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Titelberg - Wikipedia
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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Titelberg</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a></li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"><a class="minerva__tab-text" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Talk:Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a></li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" 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id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p><b>Titelberg</b> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourgish_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: <i lang="lb">Tëtelbierg</i>) is the site of a large <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celts">Celtic</a> settlement or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppidum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a> in the extreme south west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>. In the 1st century BCE, this thriving community was probably the capital of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treveri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treveri">Treveri</a> people. The site thus provides telling evidence of urban civilization in the century before the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Empire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Roman Empire">Roman conquest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Titelberg1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Titelberg1.jpg/220px-Titelberg1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Titelberg1.jpg/330px-Titelberg1.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Titelberg1.jpg/440px-Titelberg1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="530"></a> <figcaption> Photo of the Titelberg plateau </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:T%C3%ABtelbierg-102.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/T%C3%ABtelbierg-102.jpg/220px-T%C3%ABtelbierg-102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/T%25C3%25ABtelbierg-102.jpg/330px-T%25C3%25ABtelbierg-102.jpg 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/T%25C3%25ABtelbierg-102.jpg/440px-T%25C3%25ABtelbierg-102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4149" data-file-height="2756"></a> <figcaption> Titelberg hill </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geography"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Background"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#The_site"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">The site</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Celtic_period"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Celtic period</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gallo-Roman_period"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Gallo-Roman period</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Similar_sites"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Similar sites</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The site lies some 3 km to the south west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/P%C3%A9tange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pétange">Pétange</a> and 3 km north west of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Differdange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Differdange">Differdange</a> on a bare plateau some 390 m above sea level. It is surrounded by steep forested slopes which run down to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chiers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chiers">Chiers</a>, a hundred meters below. It can be reached from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Niedercorn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Niedercorn">Niedercorn</a> by taking the road to Roudenhaff and making a right turn towards the Fond de Gras.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The Celts inhabited large areas of Europe from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danube?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danube">Danube</a> to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rhine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhône River">Rhône</a> during the 6th to 1st centuries BCE, a period sometimes referred to as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> after a site in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Switzerland?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> where continental Celtic remains were first discovered. It was around 100 BCE that the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Treveri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Treveri">Treveri</a>, one of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_tribes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic tribes">Celtic tribes</a>, came into a period of prosperity. They constructed a number of settlements or <i>oppida</i> near the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moselle_(river)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moselle (river)">Moselle</a> valley in what is now southern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, western <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germany?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germany">Germany</a> and eastern <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titelberg was by far the largest of the Treveri settlements, no doubt as a result of its proximity to two of the most important Celtic roads, one from the south connecting the Rhone to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Upper_Moselle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Upper Moselle">upper Moselle</a> and the north, the other leading to <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reims?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reims">Reims</a> and the west. Another attraction were the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron_ore?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a> which could be mined in the immediate vicinity and fertile lands.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="The_site">The site</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: The site" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Covering an area of some 50 ha, the oval-shaped Titelberg plateau is approximately 1 km long (NW to SE) and 500 m wide. It was occupied continuously for 700 years from about 300 BCE. There is evidence of sporadic settlements dating back even further, perhaps to 2000 BCE or before. From the 1st century BCE and during the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallo-Roman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> period, foundations of masonry replaced the earlier, less durable constructions. These, together with the 9-m high earthen ramparts around the periphery, clearly demonstrate the importance of the Celtic oppidum which appears to have been the seat of the Treveri chiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Although some interest had been shown in the site in 1928, serious archaeological excavations began in 1968 and continue today. These have been coordinated by Luxembourg's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/National_Museum_of_History_and_Art?