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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_flexible-wing_hang_gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development of flexible-wing hang gliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_flexible-wing_hang_gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_paragliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_paragliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Development of paragliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_paragliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Recreational types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recreational_types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Recreational types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Recreational_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sailplane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailplane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sailplane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailplane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hang_gliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hang_gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hang gliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hang_gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paragliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paragliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Paragliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paragliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_gliders,_hang_gliders_and_paragliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_gliders,_hang_gliders_and_paragliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Comparison of gliders, hang gliders and paragliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_gliders,_hang_gliders_and_paragliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_gliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military gliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Research aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_gliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rocket gliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Rotary wing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unmanned_gliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unmanned_gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Unmanned gliders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Unmanned_gliders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Unmanned gliders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Unmanned_gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paper_airplane" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper_airplane"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Paper airplane</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper_airplane-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_gliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Model gliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glide_bombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glide_bombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Glide bombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glide_bombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glider (aircraft)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweeftuig" title="Sweeftuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sweeftuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9" title="طائرة شراعية منزلقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائرة شراعية منزلقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planer" title="Planer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Planer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Планер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Планер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaver_(nijerez)" title="Plaver (nijerez) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plaver (nijerez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Планир – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Планир" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%BE%D8%B1_(%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF)" title="بادپر (هواگرد) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بادپر (هواگرد)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailplane" title="Sailplane – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sailplane" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्लाइडर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लाइडर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesawat_layang" title="Pesawat layang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesawat layang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="პლანერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლანერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80" title="Планёр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Планёр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%91%D1%80" title="Планёр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Планёр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klz%C3%A1k" title="Klzák – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Klzák" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glidflygplan" title="Glidflygplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Glidflygplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மிதவை வானூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிதவை வானூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3n" title="Tàu lượn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tàu lượn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2165278#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft designed for operation without an engine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Glider_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Glider (disambiguation)">Glider (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dg800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dg800.jpg/300px-Dg800.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dg800.jpg/450px-Dg800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dg800.jpg/600px-Dg800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Single-seat high performance fiberglass <a href="/wiki/Glaser-Dirks_DG-808" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaser-Dirks DG-808">Glaser-Dirks DG-808</a> <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">glider</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habicht_(468040905).