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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Josef Martin Knüsel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ميلكيور چوزيف مارتين كنوسيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميلكيور چوزيف مارتين كنوسيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel" title="Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel" title="Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel – Polish" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Swiss politician (1813–1889)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Josef Martin Knüsel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel.jpg/220px-Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel.jpg/330px-Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel.jpg/440px-Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Federal Council of Switzerland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1855–1875</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the National Council</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1854–1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Executive Council of Lucerne</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1852–1854</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">16 November 1813</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1889<span style="display:none">(1889-01-14)</span> (aged 75)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Bernardine Brunner-Knüsel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Jurisprudience</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel</b> (16 November 1813 – 14 January 1889) was a Swiss jurist and politician from the <a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">Liberal Radical Party</a> (FDP) and member of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_(Switzerland)" title="Federal Council (Switzerland)">Federal Council</a> of Switzerland over which he presided in 1861 and 1866. Before he was also a member of the Grand Council and the Executive Council of Lucerne and also of the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_early_life">Education and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knüsel was born into a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Switzerland" title="Catholic Church in Switzerland">Catholic</a> household on the 16 November 1813 in Lucerne to Melchior Josef and Josefa (born Küttel) Knüsel.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father had a grocery store and he grew up in a financially stable household.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended primary and high school in Lucerne and decided to study jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1830s he studied law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a> between 1834 and 36 and the following year at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838 he graduated with the Lucernese State Exam.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then stayed for some months in <a href="/wiki/Romont" title="Romont">Romont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a> to further his knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_career">Professional career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Professional career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1838 Knüsel was appointed a provisory clerk of the criminal court and in 1839 he became a criminal judge.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841 the conservative leaning Grand Council of Lucerne elected him to become the provincial prosecutor despite the fact that he had become a member of the <a href="/wiki/The_Liberals_(Switzerland)" title="The Liberals (Switzerland)">Liberal party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed the provincial prosecutor until 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent investigations he led were the one against <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Robert_Steiger" title="Jakob Robert Steiger">Jakob Robert Steiger</a> and his rebels and one against some members of the clergy of the Monastery of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1847 Knüsel succeeded his father into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Council (Switzerland)">Grand Council</a> of Lucerne representing <a href="/wiki/Weggis" title="Weggis">Weggis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was formally elected to the Grand Council of Lucerne in 1848<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but declined to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was in favor of an amnesty for the rebels around Jakob Robert Steiger in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Steiger resigned from the Executive Council in 1852 after he failed in his aim to support the construction of railways by the state, Knüsel was then considered his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1853 he was involved in the development of a railway connecting Basel and Lucerne over <a href="/wiki/Sursee" title="Sursee">Sursee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this he was in frequent contact with Johann Jakob Speiser, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Central_Railway" title="Swiss Central Railway">Swiss Central Railways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1854 Knüsel was able to prevent violent riots against the <a href="/wiki/Grain_merchant" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain merchant">grain merchants</a>, who were accused of raising prices too much.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the same year he was elected into the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Switzerland)" title="National Council (Switzerland)">National Council</a> of Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Councilor">Federal Councilor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Federal Councilor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knüsel's election to the Federal Council was a surprise as after the death of the Federal Councilor <a href="/wiki/Josef_Munzinger" title="Josef Munzinger">Josef Munzinger</a>, initially <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pfyffer" title="Casimir Pfyffer">Casimir Pfyffer</a> was the most voted candidate, but after Pfyffer failed to achieve the parliamentary majority of 72 votes in the first round, he declined.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knüsel was also a candidate, but only received 23 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Stehlin" title="Johann Jakob Stehlin">Johann Jakob Stehlin</a> was elected as the Federal Councilor on the 12 July, but he refused to accept his election as he didn't feel prepared for the office.