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class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Not to be confused with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaels?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaul_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Gaul (disambiguation)">Gaul</a>. </div> The Gauls (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Galli; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Γαλάται, Galátai) were a group of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celts">Celtic</a> peoples of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mainland_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Europe">mainland Europe</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Gaul">Roman period</a> (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (Gallia). They spoke <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaulish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a>, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Celtic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Celtic language">continental Celtic language</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dying_gaul.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/260px-Dying_gaul.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/390px-Dying_gaul.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dying_gaul.jpg/520px-Dying_gaul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1458" data-file-height="1186"></a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dying_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dying Gaul">Dying Gaul</a>, Capitoline Museums, Rome </figcaption> </figure> The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as bearers of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> north and west of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alps?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alps">Alps</a>. By the 4th century BC, they were spread over much of what is now <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgium?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-celt-1">[1]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Southern_Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czech_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-celt-1">[1]</a> by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seine">Seine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a>. They reached the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the Gauls expanded into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Northern_Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>), leading to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Gallic_wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman–Gallic wars">Roman–Gallic wars</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">into the Balkans</a>, leading to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(279_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Thermopylae (279 BC)">war with the Greeks</a>. These latter Gauls eventually settled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (contemporary <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turkey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>), becoming known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatians_(people)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-celt-1">[1]</a> After the end of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/First_Punic_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>, the rising <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> increasingly put pressure on the Gallic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sphere_of_influence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Telamon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Telamon">Battle of Telamon</a> (225 BC) heralded a gradual decline of Gallic power during the 2nd century BC. The Romans eventually conquered Gaul in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> (58–50 BC), making it a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Gaul">Roman province</a>, which brought about the hybrid <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a>. The Gauls were made up of many <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_Gaulish_tribes">tribes</a> (toutās), many of whom built large fortified settlements called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppidum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oppidum">oppida</a> (such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibracte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a>), and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_coinage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic coinage">minted their own coins</a>. Gaul was never united under a single ruler or government, but the Gallic tribes were capable of uniting their armies in large-scale <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_warfare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">military operations</a>, such as those led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brennus_(leader_of_the_Senones)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brennus (leader of the Senones)">Brennus</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vercingetorix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>. They followed an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Celtic religion">ancient Celtic religion</a> overseen by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Druid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Druid">druids</a>. The Gauls produced the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coligny_calendar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny calendar</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Origins_and_early_history">2.1 Origins and early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Balkan_wars">2.2 Balkan wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Galatian_war">2.3 Galatian war</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roman_wars">2.4 Roman wars</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Roman_Gaul">2.5 Roman Gaul</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Physical_appearance">3 Physical appearance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Culture">4 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Art">4.1 Art</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Social_structure">4.2 Social structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Language">4.3 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Religion">4.4 Religion</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#List_of_Gaulish_tribes">5 List of Gaulish tribes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Modern_reception">6 Modern reception</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics">7 Genetics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography">10 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading">11 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnonym?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> Galli is generally derived from a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> root *gal- 'power, ability' (cf. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Breton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Breton">Old Breton</a> gal 'power, ability', <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Irish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Irish language">Irish</a> gal 'bravery, courage').<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150-3">[3]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brittonic_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> reflexes give evidence of an n-stem *gal-n-, with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sound_change?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sound change">regular development</a> *galn- > gall- (cf. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Welsh?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> gallu, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Middle_Breton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Breton">Middle Breton</a> gallout 'to be able', <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cornish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> gallos 'power').<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150-3">[3]</a> The ethnic names <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatians_(people)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatians (people)">Galátai</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallitae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallitae">Gallitae</a>, as well as Gaulish personal names such as Gallus or Gallius, are also related.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150-3">[3]</a> The modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French language">French</a> gaillard ('brave, vigorous, healthy') stems from the Gallo-Latin noun *galia- or *gallia- ('power, strength').<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838-2">[2]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150-3">[3]</a> Linguist <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Václav Blažek">Václav Blažek</a> has argued that Irish gall ('foreigner') and Welsh gâl ('enemy, hostile') may be later adaptations of the ethnic name Galli that were introduced to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Isles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> during the 1st millennium AD.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> (mid-1st c. BC), the Gauls of the province of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Celtica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Celtica">Gallia Celtica</a> called themselves <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celts">Celtae</a> in their own language, and were called Galli in Latin.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Romans indeed used the ethnic name Galli as a synonym for Celtae.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838-2">[2]</a> The English Gaul does not come from Latin Galli but from Germanic *<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walhaz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhaz">Walhaz</a>, a term stemming from the Gallic ethnonym <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volcae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Volcae">Volcae</a> that came to designate more generally Celtic and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romance_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romance languages">Romance</a> speakers in medieval Germanic languages (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Welsh_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Walloons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Walloons">Waals</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vlachs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Celts,_4th_century_BC.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png/220px-Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="847"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png/220px-Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png/330px-Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png/440px-Celts%2C_4th_century_BC.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Approximate area of Celtic influence in the 4th century BC, showing the Gauls in green </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Origins_and_early_history">Origins and early history</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Origins and early history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallstatt_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> </div> Gaulish culture developed over the first millennium BC. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urnfield_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300–750 BC) represents the Celts as a distinct cultural branch of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indo-European_languages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European-speaking people</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The spread of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_working?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron working">iron working</a> led to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallstatt_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> in the 8th century BC; the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic language</a> is often thought to have been spoken around this time. The Hallstatt culture evolved into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> in around the 5th century BC. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_civilization?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> civilizations and colonies began to influence the Gauls, especially in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> area. Gauls under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brennus_(4th_century)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennus (4th century)">Brennus</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia_(390_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Allia (390 BC)">invaded Rome</a> circa 390 BC. By the 5th century BC, the tribes later called Gauls had migrated from Central <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> to the Mediterranean coast.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Gallic invaders <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Celts_in_Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">settled</a> the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Po_Valley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> in the 4th century BC, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Allia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Allia">defeated Roman forces in a battle</a> under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brennus_(4th_century_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brennus (4th century BC)">Brennus</a> in 390 BC, and raided <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italy">Italy</a> as far south as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sicily?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-celt-1">[1]</a> In the early 3rd century BC, the Gauls attempted an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">eastward expansion</a>, toward the Balkan peninsula. At that time, it was a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> province. The Gauls' intent was to reach and loot the rich <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> city-states of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> mainland. However, the Greeks exterminated the majority of the Gallic army, and the few survivors were forced to flee. Many Gauls were recorded as serving in the armies of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Carthage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a> during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Punic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>. One of the leading rebel leaders of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercenary_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercenary War">Mercenary War</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autaritus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autaritus">Autaritus</a>, was of Gallic origin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Balkan_wars">Balkan wars</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Balkan wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">Gallic invasion of the Balkans</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gaul_Migration_Map_(English).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg/220px-Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2089" data-file-height="681"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg/220px-Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg/330px-Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg/440px-Gaul_Migration_Map_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of the Gallic invasion of the Balkans </figcaption> </figure> During the Balkan expedition, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cerethrius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cerethrius">Cerethrios</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennos</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolgios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolgios">Bolgios</a>, the Gauls raided the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> mainland twice. At the end of the second expedition, the Gallic raiders had been repelled by the coalition armies of the various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> city-states and were forced to retreat to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Illyria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, but the Greeks were forced to grant safe passage to the Gauls who then made their way to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and settled in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Central Anatolia</a>. The Gallic area of settlement in Asia Minor was called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>; there they created widespread havoc. They were checked through the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/War_elephants?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="War elephants">war elephants</a> and skirmishers by the Greek <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seleucid_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochus_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I">Antiochus I</a> in 275 BC, after which they served as mercenaries across the whole <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenistic_period?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, including <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, where they, under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> (285–246 BC), attempted to seize control of the kingdom.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hinds-8">[8]</a> In the first Gallic invasion of Greece (279 BC), they defeated the Macedonians and killed the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedonian</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedon">king</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a>. They then focused on looting the rich Macedonian countryside, but avoided the heavily fortified cities. The Macedonian general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a> assembled an army, defeated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bolgius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolgius">Bolgius</a> and repelled the invading Gauls. In the second Gaulish invasion of Greece (278 BC), the Gauls, led by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennos</a>, suffered heavy losses while facing the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> coalition army at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thermopylae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a>, but helped by the Heracleans they followed the mountain path around Thermopylae to encircle the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greece?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> army in the same way that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Persian_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> army had done at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Thermopylae">Battle of Thermopylae</a> in 480 BC, but this time defeating the whole of the Greek army.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> After passing Thermopylae, the Gauls headed for the rich treasury at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delphi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, where they were defeated by the re-assembled Greek army. This led to a series of retreats of the Gauls, with devastating losses, all the way up to Macedonia and then out of the Greek mainland. The major part of the Gaul army was defeated in the process, and those Gauls survived were forced to flee from Greece. The Gallic leader Brennos was seriously injured at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Delphi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> and committed suicide there. (He is not to be confused with another Gaulish leader bearing the same name who had sacked <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a> a century earlier (390 BC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Galatian_war">Galatian war</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Galatian war" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg/120px-Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="360" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="2912"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 360px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg/120px-Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="360" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg/180px-Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg/240px-Celtic_sword_and_scabbard_circa_60_BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_sword?