CINXE.COM
2006 US Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html xml:lang="en" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/us/2022/" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/law.justia.com/files/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <title>2006 US Code :: US Codes and Statutes :: US Law :: Justia</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/css/core.css" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/all/themes/justia_law_theme/static/law.css?11072014" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/css/dockets.css" /> <link href="https://company.justia.com" rel="publisher" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_128.png" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_flat_144.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="57x57" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_57.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="72x72" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_72.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="114x114" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_114.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" type="image/png" sizes="144x144" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/jbutton_3d_144.png" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" sizes="16x16 24x24 32x32 48x48 64x64 96x96 128x128" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/justia/justia.ico" /> <meta property="og:title" content="2006 US Code" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Justia Law" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://law.justia.com/codes/us/2006/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/social-media/law.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:admins" content="656268335,686786921,25900864" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="119529808075661" /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/social-media/law.jpg" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="is-logged-in" content="0" /> <meta name="page-type" content="Law: Codes Page (Current Year)" /> <meta name="trigger-ga" content="1" /> <script> var trackOutboundLink = function(url, isExternal) {} </script> <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.8.3/jquery.min.js"></script> <script> window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/sites/all/themes/justia_law_theme/static/jquery.1.8.3.min.js"><\/script>') </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script> (function(w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j = d.createElement(s), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : ''; j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-P2QTGCR'); </script><!-- End Google Tag Manager --> </head> <body class="sticky-footer content-right-sidebar" data-directive="j-gdpr" data-privacy-policy-url="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-P2QTGCR" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <header id="header" data-directive="j-topnav"> <div id="sticky-nav"> <div class="burger-wrapper"> <div id="hamburger" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Hamburger" class="hamburger"> <div class="inner-ham" style="pointer-events:none"> <span class="lns ln2-1" style="pointer-events:none"></span> <span class="lns ln2-2" style="pointer-events:none"></span> </div> </div> <div id="header-nav"> <div class="inner-wrapper"> <div class="logo-wrapper"> <a href="/" title="Justia Law" class="logo"> <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo" src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/branding/logos/sites/justia.svg" alt="Justia"> <img data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header" data-gtm-label="Logo - Subdomain" class="sub-domain" src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/branding/logos/sites/law.svg" alt="Case Law"> </a> </div> <div class="buttons-wrapper"> <div class="topnav-button search-icon" id="search-icon-button"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22" /> </div> <div class="topnav-button sign-in-icon" id="sign-in-icon-button"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/white/profile.svg" alt="My Account" width="20" height="20"> </div> <div id="accounts-buttons-wrapper"> <span class="topnav-button login-buttons" id="login-buttons-wrapper"> <span class="login-buttons-wrapper"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Account" data-gtm-label="Log In" data-directive="j-login" href="https://accounts.justia.com/signin?destination=https://law.justia.com/codes/us/2006/" class="login">Log In</a> <a href="https://accounts.justia.com/" class="sign-up">Sign Up</a> </span> </span> </div> <div id="search-form-wrapper"> <form action="/lawsearch/redirect-from-header" method="get" class="search-form jform" id="search-form"> <div class="input-wrapper"> <input type="text" name="query" value="" id="querybox" title="Search" placeholder="Search"> </div> <button type="submit"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/search.svg" alt="search" width="22" height="22" /> </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="subnavigation"> <div class="subnavigation-wrapper"> <ul> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer </a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Research the Law" href="https://www.justia.com/">Research the Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Laws & Regs" href="https://law.justia.com/">Laws & Regs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Newsletters" href="https://connect.justia.com/case-law-summary-newsletters">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> <div