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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicular_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicular_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vehicular signals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vehicular_signals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vehicular signals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vehicular_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Meanings_of_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meanings_of_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Meanings of signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meanings_of_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Green_arrows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_arrows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Green arrows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_arrows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Countdown_lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Countdown_lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Countdown lights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Countdown_lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue_about_yellow_light_dilemma_zone_in_South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue_about_yellow_light_dilemma_zone_in_South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Issue about yellow light dilemma zone in South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue_about_yellow_light_dilemma_zone_in_South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yellow_trap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yellow_trap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Yellow trap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yellow_trap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pedestrian_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pedestrian_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pedestrian signals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pedestrian_signals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pedestrian signals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pedestrian_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smartphone_Zombie_ribbon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smartphone_Zombie_ribbon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Smartphone Zombie ribbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smartphone_Zombie_ribbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auditory_and_tactile_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auditory_and_tactile_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Auditory and tactile signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auditory_and_tactile_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycle_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycle_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cycle signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycle_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Public transport signals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_transport_signals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public transport signals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_transport_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transit_signals_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit_signals_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Transit signals in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit_signals_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport_signals_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport_signals_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Public transport signals in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport_signals_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport_signals_in_the_Asia-Pacific_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport_signals_in_the_Asia-Pacific_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Public transport signals in the Asia-Pacific region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport_signals_in_the_Asia-Pacific_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preemption_and_priority" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preemption_and_priority"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Preemption and priority</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preemption_and_priority-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Timing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Timing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Design guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_lane_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_lane_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Variable lane control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_lane_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways_and_railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways_and_railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Waterways and railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways_and_railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bulbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programmable_visibility_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programmable_visibility_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Programmable visibility signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programmable_visibility_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mounting_and_placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mounting_and_placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Mounting and placement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mounting_and_placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Justification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>In other contexts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_other_contexts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In other contexts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_other_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_rating_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_rating_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>As a rating mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_rating_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>In Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Traffic light</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeerslig" title="Verkeerslig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkeerslig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إشارة ضوئية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إشارة ضوئية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaforo" title="Semaforo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Semaforo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F%C4%B1qfor" title="İşıqfor – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İşıqfor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhe%E2%81%BF-%C3%A2ng-teng" title="Chheⁿ-âng-teng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheⁿ-âng-teng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Светофор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Светофор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Святлафор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Святлафор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Светофар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Светофар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="འགྲིམ་འགྲུལ་བརྡ་སྒྲོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འགྲིམ་འགྲུལ་བརྡ་སྒྲོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafor" title="Semafor – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Semafor" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A0for" title="Semàfor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Semàfor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Светофор – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Светофор" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%9Bteln%C3%A9_signaliza%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_za%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD" title="Světelné signalizační zařízení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Světelné signalizační zařízení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goleuadau_traffig" title="Goleuadau traffig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Goleuadau traffig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiksignal" title="Trafiksignal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Trafiksignal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampel" title="Ampel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ampel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foor" title="Foor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Foor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Φωτεινός σηματοδότης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φωτεινός σηματοδότης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A1foro" title="Semáforo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Semáforo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiklumoj" title="Trafiklumoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Trafiklumoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkulazio-argi" title="Zirkulazio-argi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zirkulazio-argi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="چراغ راهنمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چراغ راهنمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer%C3%B0slulj%C3%B3s" title="Ferðsluljós – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ferðsluljós" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feu_de_circulation" title="Feu de circulation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Feu de circulation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafar" title="Semafar – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Semafar" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilse_tr%C3%A1chta" title="Soilse tráchta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Soilse tráchta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A1foro" title="Semáforo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Semáforo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%98%B8%EB%93%B1" title="신호등 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="신호등" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Լուսացույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուսացույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ट्रैफिक लाइट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रैफिक लाइट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafor" title="Semafor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Semafor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangjo" title="Bangjo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bangjo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рухснысан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рухснысан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umfer%C3%B0arlj%C3%B3s" title="Umferðarljós – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Umferðarljós" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaforo" title="Semaforo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Semaforo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8" title="רמזור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רמזור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_Bang-jo" title="Lampu Bang-jo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lampu Bang-jo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="შუქნიშანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შუქნიშანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бағдаршам – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бағдаршам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafoy%C3%AA" title="Trafoyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Trafoyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampa_de_trafik" title="Lampa de trafik – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lampa de trafik" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphorum" title="Semaphorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Semaphorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luksofors" title="Luksofors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luksofors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verk%C3%A9iersluucht" title="Verkéiersluucht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Verkéiersluucht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0viesoforas" title="Šviesoforas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šviesoforas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafer" title="Semafer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Semafer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9si_l%C3%A1mpa" title="Közlekedési lámpa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közlekedési lámpa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ട്രാഫിക് ലൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാഫിക് ലൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampu_isyarat" title="Lampu isyarat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lampu isyarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Гэрлэн дохио – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гэрлэн дохио" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA" title="မီးပွိုင့် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးပွိုင့်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cina_Gaunisala" title="Cina Gaunisala – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Cina Gaunisala" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkeerslicht" title="Verkeerslicht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verkeerslicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E6%A9%9F" title="交通信号機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="交通信号機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikklys" title="Trafikklys – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trafikklys" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafikklys" title="Trafikklys – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trafikklys" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lum_de_senhalisacion" title="Lum de senhalisacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lum de senhalisacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetofor" title="Svetofor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Svetofor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%9A" title="ភ្លើងចរាចរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្លើងចរាចរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sygnalizacja_%C5%9Bwietlna" title="Sygnalizacja świetlna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sygnalizacja świetlna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A1foro" title="Semáforo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Semáforo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafor" title="Semafor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Semafor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphoru" title="Semaphoru – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Semaphoru" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Светофор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Светофор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/nahdawlu%27" title="nahdawlu' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="nahdawlu'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffeck_licht" title="Traffeck licht – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Traffeck licht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaw_embanah_ni_mgpajiq" title="Samaw embanah ni mgpajiq – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Samaw embanah ni mgpajiq" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafori" title="Semafori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Semafori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Traffic light" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%98)" title="Семафор (саобраћај) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Семафор (саобраћај)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semafor" title="Semafor – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Semafor" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liikennevalo-ohjaus" title="Liikennevalo-ohjaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Liikennevalo-ohjaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafiksignal" title="Trafiksignal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Trafiksignal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaw-trapiko" title="Ilaw-trapiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilaw-trapiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="சைகை விளக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சைகை விளக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3" title="ไฟจราจร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟจราจร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Чароғи роҳнамо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чароғи роҳнамо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafik_%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Trafik ışığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trafik ışığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Світлофор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Світлофор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%81%DA%A9_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="ٹریفک لائٹس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹریفک لائٹس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sem%C3%A0foro" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Signaling device to control competing flows of traffic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about lights used for signalling. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Traffic light (disambiguation)">Traffic light (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Stoplight" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stoplight_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stoplight (disambiguation)">Stoplight (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_British_LED_Traffic_Light.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Modern_British_LED_Traffic_Light.jpg/220px-Modern_British_LED_Traffic_Light.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Modern_British_LED_Traffic_Light.jpg/330px-Modern_British_LED_Traffic_Light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Modern_British_LED_Traffic_Light.jpg/440px-Modern_British_LED_Traffic_Light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>An LED 50-<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> traffic light in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a>, United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Traffic lights</b>, <b>traffic signals</b>, or <b>stoplights</b> – also known as <b>robots</b> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> – are signaling devices positioned at <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">road intersections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">pedestrian crossings</a>, and other locations in order to control the flow of traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traffic lights normally consist of three signals, transmitting meaningful information to road users through colours and symbols, including arrows and bicycles. The regular traffic light colours are <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">red</a> to stop traffic, <a href="/wiki/Amber_(color)" title="Amber (color)">amber</a> for traffic change, and <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">green</a> for allowing the traffic, arranged vertically or horizontally in that order. Although this is internationally standardised,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> variations in traffic light sequences and laws exist on national and local scales.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traffic lights were first introduced in December 1868 on <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> to reduce the need for police officers to control traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, electricity and computerised control has advanced traffic light technology and increased intersection capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions1971141_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions1971141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system is also used for other purposes, including the control of pedestrian movements, variable lane control (such as <a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">tidal flow</a> systems or <a href="/wiki/Smart_motorway" title="Smart motorway">smart motorways</a>), and railway <a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">level crossings</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_traffic_lights" title="History of traffic lights">History of traffic lights</a></div> <p>The first system of traffic signals, which was a semaphore traffic signal, was installed as a way to replace police officer control of vehicular traffic outside the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Houses of Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> on 9 December 1868. This system exploded on 2 January 1869 and was thus taken down. But this early traffic signal led to other parts of the world implementing similar traffic signal systems. In the first two decades of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">semaphore</a> traffic signals like the one in London were in use all over the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. These traffic signals were controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Traffic_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic officer">traffic officer</a> who would change the commands on the signal to direct traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions197122_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions197122-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1912, the first electric traffic light was developed by <a href="/wiki/Lester_Wire" title="Lester Wire">Lester Wire</a>, a policeman in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was installed by the American Traffic Signal Company on the corner of East 105th Street and <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland, Ohio)">Euclid Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions197127–28_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions197127–28-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first four-way, three-colour traffic light was created by <a href="/wiki/William_Potts_(inventor)" title="William Potts (inventor)">William Potts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Detroit,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit, Michigan">Detroit, Michigan</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His design was the first to include an amber 'caution' light along with red and green lights.