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Habicht_%28468040905%29.jpg/300px-Habicht_%28468040905%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Habicht_%28468040905%29.jpg/450px-Habicht_%28468040905%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Habicht_%28468040905%29.jpg/600px-Habicht_%28468040905%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Aerobatic glider with tip smoke, pictured on July 2, 2005, in <a href="/wiki/Lappeenranta" title="Lappeenranta">Lappeenranta</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>glider</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air against its lifting surfaces, and whose <a href="/wiki/Gliding_flight" title="Gliding flight">free flight</a> does not depend on an engine.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most gliders do not have an engine, although <a href="/wiki/Motor-glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor-glider">motor-gliders</a> have small engines for extending their flight when necessary by sustaining the altitude (normally a sailplane relies on rising air to maintain altitude) with some being powerful enough to take off by <a href="/wiki/Motor_glider" title="Motor glider">self-launch</a>. </p><p>There are a wide variety of types differing in the construction of their wings, aerodynamic efficiency, location of the pilot, controls and intended purpose. Most exploit <a href="/wiki/Lift_(soaring)" title="Lift (soaring)">meteorological phenomena</a> to maintain or gain height. Gliders are principally used for the <a href="/wiki/Air_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Air sport">air sports</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">gliding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">hang gliding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a>. However some <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> have been designed to descend as gliders and in the past <a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">military gliders</a> have been used in warfare. Some simple and familiar types of glider are toys such as <a href="/wiki/Paper_plane" title="Paper plane">paper planes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balsa_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Balsa wood">balsa wood</a> gliders. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Glider</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Agent_noun" title="Agent noun">agent noun</a> form of the verb <i>to glide</i>. It derives from Middle English <i>gliden</i>, which in turn derived from Old English <i>glīdan</i>. The oldest meaning of glide may have denoted a precipitous running or jumping, as opposed to a smooth motion. Scholars are uncertain as to its original derivation, with possible connections to "slide", and "light" having been advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></div> <p>Early pre-modern accounts of flight are in most cases difficult to verify and it is unclear whether each craft was a glider, kite or parachute and to what degree they were truly controllable. Often the event is only recorded a long time after it allegedly took place. A 17th-century account reports an attempt at flight by the 9th-century poet <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Ibn_Firnas" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas Ibn Firnas">Abbas Ibn Firnas</a> near <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba, Spain</a> which ended in heavy back injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monk <a href="/wiki/Eilmer_of_Malmesbury" title="Eilmer of Malmesbury">Eilmer of Malmesbury</a> is reported by <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1080</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1143</span>), a fellow monk and historian, to have flown off the roof of his <a href="/wiki/Malmesbury_Abbey" title="Malmesbury Abbey">Abbey in Malmesbury</a>, England, sometime between 1000 and 1010 AD, gliding about 200 metres (220 yd) before crashing and breaking his legs.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to these reports, both used a set of (feathery) wings, and both blamed their crash on the lack of a tail.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hez%C3%A2rfen_Ahmed_%C3%87elebi" title="Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi">Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi</a> is alleged to have flown a glider with eagle-like wings over the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a> strait from the <a href="/wiki/Galata_Tower" title="Galata Tower">Galata Tower</a> to <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Csk%C3%BCdar" title="Üsküdar">Üsküdar</a> district in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> around 1630–1632.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg/225px-Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg/338px-Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg/450px-Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> in flight</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_flying_machines" title="Early flying machines">Early flying machines</a></div> <p>The first heavier-than-air (i.e. non-balloon) man-carrying aircraft that were based on published scientific principles were Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a>'s series of gliders which achieved brief wing-borne hops from around 1849. Thereafter gliders were built by pioneers such as <a href="/wiki/Jean_Marie_Le_Bris" title="Jean Marie Le Bris">Jean Marie Le Bris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_J._Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. Montgomery">John J. Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Percy_Pilcher" title="Percy Pilcher">Percy Pilcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute" title="Octave Chanute">Octave Chanute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Moore_Herring" title="Augustus Moore Herring">Augustus Moore Herring</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>. Lilienthal was the first to make repeated successful flights (eventually totaling over 2,000) and was the first to use rising air to prolong his flight. Using a Montgomery tandem-wing glider, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Maloney" title="Daniel J. Maloney">Daniel Maloney</a> was the first to demonstrate high-altitude controlled flight using a balloon-launched glider launched from 4,000 feet in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wright_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright Brothers">Wright Brothers</a> developed a series of three manned <a href="/wiki/Unpowered_aircraft" title="Unpowered aircraft">gliders</a> after preliminary tests with a <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kite</a> as they worked towards achieving powered flight. They returned to glider testing in 1911 by removing the motor from one of their later designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">Glider (sailplane)</a></div> <p>In the inter-war years, <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">recreational gliding</a> flourished in Germany under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n-Rossitten_Gesellschaft" title="Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft">Rhön-Rossitten</a>. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Schweizer_brothers" title="Schweizer brothers">Schweizer brothers</a> of Elmira, New York, manufactured sport sailplanes to meet the new demand. Sailplanes continued to evolve in the 1930s, and sport gliding has become the main application of gliders. As their performance improved, gliders began to be used to fly cross-country and now regularly fly hundreds or even over a thousand of kilometers in a day,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if the weather is suitable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">Military gliders</a> were developed by during World War II by a number of countries for landing troops,. A glider – the <a href="/wiki/Colditz_Cock" title="Colditz Cock">Colditz Cock</a> – was even built secretly by <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoner of War">POWs</a> as a potential escape method at <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_escape_Oflag_IV-C#The_"Colditz_Cock"_glider" title="Attempts to escape Oflag IV-C">Oflag IV-C</a> near the end of the war in 1944. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithuanian_glider_BrO-18_Boru%C5%BE%C4%97_by_Br.O%C5%A1kinis,_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lithuanian_glider_BrO-18_Boru%C5%BE%C4%97_by_Br.O%C5%A1kinis%2C_1975.jpg/220px-Lithuanian_glider_BrO-18_Boru%C5%BE%C4%97_by_Br.O%C5%A1kinis%2C_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lithuanian_glider_BrO-18_Boru%C5%BE%C4%97_by_Br.O%C5%A1kinis%2C_1975.jpg/330px-Lithuanian_glider_BrO-18_Boru%C5%BE%C4%97_by_Br.O%C5%A1kinis%2C_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Lithuanian_glider_BrO-18_Boru%C5%BE%C4%97_by_Br.O%C5%A1kinis%2C_1975.jpg/440px-Lithuanian_glider_BrO-18_Boru%C5%BE%C4%97_by_Br.O%C5%A1kinis%2C_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Smallest glider in the world – BrO-18 "Boružė" (<a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">Ladybird</a>), constructed in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in 1975</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_flexible-wing_hang_gliders">Development of flexible-wing hang gliders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Development of flexible-wing hang gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></div> <p>Foot-launched aircraft had been flown by Lilienthal and at the meetings at <a href="/wiki/Wasserkuppe" title="Wasserkuppe">Wasserkuppe</a> in the 1920s. However the innovation that led to modern hang gliders was in 1951 when <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rogallo" title="Francis Rogallo">Francis Rogallo</a> and Gertrude Rogallo applied for a patent for a fully flexible wing with a stiffening structure. The American space agency <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> began testing in various flexible and semi-rigid configurations of this <a href="/wiki/Rogallo_wing" title="Rogallo wing">Rogallo wing</a> in 1957 in order to use it as a recovery system for the Gemini <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsules</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richards_(NASA_engineer)" title="Charles Richards (NASA engineer)">Charles Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bikle" title="Paul Bikle">Paul Bikle</a> developed the concept producing a wing that was simple to build which was capable of slow flight and as gentle landing. Between 1960 and 1962 <a href="/wiki/Barry_Hill_Palmer" title="Barry Hill Palmer">Barry Hill Palmer</a> used this concept to make foot-launched hang gliders, followed in 1963 by Mike Burns who built a kite-hang glider called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skiplane (page does not exist)">Skiplane</a>. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dickenson" title="John W. Dickenson">John W. Dickenson</a> began commercial production.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_paragliders">Development of paragliders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Development of paragliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a></div> <p>January 10, 1963 American <a href="/wiki/Domina_Jalbert" title="Domina Jalbert">Domina Jalbert</a> filed a patent <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3131894">US Patent 3131894</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Parafoil" title="Parafoil">Parafoil</a> which had sectioned cells in an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">aerofoil</a> shape; an open leading edge and a closed trailing edge, inflated by passage through the air – the <i>ram-air</i> design.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 'Sail Wing' was developed further for recovery of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> space capsules by David Barish. Testing was done by using <a href="/wiki/Ridge_lift" title="Ridge lift">ridge lift</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After tests on <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Mountain_(New_York)" title="Hunter Mountain (New York)">Hunter Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> in September 1965, he went on to promote "<a href="/wiki/Slope_soaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slope soaring">slope soaring</a>" as a summer activity for <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski resorts</a> (apparently without great success).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA originated the term "paraglider" in the early 1960s, and ‘paragliding’ was first used in the early 1970s to describe foot-launching of gliding parachutes. Although their use is mainly recreational, unmanned paragliders have also been built for military applications e.g. <a href="/wiki/Atair_Insect" title="Atair Insect">Atair Insect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreational_types">Recreational types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recreational types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv/325px--Glider2010-overgunma.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="325" height="183" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Glider2010-overgunma.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Glider2010-overgunma.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/37/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv/Glider2010-overgunma.