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Melchior Josef Martin Knüsel was again made a candidate and elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 14 July 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After several day he eventually accepted and became the first Federal Councilor from <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Canton Lucerne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stayed a Federal Councilor for over 20 years until he resigned on 10 December 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he was in charge of the Department of Trade and Customs in 1860, he was in favor of a soon to be constructed tunnel through the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, to connect northern Europe with Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He saw with concerns the developments of France and the Austrian Empire to construct a railway over the <a href="/wiki/Brenner,_South_Tyrol" title="Brenner, South Tyrol">Brenner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mont_Cenis" title="Mont Cenis">Mount Cenis</a> and worried that in the case they succeed before Switzerland achieved its own tunnel, international traffic would lead around Switzerland which then would lose its central position.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reasoned that in case Switzerland would achieve a tunnel, then the country would become an economic hub for goods coming from the Italian <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Genoa" title="Port of Genoa">Port of Genoa</a> towards Northern Europe and the Swiss population would also have an enhanced access to the grains of northern Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He strongly favored the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Gotthard_Tunnel" title="Gotthard Tunnel">railway tunnel through the Gotthard massif</a> instead of a variant through the <a href="/wiki/Lukmanier_Pass" title="Lukmanier Pass">Lukmanier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 the ideological gap between the reformists and the catholics emerged as the reason of Knüsel's eventual loss in the Federal Council.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a>. harshly criticised the Church Laws in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, the Federal Council recalled the Swiss ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knüsel, as the only catholic in the Federal Council, did not support this step which caused some opposition in his canton Lucerne.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When in 1875 the confirmative elections were to be held, he was made a candidate in a conservative district, where he didn't have a chance and lost, following which he resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an acting Federal Councillor, Knüsel was a candidate for the National Council in 1866, 1869, 1872 and 1875 in <a href="/wiki/Complimentary_elections_for_Federal_Councilors_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Complimentary elections for Federal Councilors of Switzerland">confirmative elections</a>, which would formally confirm that he had enough popular support of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Offices_in_the_Federal_Council">Offices in the Federal Council</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Offices in the Federal Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While in office Knüsel held the following departments: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Finance" title="Federal Department of Finance">Department of Finance</a> (1855 - 1856)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Department of Trade and Customs (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Department of Justice and Police</a> (1858)</li> <li>Department of Trade and Customs (1859 - 1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Political Department</a> (1861) as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Finance" title="Federal Department of Finance">Department of Finance</a> (1862 - 1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Department of Justice and Police</a> (1864 - 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Foreign Affairs">Political Department</a> (1866) as President of the Swiss Confederation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Justice_and_Police" title="Federal Department of Justice and Police">Department of Justice and Police</a> (1867 - 1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Home_Affairs" title="Federal Department of Home Affairs">Federal Department of Home Affairs</a> (1874 - 1875)</li></ul> <p>As a civilian (non-military), he was not allowed to become involved in the Military Department.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Confederation</a> twice, in 1861 and 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Knüsel resigned from politics in 1875 and returned to Lucerne where in 1876 he was elected the President of the Lucerne branch of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweizer_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweizer Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft (page does not exist)">Swiss Welfare Association</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizer_Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige_Gesellschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Schweizer Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft">de</a>]</span> (SGG).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year the SGG held their annual congress in Lucerne.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free Trade</a> and the workers, for which he demanded education and machinery to be able to compete with the large corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, he returned to politics when he was elected into the National Council until 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 14 January 1889, Knüsel died after having been treated for <a href="/wiki/Rheumatism" title="Rheumatism">rheumatism</a> and a heart condition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1847 Knüsel married Bernardine Brunner from <a href="/wiki/Ebikon" title="Ebikon">Ebikon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their marriage stayed childless.