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="National Museum of History and Art">National Museum of History and Art</a> with the assistance of specialists from the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/University_of_Missouri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a> in the 1960s. In particular, the digs have unearthed the main residential area in the centre of the plateau and the public or recreational area, a few hundred meters to the south east. Both are located to the west of the farm road through the site which loosely follows the path of the main Celtic road that connects the two gates of the oppidum. There is also evidence of metal working and coin-minting activities long before the Roman conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Celtic_period">Celtic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Celtic period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_(51187043051).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg/220px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg/220px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg/330px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg/440px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187043051%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_(Luksemburgo)_21.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg/220px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg/220px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg/330px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg/440px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_21.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Titelberg <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murus_Gallicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Murus Gallicus">Murus Gallicus</a> model </figcaption> </figure> <p>While there is evidence that the site was probably inhabited as far back as 2000 BCE, the beginnings of urban civilization can certainly be traced back to the 2nd century BCE when there were bronze-working shops at the site. In the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, the oppidum had become a civilized community trading with other Gallic centres. The Treveri nobles appear to have occupied the dwellings at the centre of the plateau. The Celtic tombs excavated in the vicinity, specifically at <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Clemency,_Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Clemency, Luxembourg">Clemency</a>, at <i>Scheierheck</i> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goeblange?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goeblange">Goeblange</a> and at <i>Kreckelbierg</i> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nospelt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nospelt">Nospelt</a> contain a range of articles including wine flagons, spurs, knives, lances and oil lanterns testifying to the aristocracy of those buried.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The entire site was originally surrounded by 10 m high, reinforced ramparts of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murus_Gallicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Murus Gallicus">Murus Gallicus</a> type, with fortified doors at either end of the main road through the site. The ramparts then collapsed over the years due to the lack of maintenance after the Roman conquest.</p> <p>A deep ditch, 4 m wide, perpendicular to the road, separated the residential space from the public space. The residential area covering about 30 ha consisted of rectangular houses, 14 m long by 8 m wide, built of light masonry. They were equipped with fireplaces and sometimes ovens. Trenches to drain rain water among the houses were also discovered. In the public space, the remains of a large hall, 14 m square, have been found, but no dwellings were discovered. This could have been a meeting place for political, economical and/or religious purposes.</p> <p>One of the most important finds on Titelberg has been a huge number of Celtic coins which come not only from the Treveri themselves but from several other Celtic tribes. This indicates that it was a centre of trade and commerce during the Celtic period. In addition, facilities for minting coins have also been excavated close to the residential area and appear to have been used over an extended period.</p> <p>A very large number of both Celtic and Gallo-Roman <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fibula_(brooch)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fibula (brooch)">fibulae</a> have also been found on the site. In a multitude of different shapes and sizes, these bronze clasps, sometimes hinged, were used either as ornamental brooches or for holding garments together.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_(Luksemburgo)_22.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstruction of the Titelberg Murus Gallicus"> <noscript> <img alt="Reconstruction of the Titelberg Murus Gallicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg/120px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 67px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg/120px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg" data-alt="Reconstruction of the Titelberg Murus Gallicus" data-width="120" data-height="67" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg/180px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg/240px-Nacia_Muzeo_de_Historio_kaj_Arto_%28Luksemburgo%29_22.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Reconstruction of the Titelberg <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Murus_Gallicus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Murus Gallicus">Murus Gallicus</a> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Titelberg.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Celtic sanctuary or hall"> <noscript> <img alt="Celtic sanctuary or hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Titelberg.jpg/120px-Titelberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="255"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Titelberg.jpg/120px-Titelberg.jpg" data-alt="Celtic sanctuary or hall" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Titelberg.jpg/180px-Titelberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Titelberg.jpg/240px-Titelberg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Celtic sanctuary or hall </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_(51187262853).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave"> <noscript> <img alt="Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg/120px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg/120px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg" data-alt="Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg/180px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg/240px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851187262853%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_(51186346167).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave"> <noscript> <img alt="Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg/120px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg/120px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg" data-alt="Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg/180px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg/240px-MNHA_-_Finds_from_the_Goeblange-Nospelt_Celtic_Graves_%2851186346167%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Goeblange-Nospelt Celtic grave </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt,_MNHA.