9370" title="Dutch Gold Coast expedition of 1869–70">Gold Coast (1869–70)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_War" title="Aceh War">Aceh (1873–1904)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_uprising_in_Mandor,_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese uprising in Mandor, Borneo">Mandor (1884–85)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambi_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Jambi Uprising">Jambi (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edi_Expedition" title="Edi Expedition">Edi (1890)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Lombok_and_Karangasem" title="Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem">Lombok and Karangasem (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedir_Expedition" title="Pedir Expedition">Pedir (1897–98)</a></li></ul> <p><b>20th century</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Expedition" title="Kerinci Expedition">Kerinci (1903)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Bone_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Bone War">Bone (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1906)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)">Bali (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_intervention_in_Bali_(1908)" title="Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)">Bali (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Venezuelan_crisis_of_1908" title="Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908">Venezuela (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Indonesia (1941–45)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesia (1946–49)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indonesia" title="Category:History of Indonesia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History of <span class="fn org label">Indonesia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg/220px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg/330px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg/440px-LaSalle_1940_Series_52_Sedan_of_Brigadier-Mallaby_-_Burnt_Car_-_194511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1793" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1,000,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Flores Man</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 94,000–12,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></b></td><td style="text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">Toba catastrophe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 75,000 BP</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400 BCE–500 CE</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 350–1605</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Taruma Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kantoli" title="Kantoli">Kantoli Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 400s–500s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heling_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Heling kingdom">Kalingga Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 500s–600s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–1025</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty" title="Shailendra dynasty">Shailendra Dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 600s–900s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_kingdom" title="Mataram kingdom">Mataram Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 716–1016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 914–1908</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 932–1579</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kahuripan" title="Kahuripan">Kahuripan Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1019–1045</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kediri_kingdom" title="Kediri kingdom">Kediri Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1045–1221</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1183–1347</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pannai" title="Pannai">Pannai Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1000s–1300s</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1222–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1293–1527</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Islamic sultanates</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 800–1600</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Peureulak_Sultanate" title="Peureulak Sultanate">Peureulak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 840–1292</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aru_kingdom" title="Aru kingdom">Aru Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1225–1613</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ternate_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ternate Sultanate">Ternate Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1257–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasai_Sultanate" title="Samudera Pasai Sultanate">Samudera Pasai Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1267–1521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_kingdom" title="Pagaruyung kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1347–1833</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Bruneian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1368–1888</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1405–1851</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Cirebon" title="Sultanate of Cirebon">Sultanate of Cirebon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1445–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1475–1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aceh_Sultanate" title="Aceh Sultanate">Aceh Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ternate" title="Sultanate of Ternate">Sultanate of Ternate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1486–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bacan" title="Sultanate of Bacan">Sultanate of Bacan</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Tidore" title="Sultanate of Tidore">Sultanate of Tidore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1500s–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Jailolo" title="Sultanate of Jailolo">Sultanate of Jailolo</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1496–1903</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Banjar_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar Sultanate">Banjar Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1526–1863</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalinyamat_Sultanate" title="Kalinyamat Sultanate">Kalinyamat Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1527–1599</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Sultanate" title="Mataram Sultanate">Mataram Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1755</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528s–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaimana" title="Kingdom of Kaimana">Kingdom of Kaimana</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1600s–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jambi_Sultanate" title="Jambi Sultanate">Jambi Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1604s–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palembang_Sultanate" title="Palembang Sultanate">Palembang Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1659–1823</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Siak_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Siak Sultanate">Siak Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1725–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Surakarta_Sunanate" title="Surakarta Sunanate">Surakarta Sunanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1745–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_Sultanate" title="Yogyakarta Sultanate">Yogyakarta Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1755–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deli_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli Sultanate">Deli Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1814–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Riau-Lingga_Sultanate" title="Riau-Lingga Sultanate">Riau-Lingga Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1824–1911</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Christian kingdoms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Kingdom of Larantuka</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1515–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Siau" title="Kingdom of Siau">Kingdom of Siau</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1510–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bolaang_Mongondow" title="Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow">Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1670–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kongsi_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsi republic">Chinese Kongsi federations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Heshun_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshun Confederation">Heshun Confederation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1776–1854</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lanfang_Republic" title="Lanfang Republic">Lanfang Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1777–1884</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Santiaogou_Republic" title="Santiaogou Republic">Santiaogou Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1777–1853</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">European colonization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Insulindia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1512–1850</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1521–1677</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East India Company rule</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1602–1800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">British Bencoolen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1685–1824</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British interregnum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1806–1816</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1800–1942<br />1945–1949</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Emergence of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">National Awakening</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1908–1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1945–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1949–1950</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Republic of Indonesia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950–1959</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1959–1966</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1966–1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967–1998</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia">Reformasi</a></i></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1998–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bali" title="History of Bali">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bogor" title="History of Bogor">Bogor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bandung" title="History of Bandung">Bandung</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indonesian_rupiah" title="History of the Indonesian rupiah">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_historical_texts" title="Javanese historical texts">Javanese historical texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Indonesia">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Buddhism in Indonesia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Indonesia">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Indonesia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Indonesia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mass_media_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of mass media in Indonesia">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Indonesia" title="Military history of Indonesia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of sports in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Indonesia">Women</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Indonesian National Revolution</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Revolusi Nasional Indonesia</i>), also known as the <b>Indonesian War of Independence</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Perang Kemerdekaan Indonesia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Indonesische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog</i>), was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Indonesia">Republic of Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a> and an internal <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a> during <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="Aftermath of WWII">postwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies#World_War_II_and_independence" title="Dutch East Indies">postcolonial</a> Indonesia. It took place between <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Declaration of Independence">Indonesia's declaration of independence</a> in 1945 and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>' <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">transfer of sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the United States of Indonesia</a> at the end of 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four-year struggle involved sporadic but bloody armed conflict, internal Indonesian political and communal upheavals, and two major international diplomatic interventions. Dutch military forces (and, for a while, the forces of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Allies" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Allies">World War II allies</a>) were able to control the major towns, cities and industrial assets in Republican heartlands on <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> but could not control the countryside. By 1949, international pressure on the Netherlands, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> threatening to cut off all <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">economic aid for World War II rebuilding efforts</a> to the Netherlands and the partial military <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a> became such that the Netherlands transferred sovereignty over the Dutch East Indies to the Republic of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200335_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolution marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial administration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. It also significantly changed ethnic castes as well as reducing the power of many of the local rulers (<i><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">raja</a></i>). It did not significantly improve the economic or political fortunes of the majority of the population, although a few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–171_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–171-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a></div> <p>The Indonesian independence movement began in May 1908, which is commemorated as the "<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Day of National Awakening</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i lang="id">Hari Kebangkitan Nasional</i>). Indonesian nationalism and movements supporting independence from Dutch colonialism, such as <a href="/wiki/Budi_Utomo" title="Budi Utomo">Budi Utomo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Party" title="Indonesian National Party">Indonesian National Party</a> (PNI), <a href="/wiki/Sarekat_Islam" title="Sarekat Islam">Sarekat Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Communist Party">Indonesian Communist Party</a> (PKI), grew rapidly in the first half of the 20th century. Budi Utomo, Sarekat Islam and others pursued strategies of co-operation by joining the Dutch initiated <i>Volksraad</i> ("People's Council") in the hope that Indonesia would be granted self-rule.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandenbosch19311051–106_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandenbosch19311051–106-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others chose a non-cooperative strategy demanding the freedom of self-government from the Dutch East Indies colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1980113–120_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1980113–120-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">occupation of Indonesia by Japan</a> for three and a half years during World War II was a crucial factor in the subsequent revolution. The Netherlands had minimal ability to defend its colony against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese army</a>, and within only three months of their initial attacks, the Japanese had occupied the Dutch East Indies. In Java, and to a lesser extent in Sumatra (Indonesia's two dominant islands), the Japanese spread and encouraged nationalist sentiment. Although this was done more for Japanese political advantage than from altruistic support of Indonesian independence, this support created new Indonesian institutions (including local neighbourhood organisations) and elevated political leaders such as Sukarno. Just as significantly for the subsequent revolution, the Japanese destroyed and replaced much of the Dutch-created economic, administrative, and political infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers200585_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200585-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 September 1944, with the war going badly for the Japanese, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Koiso</a> promised independence for Indonesia, but no date was set.