class="sublist"> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Pro Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#pro-membership">Pro Membership</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Basic Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/#basic-membership">Basic Membership</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Platinum Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/platinum/">Platinum Placements</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Gold Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/gold/">Gold Placements</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="SEO" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/search-engine-optimization/">SEO</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Websites & LSA Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-firm-websites/">Websites</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/law-blogs/">Blogs</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="PPC Management" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/cpc-ppc/">PPC Management</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Google Business Profile" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/google-business-profile/">Google Business Profile</a> </li> <li> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Social Media" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/social-media-networking/">Social Media</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sublist-section"> <ul> <li class="sublist-section-title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Header Navigation" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <div class="has-topnav-padding font-opensans" data-directive="j-announcement" data-project="law"></div> <div id="main-content" class="main-content font-opensans"> <nav class="breadcrumbs small-font font-helvetica"> <a href="https://www.justia.com">Justia</a> <span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span> <a href="/">US Law</a> <span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span> <a href="/codes/">US Codes and Statutes</a> <span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span> <a href="/codes/us/">US Code</a> <span class="breadcrumb-separator"></span> 2006 US Code </nav> <div class="primary-content-wrapper"> <div class="primary-content" id="maincontent"> <div class="wrapper jcard has-padding-full-30 blocks"> <div class="pills justify-between" data-directive="j-pills"> <div id="crosslink-pill" class="pill small-font -blue has-no-top-margin" data-name="crosslink" data-default-text="Different Version" data-facets="crosslink"> <span class="text font-w-bold"> <span class="pill-label"> There is a newer version of the US Code </span> <span class="pill-icon dropdown-arrow -large"> <svg class="jicon" role="img" title="down" viewbox="0 0 270 270"> <use xlink:href="/justatic/shared/images/icons/simple-icons-sprite.svg#downarrow"></use> </svg> </span> </span> <div class="dropdown" data-nosnippet> <fieldset class="dropdown-content has-margin-top-10 has-no-padding"> <span class="cursor-pointer dropdown-close cross"> <svg class="jicon -fill-blue" role="img" title="cross" viewbox="0 0 270 270"> <use xlink:href="/justatic/shared/images/icons/simple-icons-sprite.svg#cross"></use> </svg> </span> <div class="dropdown-items bg-white"> <div class="jfld-group jfld-options-group"> <div class="options-wrapper"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Other Versions of Code" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/codes/us/2022/">2022</a><br><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Other Versions of Code" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/codes/us/2021/">2021</a><br><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Other Versions of Code" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/codes/us/2020/">2020</a><br>2006 (you are here)<br><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Previous Version of Code" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/us/">View All Versions</a> </div> </div> </div> </fieldset> </div> </div> <div class="pill-button small-font"> <span class="text font-w-bold"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-label="Law - Latest Version of Code" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Content" href="/codes/us/2022/" class="label">View our newest version here</a> <span class="pill-icon dropdown-arrow -large"> <svg class="jicon -fill-red" role="img" title="down" viewbox="0 0 270 270"> <use xlink:href="/justatic/shared/images/icons/simple-icons-sprite.svg#rightarrow"></use> </svg> </span> </span> </div> </div> <h1 class="heading-1">2006 US Code</h1><!-- Begin Content --> <ul><li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title1/">Title 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title2/">Title 2 - THE CONGRESS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title3/">Title 3 - THE PRESIDENT</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title4/">Title 4 - FLAG AND SEAL, SEAT OF GOVERNMENT, AND THE STATES</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title5/">Title 5 - GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION AND EMPLOYEES</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title6/">Title 6 - DOMESTIC SECURITY</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title7/">Title 7 - AGRICULTURE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title8/">Title 8 - ALIENS AND NATIONALITY</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title9/">Title 9 - ARBITRATION</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title10/">Title 10 - ARMED FORCES</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title11/">Title 11 - BANKRUPTCY</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title12/">Title 12 - BANKS AND BANKING</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title13/">Title 13 - CENSUS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title14/">Title 14 - COAST GUARD</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title15/">Title 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title16/">Title 16 - CONSERVATION</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title17/">Title 17 - COPYRIGHTS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title18/">Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title19/">Title 19 - CUSTOMS DUTIES</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title20/">Title 20 - EDUCATION</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title21/">Title 21 - FOOD AND DRUGS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title22/">Title 22 - FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title23/">Title 23 - HIGHWAYS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title24/">Title 24 - HOSPITALS AND ASYLUMS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title25/">Title 25 - INDIANS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title26/">Title 26 - INTERNAL REVENUE CODE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title27/">Title 27 - INTOXICATING LIQUORS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title28/">Title 28 - JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title29/">Title 29 - LABOR</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title30/">Title 30 - MINERAL LANDS AND MINING</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title31/">Title 31 - MONEY AND FINANCE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title32/">Title 32 - NATIONAL GUARD</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title33/">Title 33 - NAVIGATION AND NAVIGABLE WATERS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title35/">Title 35 - PATENTS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title36/">Title 36 - PATRIOTIC AND NATIONAL OBSERVANCES, CEREMONIES, ANDORGANIZATIONS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title37/">Title 37 - PAY AND ALLOWANCES OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title38/">Title 38 - VETERANS BENEFITS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title39/">Title 39 - POSTAL SERVICE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title40/">Title 40 - PUBLIC BUILDINGS, PROPERTY, AND WORKS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title41/">Title 41 - PUBLIC CONTRACTS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title42/">Title 42 - THE PUBLIC HEALTH AND WELFARE</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title43/">Title 43 - PUBLIC LANDS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title44/">Title 44 - PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title45/">Title 45 - RAILROADS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title46/">Title 46 - SHIPPING</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title47/">Title 47 - TELEGRAPHS, TELEPHONES, AND RADIOTELEGRAPHS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title48/">Title 48 - TERRITORIES AND INSULAR POSSESSIONS</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title49/">Title 49 - TRANSPORTATION</a></li> <li><a href="/codes/us/2006/title50/">Title 50 - WAR AND NATIONAL DEFENSE</a></li> </ul> <!-- END Content --> </div><div class="wrapper jcard has-padding-full-30 blocks block"><p class="small-font"><strong>Disclaimer:</strong> These codes may not be the most recent version. <a href="/codes/states.html" target="_blank">The United States Government Printing Office</a> may have more current or accurate information. We make no warranties or guarantees about the accuracy, completeness, or adequacy of the information contained on this site or the information linked to on the US site. Please check official sources.</p> </div> <!-- reCAPTCHA disclaimer --> <div class="small-font jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block"> <div class="disclaimer"> This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google <a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="https://policies.google.com/terms" target="_blank">Terms of Service</a> apply. </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar primary-sidebar"> <aside data-directive="j-lead" data-type="cornell" data-impression="0"> </aside> <aside class="jcard jlead-v2-wrapper -loading" data-directive="j-dynamic-lead" data-property="law"> <div class="jspinner -double-bounce"> <div class="-crl -crl1 bg-justia-blue"></div> <div class="-crl -crl2 bg-justia-blue"></div> </div> </aside> <aside id="newsletter-subscription-aside-widget" class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block widget no-space" data-gtm-children="Sidebar"> <strong class="heading-4 has-no-top-margin"> Free Daily Summaries in Your Inbox </strong> <div class="block-wrapper"> <p class="has-no-bottom-margin hidden"> You're all set! You already receive all suggested Justia Opinion Summary Newsletters. You can explore additional available newsletters <a href="https://connect.justia.com/case-law-summary-newsletters" target="_blank">here</a>. </p> <form id="subscribe-aside-form" class="form-v2 hidden" data-directive="j-validator" data-runs-recaptcha="1" data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Suggestions Form" data-gtm-category="Summary Newsletters"> <p> Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. </p> <strong class="heading-5 has-no-top-margin has-margin-bottom-10"> Our Suggestions: </strong> <div class="jfld-group jfld-options-group has-no-bottom-margin" id="form-v2-options-group1"> <div