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Decorated vessel from Goeblange-Nospelt"> <noscript> <img alt="Decorated vessel from Goeblange-Nospelt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg/95px-Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="3583"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 95px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg/95px-Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg" data-alt="Decorated vessel from Goeblange-Nospelt" data-width="95" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg/142px-Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg/190px-Chambre_fun%C3%A9raire_B_de_Goeblange-Nospelt%2C_MNHA.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Decorated vessel from Goeblange-Nospelt </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Titelberg_ramparts.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Remains of the oppidum ramparts"> <noscript> <img alt="Remains of the oppidum ramparts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Titelberg_ramparts.JPG/120px-Titelberg_ramparts.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Titelberg_ramparts.JPG/120px-Titelberg_ramparts.JPG" data-alt="Remains of the oppidum ramparts" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Titelberg_ramparts.JPG/180px-Titelberg_ramparts.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Titelberg_ramparts.JPG/240px-Titelberg_ramparts.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Remains of the oppidum ramparts </div></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Gallo-Roman_period">Gallo-Roman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Gallo-Roman period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_(51187262168).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg/220px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4988" data-file-height="3317"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg/220px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg/330px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg/440px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187262168%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Gallo-Roman temple at Titelberg </figcaption> </figure> <p>About 20 years after the Roman conquest, the Celtic oppidum was completely reworked and at least two streets perpendicular to the main were constructed. The houses too were replaced with Roman buildings which had stone foundations and cellars.</p> <p>The Treveri, despite their conflictual relationship with the Roman world, apparently adopted Roman culture and religion fairly quickly, even long before the Roman conquest. Titelberg, though no longer a capital, became a prosperous <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicus (Rome)">vicus</a> with a range of activities, especially metal working. In particular, minting of coins and smelting extended at least until around 337 as one of the coins found at the site of the smelter bears the likeness of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former public area, a square-shaped monumental Gallo-Roman edifice was built among dwellings and later transformed into a traditional Gallo-Roman fanum, a square-shaped temple with a roofed porch on all sides of its sacred room.</p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Titelberg_01.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Foundations in the residential area"> <noscript> <img alt="Foundations in the residential area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Titelberg_01.jpg/120px-Titelberg_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Titelberg_01.jpg/120px-Titelberg_01.jpg" data-alt="Foundations in the residential area" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Titelberg_01.jpg/180px-Titelberg_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Titelberg_01.jpg/240px-Titelberg_01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Foundations in the residential area </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Titelberg018.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Foundations in the residential area"> <noscript> <img alt="Foundations in the residential area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Titelberg018.JPG/120px-Titelberg018.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Titelberg018.JPG/120px-Titelberg018.JPG" data-alt="Foundations in the residential area" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Titelberg018.JPG/180px-Titelberg018.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Titelberg018.JPG/240px-Titelberg018.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Foundations in the residential area </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Titelberg003.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Foundations in the public area"> <noscript> <img alt="Foundations in the public area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Titelberg003.JPG/120px-Titelberg003.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Titelberg003.JPG/120px-Titelberg003.JPG" data-alt="Foundations in the public area" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Titelberg003.JPG/180px-Titelberg003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Titelberg003.JPG/240px-Titelberg003.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Foundations in the public area </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_(51187819504).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Early Gallo-Roman temple at Titelberg"> <noscript> <img alt="Early Gallo-Roman temple at Titelberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg/120px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg/120px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg" data-alt="Early Gallo-Roman temple at Titelberg" data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg/180px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg/240px-MNHA_-_Reconstruction_of_gallo-roman_buildings_at_Titleberg_I-II_centuries_AD_%2851187819504%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Early Gallo-Roman temple at Titelberg </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Similar_sites">Similar sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Similar sites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Titelberg resembles a number of other Celtic oppidum sites. In particular, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibracte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bibracte">Bibracte</a>, probably the capital of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aedui?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aedui">Aedui</a>, near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autun">Autun</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France">France</a> has similar dimensions and fortifications. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppidum_of_Manching?