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991207_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991207-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For supporters of Sukarno, this announcement was seen as vindication for his collaboration with the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Japanese_Surrender">Japanese Surrender</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Indonesian Independence</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Victory_over_Japan_Day" title="Victory over Japan Day">unconditional surrender of Japan</a> on August 15, 1945 was eagerly received by the radical and politicised <i>pemuda</i> (Indonesian for 'male youth') groups. They pressured Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, two days later. The following day, the <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_Committee_for_Indonesian_Independence" title="Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence">Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence</a> (PPKI) elected Sukarno as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">president</a>, and Hatta as <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">vice-president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991213_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991213-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2003325_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003325-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid197430_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid197430-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote" style="text-align:left; width:30%;padding:10px 15px; border-style:solid; border-width:1px;min-width: 20em"><p>PROCLAMATION </p><p>We, the people of Indonesia, hereby declare the independence of Indonesia. </p><p>Matters which concern the transfer of power and other things will be executed by careful means and in the shortest possible time. </p><p>Djakarta, 17 August 1945<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the name of the people of Indonesia, </p><p>[signed] Soekarno—Hatta </p><p> (translation by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, October 1948)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin20001–4_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin20001–4-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_Bersiap">Revolution and Bersiap</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg/220px-Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg/330px-Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg/440px-Indonesian_flag_raised_17_August_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Pusaka" title="Bendera Pusaka">Bendera Pusaka</a></i>, the first Indonesian flag, is raised on 17 August 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was mid-September before news of the declaration of independence spread to the outer islands, and many Indonesians far from the capital <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a> did not believe it. As the news spread, most Indonesians came to regard themselves as pro-Republican, and a mood of revolution swept across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991214–215_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991214–215-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> External power had shifted; it would be weeks before <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Forces</a> shipping entered Indonesia (owing in part to <a href="/wiki/Black_Armada" title="Black Armada">boycotts and strikes, in Australia</a>, on coaling, loading and manning Dutch shipping from Australia, where the Netherlands East Indies Government in exile was based). These strikes were only fully broken in July 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELockwood1975_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELockwood1975-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese, on the other hand, were required by the terms of the surrender to both lay down their arms and maintain order; a contradiction that some resolved by handing weapons to Japanese-trained Indonesians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200332_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200332-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECribb198672–85_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECribb198672–85-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The resulting power vacuums in Java and Sumatra in the weeks following the Japanese surrender created an atmosphere of uncertainty, but also one of opportunity for the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200332_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200332-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <i>pemuda</i> joined pro-Republic struggle groups (<i>badan perjuangan</i>). The most disciplined were soldiers from the Japanese-formed but disbanded <i>Giyūgun</i> (<a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">PETA</a>, volunteer army) and <i><a href="/wiki/Heiho" title="Heiho">Heiho</a></i> (local soldiers employed by Japanese armed forces) groups. Many groups were undisciplined, due to both the circumstances of their formation and what they perceived as revolutionary spirit. In the first weeks, Japanese troops often withdrew from urban areas to avoid confrontations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215–216_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215–216-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 1945, control of major infrastructure installations, including railway stations and trams in Java's largest cities, had been taken over by Republican <i>pemuda</i> who encountered little Japanese resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215–216_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215–216-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To spread the revolutionary message, <i>pemuda</i> set up their own radio stations and newspapers, and graffiti proclaimed the nationalist sentiment. On most islands, struggle committees and <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> were set up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005198_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005198-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican newspapers and journals were common in Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a>, which fostered a generation of writers known as <i>angkatan 45</i> ('generation of 45') many of whom believed their work could be part of the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215–216_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215–216-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republican leaders struggled to come to terms with popular sentiment; some wanted passionate armed struggle; others a more reasoned approach. Some leaders, such as the leftist <a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a>, spread the idea that this was a revolutionary struggle to be led and won by the Indonesian <i>pemuda</i>. Sukarno and Hatta, by contrast, were more interested in planning government and institutions to achieve independence through diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers200597_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200597-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pro-revolution demonstrations took place in large cities, including one in Jakarta on 19 September with over 200,000 people, which Sukarno and Hatta, fearing violence, successfully quelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By September 1945, many of the self-proclaimed <i>pemuda</i>, who were ready to die for '100% freedom', were getting impatient. It was common for ethnic 'out-groups' – Dutch internees, <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Eurasian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> – and anyone considered to be a spy, to be subjected to intimidation, kidnapping, robbery, murder and organised massacres. Such attacks would continue throughout the course of the revolution, but were most present during the 1945–46 period, which is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid197449_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid197449-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFenton-Huie2005_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFenton-Huie2005-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1981107–157_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1981107–157-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of the death toll of the Bersiap period vary from 3,500 to 30,000. <a href="/wiki/NIOD_Institute_for_War,_Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" title="NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies">NIOD</a> concluded a Dutch casualty number of approximately 5,500 with possible higher numbers but not above 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-niod_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niod-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates of the number of Indonesian fighters killed in the lead up to and during the Battle of Surabaya range from 6,300 to 15,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers200598_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200598-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese forces lost around 1,000 soldiers and the British forces registered 660 soldiers, mostly <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indians</a>, as killed (with a similar number missing in action).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBussemaker2005_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBussemaker2005-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual Dutch military was hardly involved,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it started to return to Indonesia only in March and April 1946.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Republican_government">Formation of the Republican government</h3></div> <p>By the end of August 1945, a central Republican government had been established in Jakarta. It adopted <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">a constitution</a> drafted during the Japanese occupation by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence. With general elections yet to be held, a <a href="/wiki/Central_Indonesian_National_Committee" title="Central Indonesian National Committee">Central Indonesian National Committee</a> (KNIP) was appointed to assist the President. Similar committees were established at provincial and regency levels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952140_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952140-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Questions of allegiance immediately arose amongst indigenous rulers. <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Javanese</a> principalities, for example, immediately declared themselves Republican, while many <i>raja</i> ('rulers') of the outer islands, who had been enriched from their support of the Dutch, were less enthusiastic. Such reluctance among many outer islands was sharpened by the radical, non-aristocratic, and sometimes Islamic nature of the Java-centric Republican leadership. Support did, however, come from <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> (including the King of <a href="/wiki/Bone_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone state">Bone</a>, who still recalled battles against the Dutch from early in the century), and from <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Makassarese people">Makassarese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> <i>raja</i>, who supported the Republican Governor of Jakarta, a <a href="/wiki/Menado" class="mw-redirect" title="Menado">Menadonese</a> Christian. Many <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Balinese</a> <i>raja</i> accepted Republican authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991214_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991214-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fearing the Dutch would attempt to re-establish their authority over Indonesia, the new Republican Government and its leaders moved quickly to strengthen the fledgling administration. Within Indonesia, the newly formed government, although enthusiastic, was fragile and focused in Java (where focused at all). It was rarely and loosely in contact with the outer islands,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200333_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200333-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had more Japanese troops (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Japanese naval</a> areas), less sympathetic Japanese commanders, and fewer Republican leaders and activists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 14 November 1945, a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary">parliamentary form of government</a> was established and <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sjahrir</a> was appointed prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the week following the Japanese surrender, the Giyūgun (PETA) and Heiho groups were disbanded by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Command structures and membership vital for a national army were consequently dismantled. Thus, rather than being formed from a trained, armed, and organised army, the Republican armed forces began to grow in September from usually younger, less trained groups built around charismatic leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991214_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991214-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creating a rational military structure that was obedient to central authority from such disorganisation, was one of the major problems of the revolution, a problem that remains through to contemporary times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200335_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the self-created Indonesian army, Japanese-trained Indonesian officers prevailed over those trained by the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A thirty-year-old former school teacher, <a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a>, was elected 'commander-in-chief' at the first meeting of Division Commanders in Yogyakarta on 12 November 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid197478_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid197478-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allied_Situation_(1945)"><span id="Allied_Situation_.281945.29"></span>Allied Situation (1945)</h2></div> <p>The Dutch accused Sukarno and Hatta of collaborating with the Japanese, and denounced the Republic as a creation of <a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Japanese fascism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch East Indies administration had just received a ten million dollar loan from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a> to finance its return to Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBidien1945345–348_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBidien1945345–348-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_occupation">Allied occupation</h3></div> <p>The Netherlands, however, was critically weakened from World War II in Europe and did not return as a significant military force until early 1946. The Japanese and members of the Allied forces reluctantly agreed to act as caretakers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers200597_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200597-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian forces of <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Australia)" title="I Corps (Australia)">I Corps</a> under general <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Morshead" title="Leslie Morshead">Leslie Morshead</a> had <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">landed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> in May 1945, to destroy the Imperial Japanese forces stationed there, as well as maintaining order on the island until the Dutch could return.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As US forces were focusing on the Japanese home islands, the archipelago was put under the jurisdiction of British Admiral Earl <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a>. Allied enclaves already existed in <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> (Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>) and parts of <a href="/wiki/Irian_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irian Jaya">Irian Jaya</a>; Dutch administrators had already returned to these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991215-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Japanese navy areas, the arrival of Allied troops quickly prevented revolutionary activities where Australian troops, followed by Dutch troops and administrators, took the Japanese surrender (except for <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lack of strong resistance, two <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> divisions succeeded in occupying eastern Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshtonHellema2001181_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshtonHellema2001181-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6731.jpg/220px-The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6731.jpg/330px-The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6731.jpg/440px-The_British_Occupation_of_Java_SE6731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Indian and British troops move cautiously along a jungle track round the town of <a href="/wiki/Gresik" class="mw-redirect" title="Gresik">Gresik</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British were charged with restoring order and civilian government in Java. The Dutch took this to mean pre-war colonial administration and continued to claim sovereignty over Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers200597_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200597-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian</a> troops did not, however, land on Java to accept the Japanese surrender until late September 1945. Lord Mountbatten's immediate tasks included the repatriation of some 300,000 Japanese, and freeing prisoners of war. He did not want, nor did he have the resources, to commit his troops to a long struggle to regain Indonesia for the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers200599_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200599-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first British troops reached Jakarta in late September 1945, and arrived in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang, Indonesia">Padang</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Sumatra" title="South Sumatra">South Sumatra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Semarang" title="Semarang">Semarang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>) in October. In an attempt to avoid clashes with Indonesians, the British commander Lieutenant General Sir <a href="/wiki/Philip_Christison" title="Philip Christison">Philip Christison</a> diverted soldiers of the former Dutch colonial army to eastern Indonesia, where Dutch reoccupation was proceeding smoothly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tensions mounted as Allied troops entered Java and Sumatra; clashes broke out between Republicans and their perceived enemies, namely Dutch prisoners, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Dutch colonial troops (KNIL)</a>, Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Indo_(Eurasian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo (Eurasian)">Indo-Europeans</a> and Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first stages of warfare were initiated in October 1945 when, in accordance with the terms of their surrender, the Japanese tried to re-establish the authority they had relinquished to Indonesians in the towns and cities. Japanese military police killed Republican <i>pemuda</i> in <a href="/wiki/Pekalongan" title="Pekalongan">Pekalongan</a> (Central Java) on 3 October, and Japanese troops drove Republican <i>pemuda</i> out of <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and handed the city to the British, but the fiercest fighting involving the Japanese was in Semarang. On 14 October, British forces began to occupy the city. Retreating Republican forces retaliated by killing between 130 and 300 Japanese prisoners they were holding. Five hundred Japanese and two thousand Indonesians had been killed and the Japanese had almost captured the city six days later when British forces arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies repatriated the remaining Japanese troops and civilians to Japan, although about 1,000 elected to remain behind and later assisted Republican forces in fighting for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETjandraningsih20113_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETjandraningsih20113-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Een_sectie_militairen_tijdens_een_rustpauze,_Bestanddeelnr_15857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Een_sectie_militairen_tijdens_een_rustpauze%2C_Bestanddeelnr_15857.jpg/170px-Een_sectie_militairen_tijdens_een_rustpauze%2C_Bestanddeelnr_15857.