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 17 July he saved the life of a child that fell into Lake Lucerne, for which he was officially recognized by the President of the Executive Council Alois Singer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year, he was able to be liberated from the remainder of his military service by paying 80 Swiss Francs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife Bernardine Brunner was a known friend of Agata Pioda the wife of the former Federal Councillor and Swiss Ambassador to Rome <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pioda" title="Giovanni Battista Pioda">Giovanni Battista Pioda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrüb" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trüb, Markus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/articles/004184/2022-05-05/">"Knüsel, Josef Martin"</a>. <i>Swiss Historical Lexicon</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+Historical+Lexicon&rft.atitle=Kn%C3%BCsel%2C+Josef+Martin&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%BCb&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhls-dhs-dss.ch%2Farticles%2F004184%2F2022-05-05%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosef+Martin+Kn%C3%BCsel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Steiner, Alois (2015). <i>Josef Martin Knüsel, Der vergessene Luzerner Bundesrat</i> (in German). Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft der Stadt Luzern. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-033-04958-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-033-04958-1"><bdi>978-3-033-04958-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josef+Martin+Kn%C3%BCsel%2C+Der+vergessene+Luzerner+Bundesrat&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Gemeinn%C3%BCtzige+Gesellschaft+der+Stadt+Luzern&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-033-04958-1&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Alois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosef+Martin+Kn%C3%BCsel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). pp.9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiger, Alois (2015). p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). pp.40–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). pp.41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efd.admin.ch/efd/de/home/das-efd/der-departementsvorsteher/ueli-maurer/fruehere-departmentsvorsteher.html">"Frühere Departmentsvorsteher/Innen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%BChere+Departmentsvorsteher%2FInnen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efd.admin.ch%2Fefd%2Fde%2Fhome%2Fdas-efd%2Fder-departementsvorsteher%2Fueli-maurer%2Ffruehere-departmentsvorsteher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJosef+Martin+Kn%C3%BCsel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiger, Alois (2015). p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner, Alois (2015). p.47</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josef_Martin_Kn%C3%BCsel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/federal-council/members-of-the-federal-council/melchior-josef-martin-knuesel.html">Profile of Josef Martin Knüsel</a> with election results on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start.html">website of the Swiss Federal Council</a>.</li> <li> Markus Trüeb: <i>Josef Martin Knüsel</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D4184.php"><span title="Josef Martin Knüsel in German">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F4184.php"><span title="Josef Martin Knüsel in French">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I4184.php"><span title="Josef Martin Knüsel in Italian">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>, 18 January 2006.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Munzinger" title="Josef Munzinger">Josef Munzinger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Swiss Federal Council">Member of the Swiss Federal Council</a> </b><br />1855–1875 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heer" title="Joachim Heer">Joachim Heer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="Template:Presidents of the Swiss Confederation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Swiss Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Swiss Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="President of the Swiss Confederation">President of the Swiss Confederation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" title="List of presidents of the Swiss Confederation">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;">1848–1874</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Furrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Druey" title="Henri Druey">Druey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Munzinger" title="Josef Munzinger">Munzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Furrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Matthias_Naeff" title="Wilhelm Matthias Naeff">Naeff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Frey-Heros%C3%A9" title="Friedrich Frey-Herosé">Frey-Herosé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Furrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_St%C3%A4mpfli" title="Jakob Stämpfli">Stämpfli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Fornerod" title="Constant Fornerod">Fornerod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Furrer" title="Jonas Furrer">Furrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_St%C3%A4mpfli" title="Jakob Stämpfli">Stämpfli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Frey-Heros%C3%A9" title="Friedrich Frey-Herosé">Frey-Herosé</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knüsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_St%C3%A4mpfli" title="Jakob Stämpfli">Stämpfli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Fornerod" title="Constant Fornerod">Fornerod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Dubs" title="Jakob Dubs">Dubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schenk" title="Karl Schenk">Schenk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Knüsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_Fornerod" title="Constant Fornerod">Fornerod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Dubs" title="Jakob Dubs">Dubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Welti" title="Emil Welti">Welti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Dubs" title="Jakob Dubs">Dubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schenk" title="Karl Schenk">Schenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Welti" title="Emil Welti">Welti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_C%C3%A9r%C3%A9sole" title="Paul Cérésole">Cérésole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schenk" title="Karl Schenk">Schenk</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Switzerland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;">1875–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Scherer" title="Johann Jakob Scherer">Scherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Welti" title="Emil Welti">Welti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Heer" title="Joachim Heer">Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schenk" title="Karl