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oppidum of Manching">Manching</a> in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bavaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> is a considerably larger site and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oppidum_d%27Ens%C3%A9rune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oppidum d'Ensérune">Ensérune</a> near <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Béziers">Béziers</a> in southern France also has a hilltop position.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celtic_Luxembourg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celtic Luxembourg">Celtic Luxembourg</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul> <li>Gaspar, Nicolas: Die keltischen und gallo-römischen Fibeln vom Titelberg: Les fibules gauloises et gallo-romaines du Titelberg, Luxembourg, Musée national d’histoire et d’art, 2007, 325 p., <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782879859361?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9782879859361">9782879859361</a></li> <li>Metzler, Jeannot: Das treverische Oppidum auf dem Titelberg : zur Kontinuität zwischen der spätkeltischen und der frührömischen Zeit in Nord-Gallien, Luxembourg, Musée national d’histoire et d’art, 1995, 789 p., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87985-024-X?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/2-87985-024-X">2-87985-024-X</a></li> <li>Metzler, J.,/ Metzler-Zens, N./ Méniel, P. et al. (Hrsg.): Lamadelaine – une nécropole de l’oppidum du Titelberg. Dossier d’Archeologie du Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art IV. Luxembourg 1999.</li> <li>Rowlett, R. M./ Thomas, H. L./ Rowlett, E. S.-J..: Stratified Iron Age House Floors in the Titelberg, Luxembourg. In: Journal of Field Archaeology. Vol. 9, No. 3, 1982, 301–312.</li> <li>Thomas, H. L., Rowlett, R. M., Rowlett, E. S.-J.: The Titelberg: A Hill Fort of Celtic and Roman Times. In: Archaeology, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1975, 55–57.</li> <li>Thomas, H. L., Rowlett, R. M., Rowlett, E. S.-J.: Excavations of the Titelberg. Luxembourg. In: Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1976, 241–259.</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gilbert_Trausch?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gilbert Trausch">Trausch, Gilbert</a> / Metzler, Jeannot / Margue, Michel / Gengler, Claude: Histoire du Luxembourg – Le destin européen d'un "petit pays", Editions Privat, Toulouse, 333 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7089-4773-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/2-7089-4773-7">2-7089-4773-7</a></li> <li>Shaw, Matthew L.: The North Smelter at Titelberg – Post-imperial Bronze Recycling in Belgic Gaul. University of Missouri. 2007.</li> <li>Weiller, Raymond: Coins From Features Found by the Missouri Excavations at Titelberg. In Horizons and Styles: Studies in Art and Archaeology in Honour of Professor Homer L. Thomas, ed. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paul_%C3%85str%C3%B6m?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paul Åström">Paul Åström</a>, pp. 269–289, Paul Åströms Förlag: Jonsered. 1993, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7081-072-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/91-7081-072-9">91-7081-072-9</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://maps.google.com/maps?f%3Dq%26hl%3Den%26geocode%3D%26time%3D%26date%3D%26ttype%3D%26q%3Dpetange%26sll%3D37.0625,-95.677068%26sspn%3D28.943777,81.738281%26ie%3DUTF8%26ll%3D49.53933,5.860519%26spn%3D0.011557,0.039911%26t%3Dh%26z%3D15%26om%3D1">The Titelberg plateau from Google maps</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/30-2/Rowlett.pdf">Ralph M. Rowlett, "Titelberg: A Celtic Hillfort in Luxembourg"</a>, <i>Expedition</i>, Vol 30, No 2. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://130.91.80.97:591/PDFs/45-1/The%2520Celts%2520and%2520Urbanization.pdf">Elizabeth Hamilton: The Celts and Urbanization – the Enduring Puzzle of the <i>Oppida</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410034651/http://130.91.80.97:591/PDFs/45-1/The%2520Celts%2520and%2520Urbanization.pdf">Archived</a> 10 April 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 21 November 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.unizd.hr/Portals/20/Gheorghiu,%2520Nash,%2520Cavulli.pdf">http://www.unizd.hr/Portals/20/Gheorghiu,%20Nash,%20Cavulli.pdf</a> Ralph M. Rowlett: Stratified Iron Age Chieftainsʹ Houses on the Titelberg, 13th Annual Meeting of European Association of the Archaeologists, Croatia, Zadar, September 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Ralph M. Rowlett, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Homer_L._Thomas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Homer L. Thomas">Homer L. Thomas</a>, Elsebet Sander-Jorgensen Rowlett: Stratified Iron Age House Floors on the Titelberg, Luxembourg. <i>Journal of Field Archaeology</i>, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Autumn, 1982).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beigaben von Grab D. Spätkeltische Zeit 50 – 30 v. Chr. Goeblingen-Nospelt Scheierheck.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas Gaspar: Les fibules gauloises et gallo-romaines du Titelberg, Luxembourg, Musée national d’histoire et d’art, 2007</span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Titelberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://edt.missouri.edu/Winter2007/Thesis/ShawM-050407-T6309/research.pdf">Matthew L. Shaw: The North Smelter at Titelberg – Post-imperial Bronze Recycling in Belgic Gaul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410034651/http://edt.missouri.edu/Winter2007/Thesis/ShawM-050407-T6309/research.pdf">Archived</a> 10 April 2008 at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 21 November 2007.</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename%3DTitelberg%26params%3D49_32_15_N_5_51_45_E_source:frwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°32′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">5°51′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.53750°N 5.86250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.53750; 5.86250</span></span></span></a></span></span></p> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </section> </div><!-- MobileFormatter took 0.008 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTitelberg%26oldid%3D1272093584">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&oldid=1272093584</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Titelberg&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Randy Kryn" data-user-gender="male" data-timestamp="1737948626"> <span>Last edited on 27 January 2025, at 03:30</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Titelberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Titelberg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Titelberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Titelberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelteschen_Oppidum_um_T%25C3%25ABtelbierg" title="Kelteschen Oppidum um Tëtelbierg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kelteschen Oppidum um Tëtelbierg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Titelberg" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Titelberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titelberg" title="Titelberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Titelberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" 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