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potts was Superintendent of Signals for the Police Department of Detroit. He installed automatic four-way, three-colour traffic lights in 15 towers across Detroit in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Pollard082_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollard082-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1922, traffic towers were beginning to be controlled by automatic timers more widely. The main advantage of the use of the timer was that it saved cities money by replacing traffic officers. The city of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> was able to reassign all but 500 of its 6,000 officers working on the traffic squad, saving the city $12,500,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcShane1999385_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcShane1999385-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Morgan" title="Garrett Morgan">Garrett Morgan</a> patented a design of a manually operated three-way traffic light with moving arms.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The control of traffic lights made a big turn with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computers">computers</a> in America in the 1950s. One of the best historical examples of computerized control of lights was in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a> in 1952. In 1967, the city of <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> was the first to use more advanced computers that were better at vehicle detection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions1971141_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions1971141-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The computers maintained control over 159 signals in the cities through telephone lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions1971143_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions1971143-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vehicular_signals">Vehicular signals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vehicular signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_lights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Traffic_lights.jpg/220px-Traffic_lights.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Traffic_lights.jpg/330px-Traffic_lights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Traffic_lights.jpg/440px-Traffic_lights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="1636" /></a><figcaption>Traffic lights can have several additional lights for filter turns or bus lanes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/220px--Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="36" data-mwtitle="Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm/Sumburgh_Airport_Barrier.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Road crossing of <a href="/wiki/A970_road" title="A970 road">A970</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sumburgh_Airport" title="Sumburgh Airport">Sumburgh Airport</a>'s runway in <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. The movable barrier closes when aircraft land or take off.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_signal_aokibashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_signal_aokibashi.jpg/220px-Japanese_signal_aokibashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_signal_aokibashi.jpg/330px-Japanese_signal_aokibashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Japanese_signal_aokibashi.jpg/440px-Japanese_signal_aokibashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3540" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Horizontally-mounted signals in Japan</figcaption></figure><p>A set of lights, known as a signal head,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 3.2.4">: 3.2.4 </span></sup> may have one, two, three, or more aspects. The most common signal type has three aspects facing the oncoming traffic: red on top, amber (yellow) below, and green below that. Additional aspects may be fitted to the signal, usually to indicate specific restrictions or filter movements. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meanings_of_signals">Meanings of signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Meanings of signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">1968 Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals</a> Chapter III provides international standards for the setup of traffic signal operations. Not all states have ratified the convention. A three-colour signal head should have three non-flashing lights which are red, <a href="/wiki/Amber_(color)" title="Amber (color)">amber</a>, and green, either arranged horizontally (on the side opposite to the direction of traffic) or vertically (with red on top). A two-colour signal head may be used in temporary operation and consists of red and green non-flashing lights. In both cases, all lights should be circular or arrow-shaped.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Permissible signals for regulating vehicle traffic (other than public transport vehicles) are outlined in Article 23:<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Standard meanings for traffic lights internationally (Vienna Convention, Article 23) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Light type </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Non-flashing </td> <td>Red </td> <td>Traffic may not proceed beyond the stop line, or otherwise enter the intersection </td></tr> <tr> <td>Red/Amber </td> <td>The signal is about to change, but the red light rules do apply </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amber_(color)" title="Amber (color)">Amber</a> </td> <td>Traffic may not pass the stop line or enter the intersection, unless it cannot safely stop when the light shows </td></tr> <tr> <td>Green </td> <td>Traffic may proceed, unless it would not clear the intersection before the next change of phase </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Flashing </td> <td>Red </td> <td>Traffic must not pass the stop line at a level crossing, approach to swing bridge or ferry landing stages, emergency vehicles entering the road, or on the approach to low-flying aircraft. In addition, to attract attention in these locations, it is also equipped with additional alarms and voice prompts </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amber </td> <td>Traffic may proceed with caution </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Green arrows are added to signals to indicate that drivers can travel in a particular direction, while the main lights for that approach are red, or that drivers can only travel in one particular direction. Alternatively, when combined with another green signal, they may indicate that turning traffic has priority over oncoming traffic (known as a "filter arrow").<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 3.5">: 3.5 </span></sup> Flashing amber arrows typically indicate that road users must give way (to other drivers and pedestrians) before making a movement in the direction of the arrow. These are used because they are safer, cause less delay, and are more flexible. Flashing amber arrows will normally be located below the solid amber.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Green_arrows">Green arrows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Green arrows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arrow aspects may be used to permit certain movements or convey other messages to road users. A green arrow may display to require drivers to turn in a particular direction only or to allow drivers to continue in a particular direction when the signal is red.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 3.5">: 3.5 </span></sup> Generally, a green phase is illuminated at the beginning of the green phase (a "leading turn") or at the end of the green phase (a "lagging turn").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An 'indicative arrow' may be displayed alongside a green light. This indicates to drivers that oncoming traffic is stopped, such that they do not need to give way to that traffic when turning across it. As right-turning traffic (left-side drive) or left-turning traffic (right-side drive) does not normally have priority, this arrow is used to allow turning traffic to clear before the next phase begins.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: 3.5">: 3.5 </span></sup> </p><p>Some variations exist on this set up. One version is a horizontal bar with five lights – the green and amber arrows are located between the standard green and amber lights. A vertical five-light bar holds the arrows underneath the standard green light (in this arrangement, the amber arrow is sometimes omitted, leaving only the green arrow below the steady green light, or possibly an <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LED</a>-based device capable of showing both green and amber arrows within a single lamp housing).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some newer LED turn arrows seen in parts of Canada are capable of multicoloured animation. Such lights will often display a flashing and animated green or amber arrow when the dedicated turn is allowed but then transform into a red arrow on a white background with a red line through it, emphasising that the turn is no longer allowed. These lights will also often have the words "no turn" displayed, or an explanatory reason why the turn is not allowed, such as "train" in the case of a rail or light rail crossing. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A third type is known as a "doghouse" or "cluster head" – a vertical column with the two normal lights is on the right side of the signal, a vertical column with the two arrows is located on the left, and the normal red signal is in the middle above the two columns. Cluster signals in Australia and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> use six signals, the sixth being a red arrow that can operate separately from the standard red light.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a fourth type, sometimes seen at intersections in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada, there is no dedicated left-turn lamp per se. Instead, the normal green lamp flashes rapidly, indicating permission to go straight as well as make a left turn in front of opposing traffic, which is being held by a steady red lamp. (This "advance green", or flashing green can be somewhat startling and confusing to drivers not familiar with this system. This also can cause confusion amongst visitors to British Columbia, where a flashing green signal denotes a pedestrian-controlled crosswalk. For this reason, Ontario is phasing out the use of flashing green signals and instead replacing them with arrows.)<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Countdown_lights">Countdown lights</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Countdown lights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Popular in Vietnam and China, countdown lights are additional lights installed next to (or above or below) the main signal lights. The countdown light is displayed by a countdown number with different colors (usually red, yellow, green), matching the color of the light on. When the light counts to "0" (or 1), the main light color immediately changes. Countdown lights may have zeros in the tens or none, some countdown lights may flash when getting ready to zero. Yellow lights can also have countdown lights, but most lights do not. Usually the countdown light has 2 digits, in case the time of the main light (usually the red light, rarely the green light) is longer than 100 seconds, depending on the type of light, the following possibilities may occur: </p> <ol><li>Lights have not counted down, when 99 seconds are left, start counting. During the standby time, the light may be displayed as "99", "00", "--" or not displayed.</li> <li>Last 2 digits count light of the timeout (the counter light is 15 while the time is 115 seconds, there are some types of lights that count as "-9" or "9-" when the time is 109 seconds)</li> <li>Tens digit on the displayer becomes a letter. Displaying A0 for 100 seconds, B0 for 110 seconds, so forth.</li> <li>Displaying only last 2 digits but with flashing to indicate it's more than 100.</li></ol> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CountDownTrafficLight.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CountDownTrafficLight.gif/125px-CountDownTrafficLight.gif" decoding="async" width="125" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CountDownTrafficLight.gif/188px-CountDownTrafficLight.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/CountDownTrafficLight.gif/250px-CountDownTrafficLight.gif 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Countdown light</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Issue_about_yellow_light_dilemma_zone_in_South_Korea">Issue about yellow light dilemma zone in South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Issue about yellow light dilemma zone in South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Korea, the yellow light dilemma zone is not legally recognized. In other words, when the yellow light is on, traffic may not pass the stop line or enter the intersection even if cannot safely stop when the light shows. </p><p>This has been reaffirmed by the ruling of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Supreme Court of Korea">Supreme Court of Korea</a> in May 2024,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a case where the driver was speeding at 62 km/h in a street limited up to 40 km/h (55 % upper than the allowed speed).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. The English version of this website uses automatic machine translation; see WP:KO/RS (November 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Criticism in South Korea says that this is unrealistic and unreasonable. In addition, this can cause multiple collisions due to sudden braking. </p><p>In 2016 when speed limit was up to 60 km/h, proposed alternatives to this kind of collision were only roundabouts, speed compliance increase and speed practice reduction or elderly zones are also proposed solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yellow_trap">Yellow trap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Yellow trap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Without an all-red phase, cross-turning traffic may be caught in a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_trap" title="Yellow trap">yellow trap</a>. When the signal turns yellow, a turning driver may assume oncoming traffic will stop and a crash may result. For this reason, the US bans sequences that may cause a yellow trap.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can also happen when emergency vehicles or railroads preempt normal signal operation. <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, signs reading "Oncoming traffic has extended green" or "Oncoming traffic may have extended green" must be posted at intersections where the "yellow trap" condition exists.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variations_in_traffic_light_operation" title="Variations in traffic light operation">Variations in traffic light operation</a></div><p>The United States is not party to the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention</a>; rather, the <a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a> (MUTCD) outlines correct operation in that country. In the US, a single signal head may have three, four, or five aspects (though a single aspect green arrow may be displayed to indicate a continuous movement). The signals must be arranged red, amber, and green vertically (top to bottom) or horizontally (left to right).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, a single-aspect flashing amber signal can be used to raise attention to a warning sign and a single-aspect flashing red signal can be used to raise attention to a "stop", "do not enter", or "wrong way" sign.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flashing red or amber lights, known as <i>intersection control beacons</i>, are used to reinforce stop signs at intersections.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MUTCD specifies the following vehicular signals:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption>Standard meanings for traffic lights in the United States (MUTCD, Chapter 4) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Signal </th> <th>Meaning (steady) </th> <th>Meaning (flashing) </th></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_4D-2_(Circular_Green).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Green%29.svg/40px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Green%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Green%29.svg/60px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Green%29.svg/80px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Green%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Circular green </th> <td>Traffic can proceed in any permitted direction, yielding to pedestrians in a crosswalk or other vehicles when turning </td> <td rowspan="2">Not to be used </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_4D-2_(Green_Arrow_LEFT).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Green_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/40px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Green_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Green_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/60px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Green_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Green_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/80px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Green_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Green arrow </th> <td>Traffic can proceed in the direction shown by the arrow, yielding to any pedestrians in a crosswalk or other vehicles in the intersection </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_4D-2_(Circular_Yellow).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Yellow%29.svg/40px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Yellow%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Yellow%29.svg/60px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Yellow%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Yellow%29.svg/80px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Yellow%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Circular yellow </th> <td>The green movement is being terminated and a red signal will soon be displayed </td> <td>Traffic can cautiously enter the intersection, yielding to pedestrians and other vehicles </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_4D-2_(Yellow_Arrow_LEFT).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Yellow_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/40px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Yellow_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Yellow_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/60px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Yellow_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Yellow_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/80px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Yellow_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Yellow arrow </th> <td>The green or flashing arrow movement is being terminated </td> <td>Traffic can cautiously enter the intersection to make the movement displayed by the arrow, yielding to pedestrians and other vehicles </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_4D-2_(Circular_Red).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Red%29.svg/40px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Red%29.svg/60px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Red%29.svg/80px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Circular_Red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Circular red </th> <td>Unless another signal permits, traffic shall not enter the intersection except to lawfully <a href="/wiki/Turn_on_red" title="Turn on red">turn on red</a> </td> <td>Traffic must stop before entering the intersection, but may then treat the signal by the same rules as a STOP sign. </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_4D-2_(Red_Arrow_LEFT).