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic sword">Celtic sword</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scabbard?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scabbard">scabbard</a> circa 60 BC </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatian_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a> </div> In 278 BC, Gaulish settlers in the Balkans were invited by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I of Bithynia</a> to help him in a dynastic struggle against his brother. They numbered about 10,000 fighting men and about the same number of women and children, divided into three tribes, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trocmi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trocmi">Trocmi</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tolistobogii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tolistobogii">Tolistobogii</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tectosages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tectosages">Tectosages</a>. They were eventually defeated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seleucid_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochus_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I">Antiochus I</a> (275 BC), in a battle in which the Seleucid war elephants shocked the Galatians. Although the momentum of the invasion was broken, the Galatians were by no means exterminated, and continued to demand tribute from the Hellenistic states of Anatolia to avoid war. Four thousand Galatians were hired as mercenaries by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a> Egyptian king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> in 270 BC. According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, soon after arrival the Celts plotted “to seize Egypt”, and so Ptolemy marooned them on a deserted island in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nile_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-hinds-8">[8]</a> Galatians also participated at the victory at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Raphia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Raphia">Raphia</a> in 217 BC under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a>, and continued to serve as mercenaries for the Ptolemaic dynasty until its demise in 30 BC. They sided with the renegade Seleucid prince <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antiochus_Hierax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antiochus Hierax">Antiochus Hierax</a>, who reigned in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Anatolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>. Hierax tried to defeat king <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Attalus_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Attalus I">Attalus I of Pergamum</a> (241–197 BC), but instead, the Hellenized cities united under Attalus's banner, and his armies inflicted a severe defeat upon the Galatians at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caecus_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of the Caecus River">Battle of the Caecus River</a> in 241 BC. After this defeat, the Galatians continued to be a serious threat to the states of Asia Minor. In fact, they continued to be a threat even after their defeat by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gnaeus_Manlius_Vulso_(consul_189_BC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gnaeus Manlius Vulso (consul 189 BC)">Gnaeus Manlius Vulso</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatian_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatian War">Galatian War</a> (189 BC). Galatia declined and at times fell under <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontic</a> ascendancy. They were finally freed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithridatic Wars</a>, in which they supported Rome. In the settlement of 64 BC, Galatia became a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Client_state?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Client state">client state</a> of the Roman empire, the old constitution disappeared, and three chiefs (wrongly styled "tetrarchs") were appointed, one for each tribe. But this arrangement soon gave way before the ambition of one of these tetrarchs, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deiotarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Deiotarus">Deiotarus</a>, a contemporary of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cicero?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, who made himself master of the other two tetrarchies and was finally recognized by the Romans as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Galatia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Galatia">'king' of Galatia</a>. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatian language">Galatian language</a> continued to be spoken in central Anatolia until the 6th century.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Roman_wars">Roman wars</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Roman wars" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> </div> In the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Second_Punic_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, the famous Carthaginian general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hannibal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> used Gallic mercenaries in his invasion of Italy. They played a part in some of his most spectacular victories, including the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Cannae">battle of Cannae</a>. The Gauls were so prosperous by the 2nd century that the powerful Greek colony of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marseilles?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Massilia</a> had to appeal to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> for defense against them. The Romans intervened in southern Gaul in 125 BC, and conquered the area eventually known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> by 121 BC. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg/220px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1460"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 222px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg/220px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="222" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg/330px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg/440px-Map_Gallia_Tribes_Towns-la.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of Gaul c.58 BC according to the Romans, showing <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Celtica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Celtica">Gallia Celtica</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Belgica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Gallia Narbonensis</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Cisalpina">Gallia Cisalpina</a> (the latter two were part of the Empire). </figcaption> </figure> In 58 BC, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> launched the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> and had conquered the whole of Gaul by 51 BC. He noted that the Gauls (Celtae) were one of the three primary peoples in the area, along with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquitanians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanians">Aquitanians</a> and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgae">Belgae</a>. Caesar's motivation for the invasion seems to have been his need for gold to pay off his debts and for a successful military expedition to boost his political career. The people of Gaul could provide him with both. So much gold was looted from Gaul that after the war the price of gold fell by as much as 20%. While they were militarily just as brave as the Romans, the internal division between the Gallic tribes guaranteed an easy victory for Caesar, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vercingetorix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>'s attempt to unite the Gauls against Roman invasion came too late.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-EB_The_Roman_Conquest-11">[11]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_first_triumvirate_and_the_conquest_of_Gaul-12">[12]</a> After the annexation of Gaul, a mixed <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a> began to emerge. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Roman_Gaul">Roman Gaul</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Roman Gaul" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a> </div> After more than a century of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman-Gallic_wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Gallic wars">warfare</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gauls</a> were subdued by the Romans in the early 2nd century BC. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transalpine_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaul">Transalpine Gauls</a> continued to thrive for another century, and joined the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_peoples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cimbri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Teutones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutones">Teutones</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cimbrian_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a>, where they defeated and killed a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_consul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Battle_of_Burdigala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Battle of Burdigala">Burdigala</a> in 107 BC, and later became prominent among the rebelling gladiators in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_Servile_War?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Third Servile War">Third Servile War</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-strauss-13">[13]</a> The Gauls were finally <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_Wars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallic Wars">conquered</a> by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in the 50s BC despite a rebellion by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arverni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arverni">Arvernian</a> chieftain <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vercingetorix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Gaul">Roman period</a> the Gauls became assimilated into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman culture</a> and by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Migration_Age?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Age">expanding</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanic_tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic tribes">Germanic tribes</a>. During the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crisis_of_the_third_century?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis of the third century">crisis of the third century</a>, there was briefly a breakaway <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallic_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a> founded by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavian</a> general <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Postumus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Postumus">Postumus</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Physical_appearance">Physical appearance</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Physical appearance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg/220px-Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg/220px-Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg/330px-Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg/440px-Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dying_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dying Gaul">Dying Gaul</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_sculpture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman sculpture">Roman</a> copy of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenistic_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> original, showing the face, hairstyle and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torc">torc</a> of a Gaul or Galatian </figcaption> </figure> First-century BC Roman poet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> wrote that the Gauls were light-haired, and golden their garb: <blockquote> Golden is their hair and golden their garb. They are resplendant in their striped cloaks and their milk white necks are circled in gold.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </blockquote> First-century BC Greek historian Diodorus Siculus described them as tall, generally heavily built, very light-skinned, and light-haired, with long hair and mustaches: <blockquote> The Gauls are tall of body, with rippling muscles, and white of skin, and their hair is blond, and not only naturally so, but they make it their practice to increase the distinguishing color by which nature has given it. For they are always washing their hair in limewater, and they pull it back from their forehead to the top of the head and back to the nape of the neck... Some of them shave their beards, but others let it grow a little; and the nobles shave their cheeks, but they let the mustache grow until it covers the mouth.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </blockquote> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jordanes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>, in his <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Getica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Getica">Origins and Deeds of the Goths</a>, indirectly describes the Gauls as light-haired and large-bodied by comparing them to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caledonians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a>, as a contrast to the Spaniards, whom he compared to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silures">Silures</a>. He speculates based on this comparison that the Britons originated from different peoples, including Gauls and Spaniards. <blockquote> The Silures have swarthy features and are usually born with curly black hair, but the inhabitants of Caledonia have reddish hair and large loose-jointed bodies. They [the Britons] are like the Gauls and the Spaniards, according as they are opposite either nation. Hence some have supposed that from these lands the island received its inhabitants. </blockquote> Tacitus noted the Caledonians had "red hair and large limbs" which he felt pointed to a "Germanic origin." In the novel Satyricon by Roman courtier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petronius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petronius">Gaius Petronius</a>, a Roman character sarcastically suggests that he and his partner "chalk our faces so that Gaul may claim us as her own" in the midst of a rant outlining the problems with his partner's plan of using <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Blackface?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Blackface">blackface</a> to impersonate <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aethiopia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aethiopia">Aethiopians</a>. This suggests that Gauls were thought of on average to be much paler than Romans.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Jordanes describes the physical attributes of the Gauls as including "reddish hair and large loose-jointed bodies."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> All over Gaul, archeology has uncovered many pre-Roman gold mines (at least 200 in the Pyrenees), suggesting they were very rich, also evidenced by large finds of gold coins and artifacts. Also there existed highly developed population centers, called oppida by Caesar, such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibracte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gergovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avaricum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alesia_(city)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibrax?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibrax">Bibrax</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Manching?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Manching">Manching</a> and others. Modern archeology strongly suggests that the countries of Gaul were quite civilized and very wealthy. Most had contact with Roman merchants and some, particularly those that were governed by Republics such as the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aedui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aedui">Aedui</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helvetii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> and others, had enjoyed stable political alliances with Rome. They imported Mediterranean wine on an industrial scale, evidenced by large finds of wine vessels in digs all over Gaul, the largest and most famous of which being the one discovered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vix_Grave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vix Grave">Vix Grave</a>, which stands 1.63 m (5′ 4″) high.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Art">Art</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Gallic art corresponds to two archaeological <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Material_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Material culture">material cultures</a>: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallstatt_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> (c. 1200–450 BC) and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture</a> (c. 450–1 BC). Each of these eras has a characteristic style, and while there is much overlap between them, the two styles recognizably differ. From the late Hallstatt onwards and certainly through the entirety of La Tène, Gaulish art is reckoned to be the beginning of what is called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic art">Celtic art</a> today.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> After the end of the La Tène and from the beginning of Roman rule, Gaulish art evolved into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallo-Roman_art" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman art</a>. Hallstatt decoration is mostly geometric and linear, and is best seen on fine metalwork finds from graves. Animals, with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Waterfowl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> a particular favorite, are often included as part of ornamentation, more often than humans. Commonly found objects include weapons, in latter periods often with hilts terminating in curving forks ("antenna hilts"),<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and jewelry, which include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a>, often with a row of disks hanging down on chains, armlets, and some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torc">torcs</a>. Though these are most often found in bronze, some examples, likely belonging to chieftains or other preeminent figures, are made of gold. Decorated <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Situla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Situla">situlae</a> and bronze belt plates show influence from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruscan_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a> figurative traditions. Many of these characteristics were continued into the succeeding La Tène style.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-19">[19]</a> La Tène <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metalworking?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metalworking">metalwork</a> in bronze, iron and gold, developing technologically out of the Hallstatt culture, is stylistically characterized by "classical vegetable and foliage motifs such as leafy palmette forms, vines, tendrils and lotus flowers together with spirals, S-scrolls, lyre and trumpet shapes".