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Een_sectie_militairen_tijdens_een_rustpauze%2C_Bestanddeelnr_15857.jpg/255px-Een_sectie_militairen_tijdens_een_rustpauze%2C_Bestanddeelnr_15857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Een_sectie_militairen_tijdens_een_rustpauze%2C_Bestanddeelnr_15857.jpg/340px-Een_sectie_militairen_tijdens_een_rustpauze%2C_Bestanddeelnr_15857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2509" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption>Dutch soldiers in the East Indies, 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vernielingen_in_de_Chinese_wijk_TMnr_10014680.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vernielingen_in_de_Chinese_wijk_TMnr_10014680.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vernielingen_in_de_Chinese_wijk_TMnr_10014680.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vernielingen_in_de_Chinese_wijk_TMnr_10014680.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vernielingen_in_de_Chinese_wijk_TMnr_10014680.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vernielingen_in_de_Chinese_wijk_TMnr_10014680.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Vernielingen_in_de_Chinese_wijk_TMnr_10014680.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>Destruction in Bandung's Chinese quarter</figcaption></figure> <p>The British subsequently decided to evacuate the 10,000 Indo-Europeans and European internees in the volatile Central Java interior. British detachments sent to the towns of <a href="/wiki/Ambarawa" title="Ambarawa">Ambarawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magelang" title="Magelang">Magelang</a> encountered strong Republican resistance and used air attacks against the Indonesians. Sukarno arranged a ceasefire on 2 November, but by late November fighting had resumed and the British withdrew to the coast (refer <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambarawa" title="Battle of Ambarawa">Battle of Ambarawa</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991216-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2005306–307_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMillan2005306–307-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican attacks against Allied and alleged pro-Dutch civilians reached a peak in November and December, with 1,200 killed in Bandung as the <i>pemuda</i> returned to the offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid197454_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid197454-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1946, departing Republicans responded to a British ultimatum for them to leave the city of Bandung by deliberately burning down much of the southern half of the city in what is popularly known in Indonesia as the "<a href="/wiki/Bandung_Sea_of_Fire" title="Bandung Sea of Fire">Bandung Sea of Fire</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Surabaya">Battle of Surabaya</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Battle of Surabaya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg/170px-IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg/255px-IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg/340px-IWM-SE-5742-tank-Surabaya-194511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>A soldier of an Indian armoured regiment examines a <a href="/wiki/Marmon-Herrington_CTLS" class="mw-redirect" title="Marmon-Herrington CTLS">Marmon-Herrington CTLS</a> light tank used by Indonesian nationalists and captured by British forces during the fighting in Surabaya.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Battle of Surabaya was the heaviest and bloodiest single battle of the revolution and became a national symbol of Indonesian resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991217_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991217-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pemuda</i> groups in Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, seized <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a> from the Japanese and set up two new organisations; the Indonesia National Committee (KNI) and the People's Security Council (BKR). By the time the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> arrived at the end of October 1945, the <i>pemuda</i> foothold in Surabaya city was described as "a strong unified fortress".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott197587–111_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott197587–111-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30%; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The city itself was in pandemonium. There was bloody hand-to-hand fighting on every street corner. Bodies were strewn everywhere. Decapitated, dismembered trunks lay piled one on top of the other<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Indonesians were shooting and stabbing and murdering wildly </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— Sukarno<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESukarnoAdams1965228_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESukarnoAdams1965228-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>In September and October 1945 Europeans and pro-Dutch Eurasians were attacked and killed by Indonesian mobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederick1989237–243_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederick1989237–243-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferocious fighting erupted when 6,000 British Indian troops landed in the city. <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Hatta</a> negotiated a ceasefire between the Republicans and the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British forces</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Aubertin_Walter_Sothern_Mallaby" title="Aubertin Walter Sothern Mallaby">Brigadier Mallaby</a>. Mallaby was killed on 30 October 1945 while he was travelling about Surabaya under a white flag to spread the news about the cease fire agreement<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott197575_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott197575-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and rescue some stranded <a href="/wiki/5th_Mahratta_Light_Infantry" title="5th Mahratta Light Infantry">Mahratta</a> troops, despite being warned of the danger by <a href="/wiki/Force_136" title="Force 136">Force 136</a> troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeren_2010,_The_Death_Knell_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeren_2010,_The_Death_Knell-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the killing of Mallaby on 30 October,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrott197587–111_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrott197587–111-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the British sent more troops into the city from 10 November under the cover of air attacks. Although the European forces largely captured the city in three days, the poorly armed Republicans fought on until 29 November<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJessup1989_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJessup1989-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thousands died as the population fled to the countryside.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the military defeat suffered by the Republicans and a loss of manpower and weaponry that would severely hamper Republican forces for the rest of the revolution, the battle and defence mounted by the Indonesians galvanised the nation in support of independence and helped garner international attention. For the Dutch, it removed any doubt that the Republic was a well-organised resistance with popular support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991217_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991217-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also convinced Britain to lie on the side of neutrality in the revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991217_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991217-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within a few years, Britain would support the Republican cause in the United Nations. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The last British troops left Indonesia in November 1946, but by this time 55,000 Dutch troops had landed in Java.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Situation_from_Dutch_Landing_on_Java_until_Linggadjati_--_circa_January–December_1946"><span id="Situation_from_Dutch_Landing_on_Java_until_Linggadjati_--_circa_January.E2.80.93December_1946"></span>Situation from Dutch Landing on Java until Linggadjati -- circa January–December 1946</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Javaanse_Revolutionairen_strijden_voor_onafhankelijkheid._Ze_zijn_voor_het_merendeel_bewapend_met_bamboesperen_de_enkele_geweren_zijn_afkomstig_van_Japanners%27_TMnr_10001495.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Javaanse_Revolutionairen_strijden_voor_onafhankelijkheid._Ze_zijn_voor_het_merendeel_bewapend_met_bamboesperen_de_enkele_geweren_zijn_afkomstig_van_Japanners%27_TMnr_10001495.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Javaanse_Revolutionairen_strijden_voor_onafhankelijkheid._Ze_zijn_voor_het_merendeel_bewapend_met_bamboesperen_de_enkele_geweren_zijn_afkomstig_van_Japanners%27_TMnr_10001495.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Javaanse_Revolutionairen_strijden_voor_onafhankelijkheid._Ze_zijn_voor_het_merendeel_bewapend_met_bamboesperen_de_enkele_geweren_zijn_afkomstig_van_Japanners%27_TMnr_10001495.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Javanese revolutionaries armed with bamboo spears and a few Japanese rifles, 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pemuda_AA_weapon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pemuda_AA_weapon.jpg/220px-Pemuda_AA_weapon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pemuda_AA_weapon.jpg/330px-Pemuda_AA_weapon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pemuda_AA_weapon.jpg/440px-Pemuda_AA_weapon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption> Indonesian pemuda operating an AA weapon during the Indonesian National Revolution, 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HB_IX%27s_mandate_regarding_Indonesian_independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HB_IX%27s_mandate_regarding_Indonesian_independence.jpg/265px-HB_IX%27s_mandate_regarding_Indonesian_independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HB_IX%27s_mandate_regarding_Indonesian_independence.jpg/398px-HB_IX%27s_mandate_regarding_Indonesian_independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/HB_IX%27s_mandate_regarding_Indonesian_independence.jpg/530px-HB_IX%27s_mandate_regarding_Indonesian_independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Inscription of King HB IX's mandate regarding Indonesian independence in the front wall of <a href="/wiki/Yogya_Kembali_Monument" title="Yogya Kembali Monument">Yogya Kembali Monument</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With British assistance, the Dutch landed their <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Indies_Civil_Administration" title="Netherlands Indies Civil Administration">Netherlands Indies Civil Administration</a> (NICA) forces in Jakarta and other key centres. Republican sources reported 8,000 deaths up to January 1946 in the defence of Jakarta, but they could not hold the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers200599_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers200599-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican leadership thus established themselves in the city of <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta</a> with the crucial support of the new sultan, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sultan_Hamengkubuwono_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX">Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX</a>. Yogyakarta went on to play a leading role in the revolution, which would result in the city being granted its own Special Territory status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003420_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003420-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, near Jakarta, and in <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a> in Kalimantan, Republican officials were imprisoned. In preparation for the Dutch occupation of Sumatra, its largest cities, Palembang and Medan, were bombed. In December 1946, <a href="/wiki/Korps_Speciale_Troepen" title="Korps Speciale Troepen">Special Forces Depot</a> (DST), led by commando and <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counter-insurgency</a> expert <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Westerling" title="Raymond Westerling">Captain Raymond "Turk" Westerling</a>, were accused of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_campaign_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947">pacifying the southern Sulawesi region</a> using arbitrary terror techniques, which were copied by other anti-Republicans. As many as 3,000 Republican militia and their supporters were killed in a few weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991224_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991224-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Java and Sumatra, the Dutch found military success in cities and major towns, but they were unable to subdue the villages and countryside. On the outer islands (including Bali), Republican sentiment was not as strong, at least among the elite. They were consequently occupied by the Dutch with comparative ease, and autonomous states were set up by the Dutch. The largest, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_East_Indonesia" title="State of East Indonesia">State of East Indonesia</a> (NIT), encompassed most of eastern Indonesia, and was established in December 1946, with its administrative capital in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952355,_357_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952355,_357-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomacy_and_major_military_engagements_(1946–1948)"><span id="Diplomacy_and_major_military_engagements_.281946.E2.80.931948.29"></span>Diplomacy and major military engagements (1946–1948)</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_soldiers_with_old_Indonesian_couple,_September_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dutch_soldiers_with_old_Indonesian_couple%2C_September_1947.jpg/220px-Dutch_soldiers_with_old_Indonesian_couple%2C_September_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dutch_soldiers_with_old_Indonesian_couple%2C_September_1947.jpg/330px-Dutch_soldiers_with_old_Indonesian_couple%2C_September_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Dutch_soldiers_with_old_Indonesian_couple%2C_September_1947.jpg/440px-Dutch_soldiers_with_old_Indonesian_couple%2C_September_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2542" data-file-height="2694" /></a><figcaption>An old Indonesian couple with Dutch soldiers in a Bren Carrier</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linggadjati_Agreement">Linggadjati Agreement</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Linggadjati_Agreement" title="Linggadjati Agreement">Linggadjati Agreement</a>, brokered by the British and concluded in November 1946, saw the Netherlands recognise the Republic as the <i>de facto</i> authority over Java, <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a>, and Sumatra. Both parties agreed to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a> by 1 January 1949, a semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federal</a> state with the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">monarch of the Netherlands</a> at its head. The Republican-controlled Java and Sumatra would be one of its states, alongside areas that were generally under stronger Dutch influence, including southern Kalimantan, and the "<a href="/wiki/Great_East" title="Great East">Great East</a>", which consisted of Sulawesi, Maluku, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>. The Central National Committee of Indonesia (KNIP) did not ratify the agreement until February 1947, and neither the Republic nor the Dutch were satisfied with it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200335_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 March 1947 the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">Lower House of the Dutch parliament</a> ratified a stripped-down version of the treaty, which was not accepted by the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952206_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952206-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sides soon accused the other of violating the agreement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>[the Republic] became increasingly disorganised internally; party leaders fought with party leaders; governments were over thrown and replaced by others; armed groups acted on their own in local conflicts; certain parts of the Republic never had contact with the centre – they just drifted along in their own way. </p><p>The whole situation deteriorated to such an extent that the Dutch Government was obliged to decide that no progress could be made before law and order were restored sufficiently to make intercourse between the different parts of Indonesia possible, and to guarantee the safety of people of different political opinions. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— former <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Hubertus_Johannes_van_Mook" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubertus Johannes van Mook">H. J. van Mook</a>'s justification for <a href="/wiki/Operatie_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Operatie Product">the first Dutch "police action"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Mook1949298_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Mook1949298-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Product">Operation Product</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Product" title="Operation Product">Operation Product</a></div> <p>At midnight on 20 July 1947, the Dutch launched a major military offensive called <i>Operatie Product</i>, with the aim of regaining control of economically lucrative areas in Java and Sumatra and deep ports in Java, thus covering the cost of the ~120,000-strong Dutch military presence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974111–112_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974111–112-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991225_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991225-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claiming violations of the Linggajati Agreement, the Dutch euphimistically described the campaign as <a href="/wiki/Police_actions_(Indonesia)" title="Police actions (Indonesia)">"police actions"</a> to restore law and order. In the offensive, Dutch forces drove Republican troops out of parts of Sumatra, and East and West Java. The Republicans were confined to the Yogyakarta region of Java.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militaire_kolonne_tijdens_de_eerste_politionele_actie_TMnr_10029134.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militaire_kolonne_tijdens_de_eerste_politionele_actie_TMnr_10029134.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militaire_kolonne_tijdens_de_eerste_politionele_actie_TMnr_10029134.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militaire_kolonne_tijdens_de_eerste_politionele_actie_TMnr_10029134.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militaire_kolonne_tijdens_de_eerste_politionele_actie_TMnr_10029134.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militaire_kolonne_tijdens_de_eerste_politionele_actie_TMnr_10029134.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Militaire_kolonne_tijdens_de_eerste_politionele_actie_TMnr_10029134.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>A Dutch military column during Operation Product</figcaption></figure> <p>International reaction to the Dutch actions was negative. Neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and newly independent <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> were particularly active in supporting the Republic's cause in the UN, as were the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and, most significantly, the United States. Dutch ships continued to be boycotted from loading and unloading by Australian waterside workers, a blockade that began in September 1945. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> became directly involved in the conflict, establishing a Committee of Good Office (CGO, known in Indonesia as Komite Tiga Negara, KTN, but not confused with Unilateral Committee.) to sponsor further negotiations, making the Dutch diplomatic position particularly difficult. A ceasefire, called for by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_27" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 27">UNSC resolution 27</a>, was ordered by the Dutch and Sukarno on 4 August 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991226_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991226-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renville_Agreement">Renville Agreement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renville_Agreement" title="Renville Agreement">Renville Agreement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Mook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Van_Mook.png/220px-Van_Mook.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Van_Mook.png/330px-Van_Mook.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Van_Mook.png/440px-Van_Mook.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>The Van Mook line in Java. Areas in red were under Republican control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952233_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952233-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The United Nations Security Council brokered the Renville Agreement in an attempt to rectify the collapsed Linggadjati Agreement. The agreement was ratified in January 1948 and recognised a cease-fire along the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Van_Mook_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Mook line">Van Mook line</a>'; an artificial line which connected the most advanced Dutch tanks' positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952229_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952229-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Republican positions, however, were still intact behind the Dutch lines. Some Republican militias, particularly laborers, peasants, and student troops, just couldn't leave thus must live (and operate) behind Renville Line. The agreement also required referendums to be held on the political future of the Dutch-held areas. The apparent reasonableness of Republicans garnered much important American goodwill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991226_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991226-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesian Republic faced economic hardship due to continued naval blockade and land blockades at Renville line (in violation of Renville Agreement)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildCarey1988134_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildCarey1988134-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952221_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952221-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991226_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991226-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which affect sufficient availability of not only arms, but also food, clothing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952221_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952221-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> medicines including bandages, mails, books, magazines,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952253_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952253-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> material to service and repair transportation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952222_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952222-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and overpopulation because of people fleeing from Dutch advances in Operation Product. This economic hardship paired with political crisis by accepting terms of Renville Agreement, and factional conflicts due to conflicting ideologies of Indonesian nationalists fed fuel to one of internal turmoils which later into <a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Diplomatic efforts between the Netherlands and the Republic continued throughout 1948 and 1949. Political pressures, both domestic and international, hindered Dutch attempts to decide upon objectives. Similarly, Republican leaders faced great difficulty in persuading their people to accept diplomatic concessions. By July 1948 negotiations were in deadlock and the Netherlands pushed unilaterally towards Van Mook's federal Indonesia concept. The new federal states of South Sumatra and East Java were created, although neither had a viable support base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974149_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974149-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands set up the <i>Bijeenkomst voor Federaal Overleg (BFO)</i> (or <a href="/wiki/Federal_Consultative_Assembly" title="Federal Consultative Assembly">Federal Consultative Assembly</a>), a body comprising the leadership of the federal states, and charged with the formation of a <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a> and an interim government by the end of 1948. The Dutch plans, however, had no place for the Republic unless it accepted a minor role already defined for it. Later plans included Java and Sumatra but dropped all mention of the Republic. The main sticking point in the negotiations was the balance of power between the Netherlands High Representative (successor to office of Governor-General) and the Republican forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974150_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974150-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutual distrust between the Netherlands and the Republic hindered negotiations. Indonesia who faced aforementioned naval and land blockades (which violated Renville Agreement) also feared a second major Dutch offensive. Meanwhile, the Dutch objected to continued pro-Republican activity on the Dutch side of the Renville line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In February 1948 the Siliwangi Battalion of the Republican Army, led by <a href="/wiki/Nasution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasution">Nasution</a>, marched from West Java to Central Java; the relocation was intended to ease internal Republican tensions involving the Battalion in the Surakarta area. The Battalion, however, clashed with Dutch troops while crossing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Slamet" title="Mount Slamet">Mount Slamet</a>, and the Dutch believed it was part of a systematic troop movement across the Renville Line. The fear of such incursions actually succeeding, along with apparent Republican undermining of the Dutch-established Pasundan state<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and negative reports, led to the Dutch leadership increasingly seeing itself as losing control.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974149–151_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974149–151-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Crow_and_General_Offensive_(Serangan_Oemoem)"><span id="Operation_Crow_and_General_Offensive_.28Serangan_Oemoem.29"></span>Operation Crow and General Offensive (<i>Serangan Oemoem</i>)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>We have been attacked<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... The Dutch government have betrayed the cease-fire agreement. All the Armed Forces will carry out the plans which have been decided on to confront the Dutch attack </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/General_Sudirman" class="mw-redirect" title="General Sudirman">General Sudirman</a>, broadcast from his sickbed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKodam_VI/Siliwang1968_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKodam_VI/Siliwang1968-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operatie_Kraai" class="mw-redirect" title="Operatie Kraai">Operatie Kraai</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twee_mannen_met_touw_geboeid_worden_ondervraagd_door_TNI-officieren,_Bestanddeelnr_8812.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Twee_mannen_met_touw_geboeid_worden_ondervraagd_door_TNI-officieren%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8812.jpg/220px-Twee_mannen_met_touw_geboeid_worden_ondervraagd_door_TNI-officieren%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8812.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Twee_mannen_met_touw_geboeid_worden_ondervraagd_door_TNI-officieren%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8812.jpg/330px-Twee_mannen_met_touw_geboeid_worden_ondervraagd_door_TNI-officieren%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8812.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Twee_mannen_met_touw_geboeid_worden_ondervraagd_door_TNI-officieren%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8812.jpg/440px-Twee_mannen_met_touw_geboeid_worden_ondervraagd_door_TNI-officieren%2C_Bestanddeelnr_8812.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4560" data-file-height="3443" /></a><figcaption>Two men with rope around their necks are handcuffed by TNI officers in September 1948 in <a href="/wiki/Madiun" title="Madiun">Madiun</a>, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Frustrated at negotiations with the Republic and believing it weakened by both the <i><a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Madiun_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Madiun affair">Madiun</a> insurgencies, the Dutch launched a military offensive on 19 December 1948 which it termed 'Operatie Kraai' (Operation Crow). By the following day it had conquered the city of Yogyakarta, the location of the temporary Republican capital.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of December, all major Republican held cities in Java and Sumatra were in Dutch hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974152_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974152-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican president, vice-president, and all but six Republic of Indonesia ministers were captured by Dutch troops and exiled on <a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Bangka Island</a> off the east coast of Sumatra. In areas surrounding Yogyakarta and Surakarta, Republican forces refused to surrender and continued to wage a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> war under the leadership of Republican military chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">General Sudirman</a>, who had escaped the Dutch offensives. An emergency Republican government, the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia">Pemerintahan Darurat Republik Indonesia</a> (PDRI), was established in West Sumatra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although Dutch forces conquered the towns and cities in Republican heartlands on Java and Sumatra, they could not control villages and the countryside.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974153_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974153-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Republican troops and militia led by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lt. Colonel</a> (later President) <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> attacked Dutch positions in Yogyakarta at dawn on 1 March 1949. The Dutch were expelled from the city for six hours but reinforcements were brought in from the nearby cities of Ambarawa and Semarang that afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974153_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974153-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesian fighters retreated at 12:00 pm and the Dutch re-entered the city. The Indonesian attack, later known in Indonesia as <i>Serangan Oemoem</i> (new spelling: <i>Serangan Umum</i> '<a href="/wiki/General_Offensive_of_1_March_1949" title="General Offensive of 1 March 1949">1 March General Offensive</a>'), is commemorated by <a href="/wiki/Yogya_Kembali_Monument" title="Yogya Kembali Monument">a large monument</a> in Yogyakarta. A large-scale attack against Dutch troops in <a href="/wiki/Surakarta" title="Surakarta">Surakarta</a> on 10 August the same year resulted in republican forces holding the city for two days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974161_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974161-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once again, international opinion of the Dutch military campaigns was one of outrage, significantly in both the United Nations and the United States. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> threatened to stop all of the economic aid program to the Netherlands unless they immediately withdraw from Indonesia and transferred all of the sovereignty to Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-marshall_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marshall-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1949, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_63" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 63">United Nations Security Council passed a resolution</a> demanding the reinstatement of the Republican government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United States aid specifically earmarked for Dutch Indonesia was immediately cancelled and pressure mounted within the <a href="/wiki/US_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="US Congress">US Congress</a> for all United States aid to be cut off. This included <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> funds vital for Dutch post-World War II rebuilding that had so far totalled $US 1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200337_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200337-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Netherlands Government had spent an amount equivalent to almost half of this funding their campaigns in Indonesia. That United States aid could be used to fund "a senile and ineffectual imperialism" encouraged many key voices in the United States – including those amongst the US <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and from within American churches and NGOs – to speak out in support of Indonesian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200338_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200338-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grafitti_Freedom._Is_for_us_Indenesians_Liberty_or_Death._De_Hollanders_zijn%E2%80%A6,_Bestanddeelnr_495-4-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Grafitti_Freedom._Is_for_us_Indenesians_Liberty_or_Death._De_Hollanders_zijn%E2%80%A6%2C_Bestanddeelnr_495-4-6.jpg/220px-Grafitti_Freedom._Is_for_us_Indenesians_Liberty_or_Death._De_Hollanders_zijn%E2%80%A6%2C_Bestanddeelnr_495-4-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Grafitti_Freedom._Is_for_us_Indenesians_Liberty_or_Death._De_Hollanders_zijn%E2%80%A6%2C_Bestanddeelnr_495-4-6.jpg/330px-Grafitti_Freedom._Is_for_us_Indenesians_Liberty_or_Death._De_Hollanders_zijn%E2%80%A6%2C_Bestanddeelnr_495-4-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Grafitti_Freedom._Is_for_us_Indenesians_Liberty_or_Death._De_Hollanders_zijn%E2%80%A6%2C_Bestanddeelnr_495-4-6.jpg/440px-Grafitti_Freedom._Is_for_us_Indenesians_Liberty_or_Death._De_Hollanders_zijn%E2%80%A6%2C_Bestanddeelnr_495-4-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3715" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>Graffiti in Java, 1948: "Freedom is for us Indonesians", "Liberty or Death", "Hollanders go to Hel".