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Red_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/40px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Red_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Red_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/60px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Red_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/MUTCD_4D-2_%28Red_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg/80px-MUTCD_4D-2_%28Red_Arrow_LEFT%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />Red arrow </th> <td>Traffic shall not make the movement displayed by the arrow </td> <td>Traffic must stop before entering the intersection, but may then treat the signal by the same rules as a stop sign to make the movement displayed by the arrow. </td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colourblind_traffic_signal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Colourblind_traffic_signal.JPG/220px-Colourblind_traffic_signal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Colourblind_traffic_signal.JPG/330px-Colourblind_traffic_signal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Colourblind_traffic_signal.JPG/440px-Colourblind_traffic_signal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A traffic signal in <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Regional_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Regional Municipality">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, with specially shaped lights to assist people with colour blindness</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and the Maritime provinces, lights are often arranged horizontally, but each aspect is a different shape: red is a square (larger than the normal circle) and usually in pairs at either end of the fixture, amber is a diamond, and green is a circle. In many southern and southwestern U.S. states, most traffic signals are similarly horizontal in order to ease wind resistance during storms and hurricanes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese traffic signals mostly follow the same rule except that the green "go" signals are referred to as 青 (ao), typically translated as "blue", reflecting <a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language#Japanese" title="Blue–green distinction in language">a historical change in the Japanese language</a>. As a result, Japanese officials decreed in 1973 that the "go" light should be changed to the bluest possible shade of green, bringing the name more in line with the color without violating the international "green means go" rule.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK, normal traffic lights follow this sequence:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Red – Stop, do not proceed</li> <li>Red and Amber – Get ready to proceed, but do not proceed yet</li> <li>Green – Proceed if the intersection or crossing is clear; vehicles are not allowed to block the intersection or crossing</li> <li>Amber – Stop, unless it is unsafe to do so</li></ul> <p>A speed sign is a special traffic light, variable <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">traffic sign</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Variable-message_sign" title="Variable-message sign">variable-message sign</a> giving drivers a recommended speed to approach the next traffic light in its green phase<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and avoid a stop due to reaching the intersection when lights are red.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pedestrian_signals">Pedestrian signals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pedestrian signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></div><p>Pedestrian signals are used to inform pedestrians when to cross a road. Most pedestrian signal heads will have two lights: a 'walk' light (normally a walking human figure, typically coloured green or white) and a 'don't walk' light (normally either a red or orange man figure or a hand), though other variations exist.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption>Pedestrian sequences in various countries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country/ies </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 40%;">Sequence </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 40%;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Australia, New Zealand, Philippines </td> <td>Green man: safe to cross <p>Flashing red man: do not start to cross; if it appears during crossing, then continue to cross if unable to stop safely </p><p>Red man: do not cross </p> </td> <td>Several intersections in Wellington, New Zealand, have alternative green man figures. Eight intersections near <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament_Buildings" title="New Zealand Parliament Buildings">Parliament Buildings</a> have silhouettes of <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragette</a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard" title="Kate Sheppard">Kate Sheppard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while four intersections along Cuba Street have silhouettes of drag performer and LGBT rights activist <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Rupe" title="Carmen Rupe">Carmen Rupe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>China </td> <td>Green: safe to cross <p>Red: do not cross </p><p>Amber (steady, after green, before red): continue to cross only if unable to stop safely </p><p>Flashing amber: cross with caution (often used in low-traffic crossing or after midnight) </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td>Blue or green man: safe to cross (cyclists may cross or turn left) <p>Flashing blue or green man: do not start to cross; if it appears during crossing, then continue to cross if unable to stop safely </p><p>Red standing man: do not cross </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany, Czechia, Central Europe </td> <td>Green: safe to cross <p>Amber: continue to cross only if unable to stop safely </p><p>Flashing amber: cross with caution, obey signage (used when lights are out of order or shut down) </p><p>Red: do not cross </p><p>Red and amber: do not cross, prepare for green </p> </td> <td>In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Ampelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Ampelmännchen">Ampelmännchen</a> pedestrian traffic signals have come to be seen as a nostalgic sign for the former <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a>. <p>In Germany, the fine for crossing a red light if caught is as of 2019 between €5 and €10.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>United Kingdom, Ireland, Hong Kong, Switzerland, Macao </td> <td>Green walking man: safe to cross <p>Flashing green man or no man: do not start to cross (only at mid-block crossings); if it appears during crossing, then continue to cross if unable to stop safely </p><p>Red standing man: do not cross </p> </td> <td>In the United Kingdom, there is no direct offence committed if a pedestrian fails to obey crossing signals and many lights commonly only use two still images – a green walking person and a red standing man, this being the general case where the crossing is at a road junction and the pedestrian signals are in combination with those controlling vehicular traffic. </td></tr> <tr> <td>United States, Canada, Mexico (Tijuana), Philippines (Makati, Davao) </td> <td><u>Formerly signals used the text:</u><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>WALK </p><p>DONT WALK </p><p><u>Modern version:</u> </p><p>White walking man: cross with caution </p><p>Flashing <a href="/wiki/Portland_Orange" title="Portland Orange">orange</a> stophand: do not start to cross; if it appears during crossing, then continue to cross if unable to stop safely </p><p>Orange stophand: do not enter the intersection </p> </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">U.S. state of Massachusetts</a> allows an unusual indication variation for pedestrian movement. At signalized intersections without separate pedestrian signal heads, the traffic signals may be programmed to turn red in all directions, followed by a <a href="/wiki/Variations_in_traffic_light_operation#Pedestrian_red-amber" title="Variations in traffic light operation">steady display of amber lights simultaneously with the red</a> indications. During this red-plus-amber indication, the intersection is closed to vehicular traffic and pedestrians may cross, usually in whatever direction they choose. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Israel </td> <td>Red standing man: do not cross; if it appears during crossing, then continue to cross if unable to stop safely <p>Green walking man: safe to cross </p> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td>green and light, traditionally and in compliance with the international conventions. <p>Red Man: Do Not Cross. If it appears during crossing, then continue to cross if unable to stop safely. Green Man: Safe to Cross. </p> </td> <td>In 2023, a two year experiment was allowed to start on 8 intersections experimenting blinking yellow light and 7 other one frozen yellow light.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_light_(animation).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Traffic_light_%28animation%29.gif/220px-Traffic_light_%28animation%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Traffic_light_%28animation%29.gif/330px-Traffic_light_%28animation%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Traffic_light_%28animation%29.gif/440px-Traffic_light_%28animation%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption>Traffic light animation (pedestrians, cyclists and traffic) in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</figcaption></figure><p> Where pedestrians need to cross the road between junctions, a signal-controlled crossing may be provided as an alternative to a <a href="/wiki/Zebra_crossing" title="Zebra crossing">zebra crossing</a> or uncontrolled crossing. Traffic lights are normally used at crossings where vehicle speeds are high, where either vehicle or pedestrian flows are high or near signalised junctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: c.18">: c.18 </span></sup> In the UK, this type of crossing is called a <a href="/wiki/Pelican_crossing" title="Pelican crossing">pelican crossing</a>, though more modern iterations are puffin and pedex crossings. In the UK, these crossings normally need at least four traffic signals, which are of a regular type (red, amber, and green), two facing in each direction. Furthermore, pedestrians will be provided with push buttons and pedestrian signals, consisting of a red and green man. Farside signals are located across the crossing, while nearside signals are located below the traffic lights, facing in the direction of oncoming traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Location: c.18">: c.18 </span></sup> A <a href="/wiki/HAWK_beacon" title="HAWK beacon">HAWK beacon</a> is a special type of traffic used in the US at mid-block crossings. These consist of two red signals above a single amber signal. The beacon is unlit until a pedestrian pushes the cross button. Then an amber light will show, followed by both red lights, at which point the 'Walk' symbol will illuminate for pedestrians. At the end of the crossing phase, the 'Don't Walk' symbol will flash, as will the amber traffic light.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shibuya_Crossing_(25790725888).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shibuya_Crossing_%2825790725888%29.jpg/220px-Shibuya_Crossing_%2825790725888%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shibuya_Crossing_%2825790725888%29.jpg/330px-Shibuya_Crossing_%2825790725888%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Shibuya_Crossing_%2825790725888%29.jpg/440px-Shibuya_Crossing_%2825790725888%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shibuya_Crossing" title="Shibuya Crossing">Shibuya Crossing</a>, in Tokyo, is a famous example of a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_scramble" title="Pedestrian scramble">pedestrian scramble</a> with diagonal crossings.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pedestrians are usually incorporated into urban signalised junctions in one of four ways: no facilities, parallel walk, walk with traffic, or all-red stages. No facilities may be provided if pedestrian demand is low, in areas where pedestrians are not permitted, or if there is a subway or overpass. No provision of formal facilities means pedestrians will have to self-evaluate when it is safe to cross, which can be intimidating for pedestrians.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 71">: 71 </span></sup> With a "parallel walk" design, pedestrians walk alongside the traffic flow. A <a href="/wiki/Leading_pedestrian_interval" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading pedestrian interval">leading pedestrian interval</a> may be provided, whereby pedestrians get a "walk" signal before the traffic gets a green light, allowing pedestrians to establish themselves on the crossing before vehicles begin to turn, to encourage drivers to give way.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 'walk with traffic' facility allows pedestrians to go at the same time as other traffic movements with no conflict between movements. This can work well on one-way roads, where turning movements are banned or where the straight-ahead movement runs in a different stage from the turning movement. A splitter island could also be provided. Traffic will pass on either side of the island and pedestrians can cross the road safely between the other flows.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 72">: 72 </span></sup> </p><p> An all-red stage, also known as a full pedestrian stage, a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_scramble" title="Pedestrian scramble">pedestrian scramble</a> or a Barnes Dance,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> holds all vehicular traffic at the junction to allow pedestrians time to safely cross without conflict from vehicles. It allows allows the use of diagonal crossings. This may require a longer cycle time and increase pedestrian wait periods, though the latter can be eased by providing two pedestrian stages.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 71–72">: 71–72 </span></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MUTCD_Ped_Signal_-_Flashing_hand_with_timer.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MUTCD_Ped_Signal_-_Flashing_hand_with_timer.svg/220px-MUTCD_Ped_Signal_-_Flashing_hand_with_timer.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MUTCD_Ped_Signal_-_Flashing_hand_with_timer.svg/330px-MUTCD_Ped_Signal_-_Flashing_hand_with_timer.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/MUTCD_Ped_Signal_-_Flashing_hand_with_timer.svg/440px-MUTCD_Ped_Signal_-_Flashing_hand_with_timer.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="134" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of a countdown timer in the US style</figcaption></figure><p> Pedestrian countdown timers are becoming common at urban signal-controlled crossings. Where a pedestrian countdown is shown, it is normally used in conjunction with the flashing hand signal (in the US and Canada) or blackout period (UK), showing the amount of time remaining in seconds until the end of the flashing hand or blackout.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedestrian countdown timers do not significantly increase or reduce the number of red- and amber-light running drivers. Studies have found that pedestrian countdown timers do significantly improve pedestrian compliance over traditional pedestrian signals; however, results are mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smartphone_Zombie_ribbon">Smartphone Zombie ribbon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Smartphone Zombie ribbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the 12 to 45% of pedestrian deaths caused by 'pedestrian distraction' has been linked to cell phone usage,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some cities (including <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodegraven" title="Bodegraven">Bodegraven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>) have installed LED strips embedded in the sidewalk before crosswalks to warn distracted pedestrians of immanent pedestrian crossings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This additional signal, which is synchronized with conventional signals, aims to decrease injury rates by telling distracted pedestrians when it is safe to cross the road without them having to lift their head. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smartphone zombie light in green"><img alt="Smartphone zombie light in green" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg/120px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg/180px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg/240px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Smartphone_zombie" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphone zombie">Smartphone zombie</a> light in green</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smartphone zombie light in green, close up"><img alt="Smartphone zombie light in green, close up" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg/120px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg/180px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg/240px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_green_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smartphone zombie light in green, close up</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smartphone zombie light in red"><img alt="Smartphone zombie light in red" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg/120px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg/180px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg/240px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smartphone zombie light in red</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smartphone zombie light in red, close up"><img alt="Smartphone zombie light in red, close up" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg/120px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg/180px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg/240px-Korean_smartphone_zombie_pedestrian_traffic_light_red_close_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Smartphone zombie light in red, close up</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auditory_and_tactile_signals">Auditory and tactile signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Auditory and tactile signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some jurisdictions such as Australia, pedestrian lights are associated with a sound device, for the benefit of blind and visually impaired pedestrians. These make a slow beeping sound when the pedestrian lights are red and a continuous buzzing or fast beeping sound when the lights are green. In the Australian States of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, the sound is produced in the same unit as the push buttons. In a circle above the button, the sound is produced and can be felt along with a raised arrow that points in the direction to walk.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system of <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technology</a> is also widely used at busy intersections in Canadian cities. In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Puffin_crossing" title="Puffin crossing">Puffin crossings</a> and their predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Pelican_crossing" title="Pelican crossing">Pelican crossing</a>, will make a fast beeping sound to indicate that it is safe to cross the road. The beeping sound is disabled during the nighttime so as not to disturb any nearby residents.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some states in the United States, at some busy intersections, buttons will make a beeping sound for blind people. When the light changes, a speaker built into the button will play a recording to notify blind people that it is safe to cross. When the signal flashes red, the recording will start to count down with the countdown timer. In several countries such as New Zealand, technology also allows deaf and blind people to feel when lights have changed to allow safe crossing. A small pad, housed within an indentation in the base of the box housing the button mechanism, moves downwards when the lights change to allow crossing. This is designed to be felt by anyone waiting to cross who has limited ability to detect sight or sound. In Japan, a traffic light emits an electronic sound that mimics the sound of birdsong to help the visually impaired. Some traffic lights fix the order and type of sound so that they can tell which direction is a green light. In general, "<i>Piyo</i>" (peep) and "<i>Piyo-piyo</i>", which is a small bird call, and "<i>Kakkō</i>" and "<i>Ka-kakkō</i>", which is a cuckoo call, are associated with this system.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some pedestrian crossings in Lithuania make a slow beeping sound indicating that the traffic light is about to turn off. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cycle_signals">Cycle signals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cycle signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Protected_intersection" title="Protected intersection">Protected intersection</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicycle_stoplight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A busy daytime street scene, with both the bike signal and pedestrian signal glowing red. People and cars are everywhere. Many other traffic signals can be seen in the background as you look further down the street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bicycle_stoplight.jpg/220px-Bicycle_stoplight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bicycle_stoplight.jpg/330px-Bicycle_stoplight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bicycle_stoplight.jpg/440px-Bicycle_stoplight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Traffic light for a bike lane, NYC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclist_advanced_stop_line_Liverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyclist_advanced_stop_line_Liverpool.jpg/220px-Cyclist_advanced_stop_line_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyclist_advanced_stop_line_Liverpool.jpg/330px-Cyclist_advanced_stop_line_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cyclist_advanced_stop_line_Liverpool.jpg/440px-Cyclist_advanced_stop_line_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>An advanced stop line at traffic lights in Liverpool</figcaption></figure> <p>Where cycle lanes or cycle tracks exist on the approach to a signal-controlled junction, it must be considered how to incorporate cyclists safely into the junction to reduce conflict between motor vehicles and cyclists. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Advanced_stop_line" title="Advanced stop line">advanced stop line</a> can be placed after the stop line at traffic lights. This allows cyclists to position themselves in front of traffic at a red light and get a headstart.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, design advice typically advises that the cycle lane should continue through the junction to the left of the right-turn lane; however, this creates conflict where motor vehicles wish to enter the right lane, as they must cross the cycle lane at a bad angle.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Dutch engineering principles, cyclists are instead kept to the right of the junction, with protected kerbs. This improves safety by putting cyclists into the eyeline of motor vehicles at the stop line, allowing cyclists a headstart over turning traffic. This design also allows cyclists to complete far-side turns without having to wait in the centre of the junction.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK engineers have innovated on this design through the Cycle Optimised Protected Signals (CYCLOPS) junction, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>. This places the cycle track around the edge of the signal junction and gives cyclists and pedestrians a single all-red phase, entirely separate from motor traffic and shortens pedestrian crossing times.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, cyclists can be considered pedestrians on approach to a junction, or where a cycle track crosses a road and combined pedestrian-cyclist traffic lights (known as <a href="/wiki/Toucan_crossing" title="Toucan crossing">Toucan crossings</a> in the UK) can be provided.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_transport_signals">Public transport signals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Public transport signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traffic lights for public transport often use signals that are distinct from those for private traffic. They can be letters, arrows or bars of white or (an LED 100-<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> typical) coloured light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit_signals_in_North_America">Transit signals in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Transit signals in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;text-align:center;font-size:70%;width:20em;"> <caption>MUTCD Fig. 8C-3 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="5">Three-lens signal</th> <th colspan="5">Two-lens signal </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_1%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_1%29.svg/60px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_1%29.svg/80px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="90" /></a></span><br />Single LRT route </th> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prepare to stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_CAUTION).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td>(flashing) </td> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-2prep_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2prep-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:25%;background:#888;" colspan="11">  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_2R).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2R%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2R%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2R%29.svg/60px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2R%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2R%29.svg/80px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2R%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="90" /></a></span><br />Two LRT route diversion </th> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prepare to stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_CAUTION).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td>(flashing) </td> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-R).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-samehouse_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samehouse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-R).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-2prep_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2prep-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-samehouse_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samehouse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:10%;background:#888;" colspan="11">  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_2L).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2L%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2L%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2L%29.svg/60px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2L%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2L%29.svg/80px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_2L%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="90" /></a></span><br />Two LRT route diversion </th> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prepare to stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_CAUTION).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td>(flashing) </td> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-L).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-samehouse_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samehouse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-L).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-2prep_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2prep-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-samehouse_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samehouse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size:25%;background:#888;" colspan="11">  </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_3LR).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_3LR%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_3LR%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_3LR%29.svg/60px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_3LR%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_3LR%29.svg/80px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_3LR%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="90" /></a></span><br />Three LRT route diversion </th> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td> <td colspan="5">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prepare to stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_CAUTION).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_CAUTION%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td>(flashing) </td> <td>Stop</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_STOP).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_STOP%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-L).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-R).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-samehouse_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samehouse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Go</td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-L).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-L%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_GO).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_GO%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td style="background:#aaa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:8C-3_(Light_Rail_DIV-R).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/20px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/30px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg/40px-8C-3_%28Light_Rail_DIV-R%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-2prep_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2prep-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-samehouse_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-samehouse-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="11" style="text-align:left;"><b>Notes</b><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2prep-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2prep_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2prep_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2prep_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2prep_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Go" lens may be used in flashing mode to indicate "prepare to stop"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-samehouse-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-samehouse_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samehouse_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samehouse_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samehouse_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samehouse_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-samehouse_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Could be in single housing</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/MUTCD" class="mw-redirect" title="MUTCD">MUTCD</a> specifies a standard vertically oriented signal with either two or three lenses, displaying white lines on a black background.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Fig.8C-3">: Fig.8C-3 </span></sup> </p><p>Some systems use the letter B for buses and T for trams. The <a href="/wiki/METRO_(Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="METRO (Minnesota)">METRO</a> light rail system in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis, Minnesota">Minneapolis, Minnesota</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Metro_Rail" title="Valley Metro Rail">Valley Metro Rail</a> in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Regional_Transit_Authority" title="New Orleans Regional Transit Authority">RTA</a> Streetcar System in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> use a simplified variant of the Belgian/French system in the respective city's central business district where only the "go" and "stop" configurations are used. A third signal equal to amber is accomplished by flashing the "go" signal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport_signals_in_Europe">Public transport signals in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public transport signals in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some European countries and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, dedicated traffic signals for public transport (tram, as well any that is using a <a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">dedicated lane</a>) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8#6._Сигналы_светофора_и_регулировщика" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Правила дорожного движения Российской Федерации">have</a> four white lights that form the letter T.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If the three top lamps are lit, this means "stop". If the bottom lamp and some lamps on the top row are lit, this means permission to go in a direction shown. In the case of a tram signal, if there are no tram junctions or turns at an intersection, a simpler system of one amber signal in the form of the letter T is used instead; the tram must proceed only when the signal is lit. </p><p>In North European countries, the tram signals feature white lights of different forms: "S" for "stop", "—" for "caution" and arrows to permit passage in a given direction.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden, All signals use white lighting and special symbols ("S", "–" and an arrow) to distinguish them from regular signals. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> uses a distinctive "negenoog" (nine-eyed) design shown on the top row of the diagram;<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bottom row signals are used in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, Luxembourg, France, and Germany. The signals mean (from left to right): "go straight ahead", "go left", "go right", "go in any direction" (like the "green" of a normal traffic light), "stop, unless the emergency brake is needed" (equal to "amber"), and "stop" (equal to "red"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport_signals_in_the_Asia-Pacific_region">Public transport signals in the Asia-Pacific region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public transport signals in the Asia-Pacific region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In Japan, tram signals are under the regular vehicle signal; however, the colour of the signal intended for trams is orange. The small light at the top tells the driver when the vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Transponder" title="Transponder">transponder</a> signal is received by the traffic light. In Hong Kong, an amber T-signal is used for trams, in place of the green signal. In addition, at any tramway junction, another set of signals is available to indicate the direction of the tracks. In Australia and New Zealand, a white "B" or "T" sometimes replaces the green light indicating that buses or trams (respectively) have right of way.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Causeway_Bay_tram_traffic_lights_Aug-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="T signal (trams) in Hong Kong"><img alt="T signal (trams) in Hong Kong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HK_Causeway_Bay_tram_traffic_lights_Aug-2017.jpg/120px-HK_Causeway_Bay_tram_traffic_lights_Aug-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HK_Causeway_Bay_tram_traffic_lights_Aug-2017.jpg/180px-HK_Causeway_Bay_tram_traffic_lights_Aug-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/HK_Causeway_Bay_tram_traffic_lights_Aug-2017.jpg/240px-HK_Causeway_Bay_tram_traffic_lights_Aug-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">T signal (trams) in Hong Kong</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Karlsruhe_Ebertstr-Karlstr_Tramampeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bus and tram signals in Karlsruhe, Germany"><img alt="Bus and tram signals in Karlsruhe, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Karlsruhe_Ebertstr-Karlstr_Tramampeln.jpg/120px-Karlsruhe_Ebertstr-Karlstr_Tramampeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Karlsruhe_Ebertstr-Karlstr_Tramampeln.jpg/180px-Karlsruhe_Ebertstr-Karlstr_Tramampeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Karlsruhe_Ebertstr-Karlstr_Tramampeln.jpg/240px-Karlsruhe_Ebertstr-Karlstr_Tramampeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bus and tram signals in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preemption_and_priority">Preemption and priority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Preemption and priority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_signal_preemption" title="Traffic signal preemption">Traffic signal preemption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bus_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus priority">Bus priority</a></div> <p>Some regions have signals that are interruptible, giving priority to special traffic, usually <a href="/wiki/Emergency_vehicle" title="Emergency vehicle">emergency vehicles</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Firefighting_apparatus" title="Firefighting apparatus">firefighting apparatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambulance" title="Ambulance">ambulances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Police_car" title="Police car">police cars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the systems operate with small transmitters that send radio waves, <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> signals, or <a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe light</a> signals that are received by a sensor on or near the traffic lights. Some systems use audio detection, where a certain type of siren must be used and detected by a receiver on the traffic light structure. </p><p>Upon activation, the normal traffic light cycle is suspended and replaced by the "preemption sequence": the traffic lights to all approaches to the intersection are switched to "red" with the exception of the light for the vehicle that has triggered the preemption sequence. Sometimes, an additional signal light is placed nearby to indicate to the preempting vehicle that the preempting sequence has been activated and to warn other motorists of the approach of an emergency vehicle. The normal traffic light cycle resumes after the sensor has been passed by the vehicle that triggered the preemption. </p><p>In lieu of preemptive mechanisms, in most jurisdictions, emergency vehicles are not required to respect traffic lights. However, emergency vehicles must slow down, proceed cautiously and activate their emergency lights to alert oncoming drivers to the preemption when crossing an intersection against the light.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike preemption, which immediately interrupts a signal's normal operation to serve the preempting vehicle and is usually reserved for emergency use, "<a href="/wiki/Bus_priority" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus priority">priority</a>" is a set of strategies intended to reduce delay for specific vehicles, especially mass transit vehicles such as buses. A variety of strategies exist to give priority to transit but they all generally work by detecting approaching transit vehicles and making small adjustments to the signal timing. These adjustments are designed to either decrease the likelihood that the transit vehicle will arrive during a red interval or decrease the length of the red interval for those vehicles that are stopped. Priority does not guarantee that transit vehicles always get a green light the instant they arrive as preemption does. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_control_and_coordination" title="Traffic light control and coordination">Traffic light control and coordination</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_Phases_and_Stages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Traffic_Phases_and_Stages.png/398px-Traffic_Phases_and_Stages.png" decoding="async" width="398" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Traffic_Phases_and_Stages.png/597px-Traffic_Phases_and_Stages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Traffic_Phases_and_Stages.png/796px-Traffic_Phases_and_Stages.png 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>A staging diagram for a typical signalised T-junction</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of different control systems are used to operate signal cycles smoothly, ranging from simple clockwork mechanisms to sophisticated computerised control systems. Computerised systems are normally <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuated</a>, i.e. controlled by <a href="/wiki/Induction_loop" title="Induction loop">loop detectors</a> or other sensors on junction approaches. Area-wide coordination can allow <a href="/wiki/Green_wave" title="Green wave">green wave</a> systems to be set up for vehicles or cycle tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-progr_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-progr-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Smart_traffic_light" title="Smart traffic light">Smart traffic light</a> systems combine traditional actuation, a wider array of sensors and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intellegence" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial intellegence">artificial intellegence</a> to further improve performance of signal systems.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A traffic signal junction or crossing is typically controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Controller_(control_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller (control theory)">controller</a> mounted inside a cabinet nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-ts101_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ts101-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Phases" (or "signal groups" in Australia and New Zealand) are indications show simultaneously, e.g. multiple green lights which control the same traffic approach. A "movement" is any path through the junction which vehicles or pedestrians are permitted to take, which is "conflicting" if these paths cross one another. A stage (or "phase" in ANZ) is a group of non-conflicting phases which move at the same time. The stages are collectively known as a "cycle".