Schenk">Schenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Hammer" title="Bernhard Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Welti" title="Emil Welti">Welti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Droz" title="Numa Droz">Droz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Bavier" title="Simeon Bavier">Bavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ruchonnet" title="Louis Ruchonnet">Ruchonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Welti" title="Emil Welti">Welti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schenk" title="Karl Schenk">Schenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Deucher" title="Adolf Deucher">Deucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Droz" title="Numa Droz">Droz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hertenstein" title="Wilhelm Hertenstein">Hertenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Hammer" title="Bernhard Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Ruchonnet" title="Louis Ruchonnet">Ruchonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Welti" title="Emil Welti">Welti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hauser" title="Walter Hauser">Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schenk" title="Karl Schenk">Schenk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Frey" title="Emil Frey">Frey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Zemp" title="Josef Zemp">Zemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Lachenal" title="Adrien Lachenal">Lachenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Deucher" title="Adolf Deucher">Deucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ruffy" title="Eugène Ruffy">Ruffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%BCller_(Swiss_politician)" title="Eduard Müller (Swiss politician)">Müller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;">1900–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hauser" title="Walter Hauser">Hauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Brenner" title="Ernst Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Zemp" title="Josef Zemp">Zemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Deucher" title="Adolf Deucher">Deucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Comtesse" title="Robert Comtesse">Comtesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Emile_Ruchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc-Emile Ruchet">Ruchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Forrer" title="Ludwig Forrer">Forrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%BCller_(Swiss_politician)" title="Eduard Müller (Swiss politician)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Brenner" title="Ernst Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Deucher" title="Adolf Deucher">Deucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Comtesse" title="Robert Comtesse">Comtesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Emile_Ruchet" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc-Emile Ruchet">Ruchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Forrer" title="Ludwig Forrer">Forrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%BCller_(Swiss_politician)" title="Eduard Müller (Swiss politician)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hoffmann_(politician)" title="Arthur Hoffmann (politician)">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta" title="Giuseppe Motta">Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Decoppet" title="Camille Decoppet">Decoppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Schulthess" title="Edmund Schulthess">Schulthess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Calonder" title="Felix Calonder">Calonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Ador" title="Gustave Ador">Ador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta" title="Giuseppe Motta">Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Schulthess" title="Edmund Schulthess">Schulthess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Haab" title="Robert Haab">Haab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Scheurer" title="Karl Scheurer">Scheurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chuard" title="Ernest Chuard">Chuard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Musy" title="Jean-Marie Musy">Musy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%A4berlin" title="Heinrich Häberlin">Häberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta" title="Giuseppe Motta">Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Schulthess" title="Edmund Schulthess">Schulthess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Haab" title="Robert Haab">Haab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Musy" title="Jean-Marie Musy">Musy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_H%C3%A4berlin" title="Heinrich Häberlin">Häberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta" title="Giuseppe Motta">Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Schulthess" title="Edmund Schulthess">Schulthess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pilet-Golaz" title="Marcel Pilet-Golaz">Pilet-Golaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Minger" title="Rudolf Minger">Minger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Meyer_(politician)" title="Albert Meyer (politician)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Motta" title="Giuseppe Motta">Motta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Baumann" title="Johannes Baumann">Baumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Etter" title="Philipp Etter">Etter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pilet-Golaz" title="Marcel Pilet-Golaz">Pilet-Golaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wetter" title="Ernst Wetter">Wetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Etter" title="Philipp Etter">Etter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Celio" title="Enrico Celio">E. Celio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Stampfli" title="Walther Stampfli">Stampfli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Steiger" title="Eduard von Steiger">von Steiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kobelt" title="Karl Kobelt">Kobelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Etter" title="Philipp Etter">Etter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Celio" title="Enrico Celio">E. Celio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nobs" title="Ernst Nobs">Nobs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Petitpierre" title="Max Petitpierre">Petitpierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Steiger" title="Eduard von Steiger">Steiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kobelt" title="Karl