id="suggestion-options-wrapper" class="options-wrapper has-margin-bottom-10" data-validations="minOptions1" data-container="#suggestion-options-container" data-group="suggestions" /> </div> <div id="suggestion-options-container" class="errors-list"></div> <div class="jfld-group floating-label has-no-bottom-margin" data-directive="j-floating-label"> <span class="jfld-floating-label flabel" id="subscriptions-aside-email-label">Enter Your Email</span> <input id="aside-email" class="form-text jinput-large jfld-block has-margin-top-15 has-margin-bottom-10 ffield" placeholder="Enter email" title="Enter email" aria-labeledby="subscriptions-aside-email-label" required="true" data-validations="isEmail" data-container="#aside-email-container" name="aside-email" type="email" value="" > <div id="aside-email-container" class="errors-list"></div> </div> <input class="button button-red save-button width-100-v2" style="min-height:2.8125em" type="submit" value="Sign Up"> <div id="aside-errors" class="errors-list"></div> <div id="aside-g-recaptcha" class="g-recaptcha text-center -display-flex captcha visuallyhidden" data-sitekey="6Lc8e9QZAAAAALXCMYspBhWr45nC7vkovxjiIKzP"></div> </form> </div> <div id="practice-areas-div" data-practice='""'></div> </aside> <aside class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block webinars-you-might-like widget" data-gtm-children="Sidebar"> <strong class="heading-4 has-no-top-margin"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Connect Webinars" href="https://connect.justia.com/webinars">Webinars For All</a> </strong> <div class="block-wrapper" data-directive="j-webinars-list"> <div class="calendar-event -keep-in-row -with-details -loading has-margin-top-30 has-margin-bottom-30"> <div class="date"></div> <strong class="title small-font line-height-1-3 has-no-margin"> <span class="line"> </span> <span class="line"> </span> <span class="line"> </span> </strong> <div class="details small-font line-height-1-3"> <span class="line"> </span> </div> </div> <hr class="hr"> <div class="calendar-event -keep-in-row -with-details -loading has-margin-top-30 has-margin-bottom-30"> <div class="date"></div> <strong class="title small-font line-height-1-3 has-no-margin"> <span class="line"> </span> <span class="line"> </span> <span class="line"> </span> </strong> <div class="details small-font line-height-1-3"> <span class="line"> </span> </div> </div> <hr class="hr"> <div class="calendar-event -keep-in-row -with-details -loading has-margin-top-30 has-margin-bottom-30"> <div class="date"></div> <strong class="title small-font line-height-1-3 has-no-margin"> <span class="line"> </span> <span class="line"> </span> <span class="line"> </span> </strong> <div class="details small-font line-height-1-3"> <span class="line"> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="small-font has-margin-top-20">Justia Webinars are open to all, lawyers and non-lawyers. Lawyers, please visit individual webinar pages for more information about CLE accreditation. </div> </aside><aside id="ask-a-lawyer-widget" class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block" data-directive="j-ask-a-lawyer"> <p class="heading-4"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Ask a Lawyer" href="https://answers.justia.com/">Ask a Lawyer</a> </p> <div class="block-wrapper small-font"> <form data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Ask a Lawyer" data-gtm-category="Widgets" name="ask-a-lawyer-form" method="post" action="https://answers.justia.com/ask" id="homepage-ask" accept-charset="utf-8"> <div class="jfld-group"> <strong>Question:</strong> <textarea name="question" class="jfld-block" id="ask-a-lawyer-textarea" rows="5" title="Please ask your question here and get free answers from lawyers." placeholder="Please ask your question here and get free answers from lawyers."></textarea> </div> <span class="block"> <a id="answers-add-details">Add details</a> <div class="pull-right" id="char-court"> 120 </div> </span> <div class="question-details clear-both hidden-content" id="question-details"> <div class="jfld-group"> <strong>Additional Details: </strong> <textarea name="details" id="ask-a-lawyer-details-textarea" rows="5" class="jfld-block" title="If you have additional details about your question fill them here" placeholder="If you have additional details about your question fill them here"></textarea> </div> <span class="block"> <div class="pull-right" id="char-court-details"> 1000 </div> </span> </div> <button type="submit" name="submit" class="pull-right button button-primary uppercase"> Ask Question </button> </form> </div> </aside> <!-- /ask_a_lawyer --> <aside class="jcard has-padding-content-block-30 block"> <p class="heading-4"> <a href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" id="findalawyerlawlink"> Find a Lawyer </a> </p> <div class="block-wrapper"> <form data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" data-gtm-category="Widgets" name="find-a-lawyer-form" class="jform small-font jform--find-lawyer" action="//lawyers.justia.com/search" method="get" accept-charset="utf-8"> <div class="jfld-group"> <input type="text" name="query" value="" id="lawyer_practice_field" title="Legal Issue or Lawyer Name" placeholder="Legal Issue or Lawyer Name" class="jfld-block"> </div> <div class="jfld-group -side-button clearfix"> <input type="text" name="location" value="" id="lawyer-location" title="City, State" placeholder="City, State"> <input type="submit" value="Search" class="button button-primary search uppercase"> </div> </form> <div class="text-center clear-both"> <strong class="heading-6 has-no-bottom-margin"><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Sidebar" data-gtm-label="All - Lawyers - Get Listed Now!" href="https://lawyers.justia.com/lawyer-directory-listings" class="button button-red-ghost">Lawyers - Get Listed Now!