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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predecessors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pierre-Marie-Jérôme_Trésaguet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pierre-Marie-Jérôme_Trésaguet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pierre-Marie-Jérôme_Trésaguet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Telford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Telford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Thomas Telford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Telford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advent_of_macadam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_of_macadam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Advent of macadam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advent_of_macadam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Advent of macadam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Advent_of_macadam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_McAdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_McAdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>John McAdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_McAdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McAdam's_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McAdam's_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>McAdam's methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McAdam's_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-McAdam's_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#McAdam's_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>McAdam's influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-McAdam's_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water-bound_macadam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water-bound_macadam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water-bound macadam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-bound_macadam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tar-bound_macadam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tar-bound_macadam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tar-bound macadam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tar-bound_macadam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Macadam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Macadam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="تحصيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تحصيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Macadam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macad%C3%A1n" title="Macadán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Macadán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadamo" title="Makadamo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Makadamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam_(sistema)" title="Macadam (sistema) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Macadam (sistema)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ماکادام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکادام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam_(route)" title="Macadam (route) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Macadam (route)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Macadam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE" title="मकादम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मकादम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadamo" title="Makadamo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Makadamo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macadam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="דרך סולינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרך סולינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Макадам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Макадам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makad%C3%A1m%C3%BAt" title="Makadámút – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Makadámút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82" title="മക്കാഡം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മക്കാഡം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labuah_Pilangkin" title="Labuah Pilangkin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Labuah Pilangkin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macadam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadamisering" title="Makadamisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Makadamisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadamisering" title="Makadamisering – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Makadamisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadame" title="Macadame – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Macadame" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Macadam" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Макадам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макадам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam" title="Macadam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Macadam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Макадам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Макадам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadamointi" title="Makadamointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Makadamointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makadam" title="Makadam – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Makadam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="పక్కారోడ్డు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పక్కారోడ్డు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Макадам – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макадам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="馬路 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬路" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q301766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakeman_%E2%80%93_First_American_Macadam_Road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rakeman_%E2%80%93_First_American_Macadam_Road.jpg/220px-Rakeman_%E2%80%93_First_American_Macadam_Road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rakeman_%E2%80%93_First_American_Macadam_Road.jpg/330px-Rakeman_%E2%80%93_First_American_Macadam_Road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Rakeman_%E2%80%93_First_American_Macadam_Road.jpg/440px-Rakeman_%E2%80%93_First_American_Macadam_Road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the first macadamized road in the United States between <a href="/wiki/Boonsboro,_Maryland" title="Boonsboro, Maryland">Boonsboro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">Hagerstown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in 1823; in the foreground, workers are breaking stones "so as not to exceed 6 ounces (170 g) in weight or to pass a two-inch (5 cm) ring".