<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Such decoration may be found on fine bronze vessels, helmets and shields, horse trappings, and elite jewelry, especially torcs and fibulae. Early on, La Tène style adapted ornamental motifs from foreign cultures into something distinctly new; the complicated brew of influences include <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scythian_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian art</a> as well as that of the Greeks and Etruscans, among others. The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> occupation of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thrace?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> around 500 BC is a factor of uncertain importance.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Parade_helmet.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Agris Helmet. Discovered in Agris, Charente, France, 350 BC"> <noscript> <img alt="Agris Helmet. Discovered in Agris, Charente, France, 350 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/141px-Parade_helmet.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3033"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 141px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/141px-Parade_helmet.jpg" data-alt="Agris Helmet. Discovered in Agris, Charente, France, 350 BC" data-width="141" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/211px-Parade_helmet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Parade_helmet.jpg/282px-Parade_helmet.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agris_Helmet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agris Helmet">Agris Helmet</a>. Discovered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agris">Agris</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charente?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charente">Charente</a>, France, 350 BC </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gold_torque_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A 24 karat Celtic "torc", discovered in the grave of the "Lady of Vix", Burgundy, France, 480 BC"> <noscript> <img alt="A 24 karat Celtic "torc", discovered in the grave of the "Lady of Vix", Burgundy, France, 480 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold_torque_1.jpg/180px-Gold_torque_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2121" data-file-height="1715"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold_torque_1.jpg/180px-Gold_torque_1.jpg" data-alt="A 24 karat Celtic "torc", discovered in the grave of the "Lady of Vix", Burgundy, France, 480 BC" data-width="180" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold_torque_1.jpg/270px-Gold_torque_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gold_torque_1.jpg/360px-Gold_torque_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A 24 karat Celtic "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Torc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Torc">torc</a>", discovered in the grave of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lady_of_Vix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady of Vix">Lady of Vix</a>", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundy_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, France, 480 BC </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A belt made of 2.8 kilograms (6.2 lb) of pure gold, discovered in Guînes, France, 1200–1000 BC"> <noscript> <img alt="A belt made of 2.8 kilograms (6.2 lb) of pure gold, discovered in Guînes, France, 1200–1000 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg/180px-Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2414" data-file-height="1221"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg/180px-Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg" data-alt="A belt made of 2.8 kilograms (6.2 lb) of pure gold, discovered in Guînes, France, 1200–1000 BC" data-width="180" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg/270px-Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg/360px-Ceinture_en_or_MAN.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> A belt made of 2.8 kilograms (6.2 lb) of pure gold, discovered in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gu%C3%AEnes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guînes">Guînes</a>, France, 1200–1000 BC </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic gold bracelet found in Cantal, France"> <noscript> <img alt="Celtic gold bracelet found in Cantal, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg/180px-Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2489" data-file-height="1765"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 128px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg/180px-Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg" data-alt="Celtic gold bracelet found in Cantal, France" data-width="180" data-height="128" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg/270px-Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg/360px-Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Celtic gold bracelet found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cantal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cantal">Cantal</a>, France </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic helmet decorated with gold "triskeles", found in Amfreville-sous-les-Monts, France, 400 BC"> <noscript> <img alt="Celtic helmet decorated with gold "triskeles", found in Amfreville-sous-les-Monts, France, 400 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg/180px-Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="2299"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg/180px-Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg" data-alt="Celtic helmet decorated with gold "triskeles", found in Amfreville-sous-les-Monts, France, 400 BC" data-width="180" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg/270px-Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg/360px-Casque_d%27Amfreville_Eure_arri%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Celtic helmet decorated with gold "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triskele?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Triskele">triskeles</a>", found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amfreville-sous-les-Monts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amfreville-sous-les-Monts">Amfreville-sous-les-Monts</a>, France, 400 BC </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic war trumpet named "carnyx" found in the Gallic sanctuary of Tintignac, Corrèze, France."> <noscript> <img alt="Celtic war trumpet named "carnyx" found in the Gallic sanctuary of Tintignac, Corrèze, France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg/180px-CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg/180px-CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg" data-alt="Celtic war trumpet named "carnyx" found in the Gallic sanctuary of Tintignac, Corrèze, France." data-width="180" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg/270px-CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg/360px-CarnyxDeTintignac2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Celtic war trumpet named "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnyx?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnyx">carnyx</a>" found in the Gallic sanctuary of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tintignac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tintignac">Tintignac</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>, France. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic bronze helmet in the shape of swan found in Tintignac, Corrèze, France."> <noscript> <img alt="Celtic bronze helmet in the shape of swan found in Tintignac, Corrèze, France." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg/180px-Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2714"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg/180px-Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg" data-alt="Celtic bronze helmet in the shape of swan found in Tintignac, Corrèze, France." data-width="180" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg/270px-Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg/360px-Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Celtic bronze helmet in the shape of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Swan">swan</a> found in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tintignac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tintignac">Tintignac</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corr%C3%A8ze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corrèze">Corrèze</a>, France. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="The Vix krater, discovered in the grave of the "Lady of Vix", in northern Burgundy, France, 500 BC"> <noscript> <img alt="The Vix krater, discovered in the grave of the "Lady of Vix", in northern Burgundy, France, 500 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg/153px-Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 153px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg/153px-Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="The Vix krater, discovered in the grave of the "Lady of Vix", in northern Burgundy, France, 500 BC" data-width="153" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg/229px-Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg/306px-Chatillon-sur-Seine_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Pays_chatillonnais_-_Crat%C3%A8re_de_Vix_-_012_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vix_krater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vix krater">Vix krater</a>, discovered in the grave of the "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lady_of_Vix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady of Vix">Lady of Vix</a>", in northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Burgundy_(region)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a>, France, 500 BC </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaul, Curiosolites coin showing stylized head and horse (c. 100–50 BC)"> <noscript> <img alt="Gaul, Curiosolites coin showing stylized head and horse (c. 100–50 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg/180px-Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="525"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 95px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg/180px-Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg" data-alt="Gaul, Curiosolites coin showing stylized head and horse (c. 100–50 BC)" data-width="180" data-height="95" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg/270px-Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg/360px-Celtic_Stater_Coriosolites.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Gaul, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Curiosolites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosolites">Curiosolites</a> coin showing stylized head and horse (c. 100–50 BC) </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaul, Armorica coin showing stylized head and horse (Jersey moon head style, c. 100–50 BC)"> <noscript> <img alt="Gaul, Armorica coin showing stylized head and horse (Jersey moon head style, c. 100–50 BC)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg/180px-Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="469"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg/180px-Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg" data-alt="Gaul, Armorica coin showing stylized head and horse (Jersey moon head style, c. 100–50 BC)" data-width="180" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg/270px-Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg/360px-Celtic_Stater_Armorica_Moon_Head.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Gaul, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armorica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> coin showing stylized head and horse (Jersey moon head style, c. 100–50 BC) </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Social structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Gaulish society was dominated by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Druid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Druid">druid</a> priestly class.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The druids were not the only political force, however, and the early political system was complex. The fundamental unit of Gallic politics was the tribe, which itself consisted of one or more of what Caesar called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pagus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pagus">"pagi"</a>.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Each tribe had a council of elders, and initially a king. Later, the executive was an annually-elected magistrate.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Among the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aedui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aedui">Aedui</a> tribe the executive held the title of "<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vergobret?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vergobret">Vergobret</a>", a position much like a king, but its powers were held in check by rules laid down by the council.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The tribal groups, or pagi as the Romans called them (singular: pagus; the French word pays, "country", comes from this term) were organized into larger super-tribal groups that the Romans called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civitates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates">civitates</a>. These administrative groupings would be taken over by the Romans in their system of local control, and these civitates would also be the basis of France's eventual division into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_dioceses_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France">ecclesiastical bishoprics and dioceses</a>, which would remain in place—with slight changes—until the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_Revolution?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> imposed the modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Departments_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Departments of France">departmental system</a>. Though the tribes were moderately stable political entities, Gaul as a whole tended to be politically divided, there being virtually no unity among the various tribes.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Only during particularly trying times, such as the invasion of Caesar, could the Gauls unite under a single leader like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vercingetorix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>. Even then, however, the faction lines were clear.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Romans divided Gaul broadly into Provincia (the conquered area around the Mediterranean), and the northern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Comata?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Comata">Gallia Comata</a> ("free Gaul" or "wooded Gaul"). Caesar divided the people of Gaulia Comata into three broad groups: the Aquitani; Galli (who in their own language were called Celtae); and Belgae. In the modern sense, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_peoples_of_Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of peoples of Gaul">Gallic tribes</a> are defined linguistically, as speakers of Gaulish. While the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquitani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquitani">Aquitani</a> were probably <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vascons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascons">Vascons</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> would thus probably be counted among the Gauls tribes, perhaps with Germanic elements.[<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, in his book, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a>, comments: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style> <div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:90%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> All Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which the Belgae inhabit, the Aquitani another, whereas those who in their own language are called Celts and in ours Gauls, the third. All these differ from each other in language, customs and laws. The river <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> separates the Gauls from the Aquitani; the rivers <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marne_(river)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marne (river)">Marne</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seine">Seine</a> separate them from the Belgae. Of all these, the Belgae are the bravest, because they are furthest from the civilisation and refinement of (our) Province, and merchants least frequently resort to them, and import those things which tend to effeminate the mind; and they are the nearest to the Germani, who dwell beyond the Rhine, with whom they are continually waging war; for which reason the Helvetii also surpass the rest of the Gauls in valour, as they contend with the Germani in almost daily battles, when they either repel them from their own territories, or themselves wage war on their frontiers. One part of these, which it has been said that the Gauls occupy, takes its beginning at the river <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhône">Rhône</a>; it is bounded by the river <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garonne">Garonne</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, and the territories of the Belgae; it borders, too, on the side of the Sequani and the Helvetii, upon the river <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, and stretches toward the north. The Belgae rises from the extreme frontier of Gaul, extend to the lower part of the river Rhine; and look toward the north and the rising sun. Aquitania extends from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Garonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Garonne">Garonne</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pyrenees?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and to that part of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atlantic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>) which is near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spain">Spain</a>: it looks between the setting of the sun, and the north star. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">   — <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a>, Book I, chapter 1</cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg/180px-Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="2535"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 242px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg/180px-Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="242" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg/270px-Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg/360px-Bronze_cuirass_2900g_Grenoble_end_of_7th_early_6th_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bronze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bronze">Bronze</a> cuirass, weighing 2.9 kg, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grenoble?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, end of 7th century – early 6th century BC </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaulish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish language</a> </div> Gaulish or Gallic is the name given to the Celtic language spoken in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gaul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> before <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> took over. According to Caesar's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentaries on the Gallic War</a>, it was one of three languages in Gaul, the others being <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquitanian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgae">Belgic</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallia_Transalpina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallia Transalpina">Gallia Transalpina</a>, a Roman province by the time of Caesar, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latin">Latin</a> was the language spoken since at least the previous century. Gaulish is <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paraphyletic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletically</a> grouped with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtiberian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtiberian language">Celtiberian</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lepontic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galatian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a> as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Continental_Celtic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Celtic">Continental Celtic</a>. Lepontic and Galatian are sometimes considered dialects of Gaulish. The exact time of the final extinction of Gaulish is unknown, but it is estimated to be around or shortly after the middle of the 1st millennium.