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>(video) A glider sails over <a href="/wiki/Gunma_prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunma prefecture">Gunma</a>, Japan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main application today of glider aircraft is sport and recreation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sailplane">Sailplane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sailplane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">Glider (sailplane)</a></div> <p>Gliders were developed from the 1920s for recreational purposes. As pilots began to understand how to use rising air, gliders were developed with a high <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a>. These allowed longer glides to the next source of '<a href="/wiki/Lift_(soaring)" title="Lift (soaring)">lift</a>', and so increase their chances of flying long distances. This gave rise to the popular sport known as <a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">gliding</a> although the term can also be used to refer to merely descending flight. Such gliders designed for soaring are sometimes called sailplanes. </p><p>Gliders were mainly built of wood and metal but the majority now have composite materials using glass, carbon fibre and <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a> fibers. To minimise <a href="/wiki/Drag_(force)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (force)">drag</a>, these types have a <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> and long narrow wings, i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration#Aspect_ratio" title="Wing configuration">high aspect ratio</a>. In the beginning, there were huge differences in the appearance of early-sailplanes. As technology and materials developed, the aspiration for the perfect balance between lift/drag, climbing ratio and gliding speed, made engineers from various producers create similar designs across the world. Both single-seat and two-seat gliders are available. </p><p>Initially training was done by short 'hops' in <a href="/wiki/Primary_glider" title="Primary glider">primary gliders</a> which are very basic aircraft with no <a href="/wiki/Cockpit_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockpit (aviation)">cockpit</a> and minimal instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Schweizer_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schweizer-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since shortly after World War II training has always been done in two-seat dual control gliders, but high performance two-seaters are also used to share the workload and the enjoyment of long flights. Originally skids were used for landing, but the majority now land on wheels, often retractable. Some gliders, known as <a href="/wiki/Motor_glider" title="Motor glider">motor gliders</a>, are designed for unpowered flight, but can deploy <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">piston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotary_engine" title="Rotary engine">rotary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric engines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gliders are classified by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a> for competitions into <a href="/wiki/Glider_competition_classes" title="Glider competition classes">glider competition classes</a> mainly on the basis of span and flaps. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goatglider.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Goatglider.jpg/220px-Goatglider.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Goatglider.jpg/330px-Goatglider.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Goatglider.jpg/440px-Goatglider.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Ultralight "airchair" <a href="/wiki/Sandlin_Goat" title="Sandlin Goat">Sandlin Goat</a> 1 glider</figcaption></figure><p> A class of ultralight sailplanes, including some known as <a href="/wiki/Microlift_glider" title="Microlift glider">microlift gliders</a> and some as 'airchairs', has been defined by the FAI based on a maximum weight. They are light enough to be transported easily, and can be flown without licensing in some countries. Ultralight gliders have performance similar to <a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">hang gliders</a>, but offer some additional crash safety as the pilot can be strapped in an upright seat within a deformable structure. Landing is usually on one or two wheels which distinguishes these craft from hang gliders. Several commercial ultralight gliders have come and gone, but most current development is done by individual designers and home builders. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hang_gliders">Hang gliders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hang gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg/220px-Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg/330px-Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg/440px-Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Modern 'flexible wing' hang glider.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></div> <p>Unlike a sailplane, a hang glider is capable of being carried, foot launched and landed solely by the use of the pilot's legs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the original and still most common designs, Class 1, the pilot is suspended from the center of the flexible wing and controls the aircraft by shifting their weight.</li> <li>Class 2 (designated by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a> as Sub-Class O-2) have a rigid primary structure with movable aerodynamic surfaces, such as <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">spoilers</a>, as the primary method of control. The pilot is often enclosed by means of a <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairing</a>. These offer the best performance and are the most expensive.</li> <li>Class 4 hang gliders are unable to demonstrate consistent ability to safely take-off and/or land in nil-wind conditions, but otherwise are capable of being launched and landed by the use of the pilot's legs.</li> <li>Class 5 hang gliders have a rigid primary structure with movable aerodynamic surfaces as the primary method of control and can safely take-off and land in nil-wind conditions. No pilot fairings are permitted.