</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Macadam</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> construction pioneered by Scottish engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Loudon_McAdam" title="John Loudon McAdam">John Loudon McAdam</a> around 1820, in which <a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">crushed stone</a> is placed in shallow, convex layers and compacted thoroughly. A binding layer of stone dust (crushed stone from the original material) may form; it may also, after rolling, be covered with a cement or <a href="/wiki/Bituminous" class="mw-redirect" title="Bituminous">bituminous</a> binder to keep dust and stones together. The method simplified what had been considered state-of-the-art at that point. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pierre-Marie-Jérôme_Trésaguet"><span id="Pierre-Marie-J.C3.A9r.C3.B4me_Tr.C3.A9saguet"></span>Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Tr%C3%A9saguet" title="Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet">Pierre-Marie-Jérôme Trésaguet</a> is sometimes considered the first person to bring post-Roman science to <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">road</a> building. A Frenchman from an engineering family, he worked paving roads in Paris from 1757 to 1764. As chief engineer of road construction of <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, he had opportunity to develop a better and cheaper method of road construction. In 1775, Tresaguet became engineer-general and presented his answer for road improvement in France, which soon became standard practice there.<sup id="cite_ref-LayVance_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LayVance-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trésaguet had recommended a roadway consisting of three layers of stones laid on a crowned <a href="/wiki/Subgrade" title="Subgrade">subgrade</a> with side ditches for drainage. The first two layers consisted of angular hand-broken <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">aggregate</a>, maximum size 3 inches (7.6 cm), to a depth of about 8 inches (20 cm). The third layer was about 2 inches (5 cm) thick with a maximum aggregate size of 1 inch (2.5 cm).<sup id="cite_ref-Lay1992p73_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay1992p73-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This top level surface permitted a smoother shape and protected the larger stones in the road structure from iron wheels and horse hooves. To keep the running surface level with the countryside, this road was put in a trench, which created drainage problems. These problems were addressed by changes that included digging deep side ditches, making the surface as solid as possible, and constructing the road with a difference in elevation (height) between the two edges, that difference being referred to interchangeably as the road's <a href="/wiki/Cant_(road/rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant (road/rail)">camber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cross_slope" title="Cross slope">cross slope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay1992p73_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay1992p73-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Telford">Thomas Telford</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Thomas Telford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laying_Telford,_Aspinwall,_Pennsylvania,_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Laying_Telford%2C_Aspinwall%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_1908.jpg/220px-Laying_Telford%2C_Aspinwall%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Laying_Telford%2C_Aspinwall%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_1908.jpg/330px-Laying_Telford%2C_Aspinwall%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Laying_Telford%2C_Aspinwall%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_1908.jpg/440px-Laying_Telford%2C_Aspinwall%2C_Pennsylvania%2C_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Laying Telford paving in <a href="/wiki/Aspinwall,_Pennsylvania" title="Aspinwall, Pennsylvania">Aspinwall, Pennsylvania</a> in 1908</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Dumfriesshire" title="Dumfriesshire">Dumfriesshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a surveyor and engineer who applied Tresaguet's road building theories. In 1801 Telford worked for the <a href="/wiki/Commissioners_of_Highland_Roads_and_Bridges" title="Commissioners of Highland Roads and Bridges">Commission of Highland Roads and Bridges</a>. He became director of the <a href="/wiki/Holyhead" title="Holyhead">Holyhead</a> Road Commission between 1815 and 1830. Telford extended Tresaguet's theories but emphasized high-quality stone. He recognized that some of the road problems of the French could be avoided by using cubical stone blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay1992p74_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay1992p74-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telford used roughly 12 in × 10 in × 6 in (30 cm × 25 cm × 15 cm) partially shaped paving stones (pitchers), with a slight flat face on the bottom surface. He turned the other faces more vertically than Tresaguet's method. The longest edge was arranged crossways to the traffic direction, and the joints were broken in the method of conventional <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brickwork</a> but with the smallest faces of the pitcher forming the upper and lower surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay1992p74_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay1992p74-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Broken stone was wedged into the spaces between the tapered perpendicular faces to provide the layer with good lateral control. Telford kept the natural formation level and used masons to camber the upper surface of the blocks. He placed a 6-inch (15 cm) layer of stone no bigger than 2.4 in (6 cm) on top of the rock foundation. To finish the road surface he covered the stones with a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> and broken stone. This structure came to be known as "Telford pitching." Telford's road depended on a resistant structure to prevent water from collecting and corroding the strength of the pavement. Telford raised the pavement structure above ground level whenever possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Where the structure could not be raised, Telford drained the area surrounding the roadside. Previous road builders in Britain ignored drainage problems and Telford's rediscovery of drainage principles was a major contribution to road construction.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay1992p75_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay1992p75-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, around the same time, <a href="/wiki/John_Metcalf_(civil_engineer)" title="John Metcalf (civil engineer)">John Metcalf</a> strongly advocated that drainage was in fact an important factor in road construction and astonished colleagues by building dry roads even through marshland. He accomplished this by incorporating a layer of brushwood and heather.