</a></strong> <span class="tiny-font">Get a free directory profile listing</span> </div> </div> </aside> <aside data-directive="j-find-a-lawyer" data-practice="" data-display-tooltip="true" data-level="300"></aside> </div><!-- /sidebar --> <!-- Newsletters --> <div class="notification-banner hidden hide-print"> <a href="#" class="toggle -expanded " data-section="notification-banner-content" data-directive="j-expand" data-cookie="law-sticky-footer-collapsed"> <span class="visuallyhidden">Toggle button</span> <svg class="jicon -fill-red" role="img" title="Toggle" viewbox="0 0 270 270"> <use xlink:href="/justatic/shared/images/icons/simple-icons-sprite.svg#down"></use> </svg> </a> <div id="notification-banner-content" class="container -expanded has-no-border"> <div class="wrapper"> <p class="text"> <strong>Get free summaries of new <span id="footer-summaries-court-name"></span> opinions delivered to your inbox!</strong> </p> <div class="form-container"> <form id="subscribe-footer-form" data-directive="j-validator" data-runs-recaptcha="1" data-gtm-type="submission" data-gtm-label="Sticky Footer Form" data-gtm-category="Summary Newsletters"> <input type="hidden" name="footer-summaries-identifier" id="footer-summaries-identifier" value="" /> <div class="jform-simple form-v2 -always-inline"> <div class="jfld-group floating-label" data-directive="j-floating-label"> <span class="jfld-floating-label flabel" id="subscriptions-footer-email-label">Enter Your Email</span> <input id="footer-email" class="form-text jinput-large jfld-block" placeholder="Enter email" title="Enter email" aria-labeledby="subscriptions-footer-email-label" required="true" data-validations="isEmail" data-container="#footer-email-container" name="footer-email" type="email" value="" > <div id="footer-email-container" class="errors-list"></div> </div> <button class="button button-red save-button" type="submit"> <span class="nowrap">Sign Up</span> </button> </div> <div id="footer-g-recaptcha" class="g-recaptcha text-center -display-flex captcha visuallyhidden" data-sitekey="6Lc8e9QZAAAAALXCMYspBhWr45nC7vkovxjiIKzP"></div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div><!-- /main --> <footer class="footer"> <div> </div><!-- /footer --> </footer> </div> <div id="footer" class="-v2 short bg-white color-black"> <div class="wrapper has-no-padding"> <div class="resources font-opensans has-padding-content-block-x2large clearfix"> <div class="section-title">Justia Legal Resources</div> <div class="columns"> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">Find a Lawyer</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-01"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-01" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/bankruptcy">Bankruptcy Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/business-law">Business Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/criminal-law">Criminal Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/employment-law">Employment Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/estate-planning">Estate Planning Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/family-law">Family Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury Lawyers" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers/personal-injury">Personal Injury Lawyers</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Find a Lawyer - More" href="https://www.justia.com/lawyers">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">Individuals</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-02"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-02" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Bankruptcy" href="https://www.justia.com/bankruptcy/">Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Criminal" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/">Criminal</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Divorce" href="https://www.justia.com/family/divorce/">Divorce</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="DUI" href="https://www.justia.com/criminal/drunk-driving-dui-dwi/">DUI</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Estate Planning" href="https://www.justia.com/estate-planning/">Estate Planning</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Family Law" href="https://www.justia.com/family/">Family Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Personal Injury" href="https://www.justia.com/injury/">Personal Injury</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Individuals - More" href="https://www.justia.com/individuals/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">Business</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-03"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-03" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Formation" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/starting-your-own-business/">Business Formation</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Operations" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/">Business Operations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.com/employment/">Employment</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Intellectual Property" href="https://www.justia.com/intellectual-property/">Intellectual Property</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="International Trade" href="https://www.justia.com/international-law/international-trade-law/">International Trade</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Real Estate" href="https://www.justia.com/business-operations/commercial-real-estate-the-law/">Real