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_turmoil">Internal turmoil</h2></div> <p>The internal turmoil happened was called as social revolutions and insurgencies of Communist and Islamist. It is argued there were common causes because of general similarity of these separated actions. The common causes are extreme polarization of <i>pergerakan</i> and aristocrat groups, the harshness of Japanese requirement for labour and rice; the vacuum of central authority; powerful Islamic sentiment for mass mobilization; and activity of minute semi-underground revolutionary cadres (commonly communist).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_revolutions">Social revolutions</h3></div> <p>The so-called 'social revolutions' following the independence proclamation were challenges to the Dutch-established Indonesian social order, and to some extent a result of the resentment against Japanese-imposed policies. Across the country, people rose up against traditional aristocrats and village heads and attempted to exert popular ownership of land and other resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101–104_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101–104-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the social revolutions ended quickly; in most cases the challenges to the social order were quashed, although in <a href="/wiki/East_Sumatra_revolution" title="East Sumatra revolution">East Sumatra</a>, the sultanates were overthrown and there were mass killings of members of the aristocratic families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColombijnLinblad2002143–173_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColombijnLinblad2002143–173-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaid1973145–186_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaid1973145–186-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A culture of violence rooted in the deep conflicts that split the countryside during the revolution would repeatedly erupt throughout the whole second half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColombijnLinblad2002143–173_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColombijnLinblad2002143–173-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term 'social revolution' has been applied to a range of mostly violent activities of the left that included both altruistic attempts to organise real revolution and simple expressions of revenge, resentment and assertions of power. Violence was one of the many lessons learned during the Japanese occupation, and figures identified as '<a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a>', including kings, regents, or simply the wealthy, were often attacked and sometimes beheaded. Rape became a weapon against 'feudal' women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101–104_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101–104-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the coastal sultanates of Sumatra and Kalimantan, for example, <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultans</a> and others whose authority had been shored up by the Dutch, were attacked as soon as Japanese authority left. The pro-Dutch aristocratic administrators (<i>uleëbalangs</i>) secular local lords of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, who had been the foundation of Dutch rule, were executed during local civil war, and its place was taken over by pro-Republican religious leaders. (<i>ulama</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991220_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991220-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, monarchical officials in <a href="/wiki/Special_Region_of_Surakarta" title="Special Region of Surakarta">Surakarta</a> was kidnapped by anti-monarchist movement which led to the freezing and abolition of the special region.<sup id="cite_ref-DIS_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DIS-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Indonesians lived in fear and uncertainty, particularly a significant proportion of the population who supported the Dutch or who remained under Dutch control. The popular revolutionary cry 'Freedom or Death' was often interpreted to justify killings under claimed Republican authority. Traders were often in particularly difficult positions. On the one hand, they were pressured by Republicans to boycott all sales to the Dutch; on the other hand, Dutch police could be merciless in their efforts to stamp out smugglers on which the Republican economy depended. In some areas, the term <i>kedaulatan rakyat</i> ('exercising the sovereignty of the people') – which is mentioned in the preamble of the Constitution and used by <i>pemuda</i> to demand pro-active policies from leaders – came to be used not only in the demanding of free goods, but also to justify extortion and robbery. Chinese merchants, in particular, were often forced to keep their goods at artificially low prices under threat of death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101–104_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101–104-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid197460_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid197460-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_and_Islamist_insurgencies">Communist and Islamist insurgencies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_rebellion" title="Darul Islam rebellion">Darul Islam rebellion</a></div> <p>On 18 September 1948 an 'Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a> Republic' was declared in Madiun, east of Yogyakarta, by members of the PKI and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Socialist Party of Indonesia">Indonesian Socialist Party</a> (PSI). Judging the time right for a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian uprising</a>, they intended it to be a rallying point for revolt against "Sukarno-Hatta, the slaves of the Japanese and America".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200332_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200332-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Madiun however was won back by Republican forces within a few weeks and the insurgency leader, Musso, killed. <a href="/wiki/Ario_Soerjo" title="Ario Soerjo">Ario Soerjo</a>, the governor of East Java, as well as several police officers and religious leaders, were killed by the rebels. This ended a distraction for the revolution,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200332_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200332-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it turned vague American sympathies based on anti-colonial sentiments into diplomatic support. Internationally, the Republic was now seen as being staunchly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> and a potential ally in the emerging global <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the American-led 'free world' and the Soviet-led bloc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991230_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991230-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Republican Army who had come from Indonesian Hizbullah felt betrayed by the Indonesian Government for ratifying the Renville Agreement<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – therefore recognising many areas behind the van Mook Line as <i>de jure</i> Dutch. In May 1948, they declared a break-away regime, the <i>Negara Islam Indonesia</i> (Indonesian Islamic State), better known as <i>Darul Islam</i>. Led by an Islamic mystic, <a href="/wiki/Sekarmadji_Maridjan_Kartosuwirjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo">Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo</a>, <i>Darul Islam</i> sought to establish Indonesia as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic theocracy</a>. At the time, the Republican Government did not respond, as they were focused on the threat from the Dutch. Some leaders of <a href="/wiki/Masjumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masjumi">Masjumi</a> sympathised with the rebellion. After the Republic regained all territories in 1950, the government took the <i>Darul Islam</i> threat seriously, especially after some provinces declared that they had joined <i>Darul Islam</i>. The last group of rebels was put down in 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transfer_of_sovereignty">Transfer of sovereignty</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesian_independence_27_december_1949_Dutch_East_Indies_Independent_Newspaper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Indonesian_independence_27_december_1949_Dutch_East_Indies_Independent_Newspaper.jpg/220px-Indonesian_independence_27_december_1949_Dutch_East_Indies_Independent_Newspaper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Indonesian_independence_27_december_1949_Dutch_East_Indies_Independent_Newspaper.jpg/330px-Indonesian_independence_27_december_1949_Dutch_East_Indies_Independent_Newspaper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Indonesian_independence_27_december_1949_Dutch_East_Indies_Independent_Newspaper.jpg/440px-Indonesian_independence_27_december_1949_Dutch_East_Indies_Independent_Newspaper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="4347" /></a><figcaption>Australia's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Star" title="The Northern Star">The Northern Star</a></i> newspaper regarding the independence of Indonesia date 28 December 1949</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:40%; ; font-size: 95%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Millions upon millions flooded the sidewalks, the roads. They were crying, cheering, screaming "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>Long live Bung Karno<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." They clung to the sides of the car, the hood, the running boards. They grabbed at me to kiss my fingers. </p><p>Soldiers beat a path for me to the topmost step of the big white palace. There I raised both hands high. A stillness swept over the millions. "<i>Alhamdulillah</i> – Thank God," I cried. "We are free" </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="right-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>'s recollections of independence achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESukarnoAdams1965262–263_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESukarnoAdams1965262–263-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The resilience of Indonesian Republican resistance and active international diplomacy set world opinion against the Dutch efforts to re-establish their colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend200338_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend200338-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second 'police action' was a diplomatic disaster for the Dutch cause. The newly appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> pushed the Netherlands government into negotiations earlier recommended by the United Nations but until then defied by the Netherlands. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference</a> was held in The Hague from 23 August 1949 to 2 November 1949 between the Republic, the Netherlands, and the Dutch-created federal states. The Netherlands agreed to recognise Indonesian sovereignty over a new <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a> known as the '<a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a>' (RUSI). It would include all the territory of the former Dutch East Indies with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_New_Guinea" title="Dutch New Guinea">Dutch New Guinea</a>; sovereignty over which it was agreed would be retained by the Netherlands until further negotiations with Indonesia within a year of the transfer of sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgung197369–70_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgung197369–70-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other issue on which Indonesia gave concessions was paying the Netherlands East Indies debt which amounted to 4.5 billion guilders. This amount would mean, Indonesia paid for the colonial government expenses of "<span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Politionele_acties" class="mw-redirect" title="Politionele acties">Politionele acties</a></i></span>".<sup id="cite_ref-theconversation.com_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theconversation.com-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sovereignty was formally transferred on 27 December 1949, and the new state was immediately recognised by the United States of America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Map_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia.svg/220px-Map_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Map_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia.svg/330px-Map_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Map_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia.svg/440px-Map_of_the_United_States_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Indonesia" title="United States of Indonesia">United States of Indonesia</a>, December 1949 – the Republic of Indonesia is shown in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>Republican-controlled Java and Sumatra together formed a single state in the seven-state, nine-territory RUSI federation, but accounted for almost half its population. The other fifteen 'federal' states and territories had been created by the Netherlands since 1945. These entities were dissolved into the Republic over the first half of 1950. An <a href="/wiki/APRA_Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="APRA Coup d'état">abortive anti-Republic coup</a> in Bandung and Jakarta by Westerling's <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_the_Just_Ruler" title="Legion of the Just Ruler">Legion of the Just Ruler</a> (APRA) on 23 January 1950 resulted in the dissolution of the populous <a href="/wiki/Pasundan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasundan">Pasundan</a> state in West Java, thus quickening the dissolution of the federal structure. Colonial soldiers, who were largely Ambonese, clashed with Republican troops in <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Uprising" title="Makassar Uprising">Makassar Uprising</a> in April 1950. The predominantly Christian Ambonese were from one of the few regions with pro-Dutch sentiments and they were suspicious of the Javanese Muslim-dominated Republic, whom they unfavourably regarded as leftists. On 25 April 1950, an independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Maluku" title="Republic of South Maluku">Republic of South Maluku</a> (RMS) was proclaimed in Ambon but this was suppressed by Republican troops during a campaign from July to November. With the state of East Sumatra now being the only federal state remaining, it too folded and fell in line with the unitary Republic. On 17 August 1950, the fifth anniversary of his declaration of Indonesian independence, Sukarno proclaimed the Republic of Indonesia as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–172_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–172-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991232–233_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1991232–233-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrederickWorden1993-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impacts_and_casualties">Impacts and casualties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RI_Transfer_Signing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/RI_Transfer_Signing.jpg/220px-RI_Transfer_Signing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/RI_Transfer_Signing.jpg/330px-RI_Transfer_Signing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/RI_Transfer_Signing.jpg/440px-RI_Transfer_Signing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Hatta</a> and Dutch Queen <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a> at the signing ceremony which took place at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Amsterdam" title="Royal Palace of Amsterdam">Royal Palace of Amsterdam</a>. With the treaty signed, the Dutch officially recognised Indonesian sovereignty.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there is no accurate account of how many Indonesians died, they died in far greater numbers than the Europeans. Estimates of Indonesian deaths in fighting and civilians range from 97,421 to 100,000 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Exeter_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exeter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend1988228_and_237_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend1988228_and_237-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPendit1988Stoler1985103ToerToerKamil2005aToerToerKamil2005bToerToerKamil2005cToerToerKamil2014_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendit1988Stoler1985103ToerToerKamil2005aToerToerKamil2005bToerToerKamil2005cToerToerKamil2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 980 British soldiers were killed or went missing in Java and Sumatra in 1945 and 1946, most of them Indian soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirby1969258_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1969258-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 4,000 Dutch soldiers lost their lives in Indonesia between 1945 and 1949. Many Japanese died; while it is unknown how many died, only about half of whom died in actual combat, the rest killed in rampages by Indonesians. Seven million people were displaced on Java and Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005100_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005100-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on demographic data, historian Pierre van der Eng estimated a demographic gap of around 2.4 million people in Indonesia during the entire 1940s, including the period of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese invasion and occupation during WW2</a>, and the Indonesian National Revolution. Van der Eng states that conflict led to significant ramifications for Indonesians outside of direct violence, such as widespread famine, disease and a lowered fertility rate.