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Gaulish may have survived in some regions as the mid to late 6th century in France.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Helix-24">[24]</a> Despite considerable Romanization of the local material culture, the Gaulish language is held to have survived and had coexisted with spoken Latin during the centuries of Roman rule of Gaul.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Helix-24">[24]</a> Coexisting with Latin, Gaulish played a role in shaping the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vulgar_Latin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> dialects that developed into French, with effects including loanwords and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Calque?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Calque">calques</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Savignac-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matas-26">[26]</a> sound changes shaped by Gaulish influence,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[28]</a> as well as in conjugation and word order.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Savignac-25">[25]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Matas-26">[26]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Adams-29">[29]</a> Recent work in computational simulation suggests that Gaulish played a role in gender shifts of words in Early French, whereby the gender would shift to match the gender of the corresponding Gaulish word with the same meaning.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/170px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1488"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/170px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/255px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg/340px-Taranis_Jupiter_with_wheel_and_thunderbolt_Le_Chatelet_Gourzon_Haute_Marne.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taranis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taranis">Taranis</a> (with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_wheel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic wheel">Celtic wheel</a> and thunderbolt), Le Chatelet, Gourzon, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haute-Marne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haute-Marne">Haute-Marne</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Ancient Celtic religion</a> </div> Like other Celtic peoples, the Gauls had a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Celtic religion">polytheistic religion</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-31">[31]</a> Evidence about their religion is gleaned from archaeology and Greco-Roman accounts.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Green,_The_Celtic_World-32">[32]</a> Some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_deities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic deities">deities</a> were venerated only in one region, but others were more widely known.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-31">[31]</a> The Gauls seem to have had a father god, who was often a god of the tribe and of the dead (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toutatis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toutatis">Toutatis</a> probably being one name for him); and a mother goddess who was associated with the land, earth and fertility<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koch_religion-33">[33]</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dea_Matrona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dea Matrona">Matrona</a> probably being one name for her). The mother goddess could also take the form of a war goddess as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tutelary_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tutelary deity">protectress</a> of her tribe and its land.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koch_religion-33">[33]</a> There also seems to have been a male celestial god—identified with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taranis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taranis">Taranis</a>—associated with thunder, the wheel, and the bull.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koch_religion-33">[33]</a> There were gods of skill and craft, such as the pan-regional god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lugus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lugus">Lugus</a>, and the smith god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gobannos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobannos">Gobannos</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koch_religion-33">[33]</a> Gallic healing deities were often associated with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacred_spring?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred spring">sacred springs</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Koch_religion-33">[33]</a> such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sirona_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sirona (goddess)">Sirona</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Borvo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Borvo">Borvo</a>. Other pan-regional deities include the horned god <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cernunnos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cernunnos">Cernunnos</a>, the horse and fertility goddess <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Epona?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Epona">Epona</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ogmios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ogmios">Ogmios</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sucellos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucellos">Sucellos</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-31">[31]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Green,_The_Celtic_World-32">[32]</a> and his companion <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nantosuelta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nantosuelta">Nantosuelta</a>. Caesar says the Gauls believed they all descended from a god of the dead and underworld, whom he likened to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dīs Pater">Dīs Pater</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-31">[31]</a> Some <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triple_deity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triple deity">deities were seen as threefold</a>,<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sjoestedt-34">[34]</a> like <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Matres_and_Matronae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Matres and Matronae">the Three Mothers</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Inse_Jones_1995-35">[35]</a> According to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Miranda Aldhouse-Green</a>, the Celts were also <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Animism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Animism">animists</a>, believing that every part of the natural world had a spirit.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Green,_The_Celtic_World-32">[32]</a> Greco-Roman writers say the Gauls believed in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reincarnation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>. Diodorus says they believed souls were reincarnated after a certain number of years, probably after spending time in an afterlife, and noted they buried <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grave_goods?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> with the dead.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Gallic religious ceremonies were overseen by priests known as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Druid?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Druid">druids</a>, who also served as judges, teachers, and lore-keepers.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Sjoestedt5-37">[37]</a> There is evidence that the Gauls <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Animal_sacrifice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificed animals</a>, almost always <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Livestock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Livestock">livestock</a>. An example is the sanctuary at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gournay-sur-Aronde?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gournay-sur-Aronde">Gournay-sur-Aronde</a>. It appears some were offered wholly to the gods (by burying or burning), while some were shared between gods and humans (part eaten and part offered).<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Green94-96-38">[38]</a> There is also some evidence that the Gauls <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Human_sacrifice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Human sacrifice">sacrificed humans</a>, and some Greco-Roman sources claim the Gauls sacrificed criminals by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Death_by_burning?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Death by burning">burning them</a> in a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wicker_man?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wicker man">wicker man</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-koch687-690-39">[39]</a> The Romans said the Gauls held ceremonies in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacred_grove?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacred grove">sacred groves</a> and other <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sacred_natural_site?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sacred natural site">natural</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shrine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shrine">shrines</a>, called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemeton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nemeton">nemetons</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-31">[31]</a> Celtic peoples often made <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Votive_offerings?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Votive offerings">votive offerings</a>: treasured items deposited in water and wetlands, or in ritual shafts and wells, often in the same place over generations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-31">[31]</a> Among the Romans and Greeks, the Gauls had a reputation as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Headhunting?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Headhunting">head hunters</a>. There is archaeological evidence of a "head cult" among the Gallic <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salyes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salyes">Salyes</a>, who embalmed and displayed severed heads, for example at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Entremont_(oppidum)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Entremont (oppidum)">Entremont</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Roman conquest gave rise to a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Syncretic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic">syncretic</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman religion</a>, with deities such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lenus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lenus">Lenus Mars</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grannus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grannus">Apollo Grannus</a>, and the pairing of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rosmerta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rosmerta">Rosmerta</a> with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="List_of_Gaulish_tribes">List of Gaulish tribes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: List of Gaulish tribes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">List of Celtic tribes</a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG/250px-Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1559"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG/250px-Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG" data-width="250" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG/375px-Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG/500px-Gallia_trib%C3%B9_59_aC.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Map of Gaul c.59 BC, showing Gallic tribes in green, and the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in yellow </figcaption> </figure> The Gauls were made up of many tribes who controlled a particular territory and often built large fortified settlements called <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppida">oppida</a>. After completing the conquest of Gaul, the Roman Empire made most of these tribes <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Civitates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates">civitates</a>. The geographical subdivisions of the early church in Gaul were then based on these, and continued as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Ancien_R%C3%A9gime_dioceses_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of Ancien Régime dioceses of France">French dioceses</a> until the French Revolution. The following is a list of recorded Gaulish tribes, in both Latin and the reconstructed Gaulish language (*), as well as their capitals during the Roman period. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg/180px-Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="361" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="810"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 361px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg/180px-Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="361" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg/270px-Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg/360px-Ambiorix_Statu_zu_Tongeren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Statue of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambiorix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambiorix">Ambiorix</a>, prince of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eburones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eburones">Eburones</a>, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tongeren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, Belgium </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Tribe</th> <th>Capital</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aedui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aedui">Aedui</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibracte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a> (Mont Beuvray)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allobroges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a></td> <td>Solonion (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salagnon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salagnon">Salagnon</a>); Vienna (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambarri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambarri">Ambarri</a></td> <td>near junction of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhône">Rhône</a> & <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sa%C3%B4ne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saône">Saône</a> rivers</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ambiani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ambiani">Ambiani</a></td> <td>Samarobriva (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amiens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andecavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andecavi">Andecavi</a> (*Andecawī)</td> <td>Juliomagos Andecavorum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Angers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Angers">Angers</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arecomici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arecomici">Arecomici</a></td> <td>Nemausus (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%AEmes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nîmes">Nîmes</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arverni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arverni">Arverni</a> (*Arwernī)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gergovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gergovia">Gergovia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_Roche-Blanche,_Puy-de-D%C3%B4me?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Roche-Blanche, Puy-de-Dôme">La Roche-Blanche</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atrebates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atrebates">Atrebates</a></td> <td>Nemetocenna (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arras">Arras</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aulerci_Cenomani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aulerci Cenomani">Aulerci Cenomani</a></td> <td>Vindunom (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Mans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bodiocasses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bodiocasses">Bodiocasses</a></td> <td>Augustodurum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bayeux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boii">Boii</a></td> <td>Bononia (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bologna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bellovaci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bellovaci">Bellovaci</a> (*Bellowacī)</td> <td>Bratuspantion (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Beauvais?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bituriges_Cubi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bituriges Cubi">Bituriges Cubi</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avaricum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bourges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bourges">Bourges</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bituriges_Vivisci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bituriges Vivisci">Bituriges Vivisci</a></td> <td>Burdigala (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bordeaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brannovices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brannovices">Brannovices</a> (*Brannowīcēs)</td> <td>Matiscon (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A2con?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mâcon">Mâcon</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brigantii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brigantii">Brigantii</a></td> <td>Brigantion (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bregenz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cadurci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cadurci">Cadurci</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uxellodunum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uxellodunum">Uxellodunum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cahors?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cahors">Cahors</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caleti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Caleti">Caleti</a></td> <td>Caracotinum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Harfleur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Harfleur">Harfleur</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandouville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandouville">Sandouville</a>?; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lillebonne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lillebonne">Lillebonne</a>?