Estate</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Tax Law" href="https://www.justia.com/tax/">Tax Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business - More" href="https://www.justia.com/business/">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Schools" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Schools</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-04"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-04" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dictionary" href="https://dictionary.justia.com/ ">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Admissions" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Admissions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Financial Aid" href="https://www.justia.com/law-students/">Financial Aid</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Course Outlines" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/outlines/">Course Outlines</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Journals" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">Law Journals</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/blogs/categories/law-student">Blogs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Employment" href="https://www.justia.jobs/jobs/summer-associate-legal-internship">Employment</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Law Students - More" href="https://www.justia.com/law-schools/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">US Federal Law</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-05"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-05" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Constitution" href="https://law.justia.com/constitution/us/">US Constitution</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Code" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/us">US Code</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Regulations" href="https://regulations.justia.com/">Regulations</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Supreme Court" href="https://supreme.justia.com/">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Circuit Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/">Circuit Courts</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="District Courts" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/">District Courts</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Dockets & Filings" href="https://dockets.justia.com/">Dockets & Filings</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US Federal Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">US State Law</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-06"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-06" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Constitutions" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">State Constitutions</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Codes" href="https://law.justia.com/codes/">State Codes</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="State Case Law" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/">State Case Law</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="California" href="https://law.justia.com/california/">California</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Florida" href="https://law.justia.com/florida/">Florida</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="New York" href="https://law.justia.com/new-york/">New York</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Texas" href="https://law.justia.com/texas/">Texas</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="US State Law - More" href="https://law.justia.com/us-states/">More... </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases" href="https://www.justia.com/">Other Databases</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-07"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-07" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Jobs" href="https://www.justia.jobs/">Legal Jobs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Legal Blogs" href="https://blawgsearch.justia.com/">Legal Blogs</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Business Forms" href="https://contracts.justia.com/">Business Forms</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Product Recalls" href="https://recalls.justia.com/">Product Recalls</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Patents" href="https://patents.justia.com/">Patents</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Trademarks" href="https://trademarks.justia.com/">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Countries" href="https://www.justia.com/countries/">Countries</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Other Databases - More" href="https://www.justia.com/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="footer-block"> <div class="title"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> <span class="expand" data-directive="j-expand" data-section="footer-08"> <img src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/images/icons/svgfiles/blue/down.svg" alt="Arrow"> </span> </div> <ul id="footer-08" class="footer-list -collapsed"> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect Membership" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/connect/">Justia Connect Membership</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Lawyer Directory" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/">Justia Lawyer Directory</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Premium Placements" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/lawyer-directory/#premium-placements">Justia Premium