<sup id="cite_ref-Exeter_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exeter-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the official website of Indonesian veterans, there were 863,432 people who joined the struggle for Indonesian independence and this included those who were members of the militia, police, intelligence and auxiliary<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as of 2023, there are still 25,676 Indonesian National Revolution veterans alive<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and According to the official <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> veterans website, there are around 5,000 veterans who were deployed to the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> still alive, this also includes former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">KNIL</a> members.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delft_memorial_Indonesian_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Delft_memorial_Indonesian_war.jpg/220px-Delft_memorial_Indonesian_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Delft_memorial_Indonesian_war.jpg/330px-Delft_memorial_Indonesian_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Delft_memorial_Indonesian_war.jpg/440px-Delft_memorial_Indonesian_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Dutch losses in the war at the Prinsenhof in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The revolution had direct effects on economic conditions; shortages were common, particularly food, clothing and fuel. There were in effect two economies – the Dutch and the Republican – both of which had to simultaneously rebuild after World War II and survive the disruptions of the revolution. The Republic had to set up all necessities of life, ranging from '<a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>, army badges, and <a href="/wiki/Train_ticket" title="Train ticket">train tickets</a>' whilst subject to Dutch trade blockades. Confusion and ruinous inflationary surges resulted from competing currencies; Japanese, new Dutch money, and Republican currencies were all used, often concurrently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers2005101-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Indonesian government was saddled with significant debt, slowing development, with last remaining payment for <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference</a> was made in the form of annual payment, with 1% annual interest rate since 1973, was made in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-theconversation.com_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theconversation.com-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indonesian independence was secured through a blend of both diplomacy and force. Despite their ill-discipline raising the prospect of anarchy, without <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">pemuda</i></span> confronting foreign and Indonesian colonial forces, Republican diplomatic efforts would have been futile. The revolution is the turning point of modern <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesian history</a>, and it has provided the reference point and validation for the country's major political trends that continue to the present day. It gave impetus to communism in the country, to militant nationalism, to Sukarno's '<a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">guided democracy</a>', to political Islam, the origins of the Indonesian army and its role in Indonesian power, the country's constitutional arrangements, and the centralism of power in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–171_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–171-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revolution destroyed a colonial administration ruled from the other side of the world, and dismantled with it the <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">raja</i></span>, seen by many as obsolete and powerless. Also, it relaxed the rigid racial and social categorisations of colonial Indonesia. Tremendous energies and aspirations were created amongst Indonesians; a new creative surge was seen in writing and art, as was a great demand for education and modernisation. It did not, however, significantly improve the economic or political fortune of the population's poverty-stricken peasant majority; only a few Indonesians were able to gain a larger role in commerce, and hopes for democracy were dashed within a decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–171_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974170–171-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_apologies">Dutch apologies</h2></div> <p>In 2013, the Netherlands government apologised for the violence used against the Indonesian people.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, Dutch Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Bert_Koenders" title="Bert Koenders">Bert Koenders</a> apologized for a massacre by Dutch troops of 400 Indonesian villagers in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to Indonesia in March 2020, <a href="/wiki/King_Willem-Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="King Willem-Alexander">King Willem-Alexander</a> made a surprise apology for "excessive violence" by Dutch troops.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 February 2022, a major Dutch historical review was released, titled <i>Independence, Decolonization, Violence and War in Indonesia, 1945–1950</i>. The research was done by three institutions: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_and_Caribbean_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies">Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies</a> (KITLV), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Netherlands_Institute_for_Military_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Netherlands Institute for Military History (page does not exist)">Netherlands Institute for Military History</a> (NIMH) and <a href="/wiki/NIOD_Institute_for_War,_Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" title="NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies">NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review concluded that the Netherlands had used systematic and excessive violence during the war. According to the review, "The use of extreme violence by the Dutch armed forces was not only widespread, but often deliberate, too" and "was condoned at every level: political, military and legal." On the same day, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Prime Minister">Dutch Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Rutte" title="Mark Rutte">Mark Rutte</a> apologized for the atrocities committed by the Dutch during the war and also for the failure of <a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Netherlands" title="List of cabinets of the Netherlands">past Dutch governments</a> to acknowledge it.<sup id="cite_ref-dw_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Indonesia)" title="Independence Day (Indonesia)">Independence Day (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-ranking_commanders_of_the_Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="List of high-ranking commanders of the Indonesian National Revolution">List of high-ranking commanders of the Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Timeline of the Indonesian National Revolution">Timeline of the Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_for_Indonesia" title="United Nations Commission for Indonesia">United Nations Commission for Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Netherlands-Indonesia Union</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolusi" title="Revolusi">Revolusi</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1948-1949, after <i>Operation Kraai</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">after 1947</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">claimed neutrality</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-until1946-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-until1946_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-until1946_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-until1946_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">until 1946</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2,479 killed in action and 2,106 who died of disease or accidents (in total: 4,585).<sup id="cite_ref-niod_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niod-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Confirmed killed: <ul><li>1,057 killed in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>236 executed by Dutch<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccigallo1979_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccigallo1979-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorch201736_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorch201736-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, 05 was used for the year meaning <a href="/wiki/Japanese_imperial_year" title="Japanese imperial year">Japanese imperial year</a> 2605.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Former KNIL POWs were still recuperating in Allied military bases outside of Indonesia (e.g. Japan and the Philippines). The British in fact prohibited Dutch troops from entering the country during most of the Bersiap period.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most PETA and Heiho members did not yet know about the declaration of independence.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuryanarayan1981" class="citation journal cs1">Suryanarayan, V. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141175">"Presidential Address: India and the Indonesian Revolution"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>42</b>: <span class="nowrap">549–</span>562. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141175">44141175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Presidential+Address%3A+India+and+the+Indonesian+Revolution&rft.volume=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E549-%3C%2Fspan%3E562&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141175%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Suryanarayan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44141175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.id/baca-berita/internasional/88081/saksi-sejarah-kemerdekaan-di-karachi-perjuangan-pakistan-mempertahankan-kemerdekaan-indonesia">"Pakistan's support for Indonesia"</a>. 22 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+support+for+Indonesia&rft.date=2021-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.id%2Fbaca-berita%2Finternasional%2F88081%2Fsaksi-sejarah-kemerdekaan-di-karachi-perjuangan-pakistan-mempertahankan-kemerdekaan-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs2008" class="citation cs2">Ricklefs, M.C. 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952229_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahin1952">Kahin 1952</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildCarey1988134-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildCarey1988134_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildCarey1988">Wild & Carey 1988</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952221-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952221_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952221_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahin1952">Kahin 1952</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKahin1952253-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKahin1952253_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKahin1952">Kahin 1952</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKodam_VI/Siliwang1968_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKodam_VI/Siliwang1968">Kodam VI/Siliwang 1968</a>, cited in <a href="#CITEREFReid1974">Reid (1974</a>, p. 152)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin2003" class="citation book cs1">Kahin, George McTurnan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56360152"><i>Southeast Asia : a testament</i></a>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-30112-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-30112-9"><bdi>0-203-30112-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56360152">56360152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+%3A+a+testament&rft.place=London&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56360152&rft.isbn=0-203-30112-9&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+McTurnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F56360152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974152-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974152_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1974">Reid 1974</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974153-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974153_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974153_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1974">Reid 1974</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1974161-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1974161_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1974">Reid 1974</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marshall-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marshall_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouda2002" class="citation book cs1">Gouda, Frances (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55842798"><i>American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia : US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920–1949</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfasttelegraph&rft.atitle=Dutch+king+apologises+for+colonial+killings+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.aulast=Jatmiko&rft.aufirst=Andi&rft.au=Karmink%2C+Niniek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fdutch-king-apologises-for-colonial-killings-in-indonesia-39032071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dw-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">dw.com 17 February 2022: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/netherlands-apologizes-to-indonesia-over-war-crimes/a-60817847"><i>Netherlands apologizes to Indonesia over war crimes</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kitlv.nl/presentation-results-research-independence-decolonization-violence-and-war-in-indonesia-1945-1950/">"Presentation results research 'Independence, Decolonization, Violence and War in Indonesia, 1945–1950'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>kitlv.nl</i>. 19 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kitlv.nl&rft.atitle=Presentation+results+research+%27Independence%2C+Decolonization%2C+Violence+and+War+in+Indonesia%2C+1945%E2%80%931950%27&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kitlv.nl%2Fpresentation-results-research-independence-decolonization-violence-and-war-in-indonesia-1945-1950%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aup.nl/en/series/onafhankelijkheid-dekolonisatie-geweld-en-oorlog-in-indonesie-1945-1950">"Onafhankelijkheid, Dekolonisatie, Geweld en Oorlog in Indonesië 1945–1950"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Onafhankelijkheid%2C+Dekolonisatie%2C+Geweld+en+Oorlog+in+Indonesi%C3%AB+1945%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aup.nl%2Fen%2Fseries%2Fonafhankelijkheid-dekolonisatie-geweld-en-oorlog-in-indonesie-1945-1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgung1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ide_Anak_Agung_Gde_Agung" title="Ide Anak Agung Gde Agung">Agung, Ide Anak Agung Gde</a> (1973). <i>Twenty Years Indonesian Foreign Policy: 1945–1965</i>. Mouton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8139-06-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-8139-06-2"><bdi>979-8139-06-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years+Indonesian+Foreign+Policy%3A+1945%E2%80%931965&rft.pub=Mouton+%26+Co&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=979-8139-06-2&rft.aulast=Agung&rft.aufirst=Ide+Anak+Agung+Gde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshtonHellema2001" class="citation book cs1">Ashton, Nigel John; Hellema, Duco (2001). <i>Unspoken Allies: Anglo-Dutch Relations Since 1780</i>. 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Sydney: Angus and Robertson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0207170775" title="Special:BookSources/978-0207170775"><bdi>978-0207170775</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Ones%3A+Women+and+Children+Under+Nippon&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Angus+and+Robertson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0207170775&rft.aulast=Fenton-Huie&rft.aufirst=Shirley+h.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenoneswom0000huie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrederick1989" class="citation book cs1">Frederick, Willam H. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05524-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05524-4"><bdi>978-0-691-05524-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blue+Eyed+Enemy%3A+Japan+against+the+West+in+Java+and+Luzon%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05524-4&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblueeyedenemyjap0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2003" class="citation book cs1">Friend, Theodore (2003). <i>Indonesian Destinies</i>. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01834-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01834-6"><bdi>0-674-01834-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Destinies&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01834-6&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeren_2010,_The_Death_Knell" class="citation web cs1">Heren, Patrick (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104231612/http://standpointmag.co.uk/node/3489/full">"The Death Knell of the British Empire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Standpoint_(magazine)" title="Standpoint (magazine)">Standpoint</a>. 