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carni">Carni</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquileia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carnutes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carnutes">Carnutes</a> (*Carnūtī)</td> <td>Autricum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chartres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cenabum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cenabum">Cenabum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catalauni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catalauni">Catalauni</a> (*Catu-wellaunī)</td> <td>Durocatelaunos (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ch%C3%A2lons-en-Champagne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Châlons-en-Champagne">Châlons-en-Champagne</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caturiges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caturiges">Caturiges</a></td> <td>Ebrodunom (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Embrun,_Hautes-Alpes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Embrun, Hautes-Alpes">Embrun</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cavari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cavari">Cavari</a> (*Cawarī)</td> <td>Arausion (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Orange</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cenomani_(Cisalpine_Gaul)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)">Cenomani</a></td> <td>Brixia (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brescia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brescia">Brescia</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ceutrones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ceutrones">Ceutrones</a></td> <td>Darantasia (Tarentaise/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mo%C3%BBtiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moûtiers">Moûtiers</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coriosolites?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coriosolites">Coriosolites</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corseul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corseul">Corseul</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Diablintes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Diablintes">Diablintes</a></td> <td>Noeodunom (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jublains?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jublains">Jublains</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durocasses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durocasses">Durocasses</a></td> <td>Durocassium (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dreux">Dreux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eburones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Atuatuca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Atuatuca">Atuatuca</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tongeren?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eburovices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eburovices">Eburovices</a> (*Eburowīcēs)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediolanum_Aulercorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediolanum Aulercorum">Mediolanum Aulercorum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89vreux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Évreux">Évreux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gabali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gabali">Gabali</a></td> <td>Andreritum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Javols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Javols">Javols</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Graioceli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Graioceli">Graioceli</a></td> <td>Ocellum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aussois?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aussois">Aussois</a>)?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helvetii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> (*Heluetī)</td> <td>Brenodurum? (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bern?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aventicum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aventicum">Aventicum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Avenches?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Avenches">Avenches</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helvii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helvii">Helvii</a> (*Helwī)</td> <td>Alba Helviorum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Archeological_site_of_Alba-la-Romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Archeological site of Alba-la-Romaine">Alba-la-Romaine</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Insubres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Insubres">Insubres</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediolanum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanom</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Milan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Milan">Milan</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemovices?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemovices">Lemovices</a> (*Lemowīcēs)</td> <td>Durotincum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Villejoubert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Villejoubert">Villejoubert</a>); Augustoritum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limoges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leuci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leuci">Leuci</a> (*Lewcī)</td> <td>Tullum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toul">Toul</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lexovii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lexovii">Lexovii</a> (*Lexsowī)</td> <td>Noviomagos (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lisieux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lisieux">Lisieux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lingones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lingones">Lingones</a></td> <td>Andematunnon (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Langres?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Langres">Langres</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediomatrici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediomatrici">Mediomatrici</a></td> <td>Divodurum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metz">Metz</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Medulli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Medulli">Medulli</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Moriana</a>?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Menapii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Menapii">Menapii</a></td> <td>Castellum Menapiorum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cassel,_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassel, France">Cassel</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morini">Morini</a></td> <td>Bononia (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Namnetes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Namnetes">Namnetes</a></td> <td>Condevincum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nantuates?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nantuates">Nantuates</a></td> <td>Tarnaiae (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Massongex?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Massongex">Massongex</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nervii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nervii">Nervii</a> (*Nerwī)</td> <td>Bagacum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavay">Bavay</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nitiobroges?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nitiobroges">Nitiobroges</a></td> <td>Aginnon (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Agen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Agen">Agen</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Osismii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Osismii">Osismii</a> (*Ostimī)</td> <td>Vorgium (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carhaix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Carhaix">Carhaix</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lutetia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Petrocorii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Petrocorii">Petrocorii</a></td> <td>Vesunna (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Périgueux">Périgueux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pictones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pictones">Pictones</a></td> <td>Lemonum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Poitiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rauraci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rauraci">Rauraci</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basel_oppidum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel oppidum">Basel oppidum</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augusta_Raurica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augusta Raurica">Augusta Raurica</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kaiseraugst?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kaiseraugst">Kaiseraugst</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Redones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Redones">Redones</a></td> <td>Condate (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rennes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Remi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Remi">Remi</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Durocortorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reims">Reims</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruteni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruteni">Ruteni</a></td> <td>Segodunom (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rodez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rodez">Rodez</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salassi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salassi">Salassi</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aosta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Santoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Santoni">Santoni</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mediolanum_Santonum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mediolanum Santonum">Mediolanum Santonum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saintes,_Charente-Maritime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saintes, Charente-Maritime">Saintes</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seduni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seduni">Seduni</a></td> <td>Sedunum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion, Switzerland</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segusiavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segusiavi">Segusiavi</a> (*Segusiawī)</td> <td>Forum Segusiavorum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feurs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Feurs">Feurs</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Segusini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Segusini">Segusini</a></td> <td>Segusio (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Susa,_Piedmont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Susa, Piedmont">Susa</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Senoni">Senoni</a></td> <td>Agedincum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sens">Sens</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sequani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sequani">Sequani</a></td> <td>Vesontion (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Besançon">Besançon</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suessiones?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suessiones">Suessiones</a></td> <td>Noviodunum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pommiers,_Aisne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pommiers, Aisne">Pommiers</a>); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augusta_Suessionum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augusta Suessionum">Augusta Suessionum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soissons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soissons">Soissons</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taurini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taurini">Taurini</a></td> <td>Taurasia (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turin">Turin</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tectosages?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tectosages">Tectosagii</a></td> <td>Tolosa (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toulouse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tigurini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tigurini">Tigurini</a></td> <td>Eburdodunom? (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yverdon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yverdon">Yverdon</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treveri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> (*Trēwerī)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trier">Trier</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Titelberg">Titelberg</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tricastini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tricastini">Tricastini</a><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-42">[42]</a></td> <td>Augusta Tricastinorum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Paul-Trois-Ch%C3%A2teaux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux">Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Turoni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Turoni">Turoni</a></td> <td>Ambatia (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Amboise?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Amboise">Amboise</a>); Caesarodunum (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tours">Tours</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Velaunii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Velaunii">Velaunii</a> (*Wellaunī)</td> <td>Brigantio (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brian%C3%A7onnet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Briançonnet">Briançonnet</a>)?</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veliocasses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veliocasses">Veliocasses</a> (*Weliocassēs)</td> <td>Rotomagos (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rouen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vellavi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellavi">Vellavi</a> (*Wellawī)</td> <td>Ruessium (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Paulien?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Paulien">Saint-Paulien</a>); Anicium (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venelli?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venelli">Venelli</a> (*Wenellī)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crociatonum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Crociatonum">Crociatonum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carentan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carentan">Carentan</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veneti_(Gaul)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veneti (Gaul)">Veneti</a> (*Wenetī)</td> <td>Dariorium (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vannes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vannes">Vannes</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Veragri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Veragri">Veragri</a> (*Weragrī)</td> <td>Octodurus (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Martigny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Martigny">Martigny</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vertamocorii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vertamocorii">Vertamocorii</a> (*Wertamocorī)</td> <td>Novaria (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Novara?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Novara">Novara</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viducasses?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viducasses">Viducasses</a> (*Widucassēs)</td> <td>Aregenua (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vieux,_Calvados?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vieux, Calvados">Vieux</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vindelici?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vindelici">Vindelici</a> (*Windelicī)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augusta_Vindelicorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta Vindelicorum">Augusta Vindelicorum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augsburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Viromandui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Viromandui">Viromandui</a> (*Wiromanduī)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augusta_Viromanduorum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augusta Viromanduorum">Augusta Viromanduorum</a> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saint-Quentin, Aisne">Saint-Quentin, Aisne</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vocontii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vocontii">Vocontii</a> (*Wocontī)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vaison-la-Romaine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vaison-la-Romaine">Vaison-la-Romaine</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Modern_reception">Modern reception</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Modern reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg/180px-Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="320" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1680"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 320px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg/180px-Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="320" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg/270px-Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg/360px-Alise-Sainte-Reine_statue_Vercingetorix_par_Millet_2crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vercing%C3%A9torix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vercingétorix">Vercingétorix</a> Memorial in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alesia_(city)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alesia (city)">Alesia</a>, near the village of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alise-Sainte-Reine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alise-Sainte-Reine">Alise-Sainte-Reine</a>, France. </figcaption> </figure> The Gauls played a certain role in the national historiography and national identity of modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>. Attention given to the Gauls as the founding population of the French nation was traditionally second to that enjoyed by the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franks">Franks</a>, out of whose <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Franks?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Franks">kingdom</a> the historical <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingdom_of_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingdom of France">kingdom of France</a> arose under the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capetian_dynasty?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capetian dynasty">Capetian dynasty</a>; for example, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> is on record as stating, "For me, the history of France begins with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clovis_I?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clovis I">Clovis</a>, elected as king of France by the tribe of the Franks, who gave their name to France. Before Clovis, we have Gallo-Roman and Gaulish prehistory. The decisive element, for me, is that Clovis was the first king to have been baptized a Christian. My country is a Christian country and I reckon the history of France beginning with the accession of a Christian king who bore the name of the Franks."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-43">[43]</a> However, the dismissal of "Gaulish prehistory" as irrelevant for French national identity has been far from universal. Pre-Roman Gaul has been evoked as a template for French independence especially during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Third_French_Republic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a> (1870–1940). An iconic phrase summarizing this view is that of "our ancestors the Gauls" (nos ancêtres les Gaulois), associated with the history textbook for schools by <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_Lavisse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest Lavisse">Ernest Lavisse</a> (1842–1922), who taught that "the Romans established themselves in small numbers; the Franks were not numerous either, Clovis having but a few thousand men with him. The basis of our population has thus remained Gaulish. The Gauls are our ancestors."<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ast%C3%A9rix?