</li></ul> <p>In a hang glider the shape of the wing is determined by a structure, and it is this that distinguishes them from the other main type of foot-launched aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Paraglider" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraglider">paragliders</a>, technically Class 3. Some hang gliders have engines, and are known as <a href="/wiki/Powered_hang_glider" title="Powered hang glider">powered hang gliders</a>. Due to their commonality of parts, construction and design, they are usually considered by aviation authorities to be hang gliders, even though they may use the engine for the entire flight. Some flexible wing powered aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_trike" title="Ultralight trike">Ultralight trikes</a>, have a wheeled undercarriage, and so are not hang gliders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paragliders">Paragliders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Paragliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paraglidertakeoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Paraglidertakeoff.jpg/220px-Paraglidertakeoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Paraglidertakeoff.jpg/330px-Paraglidertakeoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9c/Paraglidertakeoff.jpg/440px-Paraglidertakeoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A paraglider taking off in Brazil</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a></div> <p>A paraglider is a free-flying, foot-launched aircraft. The pilot sits in a harness suspended below a fabric wing. Unlike a hang glider whose wings have frames, the form of a paraglider wing is formed by the pressure of air entering vents or cells in the front of the wing. This is known as a ram-air wing (similar to the smaller parachute design). The paraglider's light and simple design allows them to be packed and carried in large backpacks, and make them one of the simplest and economical modes of flight. Competition level wings can achieve glide ratios up to 1:10 and fly around speeds of 45 km/h (28 mph). </p><p>Like sailplanes and hang gliders, paragliders use rising air (thermals or ridge lift) to gain height. This process is the basis for most recreational flights and competitions, though aerobatics and 'spot landing competitions' also occur. Launching is often done by jogging down a slope, but winch launches behind a towing vehicle are also used. A <a href="/wiki/Paramotor" title="Paramotor">Paramotor</a> is a paraglider wing powered by a motor attached to the back of the pilot, and is also known as a <a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">powered paraglider</a>. A variation of this is the <a href="/wiki/Paraplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraplane">paraplane</a>, which has a motor mounted on a wheeled frame rather than the pilot's back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_gliders,_hang_gliders_and_paragliders"><span id="Comparison_of_gliders.2C_hang_gliders_and_paragliders"></span>Comparison of gliders, hang gliders and paragliders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Comparison of gliders, hang gliders and paragliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There can be confusion between gliders, hang gliders, and <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliders</a>. Paragliders and hang gliders are both foot-launched glider aircraft and in both cases the pilot is suspended ("hangs") below the lift surface. "Hang glider" is the term for those where the airframe contains rigid structures, whereas the primary structure of paragliders is supple, consisting mainly of woven material. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Paraglider" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraglider">Paragliders</a> </th> <th width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliders" class="mw-redirect" title="Hang gliders">Hang gliders</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">Gliders/Sailplanes</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Undercarriage </th> <td>pilot's legs used for take-off and landing </td> <td>pilot's legs used for take-off and landing </td> <td>aircraft takes off and lands using a wheeled undercarriage or skids </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Wing structure </th> <td>entirely flexible, with shape maintained purely by the pressure of air flowing into and over the wing in flight and the tension of the lines </td> <td>generally flexible but supported on a rigid frame which determines its shape (note that rigid-wing hang gliders also exist) </td> <td>rigid wing surface which totally encases wing structure </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Pilot position </th> <td>sitting in a harness </td> <td>usually lying prone in a cocoon-like harness suspended from the wing; seated and <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine</a> are also possible </td> <td>sitting in a seat with a harness, surrounded by a crash-resistant structure </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Speed range <br />(stall speed – max speed) </th> <td>slowest – typically 25 to 60 km/h for recreational gliders (over 50 km/h requires use of speed bar),<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence easier to launch and fly in light winds; least wind penetration; pitch variation can be achieved with the controls </td> <td>faster than paragliders, slower than gliders/sailplaines </td> <td>maximum speed up to about 280 km/h (170 mph);<sup id="cite_ref-ASW27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stall speed typically 65 km/h (40 mph);<sup id="cite_ref-ASW27_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> able to fly in windier turbulent conditions and can outrun bad weather; good penetration into a headwind </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Maximum glide ratio </th> <td>about 10, relatively poor glide performance makes long distance flights more difficult; current (as of May 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) world record is 564 kilometres (350 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-fai_hg_record_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fai_hg_record-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>about 17, with up to 20 for rigid wings </td> <td>open class sailplanes – typically around 60:1, but in more common 15–18 meter span aircraft, glide ratios are between 38:1 and 52:1;<sup id="cite_ref-DAeC-handicap_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAeC-handicap-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high glide performance enabling long distance flight, with 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) being current (as of November 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) record<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Turn radius </th> <td>tightest turn radius<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>somewhat larger turn radius than paragliders, tigher than gliders/sailplanes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>widest turn radius but still able to circle tightly in thermals<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Landing </th> <td>smallest space needed to land, offering more landing options from cross-country flights; also easiest to pack up and carry like a bag to the nearest road </td> <td>15 m to 60 m length flat area required; can be derigged by one person and carried to the nearest road </td> <td>landings can be performed in ~250 m length field. Aerial retrieve may be possible but if not, specialized trailer needed to retrieve by road. Some sailplanes have engines that remove the need for an out-landing, if successfully started on time </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Learning </th> <td>simplest and quickest to learn </td> <td>teaching is done in single and two-seat hang gliders </td> <td>teaching is done in a two-seat glider with dual controls </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Convenience </th> <td>packs smaller (easier to transport and store) </td> <td>more awkward to transport and store; longer to rig and de-rig; often transported on the roof of a car </td> <td>often stored and transported in purpose-built trailers about 9 metres long, from which they are rigged. Although rigging aids allow a single person to rig a glider, usually the rigging involves 2 or 3 people. Some frequently used sailplanes are stored already rigged in hangars. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Cost </th> <td>cost of new is €1500 and up,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cheapest but shortest lasting (around 500 hours flying time, depending on treatment), active second-hand market<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>cost of new glider very high (top of the range 18 m turbo with instruments and trailer €250,000) but it is long lasting (up to several decades), so active second-hand market; typical cost is from €2,000 to €145,000<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_gliders">Military gliders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_glider" title="Military glider">Military glider</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waco_CG-4A_USAF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Waco_CG-4A_USAF.JPG/220px-Waco_CG-4A_USAF.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Waco_CG-4A_USAF.JPG/330px-Waco_CG-4A_USAF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Waco_CG-4A_USAF.JPG/440px-Waco_CG-4A_USAF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Waco_CG-4" title="Waco CG-4">Waco CG-4</a>A of the USAF</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Military gliders</b> were used mainly during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> for carrying troops and heavy equipment (see <a href="/wiki/Glider_infantry" title="Glider infantry">Glider infantry</a>) to a combat zone, including the British <a href="/wiki/Airspeed_Horsa" title="Airspeed Horsa">Airspeed Horsa</a>, Russian <a href="/wiki/Polikarpov_BDP_S-1" title="Polikarpov BDP S-1">Polikarpov BDP S-1</a>, American <a href="/wiki/Waco_CG-3" title="Waco CG-3">Waco CG-3</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kokusai_Ku-8" title="Kokusai Ku-8">Kokusai Ku-8</a>, and German <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_322" title="Junkers Ju 322">Junkers Ju 322</a>. These aircraft were towed into the air and most of the way to their target by military transport planes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/C-47_Skytrain" class="mw-redirect" title="C-47 Skytrain">C-47 Dakota</a>, or by bombers that had been relegated to secondary activities, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Short Stirling</a>. Once released from the tow near the target, they landed as close to the target as possible. Advantages over paratroopers were that heavy equipment could be landed and that the troops were quickly assembled rather than being dispersed over a drop zone. The gliders were treated as disposable leading to construction from common and inexpensive materials such as wood, though a few were retrieved and re-used. By the time of the Korean War, transport aircraft had also become larger and more efficient so that even light tanks could be dropped by parachute, causing gliders to fall out of favor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_aircraft">Research aircraft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">Experimental aircraft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horten_H.IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Horten_H.IV.jpg/220px-Horten_H.IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Horten_H.IV.jpg/330px-Horten_H.IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Horten_H.IV.jpg/440px-Horten_H.IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Horten Ho IV flying wing sailplane prone seating glider</figcaption></figure> <p>Even after the development of powered aircraft, gliders have been built for research, where the lack of powerplant reduces complexity and construction costs and speeds development, particularly where new and poorly understood aerodynamic ideas are being tested that might require significant airframe changes. Examples have included delta wings, flying wings, lifting bodies and other unconventional lifting surfaces where existing theories were not sufficiently developed to estimate full scale characteristics. </p><p>Unpowered <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wings</a> built for aerodynamic research include the <a href="/wiki/Horten_brothers" title="Horten brothers">Horten</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_wing" title="Flying wing">flying wings</a>, the scaled glider version of the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_A.W.52" title="Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52">Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52</a> jet powered flying wing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lifting_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifting bodies">Lifting bodies</a> were also developed using unpowered prototypes. Although the idea can be dated to <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Justus_Burnelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent Justus Burnelli">Vincent Justus Burnelli</a> in 1921, interest was nearly non-existent until it appeared to be a solution for returning spacecraft. Traditional space capsules have little directional control while conventionally winged craft cannot handle the stresses of re-entry, whereas a lifting body combines the benefits of both. The lifting bodies use the fuselage itself to generate <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> without employing the usual thin and flat wing so as to minimize the drag and structure of a wing for very high <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic">hypersonic</a> flight as might be experienced during the <a href="/wiki/Re-entry" class="mw-redirect" title="Re-entry">re-entry</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. Examples of type are the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_HL-10" title="Northrop HL-10">Northrop HL-10</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin-Marietta_X-24" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin-Marietta X-24">Martin-Marietta X-24</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/NASA_Paresev" title="NASA Paresev">NASA Paresev Rogallo</a> flexible wing glider was built to investigate alternative methods of recovering spacecraft. Although this application was abandoned, publicity inspired hobbyists