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The time between two conflicting green phases is called an "intergreen period", which is set at an appropriate length for the junction to safely clear, especially for turning traffic which may be waiting in the centre of the junction. This often results in an all red stage, when all approaches are shown a red light and no vehicle can proceed. This all red is sometimes extended to allow a <a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_scramble" title="Pedestrian scramble">pedestrian scramble</a>, where pedestrians can cross the empty junction in any direction all at once.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some signals have no "all red" phase: the light turns green for cross traffic the instant the other light turns red.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many traffic light installations are fitted with vehicle actuation, i.e. detection, to improve the flexibility of traffic systems to respond to varying traffic flows. Detectors come in the form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_sensor" title="Digital sensor">digital sensors</a> fitted to the signal heads or <a href="/wiki/Induction_loop" title="Induction loop">induction loops</a> within the road surface. Induction loops are beneficial due to their smaller chance of breakdown, but their simplicity can limit their ability to handle some situations, particularly involving lighter vehicles such as motorcycles or pedal cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This situation most often occurs at times of day when other traffic is sparse as well as when the small vehicle is coming from a direction that does not have a high volume of traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timing">Timing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Timing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Signal_timing" title="Signal timing">Signal timing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_light_in_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Traffic_light_in_Tehran.jpg/220px-Traffic_light_in_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Traffic_light_in_Tehran.jpg/330px-Traffic_light_in_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Traffic_light_in_Tehran.jpg/440px-Traffic_light_in_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1740" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Traffic light with time in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>The timing of the intergreen is usually based on the size of the intersection, which can range from two to five seconds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Modelling programs include the ability to calculate intergreen times automatically. Intergreen periods are determined by calculating the path distance for every conflict point in the junction, which is the distance travelled to the conflict point by the movement losing right of way minus the distance travelled to the same conflict point by the movement gaining right of way using the possible conflict points (including with pedestrians) and calculating both the time it would take the last vehicle to clear the furthest collision point and the first vehicle from the next stage to arrive at the conflict point. At actuated junctions, integreens can be varied to account for traffic conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Engineers also need to set the amber timings (and red-amber, where appropriate), which is normally standardised by a traffic authority. For example, in the UK, the amber time is fixed nationally at three seconds and the red-amber time at two seconds, which results in a minimum intergreen time of five seconds (plus any all-red time).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US also uses a minimum of three seconds, but local traffic authorities can make timings longer, especially on wider, suburban roads. This variation has resulted in controversy when municipalities with shorter amber times use red light cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where pedestrian signals are used, the timing of the "inivitation to cross" – the period where a steady walk signal shows – and clearance periods – time when the walk signal flashes or no signal is shown – need to be calculated. This is normally set against a design speed, e.g. 1.2 m/s (3.9 ft/s). Similarly, these can be made extendable using sensors, allowing slower-moving pedestrians more time to cross the street.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_guidance">Design guidance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Design guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National or sub-national highway authorities often issue guidance documents on the specification of traffic signals and design of signalised intersections according to national or local regulations. For example, in the United States the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> issues the <a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a> and the <i>Signalized Intersections Information Guide</i>, which is a synthesis of best practices and treatments to help practitioners make informed decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variable_lane_control">Variable lane control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Variable lane control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lane_control_lights" title="Lane control lights">Lane control lights</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lane_signals_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lane_signals_en.svg/220px-Lane_signals_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lane_signals_en.svg/330px-Lane_signals_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lane_signals_en.svg/440px-Lane_signals_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>An LED 50-<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> typical lane control signal head</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pont_Champlain_2009_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lane control signals installed on the Montréal Old Champlain Bridge." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pont_Champlain_2009_02.jpg/220px-Pont_Champlain_2009_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pont_Champlain_2009_02.jpg/330px-Pont_Champlain_2009_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pont_Champlain_2009_02.jpg/440px-Pont_Champlain_2009_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Lane control signals installed on the Old Champlain Bridge in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montréal</a>, Canada</figcaption></figure><p>Variable lane control is a form of intelligent transportation systems which involve the use of lane-use control signals, typically on a <a href="/wiki/Gantry_(transport)" title="Gantry (transport)">gantry</a> above a carriageway. These lights are used in <a href="/wiki/Reversible_lane" title="Reversible lane">tidal flow</a> systems to allow or forbid traffic to use one or more of the available lanes by the use of green lights or arrows (to permit) or by red lights or crosses (to prohibit).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variable lane control may be in use at toll plazas to indicate open or closed booths; during heavy traffic to facilitate merging traffic from a slip road.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, most notably the Southeastern, there often is a "continuous-flow" lane. This lane is protected by a single, constant-green arrow pointing down at the lane(s) permitting the continuous flow of traffic, without regard to the condition of signals for other lanes or cross streets. Continuous lanes are restricted in that vehicles turning from a side street may not cross over the double white line to enter the continuous lane, and no lane changes are permitted to the continuous lane from an adjacent lane or from the continuous lane to an adjacent lane until the double white line has been passed. Some continuous lanes are protected by a raised curb located between the continuous lane and a normal traffic lane, with white and/or amber reflective paint or tape, prohibiting turning or adjacent traffic from entering the lane.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Continuous-flow traffic lanes are found only at "T" intersections where there is no side street or driveway entrance on the right side of the main thoroughfare; additionally, no pedestrians are permitted to cross the main thoroughfare at intersections with a continuous-flow lane, although crossing at the side street may be permitted. Intersections with continuous-flow lanes will be posted with a white regulatory sign approximately 500 ft (150 m) before the intersection with the phrase, "right lane continuous traffic," or other, similar, wording. If the arrow is extinguished for any reason, whether by malfunction or design, traffic through the continuous lane will revert to the normal traffic pattern for adjacent lanes, except that turning or moving into or out of the restricted lane is still prohibited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waterways_and_railways">Waterways and railways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Waterways and railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three-aspect standard is also used at <a href="/wiki/List_of_locks_and_dams_of_the_Upper_Mississippi_River" title="List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River">locks on the Upper Mississippi River</a>. Red means that another vessel is passing through. Amber means that the lock chamber is being emptied or filled to match the level of the approaching vessel. After the gate opens, green means that the vessel may enter. </p><p>Railroad signals, for stopping trains in their own right of way, generally use the opposite positioning of the colours; that is, for signals above the driver's eyeline, green on top and red below is the <a href="/wiki/UK_railway_signalling#Lens_placement_and_alignment" title="UK railway signalling">standard placement</a> of the signal colours on railroad tracks. There are three reasons for this variation: there is no risk that railway signals will be masked by a tall vehicle between the driver and the signal; train speeds in fog are much higher than for road vehicles, so it is important that the most restrictive signal is closest to the driver's eyeline; and with railway signals often in exposed rural locations, there is a risk of any signal other than the bottom one being masked by snow building up on the hood of the signal below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rules_for_traffic_lights" title="Rules for traffic lights">Rules for traffic lights</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_light_fine_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Red_light_fine_sign.jpg/220px-Red_light_fine_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Red_light_fine_sign.jpg/330px-Red_light_fine_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Red_light_fine_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> attempts to discourage red light running by posting the minimum fine.</figcaption></figure><p>Traffic lights control flows of traffic using <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a> and legal rules. In most jurisdictions, it is against the law to disobey traffic signals and the police, or devices such as <a href="/wiki/Red_light_camera" title="Red light camera">red light cameras</a>, can issue fines or other penalties – and in some cases prosecute – drivers who break those laws.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> US-based studies have found that the majority of drivers think that it is dangerous to run a red light at speed and the most common reason for red light running include inattentive driving, following an oversized vehicle or during inclement weather.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rules governing traffic light junctions for vehicles differ by jurisdiction. For example, it is common in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> that drivers can turn kerb-to-kerb (i.e. turning right at most junctions), even when a red light shows.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, this <a href="/wiki/Turn_on_red" title="Turn on red">turn on red</a> rule is uncommon in Europe, unless an arrow signal or traffic sign specifically permits it.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulbs">Bulbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bulbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Conventional traffic signal lighting, still common in some areas, uses a standard light bulb. The light then bounces off a mirrored glass or polished aluminium reflector bowl, and out through a polycarbonate plastic or glass signal lens. In some signals, these lenses were cut to include a specific refracting pattern. Traditionally, incandescent and halogen bulbs were used. Because of the low efficiency of light output and a single point of failure (filament burnout), some traffic authorities are choosing to retrofit traffic signals with <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> arrays that consume less power, have increased light output, and last significantly longer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, in the event of an individual LED failure, the aspect will still operate albeit with a reduced light output. The light pattern of an LED array can be comparable to the pattern of an incandescent or halogen bulb fitted with a <a href="/wiki/Prismatic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Prismatic lens">prismatic lens</a>. </p><p>The low energy consumption of LED lights can pose a driving risk in some areas during winter. Unlike incandescent and halogen bulbs, which generally get hot enough to melt away any snow that may settle on individual lights, LED displays – using only a fraction of the energy – remain too cool for this to happen.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a response to the safety concerns, a heating element on the lens was developed.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programmable_visibility_signals">Programmable visibility signals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Programmable visibility signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_and_Mill_3Ms_img14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3M traffic signals in Shelton, Washington, as seen off-axis from the intended viewing area. These signals appear to be "off" or invisible to adjacent lanes of traffic during the daytime. Only a faint glow can be seen when viewed at night."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/First_and_Mill_3Ms_img14.jpg/300px-First_and_Mill_3Ms_img14.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/First_and_Mill_3Ms_img14.jpg/450px-First_and_Mill_3Ms_img14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/First_and_Mill_3Ms_img14.jpg/600px-First_and_Mill_3Ms_img14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:First_and_Mill_3Ms_img07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3M traffic signals in Shelton, Washington, as seen from the signal's intended viewing area. Special light-diffusing optics and a coloured Fresnel lens create the indication"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/First_and_Mill_3Ms_img07.jpg/300px-First_and_Mill_3Ms_img07.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/First_and_Mill_3Ms_img07.jpg/450px-First_and_Mill_3Ms_img07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/First_and_Mill_3Ms_img07.jpg/600px-First_and_Mill_3Ms_img07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Traffic signals installed in <a href="/wiki/Shelton,_Washington" title="Shelton, Washington">Shelton, Washington</a>, seen off-axis from the intended viewing area (<i>top</i>) and from the signal's intended viewing area (<i>bottom</i>).<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>From off-axis, these signals appear to be "off" or invisible to adjacent lanes of traffic during the daytime. Only a faint glow can be seen when viewed at night.</div></div></div></div> <p>Signals such as the 3M High Visibility Signal utilize light-diffusing optics and a <a href="/wiki/Fresnel_lens" title="Fresnel lens">Fresnel lens</a> to create the signal indication. The light from a 150 W PAR46 sealed-beam lamp in these "programmable visibility" signals passes through a set of two glass lenses at the back of the signal. The first lens, a frosted glass diffusing lens, diffuses the light into a uniform ball of light around five inches in diameter. The light then passes through a nearly identical lens known as an optical limiter (3M's definition of the lens itself), also known as a "programming lens", also five inches in diameter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Using a special aluminium foil-based adhesive tape, these signals are "masked" or programmed by the programming lens so that only certain lanes of traffic will view the indication. At the front of these programmable visibility signals is a 12" Fresnel lens, each lens tinted to meet United States <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Transportation_Engineers" title="Institute of Transportation Engineers">Institute of Transportation Engineers</a> (ITE) chromaticity and luminance standards. The Fresnel lens collimates the light output created by the lamp and creates a uniform display of light for the lane in which it is intended. </p><p>In addition to being positioned and mounted for desired visibility for their respective traffic, some traffic lights are also aimed, louvered, or shaded to minimize misinterpretation from other lanes. For example, a Fresnel lens on an adjacent through-lane signal may be aimed to prevent left-turning traffic from anticipating its own green arrow. Intelight Inc. manufactures a programmable traffic signal that uses a software-controlled LED array and electronics to steer the light beam toward the desired approach.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signal is programmed unlike the 3M and McCain models. It requires a connection to a laptop or smartphone with the manufacturer's software installed. Connections can be made directly with a direct-serial interface kit, or wirelessly with a radio kit over WIFI to the signal. In addition to aiming, Fresnel lenses, and louvers, visors and back panels are also useful in areas where sunlight would diminish the contrast and visibility of a signal face. Typical applications for these signals were skewed intersections, specific multi-lane control, left-turn pocket signals, or other areas where complex traffic situations existed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colors_of_a_Stoplight-_Animated-_Lewiston.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Colors_of_a_Stoplight-_Animated-_Lewiston.gif/220px-Colors_of_a_Stoplight-_Animated-_Lewiston.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Colors_of_a_Stoplight-_Animated-_Lewiston.gif/330px-Colors_of_a_Stoplight-_Animated-_Lewiston.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Colors_of_a_Stoplight-_Animated-_Lewiston.gif 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>An animated GIF shows a traffic light in 3 reverted phases: red, yellow, then green</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, traffic lights are currently designed with lights approximately 12 inches (300 mm) in diameter. Previously the standard had been 8 inches (200 mm); however, those are slowly being phased out in favour of the larger and more visible 12 inch lights. Variations used have also included a hybrid design, which had one or more 12 inch lights along with one or more lights of 8 inches (200 mm) on the same light. </p><p>In the United Kingdom, 12-inch lights were implemented only with Mellor Design Signal heads designed by <a href="/wiki/David_Mellor_(designer)" title="David Mellor (designer)">David Mellor</a>. These were designed for symbolic optics to compensate for the light loss caused by the symbol. However, following a study sponsored by the UK Highways Agency and completed by Aston University, Birmingham, UK, an enhanced optical design was introduced in the mid-1990s. Criticism<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> of sunlight <i>washout</i> (cannot see the illuminated signal due to sunlight falling on it), and <i>sun-phantom</i> (signal appearing to be illuminated even when not due to sunlight reflecting from the parabolic mirror at low sun angles), led to the design of a signal that used lenslets to focus light from a traditional incandescent bulb through apertures in a matt black front mask. This cured both problems in an easily manufactured solution. This design proved successful and was taken into production by a number of traffic signal manufacturers through the engineering designs of Dr. Mark Aston, working firstly at the SIRA Ltd in Kent, and latterly as an independent optical designer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The manufacturers took a licence for the generic design from the Highways Agency, with Dr. Aston engineering a unique solution for each manufacturer. Producing both bulb and LED versions of the signal aspects, these signals are still the most common type of traffic light on UK roads. With the invention of anti-phantom, highly visible Aston lenses, lights of 8 inches (200 mm) could be designed to give the same output as plain lenses, so a larger surface area was unnecessary. Consequently, lights of 12 inches (300 mm) are no longer approved for use in the UK and all lights installed on new installations have to be 200 mm (8 in) in accordance with TSRGD (Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions). Exemptions are made for temporary or replacement signals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mounting_and_placement">Mounting and placement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mounting and placement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_time_traffic_lights_on_the_Pialligo_Avenue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Part time pole/pedestal-mounted traffic lights in Canberra, Australia"><img alt="Part time pole/pedestal-mounted traffic lights in Canberra, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Part_time_traffic_lights_on_the_Pialligo_Avenue.jpg/160px-Part_time_traffic_lights_on_the_Pialligo_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Part_time_traffic_lights_on_the_Pialligo_Avenue.jpg/240px-Part_time_traffic_lights_on_the_Pialligo_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Part_time_traffic_lights_on_the_Pialligo_Avenue.jpg/320px-Part_time_traffic_lights_on_the_Pialligo_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Part time pole/pedestal-mounted traffic lights in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, Australia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Traffic_lights_and_vehicular_transportation_in_Ekiti_State._05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mast-arm traffic lights in Ekiti State, Nigeria"><img alt="Mast-arm traffic lights in Ekiti State, Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Traffic_lights_and_vehicular_transportation_in_Ekiti_State._05.jpg/160px-Traffic_lights_and_vehicular_transportation_in_Ekiti_State._05.