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Astérix">Astérix</a>, the popular series of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_comics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="French comics">French comic books</a> following the exploits of a village of "indomitable Gauls", satirizes this view by combining scenes set in classical antiquity with modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ethnic_stereotype?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ethnic stereotype">ethnic clichés</a> of the French and other nations. Similarly, in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Swiss_national_historiography?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss national historiography">Swiss national historiography</a> of the 19th century, the Gaulish <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helvetii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a> were chosen as representing the ancestral Swiss population (compare <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helvetia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a> as national allegory), as the Helvetii had settled in both the French and the German-speaking parts of Switzerland, and their Gaulish language set them apart from Latin- and German-speaking populations in equal measure. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Genetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics" title="Celts">Celts § Genetics</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urnfield_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hallstatt_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics" title="La Tène culture">La Tène culture § Genetics</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Britons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic Britons § Genetics</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtiberians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Genetics" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians § Genetics</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:(Venice)_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6791" data-file-height="4677"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg/220px-%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg/330px-%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg/440px-%28Venice%29_Statuette_of_Kneeling_Gaul_-_Museo_archeologico_nazionale.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_sculpture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman sculpture">Roman</a> copy of a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hellenistic_art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> sculpture of a Gallic warrior, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venice_National_Archaeological_Museum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venice National Archaeological Museum">Venice National Archaeological Museum</a>. </figcaption> </figure> A genetic study published in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PLOS_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> in December 2018 examined 45 individuals buried at a La Téne necropolis in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Urville-Nacqueville?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Urville-Nacqueville">Urville-Nacqueville</a>, France.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2018-45">[45]</a> The people buried there were identified as Gauls.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2018-45">[45]</a> The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/MtDNA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a> of the examined individuals belonged primarily to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplotypes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplotypes">haplotypes</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_U_(mtDNA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup U (mtDNA)">U</a>.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2018-45">[45]</a> They were found to be carrying a large amount of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Steppe_ancestry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Steppe ancestry">steppe ancestry</a> (originating near what is now Ukraine and southwestern Russia), and to have been closely related to peoples of the preceding <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>, suggesting genetic continuity between Bronze Age and Iron Age France. Significant gene flow with <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Great_Britain?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iberia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> was detected. The results of the study partially supported the belief that <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/French_people?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="French people">French people</a> are largely descended from the Gauls.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2018-45">[45]</a> A genetic study published in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Archaeological Science">Journal of Archaeological Science</a> in October 2019 examined 43 maternal and 17 paternal lineages for the La Téne necropolis in Urville-Nacqueville, France, and 27 maternal and 19 paternal lineages for La Téne tumulus of Gurgy ‘Les Noisats’ near modern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2019-46">[46]</a> The examined individuals displayed strong genetic resemblance to peoples of the earlier <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yamnaya_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> and Bell Beaker culture.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2019-46">[46]</a> They carried a diverse set of maternal lineages associated with steppe ancestry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2019-46">[46]</a> The paternal lineages were on the other hand belonged entirely to haplogroup <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_R_(Y-DNA)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)">R</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Haplogroup_R1b?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Haplogroup R1b">R1b</a>, both of whom are associated with steppe ancestry.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2019-46">[46]</a> The evidence suggested that the Gauls of the La Téne culture were <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrilineal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Patrilocal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilocal">patrilocal</a>, which is in agreement with archaeological and literary evidence.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2019-46">[46]</a> A genetic study published in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IScience?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="IScience">iScience</a> in April 2022 examined 49 genomes from 27 sites in Bronze Age and Iron Age France. The study found evidence of strong genetic continuity between the two periods, particularly in southern France. The samples from northern and southern France were highly homogenous, with northern samples displaying links to contemporary samples form Great Britain and Sweden, and southern samples displaying links to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtiberians?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a>. The northern French samples were distinguished from the southern ones by elevated levels of steppe-related ancestry. R1b was by far the most dominant paternal lineage, while H was the most common maternal lineage. The Iron Age samples resembled those of modern-day populations of France, Great Britain and Spain. The evidence suggested that the Gauls of the La Téne culture largely evolved from local Bronze Age populations.<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Fischer2022-47">[47]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Celtic_tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Celtic tribes">List of Celtic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-Roman_enclosure_of_Le_Mans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallo-Roman enclosure of Le Mans">Gallo-Roman enclosure of Le Mans</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-celt-1">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-celt_1-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-celt_1-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-celt_1-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-celt_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/227066/Gaul">"Gaul (ancient region, Europe)"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> Retrieved 29 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaul+%28ancient+region%2C+Europe%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F227066%2FGaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlažek200838-2">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838_2-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838_2-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838_2-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBla%C5%BEek200838_2-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFBla%C5%BEek2008">Blažek 2008</a>, p. 38.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatasović2009150-3">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150_3-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150_3-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatasovi%C4%872009150_3-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFMatasovi%C4%872009">Matasović 2009</a>, p. 150.</li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquitani, tertiam qui ipsorum lingua Celtae, nostra Galli appellantur. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Julius_Caesar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_1" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 1">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a>, Book I, chapter 1</li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/american/gaul">"Gaul definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaul+definition+and+meaning+%26%23124%3B+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Famerican%2Fgaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinault2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pinault, Georges-Jean (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Df0VNHHxyNt0C%26pg%3DPA381">Gaulois et celtique continental</a> (in French). Librairie Droz. p. 381. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782600013376?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9782600013376"><bdi>9782600013376</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaulois+et+celtique+continental&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9782600013376&rft.aulast=Pinault&rft.aufirst=Georges-Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df0VNHHxyNt0C%26pg%3DPA381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.02.0026:book%3D5:chapter%3D34">"Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 5, chapter 34"</a>. www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2018-08-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Titus+Livius+%28Livy%29%2C+The+History+of+Rome%2C+Book+5%2C+chapter+34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0026%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-hinds-8">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hinds_8-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-hinds_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinds2009" class="citation book cs1">Hinds, Kathryn (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DuQmdaIQ3HjkC%26pg%3DPA38">Ancient Celts</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 38. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3205-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3205-7"><bdi>978-1-4165-3205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Celts&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3205-7&rft.aulast=Hinds&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQmdaIQ3HjkC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholten1987" class="citation book cs1">Scholten, Joseph Bernard (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DCD5IAQAAMAAJ">Aetolian Foreign Relations During the Era of Expansion, Ca. 300–217 B.C.</a> University of California, Berkeley. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aetolian+Foreign+Relations+During+the+Era+of+Expansion%2C+Ca.+300%E2%80%93217+B.C.&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Berkeley&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Scholten&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCD5IAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_T._Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3Df899xH_quaMC%26pg%3DPA788">"Galatian language"</a>. In John T. Koch (ed.). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. Vol. III: G—L. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 788. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a>. <q>Late classical sources—if they are to be trusted—suggest that it survived at least into the 6th century AD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Galatian+language&rft.btitle=Celtic+culture%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=788&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26pg%3DPA788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-EB_The_Roman_Conquest-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-EB_The_Roman_Conquest_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/41196/The-press">"France: The Roman conquest"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (company)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved April 6, 2015. <q>Because of chronic internal rivalries, Gallic resistance was easily broken, though Vercingetorix's Great Rebellion of 52 bce had notable successes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=France%3A+The+Roman+conquest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F215768%2FFrance%2F41196%2FThe-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-The_first_triumvirate_and_the_conquest_of_Gaul-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_first_triumvirate_and_the_conquest_of_Gaul_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88114/Julius-Caesar/9735/The-first-triumvirate-and-the-conquest-of-Gaul">"Julius Caesar: The first triumvirate and the conquest of Gaul"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(company)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (company)">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved February 15, 2015. <q>Indeed, the Gallic cavalry was probably superior to the Roman, horseman for horseman. Rome's military superiority lay in its mastery of strategy, tactics, discipline, and military engineering. In Gaul, Rome also had the advantage of being able to deal separately with dozens of relatively small, independent, and uncooperative states. Caesar conquered these piecemeal, and the concerted attempt made by a number of them in 52 bce to shake off the Roman yoke came too late.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Julius+Caesar%3A+The+first+triumvirate+and+the+conquest+of+Gaul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobal.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F88114%2FJulius-Caesar%2F9735%2FThe-first-triumvirate-and-the-conquest-of-Gaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-strauss-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-strauss_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2009" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Barry (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/spartacuswar00stra">The Spartacus War</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://archive.org/details/spartacuswar00stra/page/21">21</a>–22. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3205-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3205-7"><bdi>978-1-4165-3205-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spartacus+War&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3205-7&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspartacuswar00stra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcellinus1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Marcellinus, Ammianus</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DszTOxeqlVXgC%26q%3DAlmost%2Ball%2BGauls%2Bare%2Btall%2Band%2Bfair-skinned,%2Bwith%2Breddish%2Bhair.%2BTheir%2Bsavage%2Beyes%2Bmake%2Bthem%2Bfearful%2Bobjects;%2Bthey%2Bare%2Beager%2Bto%2Bquarrel%2Band%2Bexcessively%2Btruculent.%2BWhen,%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcourse%2Bof%2Ba%2Bdispute,%2Bany%2Bof%2Bthem%2Bcalls%2Bin%2Bhis%2Bwife,%2Ba%2Bcreature%2Bwith%2Bgleaming%2Beyes%2Bmuch%2Bstronger%2Bthan%2Bher%2Bhusband,%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Ba%2Bmatch%2Bfor%2Ba%2Bwhole%2Bgroup%2Bof%2Bforeigners;%26pg%3DPT130">The roman history of Ammianus Marcellinus: during the reigns of the emperors Constantius, Julian, Jovianus, Valentinian, and Valens, Volume 1</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_George_Bohn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry George Bohn">H. G. Bohn</a>. p. 80. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141921501?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9780141921501"><bdi>9780141921501</bdi></a>. Retrieved December 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+roman+history+of+Ammianus+Marcellinus%3A+during+the+reigns+of+the+emperors+Constantius%2C+Julian%2C+Jovianus%2C+Valentinian%2C+and+Valens%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1862&rft.isbn=9780141921501&rft.aulast=Marcellinus&rft.aufirst=Ammianus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszTOxeqlVXgC%26q%3DAlmost%2Ball%2BGauls%2Bare%2Btall%2Band%2Bfair-skinned%2C%2Bwith%2Breddish%2Bhair.%2BTheir%2Bsavage%2Beyes%2Bmake%2Bthem%2Bfearful%2Bobjects%3B%2Bthey%2Bare%2Beager%2Bto%2Bquarrel%2Band%2Bexcessively%2Btruculent.%2BWhen%2C%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcourse%2Bof%2Ba%2Bdispute%2C%2Bany%2Bof%2Bthem%2Bcalls%2Bin%2Bhis%2Bwife%2C%2Ba%2Bcreature%2Bwith%2Bgleaming%2Beyes%2Bmuch%2Bstronger%2Bthan%2Bher%2Bhusband%2C%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bmore%2Bthan%2Ba%2Bmatch%2Bfor%2Ba%2Bwhole%2Bgroup%2Bof%2Bforeigners%3B%26pg%3DPT130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">^</a> James Bromwich. "The Roman Remains of Northern and Eastern France: A Guidebook." P. 341. Citing "Bibliotheca Historica," 5.28, 1–3.</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> Gaius Petronius, "Satyricon", 1st century AD, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DFeLesPswpLsC%26q%3Dgaul">p. 208.</a></li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_17-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_17-1">b</a> Megaw, 30</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> Megaw, 40</li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-19">^</a> Megaw, 34–39; Sandars, 223–225; Laing, chapter 2</li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> Wallace, 126</li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> Sandars, 226–233; Laing, 34–35</li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> "Gallic Wars" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.02.0001:book%3D1:chapter%3D1%26highlight%3Dlanguage">I.1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStifter2012" class="citation web cs1">Stifter, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rootsofeurope.ku.dk/kalender/arkiv_2012/celtic_spring/">"Old Celtic Languages (lecture notes)"</a>. University of Kopenhagen. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Celtic+Languages+%28lecture+notes%29&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+Kopenhagen&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Stifter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frootsofeurope.ku.dk%2Fkalender%2Farkiv_2012%2Fceltic_spring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Helix-24">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Helix_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Helix_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Hélix2011" class="citation book cs1">Laurence Hélix (2011). Histoire de la langue française. Ellipses Edition Marketing S.A. p. 7. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7298-6470-5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7298-6470-5"><bdi>978-2-7298-6470-5</bdi></a>. <q>Le déclin du Gaulois et sa disparition ne s'expliquent pas seulement par des pratiques culturelles spécifiques: Lorsque les Romains conduits par César envahirent la Gaule, au 1er siecle avant J.-C., celle-ci romanisa de manière progressive et profonde. Pendant près de 500 ans, la fameuse période gallo-romaine, le gaulois et le latin parlé coexistèrent; au VIe siècle encore; le temoignage de Grégoire de Tours atteste la survivance de la langue gauloise.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+langue+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Ellipses+Edition+Marketing+S.A.