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advent_of_macadam">Advent of macadam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advent of macadam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Loudon_McAdam,_1830,_National_Gallery,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/John_Loudon_McAdam%2C_1830%2C_National_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/220px-John_Loudon_McAdam%2C_1830%2C_National_Gallery%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/John_Loudon_McAdam%2C_1830%2C_National_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/330px-John_Loudon_McAdam%2C_1830%2C_National_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/John_Loudon_McAdam%2C_1830%2C_National_Gallery%2C_London.JPG/440px-John_Loudon_McAdam%2C_1830%2C_National_Gallery%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>John Loudon McAdam</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_McAdam">John McAdam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: John McAdam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Loudon McAdam was born in <a href="/wiki/Ayr" title="Ayr">Ayr</a>, Scotland, in 1756. In 1787, he became a trustee of the Ayrshire Turnpike in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Lowlands" title="Scottish Lowlands">Scottish Lowlands</a> and during the next seven years his hobby became an obsession. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, England, in 1802 and became a Commissioner for Paving in 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January 1816, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_general" title="Surveyor general">surveyor general</a> of roads for the Bristol <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpike trust</a> and was responsible for 149 miles of road.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then put his ideas about road construction into practice, the first 'macadamised' stretch of road being Marsh Road at Ashton Gate, Bristol.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also began to actively propagate his ideas in two booklets called <i>Remarks (or Observations) on the Present System of Roadmaking</i>, (which ran nine editions between 1816 and 1827) and <i>A Practical Essay on the Scientific Repair and Preservation of Public Roads,</i> published in 1819.<sup id="cite_ref-McAdam1824_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAdam1824-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McAdam's_methods"><span id="McAdam.27s_methods"></span>McAdam's methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: McAdam's methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macadam_road_1850s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Macadam_road_1850s.jpg/220px-Macadam_road_1850s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Macadam_road_1850s.jpg/330px-Macadam_road_1850s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Macadam_road_1850s.jpg/440px-Macadam_road_1850s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>A macadam road in <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus,_California" title="Nicolaus, California">Nicolaus, California</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>McAdam's method was simpler yet more effective at protecting roadways: he discovered that massive foundations of rock upon rock were unnecessary and asserted that native soil alone would support the road and traffic upon it, as long as it was covered by a road crust that would protect the soil underneath from water and wear.<sup id="cite_ref-ColossusofRoads_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ColossusofRoads-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An under-layer of small angular broken stones would act as a solid mass. Keeping the surface stones smaller than the width of a wheel made for a good running surface. The small surface stones also provided low stress on the road, so long as it could be kept reasonably dry.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay1992pp76-77_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay1992pp76-77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Telford and other road builders of the time, McAdam laid his roads almost level. His 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) road required a rise of only 3 inches (7.6 cm) from the edges to the centre. Cambering and elevation of the road above the <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> enabled rain water to run off into ditches on either side.<sup id="cite_ref-McAdam1824p38_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAdam1824p38-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Size of stones was central to McAdam's road building theory. The lower 8 in (20 cm) road thickness was restricted to stones no larger than 3 inches (7.5 cm). The upper 2-inch-thick (5 cm) layer of stones was limited to stones <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2 centimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in diameter; these were checked by supervisors who carried scales. A workman could check the stone size himself by seeing if the stone would fit into his mouth. The importance of the 2 cm stone size was that the stones needed to be much smaller than the four-inch (10 cm) width of the iron <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> wheels that travelled on the road.<sup id="cite_ref-Lay1992p75_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lay1992p75-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McAdam believed that the "proper method" of breaking stones for utility and rapidity was accomplished by people sitting down and using small hammers, breaking the stones so that none of them was larger than six ounces (170 g) in weight. He also wrote that the quality of the road would depend on how carefully the stones were spread on the surface over a sizeable space, one shovelful at a time.<sup id="cite_ref-McAdam1824pp39-40_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAdam1824pp39-40-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McAdam directed that no substance that would absorb water and affect the road by frost should be incorporated into the road. Neither was anything to be laid on the clean stone to bind the road. The action of the road traffic would cause the broken stone to combine with its own angles, merging into a level, solid surface that would withstand weather or traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-McAdam1824p41_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAdam1824p41-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first macadam road built in the United States was constructed between <a href="/wiki/Hagerstown,_Maryland" title="Hagerstown, Maryland">Hagerstown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boonsboro,_Maryland" title="Boonsboro, Maryland">Boonsboro, Maryland</a>, and was named at the time Boonsborough <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Turnpike</a> Road. This was the last section of unimproved road between <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>. Before it was macadamized, stagecoaches travelling the Hagerstown to Boonsboro road in the winter had taken 5 to 7 hours to cover the 10-mile (16 km) stretch.<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricScotland_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricScotland-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-curbstone_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curbstone-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This road was completed in 1823, using McAdam's road techniques, except that the finished road was compacted with a cast iron roller instead of relying on road traffic for compaction.