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Traffic_lights_and_vehicular_transportation_in_Ekiti_State._05.jpg/240px-Traffic_lights_and_vehicular_transportation_in_Ekiti_State._05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Traffic_lights_and_vehicular_transportation_in_Ekiti_State._05.jpg/320px-Traffic_lights_and_vehicular_transportation_in_Ekiti_State._05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3218" data-file-height="2131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mast-arm traffic lights in <a href="/wiki/Ekiti_State" title="Ekiti State">Ekiti State</a>, Nigeria</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiyuan_Road_shops_and_pedestrian_overpass_20100622.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Horizontal traffic lights mounted on a footbridge in Taipei, Taiwan"><img alt="Horizontal traffic lights mounted on a footbridge in Taipei, Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taiyuan_Road_shops_and_pedestrian_overpass_20100622.jpg/160px-Taiyuan_Road_shops_and_pedestrian_overpass_20100622.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taiyuan_Road_shops_and_pedestrian_overpass_20100622.jpg/240px-Taiyuan_Road_shops_and_pedestrian_overpass_20100622.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Taiyuan_Road_shops_and_pedestrian_overpass_20100622.jpg/320px-Taiyuan_Road_shops_and_pedestrian_overpass_20100622.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3576" data-file-height="2380" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Horizontal traffic lights mounted on a footbridge in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dummy_Light.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dummy light in Canajoharie, New York. It was removed in 2021.[88]"><img alt="A dummy light in Canajoharie, New York. It was removed in 2021.[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dummy_Light.jpg/160px-Dummy_Light.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dummy_Light.jpg/240px-Dummy_Light.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Dummy_Light.jpg/320px-Dummy_Light.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dummy light in <a href="/wiki/Canajoharie_(village),_New_York" title="Canajoharie (village), New York">Canajoharie</a>, New York. It was removed in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-RECORDER_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RECORDER-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>The MUTCD identifies five types of traffic light mounts. On pedestals, signal heads are mounted on a single pole (this is the normal installation method for the UK).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On mast arms, signal heads are mounted on a rigid arm over the road protuding from the pole. On strained poles, signals are suspended over a roadway on a wire, attached to poles at opposite kerbs. This is the most common installation method in the United States. Unipoles are similar to strain poles, but a single structure over the road, rather than two poles linked with wire. Finally, signals can be attached to existing structures such as an overpass.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dummy lights are traffic signs located in the centre of a junction, which operate on a fixed cycle. These have generally been decommissioned due to safety concerns; however, a number remain due to historic value.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signals can either be placed nearside – between the stop line and the kerbline of the intersecting road – or farside – on the opposite side of the junction. In European countries, signals are often placed on the nearside.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, at least two signal heads are required (known as the primary and secondary heads), one of which is normally nearside and the other of which could be nearside or farside.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, signals are normally located farside, though in some states, nearside signals are also used. Nearside signals can be beneficial to road safety, as drivers have more time to see a red light and are less likely to encroach on pedestrian crossings.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drivers spend on average around 2% of journey time passing through signalised junctions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traffic lights can increase the traffic capacity at intersections and reduce delay for side road traffic, but can also result in increased delay for main road traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Monderman" title="Hans Monderman">Hans Monderman</a>, the innovative Dutch traffic engineer, and pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">shared space</a> schemes, was sceptical of their role, and is quoted as having said of them: "We only want traffic lights where they are useful and I haven't found anywhere where they are useful yet."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A World Economic Forum study found that signalised junctions are linked to higher rates of localised air pollution. Drivers accelerate and stop frequently at lights and as such peak particle concentration can be around 29 times higher than during free-flow conditions. The WEF recommends that traffic authorities synchronise traffic signals, consider alternative traffic management systems and consider placing traffic lights away from residential areas, schools, and hospitals.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation of conflicting streams of traffic in time can reduce the chances of right-angle collisions by turning traffic and cross traffic, but they can increase the frequency of rear-end crashes by up to 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-CRF_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRF-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since right-angled and turn-against-traffic collisions are more likely to result in injuries, this is often an acceptable trade-off. They can also adversely affect the safety of bicycle and pedestrian traffic. Between 1979 and 1988, the city of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, Pennsylvania, removed signals at 199 intersections that were not warranted. On average, the intersections had 24% fewer crashes after the unwarranted signals were removed.<sup id="cite_ref-CRF_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRF-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traffic lights had been erected in the 1960s because of since-resolved protests over traffic. By 1992, over 800 traffic lights had been removed at 426 intersections, and the number of crashes at these intersections dropped by 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justification">Justification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Justification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Traffic_light" title="Talk:Traffic light">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Criteria have been developed to help ensure that new traffic lights are installed only where they will do more good than harm and to justify the removal of existing traffic lights where they are not warranted. They are most often placed on arterial roads at intersections with either another arterial road or a collector road, or on an expressway where an interchange is not warranted. In some situations, traffic signals can also be found on collector roads in busy settings. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Municipal_Signal_Association" title="International Municipal Signal Association">International Municipal Signal Association</a> provides input as to standards concerning traffic signals and control devices. One example is the input the association provided for the <a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a> (MUTCD).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MUTCD is issued by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a> (FHWA) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> (USDOT).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the criteria for installation of a traffic control signal are prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a> (MUTCD), which defines the criteria in nine <i>warrants</i>:<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Eight-hour vehicular volume. Traffic volume must exceed prescribed minima for eight hours of an average weekday.</li> <li>Four-hour vehicular volume. Traffic volume must exceed prescribed minima for four hours of an average weekday.</li> <li>Peak hour volume or delay. This is applied only in unusual cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Office_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Office park">office parks</a>, industrial complexes, and <a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">park and ride</a> lots that attract or discharge large numbers of vehicles in a short time, and for a minimum of one hour of an average weekday. The side road traffic suffers undue delays when entering or crossing the major street.</li> <li>Pedestrian volume. If the traffic volume on a major street is so heavy that pedestrians experience excessive delays in attempting to cross it.</li> <li>School crossing. If the traffic density at school crossing times exceeds one per minute which is considered to provide too few gaps in the traffic for children to safely cross the street.</li> <li>Coordinated signal system. For places where adjacent traffic control signals do not keep traffic grouped together efficiently.</li> <li>Crash experience. The volumes in the eight- and four-hour warrants may be reduced if five or more right-angle and cross traffic turn collisions have happened at the intersection in a twelve-month period.</li> <li>Roadway network. Installing a traffic control signal at some intersections might be justified to encourage concentration and organization of traffic flow on a roadway network.</li> <li>Intersection near a grade crossing. A traffic control signal is often justified at an intersection near a <a href="/wiki/Railroad_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad crossing">railroad crossing</a>, in order to provide a preemption sequence to allow traffic queued up on the tracks an opportunity to clear the tracks before the train arrives.</li></ul> <p>In the US, an intersection is usually required to meet one or more of these warrants before a signal is installed. However, meeting one or more warrants does not require the installation of a traffic signal, it only suggests that they may be suitable. It could be that a <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> would work better. There may be other unconsidered conditions that lead traffic engineers to conclude that a signal is undesirable. For example, it may be decided not to install a signal at an intersection if traffic stopped by it will back up and block another, more heavily trafficked intersection. Also, if a signal meets only the peak hour warrant, the advantages during that time may not outweigh the disadvantages during the rest of the day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_contexts">In other contexts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In other contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The symbolism of a traffic light (and the meanings of the three primary colours used in traffic lights) are frequently found in many other contexts. Since they are often used as single spots of colour without the context of vertical position, they are typically not comprehensible to up to one in ten males who are <a href="/wiki/Colour_blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour blindness">colour blind</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Traffic lights have also been used in computer software, such as the <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a>, and in pieces of artwork, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Traffic_Light_Tree" title="Traffic Light Tree">Traffic Light Tree</a></i> in London, UK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing">Racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Racing_flags" title="Racing flags">Racing flags</a></div> <p>Automobile racing circuits can also use standard traffic signals to indicate to racing car drivers the status of racing. On an oval track, four sets may be used, two facing a straight-away and two facing the middle of the 180-degree turn between straight-away. Green would indicate racing is underway, while amber would indicate to slow or while following a pace car; red would indicate to stop, probably for emergency reasons. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Scuderia Ferrari</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> racing team, formerly used a traffic light system during their pit stops to signal to their drivers when to leave the pits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The red light was on when the tires were being changed and fuel was being added, amber was on when the tires were changed, and green was on when all work was completed. The system is (usually) completely automatic. However, the system was withdrawn after the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Grand_Prix" title="Singapore Grand Prix">2008 Singapore Grand Prix</a>, due to the fact that it heavily delayed <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Massa" title="Felipe Massa">Felipe Massa</a> during the race, when he was in the lead. Usually, the system was automatic, but heavy traffic in the pit lane forced the team to operate it manually. A mechanic accidentally pressed the green light button when the fuel hose was still attached to the car, causing Massa to drive off, towing the fuel hose along. Additionally, Massa drove into the path of <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Sutil" title="Adrian Sutil">Adrian Sutil</a>, earning him a penalty. He finally stopped at the end of the pit lane, forcing Ferrari's mechanics to sprint down the whole of the pit lane to remove the hose. As a result of this, and the penalty he also incurred, Massa finished 13th. Ferrari decided to use a traditional "lollipop" for the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Formula_One_season" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Formula One season">2008 season.</a> </p><p>Another type of traffic light that is used in racing is the Christmas Tree, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">drag racing</a>. The Christmas Tree has six lights: a blue staging light, three amber lights, a green light, and a red light. The blue staging light is divided into two parts: Pre-stage and stage. Sometimes, there are two sets of bulbs on top of each other to represent them. Once a driver is staged at the starting line, then the starter will activate the light to commence racing, which can be done in two ways. If a Pro tree is used, then the three amber lights will flash at the same time. For the Sportsman tree, the amber light will flash from top to bottom. When the green light comes up, the race officially begins but if a driver crosses the line before that happens, then a red light will come up and that will be a foul. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_rating_mechanism">As a rating mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: As a rating mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_rating_system" title="Traffic light rating system">Traffic light rating system</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union_energy_label" title="European Union energy label">European Union energy label</a></div> <p>The colours red, amber, and green are often used as a simple-to-understand rating system for products and processes. It may be extended by analogy to provide a greater range of intermediate colours, with red and green at the extremes.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Unicode">In Unicode</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In Unicode"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, the symbol for <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+1F6A5</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">🚥</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT</span> is HORIZONTAL TRAFFIC LIGHT and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+1F6A6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">🚦</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT</span> is VERTICAL TRAFFIC LIGHT. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Ampelmännchen">Ampelmännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_road_transport_terms" title="Glossary of road transport terms">Glossary of road transport terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_loop" title="Induction loop">Induction loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_control_lights" title="Lane control lights">Lane control lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Level_crossing" title="Level crossing">Level crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_signal" title="Railway signal">Railway signal</a>, rail equivalent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedestrian_crossing" title="Pedestrian crossing">Pedestrian crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramp_meter" title="Ramp meter">Ramp meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_light" title="Stack light">Stack light</a>, used in industrial process control</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">Traffic light coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_control_and_coordination" title="Traffic light control and coordination">Traffic light control and coordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic-light_signalling_and_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic-light signalling and operation">Traffic-light signalling and operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_optimization" title="Traffic optimization">Traffic optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_robots_in_Kinshasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic robots in Kinshasa">Traffic robots in Kinshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_Children_At_Play" title="Slow Children At Play">Slow Children At Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_traffic_light" title="Smart traffic light">Smart traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_trap" title="Yellow trap">Yellow trap</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not completely correct: a variable speed sign is not solely used for the purpose of slowing the speed of motorists approaching an intersection. They are also used on freeways where the maximum safe speed is dependent on the conditions of the roadway (i.e. weather, falling rocks, risk of wildlife, etc.), such as in British Columbia, Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="See note (July 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Barnes Dance is named after an American traffic engineer, <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Barnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry A. Barnes">Henry A. Barnes</a>. Barnes did not claim to have invented the system but was a strong advocate of it, having observed the difficulties his daughter faced crossing the road to get to school.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are typically older signals. There are many examples in Houston, Texas, of this. Suspended lights constructed so that a single source simultaneously illuminates all four directions always have this characteristic: Red (in two directions) and green (in the two cross directions) with Red-Yellow-Green sequence on two sides and Green-Yellow-Red sequence on the cross sides<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814235213/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/robot">"robot – definition of robot in English – Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries – English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/robot">the original</a> on 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%E2%80%93+English&rft.atitle=robot+%E2%80%93+definition+of+robot+in+English+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Frobot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsae.co.za/entry/robot/e06032">"see robot – definition of robot in Dictionary of South African English"</a>. <i>Editor's Note: The origin of 'robot' used as 'traffic light' is from the English translation of the play <a href="/wiki/R.U.R." title="R.U.R.">R.U.R.</a> by <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a> which debuted in England in 1923 which introduced the term 'robot' to an English audience. For a short time in England it was fashionable to use 'robot' for 'traffic light' from the late 1920s, when traffic lights were being installed in England. This usage travelled to South Africa in the early 1930s, when they had their first traffic lights installed, and where it continues to be used almost 90 years later, while 'robot' for 'traffic light' fell out of usage in England. See Foster, B. 1970. The changing English language. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Editor%27s+Note%3A+The+origin+of+%27robot%27+used+as+%27traffic+light%27+is+from+the+English+translation+of+the+play+R.U.R.+by+Karel+%C4%8Capek+which+debuted+in+England+in+1923+which+introduced+the+term+%27robot%27+to+an+English+audience.+For+a+short+time+in+England+it+was+fashionable+to+use+%27robot%27+for+%27traffic+light%27+from+the+late+1920s%2C+when+traffic+lights+were+being+installed+in+England.+This+usage+travelled+to+South+Africa+in+the+early+1930s%2C+when+they+had+their+first+traffic+lights+installed%2C+and+where+it+continues+to+be+used+almost+90+years+later%2C+while+%27robot%27+for+%27traffic+light%27+fell+out+of+usage+in+England.+See+Foster%2C+B.+1970.+The+changing+English+language.+Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex%3A+Penguin.&rft.atitle=see+robot+%E2%80%93+definition+of+robot+in+Dictionary+of+South+African+English.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsae.co.za%2Fentry%2Frobot%2Fe06032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcShane1999" class="citation journal cs1">McShane, Clay (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.tufts.edu/carscultureplace2010/files/2010/09/McShane-traffic-signals-1999.pdf">"The Origins and Globalization of Traffic Control Signals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Urban History</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 379–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F009614429902500304">10.1177/009614429902500304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:110125733">110125733</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Urban+History&rft.atitle=The+Origins+and+Globalization+of+Traffic+Control+Signals&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=379-404&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F009614429902500304&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A110125733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McShane&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.tufts.edu%2Fcarscultureplace2010%2Ffiles%2F2010%2F09%2FMcShane-traffic-signals-1999.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unece.org/transport/publications/convention-road-signs-and-signals-1968-european-agreement-supplementing"><i>Convention on Road Signs and Signals of 1968; European Agreement Supplementing the Convention; and, Protocol on Road Markings, Additional to the European Agreement : (2006 consolidated versions)</i></a>. New York: United Nations. Economic Commission for Europe. Transport Division. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-139128-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-1-139128-2"><bdi>978-92-1-139128-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/227191711">227191711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Convention+on+Road+Signs+and+Signals+of+1968%3B+European+Agreement+Supplementing+the+Convention%3B+and%2C+Protocol+on+Road+Markings%2C+Additional+to+the+European+Agreement+%3A+%282006+consolidated+versions%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=United+Nations.+Economic+Commission+for+Europe.+Transport+Division&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F227191711&rft.isbn=978-92-1-139128-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funece.org%2Ftransport%2Fpublications%2Fconvention-road-signs-and-signals-1968-european-agreement-supplementing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/Variations_in_traffic_light_operation" title="Variations in traffic light operation">Variations in traffic light operation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThames_Leisure" class="citation web cs1">Thames Leisure. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170107005431/http://www.thamesleisure.co.uk/12-amazing-facts-london/">"12 Amazing Facts About London"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thamesleisure.co.uk/12-amazing-facts-london/">the original</a> on 7 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+Amazing+Facts+About+London&rft.au=Thames+Leisure&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thamesleisure.co.uk%2F12-amazing-facts-london%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions1971141-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions1971141_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions1971141_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSessions1971">Sessions (1971)</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions197122-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions197122_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSessions1971">Sessions (1971)</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis1952" class="citation web cs1">Bellis, Mary (5 February 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theinventors.org/library/inventors/blasphalt.htm">"The History of Roads and Asphalt"</a>. <i>theinventors.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theinventors.org&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Roads+and+Asphalt&rft.date=1952-02-05&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheinventors.org%2Flibrary%2Finventors%2Fblasphalt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions197127–28-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions197127–28_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSessions1971">Sessions (1971)</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"New Traffic Signal Installed". <i>The Motorist</i>. Ken Pub. Co: 28–29. August 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Motorist&rft.atitle=New+Traffic+Signal+Installed&rft.pages=28-29&rft.date=1914-08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2019" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Larry (Fall 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magazine.wsu.edu/web-extra/traffic-signals-a-brief-history/">"Traffic signals: A brief history"</a>. <i>Washington State Magazine</i>. Washington State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+State+Magazine&rft.atitle=Traffic+signals%3A+A+brief+history&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmagazine.wsu.edu%2Fweb-extra%2Ftraffic-signals-a-brief-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyer1947" class="citation web cs1">Moyer, Sheldon (March 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph240/miller1/docs/moyer/">"Mr. 'Trafficlight'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Motor News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230913014058/http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2011/ph240/miller1/docs/moyer/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2023 – via large.stanford.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motor+News&rft.atitle=Mr.+%27Trafficlight%27&rft.date=1947-03&rft.aulast=Moyer&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flarge.stanford.edu%2Fcourses%2F2011%2Fph240%2Fmiller1%2Fdocs%2Fmoyer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/227457/#slide=gs-225140">"First Tri-Color, Four-Directional Traffic Signal, 1920"</a>. <i>The Henry Ford</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312133450/https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/227457/#slide=gs-225140">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Henry+Ford&rft.atitle=First+Tri-Color%2C+Four-Directional+Traffic+Signal%2C+1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehenryford.org%2Fcollections-and-research%2Fdigital-collections%2Fartifact%2F227457%2F%23slide%3Dgs-225140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollard082-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollard082_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pollard, Justin (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/journals/10.1049/et_20081518">"The Eccentric Engineer: The History of Traffic Lights Is Full of Twists and Turns"</a>. <i>Engineering and Technology</i>. <b>3</b> (15): 93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fet%3A20081518">10.1049/et:20081518</a></span> – via IET Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Eccentric+Engineer%3A+The+History+of+Traffic+Lights+Is+Full+of+Twists+and+Turns&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=93&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fet%3A20081518&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital-library.theiet.org%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1049%2Fet_20081518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcShane1999385-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcShane1999385_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcShane1999">McShane (1999)</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1475024A/en">"US Patent: US1475024A 'Traffic signal' (1923)"</a>. <i>patents.google</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=patents.google&rft.atitle=US+Patent%3A+US1475024A+%27Traffic+signal%27+%281923%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS1475024A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESessions1971143-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESessions1971143_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSessions1971">Sessions (1971)</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intelight-its.com&rft.atitle=Intelight+ESB+Traffic+Signal+Head&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelight-its.com%2Fproduct%2Fesb-signals%2Fitem%2F34-intelight-esb-traffic-signal-head.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RECORDER-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RECORDER_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.recordernews.com/news/local-news/203892"><i><b>The Recorder</b></i>, <i>Village of Canajoharie to permanently move historic dummy light out of Wagner Square</i>, Shenandoah Briere, August 10, 2022</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230710165750/https://www.recordernews.com/news/local-news/203892">Archived</a> 10 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved Jul. 10, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckholz" class="citation book cs1">Buckholz, Jeffrey W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cedengineering.com/userfiles/Traffic%20Signal%20Supports%20-R1.pdf"><i>Traffic Signal Supports, Indications and Signing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved 30 September 2008.</li> <li>Croton-on-Hudson Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZulUZHJayv4C&dq=dummy+light+croton-on-hudson+1932&pg=PA94">Canajoharie, New York: Credits</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</li> <li>Villages of Canajoharie & Palatine Bridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080901010117/http://www.canpal.org/dummy.htm">Canajoharie, New York: Credits</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSessions1971" class="citation book cs1">Sessions, Gordon M. (1971). <i>Traffic devices: historical aspects thereof</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World%27s+Work%3A+A+History+of+Our+Time&rft.atitle=Keeping+City+Traffic+Moving%3A+One+of+the+Most+Difficult+of+All+City+Problems%2C+And+The+New+Methods+Which+Have+Been+Devised+To+Solve+It&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.pages=621-532&rft.date=1916-04&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09_Sr9emceQC%26pg%3DPA621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATraffic+light" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Traffic_lights" class="extiw" title="commons:Traffic lights"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Traffic lights</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Traffic_signals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Traffic signals">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/arterial_mgmt/index.htm">FHWA Arterial Management Website, latest information on traffic signal operations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.kittelson.com/pplt/displays2.htm">Animations of various US signal phasings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517071152/http://projects.kittelson.com/pplt/displays2.htm">Archived</a> 17 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scats.com.au/">SCATS – Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41380">Safety Evaluation of Converting Traffic Signals from Incandescent to Light-emitting Diodes: Summary Report</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41381">Safety Evaluation of Discontinuing Late-night Flash Operations at Signalized Intersections: Summary Report</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dc.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/index.php/Detail/Object/Show/object_id/367">Traffic signals, 1922</a>, digitized <a href="/wiki/NYPD" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPD">NYPD</a> photograph from the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Sealy_Library" title="Lloyd Sealy Library">Lloyd Sealy Library</a> Digital Collections</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traffic_signs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traffic_signs" title="Template:Traffic signs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traffic_signs" title="Template talk:Traffic signs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traffic_signs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traffic signs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traffic_signs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">Traffic signs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_speed_limit" title="Advisory speed limit">Advisory speed limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_sign" title="Bilingual sign">Bilingual sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbuck" title="Crossbuck">Crossbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_end_street#Signage" title="Dead end street">Dead end sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driver_location_sign" title="Driver location sign">Driver location signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_sign" title="Logo sign">Logo sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_traffic" title="One-way traffic">One-way traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_sign" title="Regulatory sign">Regulatory sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_limit" title="Speed limit">Speed limit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speed_limits_by_country" title="Speed limits by country">by country</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourist_sign" title="Tourist sign">Tourist sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-message_sign" title="Variable-message sign">Variable-message sign</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Priority_signs" title="Priority signs">Priority signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priority_to_the_right" title="Priority to the right">Priority to the right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_sign" title="Stop sign">Stop sign</a> (<a href="/wiki/All-way_stop" title="All-way stop">all way</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yield_sign" title="Yield sign">Give Way / Yield sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_in_turn" title="Filter in turn">Filter in turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Vienna Convention Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warning_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Warning sign">Warning sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_signs" title="Priority signs">Priority signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_traffic_sign" title="Prohibitory traffic sign">Prohibitory traffic sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_sign" title="Mandatory sign">Mandatory sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_regulation_sign" title="Special regulation sign">Special regulation sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Information sign">Information sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direction,_position,_or_indication_sign" title="Direction, position, or indication sign">Direction, position, or indication sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signs_by_country" title="Traffic signs by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Angola" title="Road signs in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Botswana" title="Road signs in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Mauritius" title="Road signs in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Namibia" title="Road signs in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_South_Africa" title="Road signs in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="Road signs in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Uganda" title="Road signs in Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Armenia" title="Road signs in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Azerbaijan" title="Road signs in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Bangladesh" title="Road signs in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Cambodia" title="Road signs in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_China" title="Road signs in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Hong_Kong" title="Road signs in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Macau" title="Road signs in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Cyprus" title="Road signs in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Georgia" title="Road signs in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_India" title="Road signs in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Indonesia" title="Road signs in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Iran" title="Road signs in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Israel" title="Road signs in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Japan" title="Road signs in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Kazakhstan" title="Road signs in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Road signs in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Laos" title="Road signs in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Malaysia" title="Road signs in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Mongolia" title="Road signs in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Nepal" title="Road signs in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Pakistan" title="Road signs in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_Philippines" title="Road signs in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Road signs in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Singapore" title="Road signs in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_South_Korea" title="Road signs in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Road signs in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Tajikistan" title="Road signs in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Thailand" title="Road signs in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Turkey" title="Road signs in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Turkmenistan" title="Road signs in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Road signs in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Uzbekistan" title="Road signs in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Vietnam" title="Road signs in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_European_road_signs" title="Comparison of European road signs">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Armenia" title="Road signs in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Austria" title="Road signs in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Azerbaijan" title="Road signs in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Belarus" title="Road signs in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Belgium" title="Road signs in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Road signs in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Bulgaria" title="Road signs in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Croatia" title="Road signs in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Cyprus" title="Road signs in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Road signs in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Denmark" title="Road signs in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Estonia" title="Road signs in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Finland" title="Road signs in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_France" title="Road signs in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Georgia" title="Road signs in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Germany" title="Road signs in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Greece" title="Road signs in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Hungary" title="Road signs in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Iceland" title="Road signs in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ireland" title="Road signs in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Italy" title="Road signs in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Latvia" title="Road signs in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Road signs in Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Lithuania" title="Road signs in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Malta" title="Road signs in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Montenegro" title="Road signs in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_Netherlands" title="Road signs in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_North_Macedonia" title="Road