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Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-9108-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-9108-8"><bdi>0-8014-9108-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Revolution+in+Indonesia&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=0-8014-9108-8&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+McTurnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kahin, George McTurnan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53706/INDO_30_0_1107014416_113_120.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"In Memoriam: Mohammad Hatta (1902–1980)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>30</b> (30). Southeast Asia Program Publications at Cornell University: <span class="nowrap">113–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350997">10.2307/3350997</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53609">1813/53609</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350997">3350997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Mohammad+Hatta+%281902%E2%80%931980%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F53609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3350997%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3350997&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+McTurnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1813%2F53706%2FINDO_30_0_1107014416_113_120.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_McTurnan_Kahin" title="George McTurnan Kahin">Kahin, George McTurnan</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/54189/INDO_69_0_1106943303_1_4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Sukarno's Proclamation of Indonesian Independence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>69</b> (69). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3351273">10.2307/3351273</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F54189">1813/54189</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3351273">3351273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Sukarno%27s+Proclamation+of+Indonesian+Independence&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=69&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F54189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3351273%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3351273&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+McTurnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1813%2F54189%2FINDO_69_0_1106943303_1_4.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kahin, George McTurnan; Audrey Kahin (2003). <i>Southeast Asia: A Testament</i>. London: Routledge Curzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-29975-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-29975-6"><bdi>0-415-29975-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Testament&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-415-29975-6&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=George+McTurnan&rft.au=Audrey+Kahin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1969" class="citation book cs1">Kirby, Woodburn S (1969). <i>War Against Japan, Volume 5: The Surrender of Japan</i>. 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Jakarta: Gunung Agung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9799954114" title="Special:BookSources/978-9799954114"><bdi>978-9799954114</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali+Berjuang&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Gunung+Agung&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-9799954114&rft.aulast=Pendit&rft.aufirst=Nyoman+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccigallo1979" class="citation book cs1">Piccigallo, Philip R. (1979). <i>The Japanese On Trial: Allied War Crimes Operations in the East, 1945–1951</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78033-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-78033-0"><bdi>978-0-292-78033-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+On+Trial%3A+Allied+War+Crimes+Operations+in+the+East%2C+1945%E2%80%931951&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-292-78033-0&rft.aulast=Piccigallo&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToerToerKamil2005a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2005). <i>Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol I (1945)</i> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9799023292" title="Special:BookSources/978-9799023292"><bdi>978-9799023292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronik+Revolusi+Indonesia+Vol+I+%281945%29&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9799023292&rft.au=Pramoedya+Anwar+Toer&rft.au=Koesalah+Soebagyo+Toer&rft.au=Ediati+Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToerToerKamil2005b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2005). <i>Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol II (1946)</i> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9799023308" title="Special:BookSources/978-9799023308"><bdi>978-9799023308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronik+Revolusi+Indonesia+Vol+II+%281946%29&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9799023308&rft.au=Pramoedya+Anwar+Toer&rft.au=Koesalah+Soebagyo+Toer&rft.au=Ediati+Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToerToerKamil2005c" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2005). <i>Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol III (1947)</i> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9799023469" title="Special:BookSources/978-9799023469"><bdi>978-9799023469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronik+Revolusi+Indonesia+Vol+III+%281947%29&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9799023469&rft.au=Pramoedya+Anwar+Toer&rft.au=Koesalah+Soebagyo+Toer&rft.au=Ediati+Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToerToerKamil2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pramoedya Anwar Toer; Koesalah Soebagyo Toer; Ediati Kamil (2014). <i>Kronik Revolusi Indonesia Vol IV (1948)</i> (in Indonesian). Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9799106896" title="Special:BookSources/978-9799106896"><bdi>978-9799106896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronik+Revolusi+Indonesia+Vol+IV+%281948%29&rft.pub=Kepustakaan+Populer+Gramedia&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9799106896&rft.au=Pramoedya+Anwar+Toer&rft.au=Koesalah+Soebagyo+Toer&rft.au=Ediati+Kamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1974" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (1974). <i>The Indonesian National Revolution 1945–1950</i>. Melbourne: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-71046-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-71046-4"><bdi>0-582-71046-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+National+Revolution+1945%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-582-71046-4&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1981" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (1981). "Indonesia: revolution without socialism". In Jeffrey, Robin (ed.). <i>Asia: the Winning of Independence</i>. Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">113–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333278574" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333278574"><bdi>978-0333278574</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+revolution+without+socialism&rft.btitle=Asia%3A+the+Winning+of+Independence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0333278574&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1991" class="citation book cs1">Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). <i>A History of Modern Indonesia Since c. 1300</i>. San Francisco: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1349227005" title="Special:BookSources/1349227005"><bdi>1349227005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+Since+c.+1300&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1349227005&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaid1973" class="citation journal cs1">Said, H. Mohammed (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/53556/INDO_15_0_1107128614_145_186.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"What was the Social Revolution of 1946" in East Sumatra?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>15</b> (April 1973). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Modern Indonesia Project: <span class="nowrap">145–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3350795">10.2307/3350795</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1813%2F53556">1813/53556</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3350795">3350795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=What+was+the+Social+Revolution+of+1946%22+in+East+Sumatra%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=April+1973&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1813%2F53556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3350795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3350795&rft.aulast=Said&rft.aufirst=H.+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecommons.cornell.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1813%2F53556%2FINDO_15_0_1107128614_145_186.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStichting_1945–1950_Ubachsberg" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110100802/http://www.1945-1950ubachsberg.nl/site/erevelden.htm">"Stichting 1945–1950 Ubachsberg"</a>. <i>1945–1950ubachsberg.nl</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1945-1950ubachsberg.nl/site/erevelden.htm">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1945%E2%80%931950ubachsberg.nl&rft.atitle=Stichting+1945%E2%80%931950+Ubachsberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1945-1950ubachsberg.nl%2Fsite%2Ferevelden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoler1985" class="citation book cs1">Stoler, Ann (1985). <i>Capitalism and Confrontation in Sumatra's Plantation Belt, 1870–1979</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472082193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472082193"><bdi>978-0472082193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Confrontation+in+Sumatra%27s+Plantation+Belt%2C+1870%E2%80%931979&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0472082193&rft.aulast=Stoler&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukarnoAdams1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>; Adams, Cindy (1965). <i>Sukarno: An Autobiography</i>. Bobbs-Merrill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sukarno%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Sukarno&rft.au=Adams%2C+Cindy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). <i>Indonesia: Peoples and History</i>. Yale University Press. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10518-5"><bdi>0-300-10518-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+Peoples+and+History&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-10518-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Jean+Gelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjandraningsih2011" class="citation news cs1">Tjandraningsih, Christine T. (19 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118162717/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/08/19/national/indonesians-to-get-book-on-japanese-freedom-fighter/#.W9aAumgzbIU">"Indonesians to get book on Japanese freedom fighter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Japan_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Times">Japan Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/08/19/national/indonesians-to-get-book-on-japanese-freedom-fighter/#.W9aAumgzbIU">the original</a> on 18 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Indonesians+to+get+book+on+Japanese+freedom+fighter&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Tjandraningsih&rft.aufirst=Christine+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Fnews%2F2011%2F08%2F19%2Fnational%2Findonesians-to-get-book-on-japanese-freedom-fighter%2F%23.W9aAumgzbIU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbosch1931" class="citation journal cs1">Vandenbosch, Amry (1931). "Nationalism in Netherlands East India". <i>Pacific Affairs</i>. <b>4</b> (12). Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia: <span class="nowrap">1051–</span>1069. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2750579">10.2307/2750579</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2750579">2750579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Nationalism+in+Netherlands+East+India&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1051-%3C%2Fspan%3E1069&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2750579&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2750579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vandenbosch&rft.aufirst=Amry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2005" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Adrian (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/85"><i>A History of Modern Indonesia</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri/page/85">85–112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-54262-6"><bdi>0-521-54262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=85-112&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-54262-6&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderni00adri%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildCarey1988" class="citation book cs1">Wild, Colin; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Carey_(historian)" title="Peter Carey (historian)">Carey, Peter</a>, eds. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/borninfireindone0000unse/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Born in Fire: The Indonesian Struggle for Independence</i></a></span>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8214-0881-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8214-0881-X"><bdi>0-8214-0881-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Born+in+Fire%3A+The+Indonesian+Struggle+for+Independence&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8214-0881-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fborninfireindone0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Ben (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/javaintimeofrevo0000ande"><i>Java in a Time of Revolution: Occupation and Resistance, 1944–1946</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0687-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0687-0"><bdi>0-8014-0687-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+in+a+Time+of+Revolution%3A+Occupation+and+Resistance%2C+1944%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8014-0687-0&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjavaintimeofrevo0000ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cribb, Robert (1991). <i>Gangster and Revolutionaries: The Jakarta People's Militia and the Indonesian Revolution 1945–1949</i>. Sydney, Australia: ASSA Southeast Asian Publications Series – Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-301296-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-301296-5"><bdi>0-04-301296-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gangster+and+Revolutionaries%3A+The+Jakarta+People%27s+Militia+and+the+Indonesian+Revolution+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Sydney%2C+Australia&rft.pub=ASSA+Southeast+Asian+Publications+Series+%E2%80%93+Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-04-301296-5&rft.aulast=Cribb&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Drooglever, P. J.; Schouten, M. J. B.; Lohanda, Mona (1999). <i>Guide to the Archives on Relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia 1945–1963</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, Netherlands: ING Research Guide.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Archives+on+Relations+between+the+Netherlands+and+Indonesia+1945%E2%80%931963&rft.place=The+Hague%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=ING+Research+Guide&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Drooglever&rft.aufirst=P.+J.&rft.au=Schouten%2C+M.+J.+B.&rft.au=Lohanda%2C+Mona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">George, Margaret (1980). <i>Australia and the Indonesian Revolution</i>. Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84209-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84209-7"><bdi>0-522-84209-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia+and+the+Indonesian+Revolution&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-522-84209-7&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Heijboer" title="Pierre Heijboer">Heijboer, Pierre</a> (1979). <i>De Politionele Acties</i> (in Dutch). Haarlem: Fibula-van Dishoeck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Politionele+Acties&rft.place=Haarlem&rft.pub=Fibula-van+Dishoeck&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Heijboer&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt "Operaties in de Oost: de Koninklijke Marine in de Indische archipel (1945–1951)" (Amsterdam 2003).</li> <li>Ide Anak Agug Gde Agung (1996) (translated to English by Linda Owens)<i>From the Formation of the State of East Indonesia Towards the Establishment of the United States of Indonesia</i> Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-461-216-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-461-216-2">979-461-216-2</a> (Original edition Dari Negara Indonesia Timur ke Republic Indonesia Serikat 1985 Gadjah Mada University Press)</li> <li>Jong, L. de (1988). <i>Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog</i>, deel 12, Sdu, 's-Gravenhage (an authoritative standard text on both the political and military aspects, in Dutch)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kahin, Audrey (1995). <i>Regional Dynamics of the Indonesian Revolution</i>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0982-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0982-3"><bdi>0-8248-0982-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Dynamics+of+the+Indonesian+Revolution&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8248-0982-3&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lucas, A. (1991). <i>One Soul One Struggle. Region and Revolution in Indonesia</i>. St. Leonards, Australia: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-442249-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-442249-0"><bdi>0-04-442249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Soul+One+Struggle.+Region+and+Revolution+in+Indonesia&rft.place=St.+Leonards%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-04-442249-0&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Payne, Robert (1947). <i>The Revolt In Asia</i>. New York: John Day.