Kobelt">Kobelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Etter" title="Philipp Etter">Etter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolphe_Rubattel" title="Rodolphe Rubattel">Rubattel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Petitpierre" title="Max Petitpierre">Petitpierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markus_Feldmann" title="Markus Feldmann">Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Streuli" title="Hans Streuli">Streuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holenstein" title="Thomas Holenstein">Holenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chaudet" title="Paul Chaudet">Chaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Petitpierre" title="Max Petitpierre">Petitpierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Traugott_Wahlen" title="Friedrich Traugott Wahlen">Wahlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chaudet" title="Paul Chaudet">Chaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Sp%C3%BChler" title="Willy Spühler">Spühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Moos" title="Ludwig von Moos">von Moos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Tschudi" title="Hans-Peter Tschudi">Tschudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schaffner" title="Hans Schaffner">Schaffner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bonvin" title="Roger Bonvin">Bonvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Sp%C3%BChler" title="Willy Spühler">Spühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Moos" title="Ludwig von Moos">von Moos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Tschudi" title="Hans-Peter Tschudi">Tschudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Gn%C3%A4gi" title="Rudolf Gnägi">Gnägi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nello_Celio" title="Nello Celio">N. Celio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bonvin" title="Roger Bonvin">Bonvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Brugger" title="Ernst Brugger">Brugger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Graber" title="Pierre Graber">Graber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Gn%C3%A4gi" title="Rudolf Gnägi">Gnägi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Furgler" title="Kurt Furgler">Furgler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Ritschard" title="Willi Ritschard">Ritschard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_H%C3%BCrlimann" title="Hans Hürlimann">Hürlimann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Andr%C3%A9_Chevallaz" title="Georges-André Chevallaz">Chevallaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Furgler" title="Kurt Furgler">Furgler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Honegger" title="Fritz Honegger">Honegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Aubert" title="Pierre Aubert">Aubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Schlumpf" title="Leon Schlumpf">Schlumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Furgler" title="Kurt Furgler">Furgler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphons_Egli" title="Alphons Egli">Egli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Aubert" title="Pierre Aubert">Aubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stich" title="Otto Stich">Stich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pascal_Delamuraz" title="Jean-Pascal Delamuraz">Delamuraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Koller" title="Arnold Koller">Koller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Cotti" title="Flavio Cotti">Cotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Felber" title="René Felber">Felber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ogi" title="Adolf Ogi">Ogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Stich" title="Otto Stich">Stich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Villiger" title="Kaspar Villiger">Villiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pascal_Delamuraz" title="Jean-Pascal Delamuraz">Delamuraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Koller" title="Arnold Koller">Koller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavio_Cotti" title="Flavio Cotti">Cotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Dreifuss" title="Ruth Dreifuss">Dreifuss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em; text-align:center;">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.4;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ogi" title="Adolf Ogi">Ogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Leuenberger" title="Moritz Leuenberger">Leuenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspar_Villiger" title="Kaspar Villiger">Villiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Couchepin" title="Pascal Couchepin">Couchepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deiss" title="Joseph Deiss">Deiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Schmid" title="Samuel Schmid">Schmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Leuenberger" title="Moritz Leuenberger">Leuenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micheline_Calmy-Rey" title="Micheline Calmy-Rey">Calmy-Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Couchepin" title="Pascal Couchepin">Couchepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Rudolf_Merz" title="Hans-Rudolf Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Leuthard" title="Doris Leuthard">Leuthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micheline_Calmy-Rey" title="Micheline Calmy-Rey">Calmy-Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveline_Widmer-Schlumpf" title="Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf">Widmer-Schlumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didier_Burkhalter" title="Didier Burkhalter">Burkhalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Sommaruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Schneider-Ammann" title="Johann Schneider-Ammann">Schneider-Ammann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Leuthard" title="Doris Leuthard">Leuthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Berset" title="Alain Berset">Berset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ueli_Maurer" title="Ueli Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonetta_Sommaruga" title="Simonetta Sommaruga">Sommaruga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Parmelin" title="Guy Parmelin">Parmelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Cassis" title="Ignazio Cassis">Cassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Berset" title="Alain Berset">Berset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Amherd" title="Viola Amherd">Amherd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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