Placements</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Elevate" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/elevate/">Justia Elevate (SEO, Websites)</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Amplify" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/amplify/">Justia Amplify (PPC, GBP)</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Justia Onward Blog" href="https://onward.justia.com/">Justia Onward Blog</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Testimonials" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/testimonials/">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer Resources" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions - More" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bg-justia-blue"> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="copyright"> <span class="site"> <span class="social-media"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/justia" title="Facebook" target="_blank" class="fb icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/facebook.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Facebook" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Facebook"> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/justiacom" title="Twitter" target="_blank" class="twitter icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/twitter.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Twitter" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Twitter"> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/justia" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" class="linkedin icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/linkedin.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="LinkedIn" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - LinkedIn"> </a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/justia" title="YouTube" target="_blank" class="youtube icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/youtube.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="YouTube" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - YouTube" /> </a> <a href="https://lawyers.justia.com/organization/justia-inc-16302" title="Justia Lawyer Directory" class="justia icon"> <img src="https://lawyers.justia.com/s/justia.svg" width="50" height="50" alt="Justia" data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Social Media - Justia Lawyer Directory"> </a> </span> <span class="credits">© 2024 <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Copyright" href="https://www.justia.com/">Justia</a></span> </span> <span class="nav"> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Justia Connect" href="https://connect.justia.com/">Justia Connect</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Legal Portal" href="https://www.justia.com/">Legal Portal</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Company" href="https://company.justia.com/">Company</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Help" href="https://support.justia.com/">Help</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Terms of Service" href="https://www.justia.com/terms-of-service/">Terms of Service</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Privacy Policy" href="https://www.justia.com/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a> <a data-gtm-type="click" data-gtm-category="Navigation" data-gtm-action="Footer" data-gtm-label="Marketing Solutions" class="nowrap" href="https://www.justia.com/marketing/">Marketing Solutions</a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <script> var CodesTitles={hide_class:null,init:function(e,t){var n = this;n.hide_class = t;n.generateButtons(e);n.initButtons();},generateButtons: function(e) {$(e).each(function(e, t) {$(t).find("> a", 0).before('<span class="us_codes_expand">+ </span>');});},initButtons: function() {var e = this;$(".us_codes_expand").click(function() {var t = $(this);if (t.parent().hasClass(e.hide_class)) {t.parent().removeClass(e.hide_class);t.text("- ");return;}t.parent().addClass(e.hide_class);t.text("+ ");});}};$(document).ready(function() {CodesTitles.init(".us_codes_has_children", "us_codes_hide_children");$("#metadata").hide();$("a#metadata-link").click(function(e) {e.preventDefault();$("#metadata").slideToggle(400);$(this).text($(this).text() == "View Metadata" ? "Hide Metadata" : "View Metadata");return false;});$(".rsssubdrop").mouseover(function() {$("#TW-pop").show();return false;}).mouseout(function() {$("#TW-pop").hide();return false;});var citationText = $("div.citation").text().replace("What's This?", "");var citationLink = $("div.citation a").attr("href");var citationHtml = `<div class="has-margin-bottom-20 citation-wrapper"><span><strong>Universal Citation:</strong></span><div class="citation"><span>${citationText}</span><div class="tooltip-wrapper"data-directive="j-tooltip"data-hover-on="medium-tablet"data-contain="true"data-tooltip-text-selector=".tooltip"data-adjust-position-on="medium-tablet"data-selector=".tooltip-wrapper"><span class="visuallyhidden">Learn more</span><span class="jicon-box -circle -outlined"><span class="jicon jicon-question blue"><span class="tooltip jtooltip -top-tooltip">This media-neutral citation is based on the American Association of Law Libraries Universal Citation Guide and is not necessarily the official citation.</span></span></span></div></div></div>`;$("div.citation").html(citationHtml)}); </script> <script src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/js/core.js"></script> <script src="https://justatic.com/v/20241121134553/shared/js/law.js"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?onload=recaptchaOnLoad&render=explicit" async defer></script> </body> </html>