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second American road built using McAdam principles was the <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">Cumberland Road</a> which was 73 miles (117 km) long and was completed in 1830 after five years of work.<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricScotland_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricScotland-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-curbstone_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curbstone-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="McAdam's_influence"><span id="McAdam.27s_influence"></span>McAdam's influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: McAdam's influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McAdam's renown is his effective and economical construction, which was a great improvement over the methods used by his generation. He emphasised that roads could be constructed for any kind of traffic, and he helped to alleviate the resentment travellers felt toward increasing traffic on the roads. His legacy lies in his advocacy of effective road maintenance and management. He advocated a central road authority with trained professional officials who could be paid a salary that would keep them from corruption. These professionals could give their entire time to these duties and be held responsible for their actions.<sup id="cite_ref-OFlaherty2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OFlaherty2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water-bound_macadam">Water-bound macadam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water-bound macadam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McAdam's road building technology was applied to roads by other engineers. One of these engineers was <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth" title="Richard Lovell Edgeworth">Richard Edgeworth</a>, who filled the gaps between the surface stones with a mixture of stone dust and water, providing a smoother surface for the increased traffic using the roads.<sup id="cite_ref-bruzzone_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruzzone-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This basic method of construction is sometimes known as water-bound macadam. Although this method required a great deal of manual labour, it resulted in a strong and free-draining pavement. Roads constructed in this manner were described as "macadamized."<sup id="cite_ref-bruzzone_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bruzzone-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tar-bound_macadam">Tar-bound macadam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tar-bound macadam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Tar"></span><span class="anchor" id="Bitumen"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_tar_macadam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Construction_tar_macadam.jpg/220px-Construction_tar_macadam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Construction_tar_macadam.jpg/330px-Construction_tar_macadam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Construction_tar_macadam.jpg/440px-Construction_tar_macadam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>New macadam road construction at McRoberts, Kentucky: pouring tar. 1926</figcaption></figure> <p>With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>, dust became a serious problem on macadam roads. The area of low air pressure created under fast-moving vehicles sucked dust from the road surface, creating dust clouds and a gradual unraveling of the road material.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This problem was approached by spraying <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a> on the surface to create tar-bound macadam. In 1902 a Swiss doctor, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Guglielminetti" title="Ernest Guglielminetti">Ernest Guglielminetti</a>, came upon the idea of using tar from <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>'s gasworks for binding the dust.<sup id="cite_ref-sma-viatop.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sma-viatop.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a> and ironworks <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>, patented by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Purnell_Hooley" title="Edgar Purnell Hooley">Edgar Purnell Hooley</a> as <a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">tarmac</a>, was introduced. </p><p>A more durable road surface (modern mixed <a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">asphalt</a> pavement), sometimes referred to in the U.S. as blacktop, was introduced in the 1920s. Instead of laying the stone and sand aggregates on the road and then spraying the top surface with binding material, in the asphalt paving method the aggregates are thoroughly mixed with the binding material and the mixture is laid all together.<sup id="cite_ref-AsphaltPaver_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsphaltPaver-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While macadam roads have been resurfaced in most <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a>, some are preserved along stretches of roads such as the United States' National Road.<sup id="cite_ref-jordanssurfacing.co.uk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jordanssurfacing.co.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the historic use of macadam as a road surface, roads in some parts of the United States (such as parts of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>) are referred to as macadam, even though they might be made of asphalt or <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>. Similarly, the term "tarmac" is sometimes colloquially applied to asphalt roads or aircraft <a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">runways</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSDOTPavementGuide_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSDOTPavementGuide-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_road_transport" title="History of road transport">History of road transport</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LayVance-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LayVance_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLay,_Maxwell_G1992" class="citation cs2">Lay, Maxwell G (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=flvS-nJga8QC&q=Tresaguet&pg=PA73"><i>Ways of the World: A History of the World's Roads and of the Vehicles That Used Them</i></a>, New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, p. 73, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1758-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1758-3"><bdi>0-8135-1758-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+the+World%3A+A+History+of+the+World%27s+Roads+and+of+the+Vehicles+That+Used+Them&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8135-1758-3&rft.au=Lay%2C+Maxwell+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DflvS-nJga8QC%26q%3DTresaguet%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span> Paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-2691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-2691-4">0-8135-2691-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lay1992p73-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lay1992p73_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lay1992p73_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lay (1992), p.73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmiles1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smiles" title="Samuel Smiles">Smiles, Samuel</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifethomastelfo01smilgoog"><i>The Life of Thomas Telford, Civil Engineer</i></a>. London: John Murray. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifethomastelfo01smilgoog/page/n373">331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curbstone.com/_macadam.htm">the original</a> on 27 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1823+%E2%80%93+First+American+Macadam+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcurbstone.com%2F_macadam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.town.boonsboro.md.us/index.asp?SEC=E4DE0ECB-A02E-4603-8279-BAF21E62BC37">"The History of Boonsboro"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Boonsboro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.town.boonsboro.md.us%2Findex.asp%3FSEC%3DE4DE0ECB-A02E-4603-8279-BAF21E62BC37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OFlaherty2002-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OFlaherty2002_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty,_Coleman_A2002" class="citation cs2">O'Flaherty, Coleman A (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ren4sWQ3jKkC&q=%22whilst+mcadam%22&pg=PA228"><i>Highways: the Location, Design, Construction and Maintenance of Road Pavements</i></a> (4th ed.), Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, p. 228, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7506-5090-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7506-5090-7"><bdi>0-7506-5090-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highways%3A+the+Location%2C+Design%2C+Construction+and+Maintenance+of+Road+Pavements&rft.place=Woburn%2C+MA&rft.pages=228&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7506-5090-7&rft.au=O%27Flaherty%2C+Coleman+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRen4sWQ3jKkC%26q%3D%2522whilst%2Bmcadam%2522%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bruzzone-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bruzzone_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bruzzone_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruzzone.org/macadam/jmca.html"><i>John Loudon McAdam</i></a>, bruzzone.org<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Loudon+McAdam&rft.pub=bruzzone.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruzzone.org%2Fmacadam%2Fjmca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carl_H._Claudy" title="Carl H. Claudy">Claudy, C.H.</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLvPAAAAMAAJ">The Right Road—and Why</a>," The Independent, New York, Volume 99, July, August, September 1919, 228. Retrieved on 2009-11-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sma-viatop.com-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sma-viatop.com_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113020339/http://sma-viatop.com/SMAviatop_engl/history/teerstrassenbau.shtml?navid=9">"History of asphalt road construction – Tar road construction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sma-viatop.com/SMAviatop_engl/history/teerstrassenbau.shtml?navid=9">the original</a> on 13 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+asphalt+road+construction+%E2%80%93+Tar+road+construction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsma-viatop.com%2FSMAviatop_engl%2Fhistory%2Fteerstrassenbau.shtml%3Fnavid%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsphaltPaver-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsphaltPaver_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavette,_Chris" class="citation cs2">Cavette, Chris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/asphalt-paver/printHistory">"Asphalt Paver"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/ENotes" title="ENotes">eNotes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eNotes&rft.atitle=Asphalt+Paver&rft.au=Cavette%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Fhow-products-encyclopedia%2Fasphalt-paver%2FprintHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jordanssurfacing.co.uk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jordanssurfacing.co.uk_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jordanssurfacing.co.uk/the-history-of-the-united-states-national-road/">"The History Of The United States' National Road"</a>. 4 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+Of+The+United+States%27+National+Road&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjordanssurfacing.co.uk%2Fthe-history-of-the-united-states-national-road%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSDOTPavementGuide-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSDOTPavementGuide_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_T._MuenchJoe_P._MahoneyLinda_M._Pierce" class="citation cs2">Stephen T. Muench; Joe P. Mahoney; Linda M. Pierce; et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121213000917/http://training.ce.washington.edu/wsdot/">"History"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://training.ce.washington.edu/wsdot/"><i>WSDOT Pavement Guide</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Transportation" title="Washington State Department of Transportation">Washington State Department of Transportation</a>, p. 2 in Module 1: Welcome and Introduction, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://training.ce.washington.edu/wsdot/Modules/01_introduction/01-2_body.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History&rft.btitle=WSDOT+Pavement+Guide&rft.pages=2+in+Module+1%3A+Welcome+and+Introduction&rft.pub=Washington+State+Department+of+Transportation&rft.au=Stephen+T.+Muench&rft.au=Joe+P.+Mahoney&rft.au=Linda+M.+Pierce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraining.ce.washington.edu%2Fwsdot%2FModules%2F01_introduction%2F01-2_body.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1850" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, W. M. (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/manualofprincipl00gillrich#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>A Manual of The Principles and Practice of Road-Making: comprising the location, construction, and improvement of roads (common, macadam, paved, plank, etc.) and rail-roads</i></a> (3rd ed.). New York: A. S. Barnes & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Manual+of+The+Principles+and+Practice+of+Road-Making%3A+comprising+the+location%2C+construction%2C+and+improvement+of+roads+%28common%2C+macadam%2C+paved%2C+plank%2C+etc.%29+and+rail-roads&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=A.+S.+Barnes+%26+Co.&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=W.