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-2-7298-6470-5&rft.au=Laurence+H%C3%A9lix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Savignac-25">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Savignac_25-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Savignac_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavignac,_Jean-Paul2004" class="citation book cs1">Savignac, Jean-Paul (2004). Dictionnaire Français-Gaulois. Paris: La Différence. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Fran%C3%A7ais-Gaulois&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=La+Diff%C3%A9rence&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Savignac%2C+Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Matas-26">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matas_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Matas_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasovic,_Ranko2007" class="citation book cs1">Matasovic, Ranko (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DVgBtaDT-evYC%26pg%3DPA106">"Insular Celtic as a Language Area"</a>. The Celtic Languages in Contact (Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies). Potsdam University Press. p. 106. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-940793-07-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-940793-07-2"><bdi>978-3-940793-07-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Insular+Celtic+as+a+Language+Area&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+Languages+in+Contact&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Potsdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-940793-07-2&rft.au=Matasovic%2C+Ranko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgBtaDT-evYC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> Henri Guiter, "Sur le substrat gaulois dans la Romania", in Munus amicitae. Studia linguistica in honorem Witoldi Manczak septuagenarii, eds., Anna Bochnakowa & Stanislan Widlak, Krakow, 1995.</li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> Eugeen Roegiest, Vers les sources des langues romanes: Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania (Leuven, Belgium: Acco, 2006), 83.</li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-29"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Adams_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_J._N." class="citation book cs1">Adams, J. N. "Chapter V – Regionalisms in provincial texts: Gaul". The Regional Diversification of Latin 200 BC – AD 600. Cambridge. pp. 279–289. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1017%252FCBO9780511482977.006">10.1017/CBO9780511482977.006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+V+%E2%80%93+Regionalisms+in+provincial+texts%3A+Gaul&rft.btitle=The+Regional+Diversification+of+Latin+200+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+600&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=279-289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511482977.006&rft.au=Adams%2C+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolinsky,_MariaVan_Everbroeck,_Ezra2003" class="citation journal cs1">Polinsky, Maria; Van Everbroeck, Ezra (2003). "Development of Gender Classifications: Modeling the Historical Change from Latin to French". Language. 79 (2): 356–390. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi%3D10.1.1.134.9933">10.1.1.134.9933</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1353%252Flan.2003.0131">10.1353/lan.2003.0131</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4489422">4489422</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6797972">6797972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Development+of+Gender+Classifications%3A+Modeling+the+Historical+Change+from+Latin+to+French&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=356-390&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.134.9933%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6797972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4489422%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.2003.0131&rft.au=Polinsky%2C+Maria&rft.au=Van+Everbroeck%2C+Ezra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cunliffe_religion-31">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cunliffe_religion_31-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cunliffe_religion_31-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cunliffe_religion_31-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cunliffe_religion_31-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cunliffe_religion_31-4">e</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cunliffe_religion_31-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry</a> (2018) [1997]. "Chapter 11: Religious systems". The Ancient Celts (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 275–277, 286, 291–296.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+Religious+systems&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Celts&rft.pages=275-277%2C+286%2C+291-296&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Green,_The_Celtic_World-32">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Green,_The_Celtic_World_32-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Green,_The_Celtic_World_32-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Green,_The_Celtic_World_32-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Green, Miranda</a> (2012). "Chapter 25: The Gods and the supernatural", The Celtic World. Routledge. pp. 465–485</li> <li id="cite_note-Koch_religion-33">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Koch_religion_33-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Koch_religion_33-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Koch_religion_33-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Koch_religion_33-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Koch_religion_33-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_T._Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John</a> (2006). Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1488–1491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1488-1491&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Sjoestedt-34"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sjoestedt_34-0">^</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie-Louise_Sjoestedt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie-Louise Sjoestedt">Sjoestedt, Marie-Louise</a> (originally published in French, 1940, reissued 1982). Gods and Heroes of the Celts. Translated by Myles Dillon, Turtle Island Foundation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913666-52-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-913666-52-1">0-913666-52-1</a>, pp. 16, 24–46.</li> <li id="cite_note-Inse_Jones_1995-35"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Inse_Jones_1995_35-0">^</a> Inse Jones, Prudence, and Nigel Pennick. History of pagan Europe. London: Routledge, 1995. Print.</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> Koch (2006), p. 850</li> <li id="cite_note-Sjoestedt5-37"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Sjoestedt5_37-0">^</a> Sjoestedt (1982) pp. xxvi–xix.</li> <li id="cite_note-Green94-96-38"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Green94-96_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miranda_Aldhouse-Green?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miranda Aldhouse-Green">Green, Miranda</a> (2002). Animals in Celtic Life and Myth. Routledge. pp. 94–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+Celtic+Life+and+Myth&rft.pages=94-96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-koch687-690-39"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-koch687-690_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_T._Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John</a> (2012). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 687–690. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598849646?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598849646"><bdi>978-1598849646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+History%2C+Life%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=687-690&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1598849646&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Salma Ghezal, Elsa Ciesielski, Benjamin Girard, Aurélien Creuzieux, Peter Gosnell, Carole Mathe, Cathy Vieillescazes, Réjane Roure (2019), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440318303194">Embalmed heads of the Celtic Iron Age in the south of France</a>", <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Archaeological Science">Journal of Archaeological Science</a>, Volume 101, pp. 181–188, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.jas.2018.09.011">10.1016/j.jas.2018.09.011</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/nov/07/the-gauls-really-did-embalm-the-severed-heads-of-enemies-research-shows%23:~:text%3DThey%2520were%2520fearsome%2520warriors%2520who,have%2520embalmed%2520them%2520to%2520boot.">"The Gauls really did embalm the severed heads of enemies, research shows"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_Guardian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 7 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Gauls+really+did+embalm+the+severed+heads+of+enemies%2C+research+shows&rft.date=2018-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2018%2Fnov%2F07%2Fthe-gauls-really-did-embalm-the-severed-heads-of-enemies-research-shows%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThey%2520were%2520fearsome%2520warriors%2520who%2Chave%2520embalmed%2520them%2520to%2520boot.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouilletChassang1878" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bouillet, Marie-Nicolas; Chassang, Alexis (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k4849m/f1913.image">Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie</a> [Universal Dictionary of History and Geography] (printed monograph) (in French) (26th ed.), Paris: Hachette, p. 1905, retrieved July 16, 2013, <q>Peuple de la Gaule Narbonnaise entre les Allobroges au N. et les Segalauni au S., avait pour capit. Augusta Tricastinorum (Aoust-en-Diois)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+universel+d%27histoire+et+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=1905&rft.edition=26th&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Bouillet&rft.aufirst=Marie-Nicolas&rft.au=Chassang%2C+Alexis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k4849m%2Ff1913.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-43">^</a> "Pour moi, l'histoire de France commence avec Clovis, choisi comme roi de France par la tribu des Francs, qui donnèrent leur nom à la France. Avant Clovis, nous avons la Préhistoire gallo-romaine et gauloise. L'élément décisif pour moi, c'est que Clovis fut le premier roi à être baptisé chrétien. Mon pays est un pays chrétien et je commence à compter l'histoire de France à partir de l'accession d'un roi chrétien qui porte le nom des Francs." Cited in the biography by David Schœnbrun, 1965.</li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> Les Romains qui vinrent s'établir en Gaule étaient en petit nombre. Les Francs n'étaient pas nombreux non plus, Clovis n'en avait que quelques milliers avec lui. Le fond de notre population est donc resté gaulois. Les Gaulois sont nos ancêtres." (cours moyen, p. 26).</li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer2018-45">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2018_45-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2018_45-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2018_45-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2018_45-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerLefort2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6283558">"The multiple maternal legacy of the Late Iron Age group of Urville-Nacqueville (France, Normandy) documents a long-standing genetic contact zone in northwestern France"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PLOS_One?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a>. 13 (12). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PLOS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="PLOS">PLOS</a>: e0207459. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PLoSO..1307459F">2018PLoSO..1307459F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1371%252Fjournal.pone.0207459">10.1371/journal.pone.0207459</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6283558">6283558</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PMID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30521562">30521562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+One&rft.atitle=The+multiple+maternal+legacy+of+the+Late+Iron+Age+group+of+Urville-Nacqueville+%28France%2C+Normandy%29+documents+a+long-standing+genetic+contact+zone+in+northwestern+France&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e0207459&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6283558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30521562&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0207459&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018PLoSO..1307459F&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Claire-Elise&rft.au=Lefort%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6283558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer2019-46">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2019_46-0">a</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2019_46-1">b</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2019_46-2">c</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2019_46-3">d</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2019_46-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerPemonge2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.jasrep.2019.101942">"Multi-scale archaeogenetic study of two French Iron Age communities: From internal social- to broad-scale population dynamics"</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Archaeological Science">Journal of Archaeological Science</a>. 27 (101942). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elsevier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 101942. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JArSR..27j1942F">2019JArSR..27j1942F</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1016%252Fj.jasrep.2019.101942">10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.101942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Multi-scale+archaeogenetic+study+of+two+French+Iron+Age+communities%3A+From+internal+social-+to+broad-scale+population+dynamics&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=101942&rft.pages=101942&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2019.101942&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JArSR..27j1942F&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Claire-Elise&rft.au=Pemonge%2C+Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jasrep.2019.101942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer2022-47"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gauls?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Fischer2022_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischerPemonge2022" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer, Claire-Elise; et al. 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Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75074-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75074-1"><bdi>978-1-317-75074-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Gaul%3A+The+Three+Provinces%2C+58+BC%E2%80%93AD+260&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75074-1&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFichtl2004" class="citation book cs1">Fichtl, Stephan (2004). Les peuples gaulois: IIIe-Ier siècles av. J.-C. 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The Celtic World. Routledge. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63243-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63243-4"><bdi>978-1-135-63243-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celtic+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-63243-4&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_T._Koch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John T. Koch">Koch, John T.</a> (2012). The Celts: History, Life, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-964-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-964-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-964-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Celts%3A+History%2C+Life%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-964-6&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre-Yves_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre-Yves Lambert">Lambert, Pierre-Yves</a> (1994). La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies. Errance. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-089-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-089-2"><bdi>978-2-87772-089-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+gauloise%3A+description+linguistique%2C+commentaire+d%27inscriptions+choisies&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-089-2&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Laing, Lloyd and Jenifer. Art of the Celts, Thames and Hudson, London 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-20256-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-20256-7">0-500-20256-7</a></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004173361?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789004173361"><bdi>9789004173361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Proto-Celtic&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789004173361&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vincent_Megaw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vincent Megaw">Megaw, Ruth and Vincent</a>, Celtic Art, 2001, Thames and Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28265-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28265-X">0-500-28265-X</a></li> <li>Sandars, Nancy K., Prehistoric Art in Europe, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), 1968 (nb 1st edn.)</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, J. H. C. (2001). Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815300-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815300-9"><bdi>978-0-19-815300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Rubicon%3A+Romans+and+Gauls+in+Republican+Italy&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815300-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=J.+H.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> <ul> <li>Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall eds. Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland: Irish Antiquities <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-2829-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-2829-6">0-7171-2829-6</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li>Villani, Paola. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://digidownload.libero.it/pvillani1964/SciencePublishing_Villani_inglese.pdf">About the Kassites also known as the Gauls and then gens Cassia</a>." International Journal of Archaeology 1.2 (2013): 1–13.</li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow1998" class="citation book cs1">Barlow, Jonathan (1998). Julius Caesar as Artful Reporter: The War Commentaries as Political Instruments. Duckworth. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2859-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2859-1"><bdi>978-0-7156-2859-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+Caesar+as+Artful+Reporter%3A+The+War+Commentaries+as+Political+Instruments&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-2859-1&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarruol1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guy_Barruol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guy Barruol">Barruol, Guy</a> (1969). Les Peuples préromains du Sud-Est de la Gaule: étude de géographie historique. E. de Boccard. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3279201">3279201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Peuples+pr%C3%A9romains+du+Sud-Est+de+la+Gaule%3A+%C3%A9tude+de+g%C3%A9ographie+historique&rft.pub=E.+de+Boccard&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3279201&rft.aulast=Barruol&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrogan1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olwen_Brogan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olwen Brogan">Brogan, Olwen</a> (1953). Roman Gaul. Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/876050141">876050141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Gaul&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F876050141&rft.aulast=Brogan&rft.aufirst=Olwen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunauxLambot1987" class="citation book cs1">Brunaux, Jean-Louis; Lambot, Bernard (1987). Guerre et armement chez les Gaulois: 450–52 av. J.