signs in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Norway" title="Road signs in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Poland" title="Road signs in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Portugal" title="Road signs in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Romania" title="Road signs in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Russia" title="Road signs in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Serbia" title="Road signs in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Spain" title="Road signs in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Sweden" title="Road signs in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Road signs in Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Turkey" title="Road signs in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ukraine" title="Road signs in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Road signs in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_road_signs_in_Scotland" title="Gaelic road signs in Scotland">Gaelic-speaking Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Wales" title="Road signs in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Canada" title="Road signs in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Cuba" title="Road signs in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Jamaica" title="Road signs in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Mexico" title="Road signs in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_United_States" title="Road signs in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Road signs in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_signs_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Road signs in Central America (page does not exist)">SICA</a> <ul><li>Costa Rica</li> <li>El Salvador</li> <li>Guatemala</li> <li>Honduras</li> <li>Nicaragua</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Australia" title="Road signs in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_New_Zealand" title="Road signs in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_South_America" title="Road signs in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Argentina" title="Road signs in Argentina">Argentina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires_Visual_Plan" title="Buenos Aires Visual Plan">Buenos Aires</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_signs_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Road signs in Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Brazil" title="Road signs in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Chile" title="Road signs in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Colombia" title="Road signs in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Ecuador" title="Road signs in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Road signs in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_signs_in_post-Soviet_states" title="Traffic signs in post-Soviet states">Traffic signs in post-Soviet states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Traffic light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variations_in_traffic_light_operation" title="Variations in traffic light operation">Variations in traffic light operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_control_and_coordination" title="Traffic light control and coordination">Traffic light control and coordination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typefaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arial" title="Arial">Arial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTRA-Frutiger" class="mw-redirect" title="ASTRA-Frutiger">ASTRA-Frutiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria_(typeface)" title="Austria (typeface)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caract%C3%A8res" title="Caractères">Caractères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarendon_(typeface)" title="Clarendon (typeface)">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearview_(typeface)" title="Clearview (typeface)">Clearview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_1451" title="DIN 1451">DIN 1451</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetica" title="Helvetica">Helvetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highway_Gothic" title="Highway Gothic">Highway Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LLM_Lettering" title="LLM Lettering">LLM Lettering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorway_(typeface)" title="Motorway (typeface)">Motorway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPS_Rawlinson_Roadway" title="NPS Rawlinson Roadway">NPS Rawlinson Roadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panno_(typeface)" title="Panno (typeface)">Panno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_road_signs_typeface" title="Polish road signs typeface">Polish road signs typeface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_Alphabet" title="Rail Alphabet">Rail Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotis" title="Rotis">Rotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNV_(typeface)" title="SNV (typeface)">SNV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tern_(typeface)" title="Tern (typeface)">Tern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafikkalfabetet" title="Trafikkalfabetet">Trafikkalfabetet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_(typeface)" title="Transport (typeface)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tratex" title="Tratex">Tratex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Geneva Convention on Road Traffic">Geneva</a></li> <li>Vienna <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Traffic" title="Vienna Convention on Road Traffic">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Road_Signs_and_Signals" title="Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals">Road signs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Manual_on_Uniform_Traffic_Control_Devices" title="Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices">Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices</a></i> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_Signs_Regulations_and_General_Directions" title="Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions">Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions</a> (UK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Asian_road_signs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comparison of Asian road signs (page does not exist)">Comparison of Asian road signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_European_road_signs" title="Comparison of European road signs">Comparison of European road signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_MUTCD-influenced_traffic_signs" title="Comparison of MUTCD-influenced traffic signs">Comparison of MUTCD-influenced traffic signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_traffic_signs_in_English-speaking_territories" title="Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking territories">Comparison of traffic signs in English-speaking territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lighting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artificial_light_sources" title="Template talk:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial_light_sources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artificial light sources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lighting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_lighting" title="Accent lighting">Accent lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_rendering_index" title="Color rendering index">Color rendering index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glare_(vision)" title="Glare (vision)">Glare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Light fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution" title="Light pollution">Light pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hawaii" title="Light pollution in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Light pollution in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightbulb_socket" title="Lightbulb socket">Lightbulb socket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bi-pin_lamp_base" title="Bi-pin lamp base">Bi-pin lamp base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_screw" title="Edison screw">Edison screw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_efficacy" title="Luminous efficacy">Luminous efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_lighting" title="Task lighting">Task lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods of<br /> generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Incandescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescence">Incandescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">Regular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edison_light_bulb" title="Edison light bulb">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen_lamp" title="Halogen lamp">Halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nernst_lamp" title="Nernst lamp">Nernst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luminescence" title="Luminescence">Luminescent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron-stimulated_luminescence" title="Electron-stimulated luminescence">Electron-stimulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemiluminescence" title="Chemiluminescence">Chemiluminescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemiluminescence" title="Electrochemiluminescence">Electrochemiluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescence" title="Electroluminescence">Electroluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field-induced_polymer_electroluminescent_technology" title="Field-induced polymer electroluminescent technology">field-induced polymer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp" title="Fluorescent lamp">Fluorescent lamp</a> (<a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">compact</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_lamp#Magnetic_induction_lamps" title="Induction lamp">Fluorescent induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoluminescence" title="Photoluminescence">Photoluminescent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp#Laser" title="Headlamp">Laser headlamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radioluminescence" title="Radioluminescence">Radioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_lighting" title="Solid-state lighting">Solid-state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LED_lamp" title="LED lamp">LED lamp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbide_lamp" title="Carbide lamp">Acetylene/Carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argand_lamp" title="Argand lamp">Argand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campfire" title="Campfire">Campfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candle" title="Candle">Candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcel_lamp" title="Carcel lamp">Carcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diya_(lamp)" title="Diya (lamp)">Diya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">Kerosene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petromax" title="Petromax">Petromax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fanous" title="Fanous">Fanous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_lantern" title="Paper lantern">Paper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limelight" title="Limelight">Limelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchina" title="Luchina">Luchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_torch" title="Magnesium torch">Magnesium torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushlight" title="Rushlight">Rushlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_lamp" title="Safety lamp">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilley_lamp" title="Tilley lamp">Tilley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">Torch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Electric arc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_lamp#Carbon_arc_lamp" title="Arc lamp">Carbon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klieg_light" title="Klieg light">Klieg light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yablochkov_candle" title="Yablochkov candle">Yablochkov candle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Gas discharge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_arc_lamp" title="Deuterium arc lamp">Deuterium arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lamp" title="Neon lamp">Neon lamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_lamp" title="Plasma lamp">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_lamp" title="Sulfur lamp">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_arc_lamp" title="Xenon arc lamp">Xenon arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashtube#Xenon" title="Flashtube">Xenon flash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">High-intensity<br />discharge <span style="font-size:85%;">(HID)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-vapor_lamp" title="Mercury-vapor lamp">Mercury-vapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal-halide_lamp" title="Metal-halide lamp">Metal-halide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_metal-halide_lamp" title="Ceramic metal-halide lamp">ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_medium-arc_iodide_lamp" title="Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp">Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HMI)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrargyrum_quartz_iodide" title="Hydrargyrum quartz iodide">Hydrargyrum quartz iodide <span style="font-size:85%;">(HQI)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">Sodium vapor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_fixture" title="Light fixture">Stationary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb#Common_shape_codes" title="Incandescent light bulb">Reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">Ellipsoidal reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaceted_reflector" title="Multifaceted reflector">Multifaceted reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">Parabolic aluminized reflector <span style="font-size:85%;">(PAR)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_obstruction_lighting" title="Aviation obstruction lighting">Aviation obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanced-arm_lamp" title="Balanced-arm lamp">Balanced-arm lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandelier" title="Chandelier">Chandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gooseneck_lamp" title="Gooseneck lamp">Gooseneck lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_street_lighting" title="Intelligent street lighting">Intelligent street lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_tube" title="Light tube">Light tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightlight" title="Nightlight">Nightlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_lighting" title="Neon lighting">Neon lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant_light" title="Pendant light">Pendant light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recessed_light" title="Recessed light">Recessed light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sconce_(light_fixture)" title="Sconce (light fixture)">Sconce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_light" title="Street light">Street light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_street_lighting_in_the_United_States" title="History of street lighting in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torch%C3%A8re" title="Torchère">Torchère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_lighting" title="Track lighting">Track lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troffer" title="Troffer">Troffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_lighting" title="Bicycle lighting">Bicycle lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashlight" title="Flashlight">Flashlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanically_powered_flashlight" title="Mechanically powered flashlight">Mechanically powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_light" title="Tactical light">Tactical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glow_stick" title="Glow stick">Glow stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp_(outdoor)" title="Headlamp (outdoor)">outdoor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lantern" title="Lantern">Lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_pointer" title="Laser pointer">Laser pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_lamp" title="Solar lamp">Solar lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting" title="Automotive lighting">Automotive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automotive_light_bulb_types" title="List of automotive light bulb types">Automotive light bulb types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daytime_running_lamp" title="Daytime running lamp">Daytime running lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headlamp" title="Headlamp">Headlamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_headlamp" title="Hidden headlamp">hidden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-intensity_discharge_lamp" title="High-intensity discharge lamp">high-intensity discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabolic_aluminized_reflector" title="Parabolic aluminized reflector">sealed beam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Rear_position_lights_(tail_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Rear position lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Reversing_(backup)_lights" title="Automotive lighting">Reversing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_reflector" title="Safety reflector">Safety reflector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Stop_lights_(brake_lights)" title="Automotive lighting">Stop lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Turn_signals" title="Automotive lighting">Turn signals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trafficators" title="Trafficators">trafficators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Display</li><li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_lighting_technology" title="Holiday lighting technology">Decorative</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_lamp" title="Aroma lamp">Aroma lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">Blacklight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_light" title="Bubble light">Bubble light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Christmas lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crackle_tube" title="Crackle tube">Crackle tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ_lighting" title="DJ lighting">DJ lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroluminescent_wire" title="Electroluminescent wire">Electroluminescent wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_lamp" title="Lava lamp">Lava lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquee_(structure)" title="Marquee (structure)">Marquee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_globe" title="Plasma globe">Plasma globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">Strobe light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Theatrical</a></li><li>Cinematic</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Floodlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footlight" title="Footlight">Footlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">Gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoop_(theater)" title="Scoop (theater)">Scoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlight_(theatre_lighting)" title="Spotlight (theatre lighting)">Spotlight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellipsoidal_reflector_spotlight" title="Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight">ellipsoidal reflector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument" title="Stage lighting instrument">Stage lighting instrument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Industrial</li><li>Scientific</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germicidal_lamp" title="Germicidal lamp">Germicidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grow_light" title="Grow light">Grow light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_lamp" title="Infrared lamp">Infrared lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroboscope" title="Stroboscope">Stroboscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_lamp" title="Tanning lamp">Tanning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_illumination" title="Battlefield illumination">Battlefield illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_art" title="Light art">Light art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_gemstones" title="Luminous gemstones">Luminous gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_light_sources" title="List of light sources">Sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reflected_light_sources" title="List of reflected light sources">Reflected</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8004#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187829-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Electronic traffic controls"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85042377">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540861205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&oldid=1258390699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traffic_light&oldid=1258390699</a>"</div></div> 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