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmanualofprincipl00gillrich%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMacadam" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macadam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/macadam" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/macadam">macadam</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Macadam" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Macadam"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Macadam</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22John+Loudon+McAdam%22">McAdam's publications as available at Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Road_hierarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Road_types" title="Template:Road types"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Road_types" title="Template talk:Road types"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Road_types" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Road types"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Road_hierarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">Road</a> <a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">hierarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_road" title="Types of road">Types of road</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limited-access_road" title="Limited-access road">Limited-access</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_highway" title="Bicycle highway">Bicycle highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled-access_highway" title="Controlled-access highway">Freeway / Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_carriageway" title="Dual carriageway">Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_highway" title="Elevated highway">Elevated highway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Limited-access_roads_by_country" title="Category:Limited-access roads by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Australia" title="Highways in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belgium#Road_transport" title="Transport in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Canada" title="Roads in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressways_of_China" title="Expressways of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Croatia" title="Highways in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Highways in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Greece" title="Highways in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_and_roads_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of streets and roads in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_India" title="Roads in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-quality_dual_carriageway" title="High-quality dual carriageway">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_roads_in_Nepal" title="List of roads in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Pakistan" title="Roads in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Poland" title="Highways in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Portugal" title="Roads in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Spain" title="Highways in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_system_in_Taiwan" title="Highway system in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States" title="Numbered highways in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_road" title="Arterial road">Arterial road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collector_road" title="Collector road">Collector road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_highway" title="County highway">County highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local%E2%80%93express_lanes" title="Local–express lanes">Express–collector setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm-to-market_road" title="Farm-to-market road">Farm-to-market road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_road" title="Link road">Link road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-lane_expressway" title="Two-lane expressway">Two-lane expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B1_road" title="2+1 road">2+1 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_road" title="2+2 road">2+2 road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkway" title="Parkway">Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">Ring road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_two" title="Super two">Super two</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_road" title="Trunk road">Trunk road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_systems_by_country" title="Highway systems by country">Highway systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Alley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_(landscape)" title="Avenue (landscape)">Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_road" title="Back road">Back road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_boulevard" title="Bicycle boulevard">Bicycle boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">Boulevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_lane" title="Country lane">Country lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street" title="Dead end street">Dead end</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driveway" title="Driveway">Driveway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontage_road" title="Frontage road">Frontage road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lane_(road)" title="Green lane (road)">Green lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Street" title="Main Street">Main street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_road" title="Primitive road">Primitive road</a></li> <li>Road</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_road" title="Side road">Side road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_carriageway" title="Single carriageway">Single carriageway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-track_road" title="Single-track road">Single-track road</a></li> <li>Street</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunken_lane" title="Sunken lane">Sunken lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(road)" title="Concurrency (road)">Concurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detour" title="Detour">Detour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_hierarchy" title="Road hierarchy">Road hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_highway" title="Private highway">Private highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_number" title="Route number">Route number</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_route" title="Special route">special route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_route" title="Business route">business route</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroad" title="Stroad">Stroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">Toll road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_road" title="Winter road">Winter road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_junction" title="Road junction">Road junctions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)" title="Interchange (road)">Interchanges</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Grade_separation" title="Grade separation">grade-separated</a>)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange" title="Cloverleaf interchange">Cloverleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_interchange" title="Diamond interchange">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flow_interchange" title="Free-flow interchange">Free-flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Directional_T_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Directional T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverging_diamond_interchange" title="Diverging diamond interchange">Diverging diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange" title="Partial cloverleaf interchange">Parclo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Raindrop interchange">Raindrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout_interchange" title="Roundabout interchange">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-point_urban_interchange" title="Single-point urban interchange">Single-point urban (SPUI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_interchange" title="Stack interchange">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-level_diamond_interchange" title="Three-level diamond interchange">Three-level diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_(road)#Trumpet_interchange" title="Interchange (road)">Trumpet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">Intersections<br /><span class="nobold">(at-grade)</span></a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three-way_junction" title="Three-way junction">3-way junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(road)" title="Bowtie (road)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_junction" title="Box junction">Box junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelization_(roads)" title="Channelization (roads)">Channelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous-flow_intersection" title="Continuous-flow intersection">Continuous flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_turn" title="Hook turn">Hook turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jughandle" title="Jughandle">Jughandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_left" title="Michigan left">Michigan left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offset_T-intersection" title="Offset T-intersection">Offset T-intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_roadway_intersection" title="Quadrant roadway intersection">Quadrant roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-in/right-out" title="Right-in/right-out">Right-in/right-out (RIRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">Roundabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagull_intersection" title="Seagull intersection">Seagull intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_intersection" title="Split intersection">Split intersection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstreet" title="Superstreet">Superstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_U-turn" title="Texas U-turn">Texas U-turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnaround_(road)" title="Turnaround (road)">Turnaround</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">Surfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_concrete" title="Asphalt concrete">Asphalt concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioasphalt" title="Bioasphalt">Bioasphalt</a></li> <li>Brick</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipseal" title="Chipseal">Chipseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">Cobblestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete#Roads" title="Concrete">Concrete</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">Reinforced concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_road" title="Corduroy road">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_cracking" title="Crocodile cracking">Crocodile cracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_stone" title="Crushed stone">Crushed stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_grinding_of_pavement" title="Diamond grinding of pavement">Diamond grinding of pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_road" title="Dirt road">Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_depth_recycling" title="Full depth recycling">Full depth recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassphalt" title="Glassphalt">Glassphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_road" title="Gravel road">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Ice</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Macadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_milling" title="Pavement milling">Pavement milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_road" title="Plank road">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_road" title="Plastic road">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberized_asphalt" title="Rubberized asphalt">Rubberized asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealcoat" title="Sealcoat">Sealcoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sett_(paving)" title="Sett (paving)">Sett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamped_asphalt" title="Stamped asphalt">Stamped asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmacadam" title="Tarmacadam">Tarmac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_texture" title="Road texture">Texture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_traffic_safety" title="Road traffic safety">Road safety<br />factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Road and<br />environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaplaning" title="Aquaplaning">Aquaplaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_(roads)" title="Bleeding (roads)">Bleeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswind" title="Crosswind">Crosswind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Man%27s_Curve" title="Dead Man's Curve">Dead Man's Curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_joint" title="Expansion joint">Expansion joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_(crossing)" title="Ford (crossing)">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairpin_turn" title="Hairpin turn">Hairpin turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhole_cover" title="Manhole cover">Manhole cover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversize_load" title="Oversize load">Oversize load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole" title="Pothole">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_debris" title="Road debris">Road debris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_slipperiness" title="Road slipperiness">Road slipperiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_train" title="Road train">Road train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockfall" title="Rockfall">Rockfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rut_(roads)" title="Rut (roads)">Rut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_bump" title="Speed bump">Speed