-C. Errance. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-903442-62-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-903442-62-0"><bdi>978-2-903442-62-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerre+et+armement+chez+les+Gaulois%3A+450%E2%80%9352+av.+J.-C.&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-903442-62-0&rft.aulast=Brunaux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Lambot%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunaux1996" class="citation book cs1">Brunaux, Jean-Louis (1996). Les religions gauloises: rituels celtiques de la Gaule indépendante. Errance. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-128-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-128-8"><bdi>978-2-87772-128-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+religions+gauloises%3A+rituels+celtiques+de+la+Gaule+ind%C3%A9pendante&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-128-8&rft.aulast=Brunaux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunaux2004" class="citation book cs1">Brunaux, Jean-Louis (2004). Guerre et religion en Gaule: essai d'anthropologie celtique. Errance. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-259-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87772-259-9"><bdi>978-2-87772-259-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerre+et+religion+en+Gaule%3A+essai+d%27anthropologie+celtique&rft.pub=Errance&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-87772-259-9&rft.aulast=Brunaux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChevallier1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Raymond_Chevallier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Raymond Chevallier">Chevallier, Raymond</a> (1983). La romanisation de la Celtique du Pô. Essai d'histoire provinciale. Vol. 249. Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2728300488?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2728300488"><bdi>978-2728300488</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+romanisation+de+la+Celtique+du+P%C3%B4.+Essai+d%27histoire+provinciale&rft.pub=Biblioth%C3%A8que+des+%C3%89coles+fran%C3%A7aises+d%27Ath%C3%A8nes+et+de+Rome&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-2728300488&rft.aulast=Chevallier&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilver1941" class="citation book cs1">Chilver, G. E. F. (1941). Cisalpine Gaul: Social and Economic History from 49 B.C. to the Death of Trajan. Clarendon Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1120882705">1120882705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cisalpine+Gaul%3A+Social+and+Economic+History+from+49+B.C.+to+the+Death+of+Trajan&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1120882705&rft.aulast=Chilver&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDottin1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Georges_Dottin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Georges Dottin">Dottin, Georges</a> (1918). La langue gauloise: grammaire, textes et glossaire. C. Klincksieck. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609773108">609773108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+langue+gauloise%3A+grammaire%2C+textes+et+glossaire&rft.pub=C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609773108&rft.aulast=Dottin&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwaterElton2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/John_F._Drinkwater?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="John F. Drinkwater">Drinkwater, John F.</a>; Elton, Hugh (2002). Fifth-Century Gaul: A Crisis of Identity?. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52933-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52933-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52933-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifth-Century+Gaul%3A+A+Crisis+of+Identity%3F&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52933-4&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Elton%2C+Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbel1976" class="citation book cs1">Ebel, Charles (1976). Transalpine Gaul: The Emergence of a Roman Province. Brill. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04384-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04384-8"><bdi>978-90-04-04384-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transalpine+Gaul%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+Roman+Province&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04384-8&rft.aulast=Ebel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ellis_Evans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ellis Evans">Evans, D. Ellis</a> (1967). Gaulish Personal Names: A Study of Some Continental Celtic Formations. Clarendon Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468437906">468437906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaulish+Personal+Names%3A+A+Study+of+Some+Continental+Celtic+Formations&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468437906&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=D.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatt1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jean-Jacques_Hatt&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jean-Jacques Hatt (page does not exist)">Hatt, Jean-Jacques</a> (1966). Histoire de la Gaule romaine (120 avant J.-C.-451 aprés J.-C.), colonisation ou colonialisme?. Payot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Gaule+romaine+%28120+avant+J.-C.-451+apr%C3%A9s+J.-C.%29%2C+colonisation+ou+colonialisme%3F&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hatt&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJullian1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Camille_Jullian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Camille Jullian">Jullian, Camille</a> (1908). Histoire de la Gaule. Hachette. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/463155800">463155800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Gaule&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F463155800&rft.aulast=Jullian&rft.aufirst=Camille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1990" class="citation book cs1">King, Anthony (1990). Roman Gaul and Germany. University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06989-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06989-3"><bdi>978-0-520-06989-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Gaul+and+Germany&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06989-3&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venceslas_Kruta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venceslas Kruta">Kruta, Venceslas</a> (2000). Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme. Robert Laffont. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-221-05690-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/2-221-05690-6"><bdi>2-221-05690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Celtes%2C+histoire+et+dictionnaire+%3A+des+origines+%C3%A0+la+romanisation+et+au+christianisme&rft.pub=Robert+Laffont&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-221-05690-6&rft.aulast=Kruta&rft.aufirst=Venceslas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathisen1993" class="citation book cs1">Mathisen, Ralph W. (1993). Roman Aristocrats in Barbarian Gaul: Strategies for Survival in an Age of Transition. University of Texas Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75806-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75806-3"><bdi>978-0-292-75806-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Aristocrats+in+Barbarian+Gaul%3A+Strategies+for+Survival+in+an+Age+of+Transition&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75806-3&rft.aulast=Mathisen&rft.aufirst=Ralph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullen2013" class="citation book cs1">Mullen, Alex (2013). Southern Gaul and the Mediterranean: Multilingualism and Multiple Identities in the Iron Age and Roman Periods. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-34165-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-34165-4"><bdi>978-1-107-34165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Gaul+and+the+Mediterranean%3A+Multilingualism+and+Multiple+Identities+in+the+Iron+Age+and+Roman+Periods&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-34165-4&rft.aulast=Mullen&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivet1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A._L._F._Rivet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A. L. F. Rivet">Rivet, A. L. F.</a> (1988). Gallia Narbonensis: With a Chapter on Alpes Maritimae : Southern France in Roman Times. Batsford. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-5860-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7134-5860-2"><bdi>978-0-7134-5860-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+Narbonensis%3A+With+a+Chapter+on+Alpes+Maritimae+%3A+Southern+France+in+Roman+Times&rft.pub=Batsford&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7134-5860-2&rft.aulast=Rivet&rft.aufirst=A.+L.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThévenot1987" class="citation book cs1">Thévenot, Emile (1987). Histoire des Gaulois. Presses Universitaires de France. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-067863-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-067863-2"><bdi>978-2-13-067863-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Gaulois&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-2-13-067863-2&rft.aulast=Th%C3%A9venot&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dam1992" class="citation book cs1">Van Dam, Raymond (1992). Leadership and Community in Late Antique Gaul. University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07895-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07895-6"><bdi>978-0-520-07895-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+and+Community+in+Late+Antique+Gaul&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07895-6&rft.aulast=Van+Dam&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhatmough1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joshua_Whatmough?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joshua Whatmough">Whatmough, Joshua</a> (1950). The Dialects of Ancient Gaul: Prolegomena and Records of the Dialects. Harvard University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20280-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20280-1"><bdi>978-0-674-20280-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dialects+of+Ancient+Gaul%3A+Prolegomena+and+Records+of+the+Dialects&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-674-20280-1&rft.aulast=Whatmough&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWightman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edith_Mary_Wightman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Mary Wightman">Wightman, Edith M.</a> (1985). Gallia Belgica. University of California Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05297-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05297-0"><bdi>978-0-520-05297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallia+Belgica&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05297-0&rft.aulast=Wightman&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greg_Woolf?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greg Woolf">Woolf, Greg</a> (1998). Becoming Roman: The Origins of Provincial Civilization in Gaul. Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41445-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41445-6"><bdi>978-0-521-41445-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Roman%3A+The+Origins+of+Provincial+Civilization+in+Gaul&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41445-6&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGauls" class="Z3988"></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gauls&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gauls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gauls">Gauls</a>. </div> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> Look up <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gaul" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gallic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Gallic">Gallic</a>, or <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Celtae" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Celtae">Celtae</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gaulois.ardennes.culture.fr/en">Acy-Romance, the Gauls of Ardennes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521184521/http://www.gaulois.ardennes.culture.fr/en">Archived</a> 2014-05-21 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.lattara.culture.fr/index.php?lng%3Den">Lattes, Languedoc and the Southern Gauls</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131093700/http://www.lattara.culture.fr/index.php?lng%3Den">Archived</a> 2016-01-31 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.entremont.culture.gouv.fr/en/index2.html">The Gauls in Provence: the Oppidum of Entremont</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402102412/http://www.entremont.culture.gouv.fr/en/index2.html">Archived</a> 2016-04-02 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> </ul> <div 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A6%25B2_(%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A6%2597%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A0%25E0%25A7%2580)" title="গল (জনগোষ্ঠী) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গল (জনগোষ্ঠী)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B" title="Галы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiarrak" title="Galiarrak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Galiarrak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2587%25D8%25A7_(%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25B3%25D9%2587)" title="گال‌ها (فرانسه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گال‌ها (فرانسه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulois_(peuples)" title="Gaulois (peuples) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaulois (peuples)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallaigh" title="Gallaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gallaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galos" title="Galos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Galos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25B0%2588%25EB%25A6%25AC%25EC%2595%2584%25EC%259D%25B8" title="갈리아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈리아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B3%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Գալեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գալեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali" title="Gali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Galia" title="Orang Galia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Galia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galli" title="Galli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2592%25D7%2590%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%259D" title="גאלים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאלים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2592%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="გალები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galli" title="Galli – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Galli" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galli" title="Galli – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Galli" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallier" title="Gallier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gallier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galai" title="Galai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Galai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galo" title="Galo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Galo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Гали – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гали" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaolo%25C3%25A0_(vahoaka)" title="Gaoloà (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gaoloà (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%258A%25D9%2586" title="جاليين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاليين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galli%25C3%25ABrs" title="Galliërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Galliërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25AC%25E3%2583%25AA%25E3%2582%25A2%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="ガリア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガリア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallere" title="Gallere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gallere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulais_(peuple)" title="Gaulais (peuple) – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gaulais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B2ble_gall%25C3%25A9s" title="Pòble gallés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pòble gallés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallar" title="Gallar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gallar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaulo%25C3%25A9s" title="Gauloés – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Gauloés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galowie" title="Galowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Galowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauleses" title="Gauleses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gauleses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B" title="Галлы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галлы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gal%25C3%25ABt" title="Galët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Galët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galli" title="Galli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Galli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galci" title="Galci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Galci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Гали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gali" title="Gali – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallialaiset" title="Gallialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gallialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Galo" title="Mga Galo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Galo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D2%25B3%25D0%25BE" title="Галлҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Галлҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galyal%25C4%25B1lar" title="Galyalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Galyalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8" title="Галли – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Галли" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DA%25AF%25D9%2588%25D9%2584_%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D9%2585" title="گول قوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گول قوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Di_Gallia" title="Người Gallia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Gallia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E9%25AB%2598%25E5%258D%25A2%25E4%25BA%25BA" title="高卢人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高卢人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f7rzp","wgBackendResponseTime":229,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.178","walltime":"1.372","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7758,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":311761,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8626,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":21,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":255491,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1089.374 1 -total"," 23.67% 257.807 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.96% 217.435 48 Template:Cite_book"," 10.16% 110.658 16 Template:Navbox"," 8.56% 93.281 2 Template:Langx"," 7.89% 85.986 2 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 7.13% 77.715 8 Template:Citation_needed"," 5.94% 64.747 8 Template:Fix"," 5.82% 63.391 1 Template:Gallic_peoples"," 5.72% 62.290 8 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Gauls","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gauls","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q273854","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q273854","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-17T00:18:33Z","dateModified":"2024-10-25T06:10:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Dying_gaul.jpg","headline":"Celtic inhabitants of a large part of Europe called Gaul, before the Roman domination"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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