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolt+In+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Day&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Poeze, Harry A. (2007). <i>Verguisd en vergeten. Tan Malaka, de linkse beweging en de Indonesische Revolutie 1945–1949</i>. KITLV. p. 2200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-258-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-258-4"><bdi>978-90-6718-258-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verguisd+en+vergeten.+Tan+Malaka%2C+de+linkse+beweging+en+de+Indonesische+Revolutie+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.pages=2200&rft.pub=KITLV&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-6718-258-4&rft.aulast=Poeze&rft.aufirst=Harry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alastair_M._Taylor" title="Alastair M. Taylor">Taylor, Alastair M.</a> (1960). <i>Indonesian Independence and the United Nations</i>. London: Stevens & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007ECTIA">B0007ECTIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Independence+and+the+United+Nations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stevens+%26+Sons&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007ECTIA%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alastair+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Yong Mun Cheong (2004). <i>The Indonesian Revolution and the Singapore Connection, 1945–1949</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>, Netherlands: KITLV Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6718-206-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-6718-206-0"><bdi>90-6718-206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Revolution+and+the+Singapore+Connection%2C+1945%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-6718-206-0&rft.au=Yong+Mun+Cheong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndonesian+National+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indonesian_Revolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indonesian Revolution">Indonesian Revolution</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/frnlus.htm">Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and American Rule in the Philippines</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/queen.htm">Radio address by Queen Wilhelmina on 7 December 1942</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Indo_nov6.htm">Dutch Proposals for Indonesian Settlement 6 November 1945</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/Indo_feb10.htm">Dutch Proposals for Indonesian Settlement 10 Feb 1946</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/linggadjati.htm">Text of the Linggadjati Agreement 10 Feb 1946</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houseofdavid.ca/renville.htm">The Renville Political Principles 17 January 1948</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_SyNndqVMwM">Dutch Queen Signs away an Empire (1950)</a>, newsreel on the <a href="/wiki/British_Path%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pathé">British Pathé</a> YouTube Channel</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesian_National_Revolution84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Template:Indonesian National Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Template talk:Indonesian National Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesian National Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesian_National_Revolution84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian National Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Proclamation of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_flag_raising_witnesses_17_August_1945_dyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Indonesia_flag_raising_witnesses_17_August_1945_dyk.jpg/100px-Indonesia_flag_raising_witnesses_17_August_1945_dyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Indonesia_flag_raising_witnesses_17_August_1945_dyk.jpg/150px-Indonesia_flag_raising_witnesses_17_August_1945_dyk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Indonesia_flag_raising_witnesses_17_August_1945_dyk.jpg/200px-Indonesia_flag_raising_witnesses_17_August_1945_dyk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomatic efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malino_Conference" title="Malino Conference">Malino Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linggadjati_Agreement" title="Linggadjati Agreement">Linggadjati Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpasar_Conference" title="Denpasar Conference">Denpasar Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_27" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 27">United Nations Security Council Resolution 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renville_Agreement" title="Renville Agreement">Renville Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roem%E2%80%93Van_Roijen_Agreement" title="Roem–Van Roijen Agreement">Roem–Van Roijen Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Army" title="Royal Netherlands Army">Royal Netherlands Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army" title="Royal Netherlands East Indies Army">Royal Netherlands East Indies Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Islam_(Indonesia)" title="Darul Islam (Indonesia)">Darul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan_Physical_Revolution" title="Kalimantan Physical Revolution">Kalimantan Physical Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Desa_War" title="Dayak Desa War">Dayak Desa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumai" title="Battle of Kumai">Battle of Kumai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bersiap" title="Bersiap">Bersiap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kotabaru" title="Battle of Kotabaru">Battle of Kotabaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medan" title="Battle of Medan">Battle of Medan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Semarang" title="Battle of Semarang">Battle of Semarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambarawa" title="Battle of Ambarawa">Battle of Ambarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Surabaya" title="Battle of Surabaya">Battle of Surabaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolaka_incident" title="Kolaka incident">Kolaka incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbok_affair" title="Cumbok affair">Cumbok affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengkong_incident" title="Lengkong incident">Lengkong incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Sumatra_revolution" title="East Sumatra revolution">East Sumatra revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Sea_of_Fire" title="Bandung Sea of Fire">Bandung Sea of Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Margarana" title="Battle of Margarana">Battle of Margarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_campaign_of_1946%E2%80%931947" title="South Sulawesi campaign of 1946–1947">South Sulawesi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_March_affair" title="3 March affair">3 March affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_actions_(Indonesia)" title="Police actions (Indonesia)">Dutch police actions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Product" title="Operation Product">Operation Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kraai" title="Operation Kraai">Operation Kraai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_and_Surakarta_Offensive" title="Yogyakarta and Surakarta Offensive">Yogyakarta and Surakarta Offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Offensive_of_1_March_1949" title="General Offensive of 1 March 1949">General Offensive of 1 March 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Surakarta" title="Siege of Surakarta">Siege of Surakarta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Haris_Nasution" title="Abdul Haris Nasution">Abdul Haris Nasution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubertus_van_Mook" title="Hubertus van Mook">Hubertus van Mook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Westerling" title="Raymond Westerling">Raymond Westerling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Spoor" title="Simon Spoor">Simon Spoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutomo" title="Sutomo">Sutomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indonesia_articles667" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indonesia_topics" title="Template talk:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indonesia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indonesia_articles667" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indonesian_history" title="Timeline of Indonesian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Indonesia" title="Prehistoric Indonesia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia#Hindu-Buddhist_civilizations" title="History of Indonesia">Hindu-Buddhist era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Indonesia" title="Spread of Islam in Indonesia">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese era</a> (1512–1605)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">VOC era</a> (1603–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_British_interregnum_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies">French and British era</a> (1806–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> (1800–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a> (1942–1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Revolution</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy_period_in_Indonesia" title="Liberal democracy period in Indonesia">Liberal democracy era</a> (1950–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia" title="Guided Democracy in Indonesia">Guided Democracy era</a> (1959–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transitional era</a> (1965–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> (1966–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Suharto_era_in_Indonesia" title="Post-Suharto era in Indonesia"><i>Reformasi</i></a> (since 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Indonesia" title="Geography of Indonesia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borders_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Borders of Indonesia">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Indonesia" title="Climate of Indonesia">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Indonesia" title="Conservation in Indonesia">Conservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biosphere_reserves_of_Indonesia" title="List of biosphere reserves of Indonesia">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Indonesia" title="List of earthquakes in Indonesia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Indonesia" title="Environmental issues in Indonesia">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Indonesia" title="List of lakes of Indonesia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Mountains of Indonesia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_highest_point" title="List of Indonesian provinces by highest point">Provincial highest points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Natural history of Indonesia">Natural history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Indonesia" title="Fauna of Indonesia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Indonesia" title="Flora of Indonesia">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Indonesia" title="List of rivers of Indonesia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Indonesia" title="Politics of Indonesia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Administrative divisions of the Dutch East Indies">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regencies and cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indonesia" title="Cabinet of Indonesia">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indonesia" title="Constitution of Indonesia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indonesia" title="Elections in Indonesia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Indonesia" title="Foreign relations of Indonesia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Indonesia" title="Human rights in Indonesia">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Indonesia" title="Law of Indonesia">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Indonesia" title="Censorship in Indonesia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Indonesia" title="Law enforcement in Indonesia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Babinsa" title="Babinsa">Babinsa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia" title="Capital of Indonesia">National capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">People's Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Police" title="Indonesian National Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Indonesia" title="List of political parties in Indonesia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">List</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Nusantara" title="Wawasan Nusantara">Wawasan Nusantara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Indonesia" title="Agriculture in Indonesia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Automotive industry in Indonesia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Indonesia" title="Aviation in Indonesia">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Indonesia" title="List of banks in Indonesia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia" title="Energy in Indonesia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Indonesia" title="Science and technology in Indonesia">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Indonesia" title="Communications in Indonesia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Indonesia" title="Transport in Indonesia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Indonesia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Indonesia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Society of Indonesia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion in Indonesia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Indonesia" title="Crime in Indonesia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Indonesia" title="Human trafficking in Indonesia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_Indonesia" title="Piracy in Indonesia">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Indonesia" title="Prostitution in Indonesia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Architecture of Indonesia">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia" title="Colonial architecture of Indonesia">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_architecture_in_Indonesia" title="Mosque architecture in Indonesia">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">Rumah adat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_art" title="Indonesian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik_in_Indonesia" title="Batik in Indonesia">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Indonesia" title="Cinema of Indonesia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Indonesia" title="List of festivals in Indonesia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Indonesia" title="Folklore of Indonesia">Legends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Indonesia" title="Mass media in Indonesia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">National heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_painting" title="Indonesian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_properties_of_Indonesia" title="Cultural properties of Indonesia">Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Indonesia" title="Public holidays in Indonesia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Indonesia" title="Sport in Indonesia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Indonesia" title="Theatre of Indonesia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Indonesia" title="Video games in Indonesia">Video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Indonesia" title="Demographics of Indonesia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Indonesia" title="Education in Indonesia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Indonesia" title="Health in Indonesia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">Healthcare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Indonesia" title="Homelessness in Indonesia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Indonesia" title="Refugees in Indonesia">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Indonesia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Indonesia" title="National symbols of Indonesia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Raya" title="Indonesia Raya">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_costume_of_Indonesia" title="National costume of Indonesia">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem_of_Indonesia" title="National emblem of Indonesia">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia#Historical" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Indonesia#Provincial" title="Armorial of Indonesia">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_faunal_emblems" title="List of Indonesian faunal emblems">Faunal emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_flags#Provincial" title="List of Indonesian flags">Subdivision</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_floral_emblems" title="List of Indonesian floral emblems">Floral emblems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhinneka_Tunggal_Ika" title="Bhinneka Tunggal Ika">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Personification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesian_songs" title="Category:Indonesian songs">Songs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Indonesia" title="Outline of Indonesia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Indonesia-related_articles" title="Index of Indonesia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indonesia" title="Category:Indonesia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Indonesia">Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Indonesia" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Indonesia">Atlas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go"><i>U-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War16183" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War16183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Atomica" title="Pax Atomica">Pax Atomica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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