bump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washboarding" title="Washboarding">Washboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washout_(erosion)" title="Washout (erosion)">Washout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteout_(weather)" title="Whiteout (weather)">Whiteout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_psychology" title="Traffic psychology">Human factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver%27s_education" title="Driver's education">Driver's education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_under_the_influence" title="Driving under the influence">Driving under the influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowsy_driving" title="Drowsy driving">Drowsy driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_rage" title="Road rage">Road rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-vehicle_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-vehicle crash">Single-vehicle crash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_safety" title="Automotive safety">Automotive safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">Seat belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_compensation#Road_transport" title="Risk compensation">Risk compensation (road transport)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underride_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Underride guard">Underride guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic#Rules_of_the_road" title="Traffic">Space and<br />time allocation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_transfer_machine" title="Barrier transfer machine">Barrier transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bike_lane" title="Bike lane">Bike lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_lane" title="Climbing lane">Climbing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane" title="Contraflow lane">Contraflow lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contraflow_lane_reversal" title="Contraflow lane reversal">Contraflow lane reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_toll_lane" title="High-occupancy toll lane">High-occupancy toll lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-occupancy_vehicle_lane" title="High-occupancy vehicle lane">High-occupancy vehicle lane</a></li> <li>Lane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_street" title="Living street">Living street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_lane" title="Managed lane">Managed lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_strip" title="Median strip">Median / Central reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_lane" title="Motorcycle lane">Motorcycle lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_lane" title="Passing lane">Passing lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_zone" title="Pedestrian zone">Pedestrian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_island" title="Refuge island">Refuge island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">Reversible lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_diet" title="Road diet">Road diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_verge" title="Road verge">Road verge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaway_truck_ramp" title="Runaway truck ramp">Runaway truck ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">Shared space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">Sidewalk / Pavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_(road)" title="Shoulder (road)">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street-running railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_calming" title="Traffic calming">Traffic calming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Traffic directionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_island" title="Traffic island">Traffic island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_lanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic lanes">Traffic lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_bypass" title="Truck bypass">Truck bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unused_highway" title="Unused highway">Unused highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_outside_lane" title="Wide outside lane">Wide outside lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woonerf" title="Woonerf">Woonerf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demarcation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botts%27_dots" title="Botts' dots">Botts' dots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_barrier" title="Cable barrier">Cable barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_eye_(road)" title="Cat's eye (road)">Cat's eye (road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_step_barrier" title="Concrete step barrier">Concrete step barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-slope_barrier" title="Constant-slope barrier">Constant-slope barrier</a></li> <li>Curb</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-shape_barrier" title="F-shape barrier">F-shape barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guard_rail" title="Guard rail">Guard rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_barrier" title="Jersey barrier">Jersey barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_barrier" title="Noise barrier">Noise barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_pavement_marker" title="Raised pavement marker">Raised pavement marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_surface_marking" title="Road surface marking">Road surface marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumble_strip" title="Rumble strip">Rumble strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_barrier" title="Traffic barrier">Traffic barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_cone" title="Traffic cone">Traffic cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bridge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway" title="Causeway">Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">Overpass / Flyover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Underpass / Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance<br />indicators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_condition_index" title="Pavement condition index">Pavement condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_roughness_index" title="International roughness index">International roughness index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_serviceability_index" title="Present serviceability index">Present serviceability index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavement_performance_modeling" title="Pavement performance modeling">Pavement performance modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_base_equivalency" title="Granular base equivalency">Granular base equivalency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road_types_by_features" class="mw-redirect" title="List of road types by features">Road types by features</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q301766#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Macadam"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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