to adapt the flexible wing airfoil for modern hang gliders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rocket_gliders">Rocket gliders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rocket gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messerschmitt_Me_163B_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Messerschmitt_Me_163B_USAF.jpg/220px-Messerschmitt_Me_163B_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Messerschmitt_Me_163B_USAF.jpg/330px-Messerschmitt_Me_163B_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Messerschmitt_Me_163B_USAF.jpg/440px-Messerschmitt_Me_163B_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1383" /></a><figcaption>Me 163B on display at the National Museum of the USAF</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rocket_glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket glider">Rocket glider</a></div> <p>Rocket-powered aircraft consume their fuel quickly and so most must land unpowered unless there is another power source. The first rocket plane was the <a href="/wiki/Lippisch_Ente" title="Lippisch Ente">Lippisch Ente</a>, and later examples include the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163" class="mw-redirect" title="Messerschmitt Me 163">Messerschmitt Me 163</a> rocket-powered interceptor.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American series of research aircraft starting with the <a href="/wiki/Bell_X-1" title="Bell X-1">Bell X-1</a> in 1946 up to the <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">North American X-15</a> spent more time flying unpowered than under power. In the 1960s research was also done on unpowered <a href="/wiki/Lifting_bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifting bodies">lifting bodies</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/X-20_Dyna-Soar" class="mw-redirect" title="X-20 Dyna-Soar">X-20 Dyna-Soar</a> project, but although the X20 was cancelled, this research eventually led to the Space Shuttle. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_orbiter" title="Space Shuttle orbiter">Space Shuttle</a> first flew on April 12, 1981. The Shuttle re-entered at <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a> 25 at the end of each <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>, landing entirely as a glider. The Space Shuttle and its <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> equivalent, the <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran shuttle</a>, were by far the fastest ever aircraft. Recent examples of rocket glider include the privately funded <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a> which is intended for sub-orbital flight and the <a href="/wiki/XCOR_EZ-Rocket" title="XCOR EZ-Rocket">XCOR EZ-Rocket</a> which is being used to test engines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rotary_wing">Rotary wing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rotary wing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">Rotor kite</a></div> <p>Most unpowered <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotary-wing aircraft</a> are kites rather than gliders, i.e. they are usually towed behind a car or boat rather than being capable of free flight. These are known as <a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">rotor kites</a>. However rotary-winged gliders, 'gyrogliders', were investigated that could descend like an <a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">autogyro</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> from <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotors</a> to reduce the vertical speed. These were evaluated as a method of dropping people or equipment from other aircraft. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unmanned_gliders">Unmanned gliders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Unmanned gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper_airplane">Paper airplane</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Paper airplane"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paper_airplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper airplane">Paper airplane</a></div> <p>A paper plane, paper aeroplane (UK), paper airplane (US), paper glider, paper dart or dart is a toy aircraft (usually a glider) made out of paper or paperboard; the practice of constructing paper planes is sometimes referred to as aerogami (Japanese: kamihikōki), after origami, the Japanese art of paper folding.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_gliders">Model gliders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Model gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Model_glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Model glider">Model glider</a></div> <p><b>Model glider aircraft</b> are flying or non-flying models of existing or imaginary gliders, often scaled-down versions of full size planes, using lightweight materials such as <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochroma_pyramidale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochroma pyramidale">balsa</a> <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fibreglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibreglass">fibreglass</a>. Designs range from simple glider aircraft, to accurate <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale models</a>, some of which can be very large. </p><p>Larger outdoor models are usually <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_glider" title="Radio-controlled glider">radio-controlled gliders</a> that are piloted remotely from the ground with a <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitter</a>. These can remain airborne for extended periods by using the lift produced by <a href="/wiki/Slope_soaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slope soaring">slopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal" title="Thermal">thermals</a>. These can be winched into wind by a line attached to a hook under the fuselage with a ring, so that the line will drop when the model is overhead. Other methods of launching include towing aloft using a model powered aircraft, catapult-launching using an elastic <a href="/wiki/Bungee_cord" title="Bungee cord">bungee cord</a> and hand-launching. When hand-launching the newer <a href="/wiki/Discus_Launch_Glider" title="Discus Launch Glider">"discus" style</a> of wing-tip hand-launching has largely supplanted the earlier "javelin" type of launch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glide_bombs">Glide bombs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Glide bombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">Glide bomb</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Glide_bomb" title="Glide bomb">glide bomb</a> is a bomb with aerodynamic surfaces to allow a gliding flightpath rather than a ballistic one. This allows the bomber aircraft to stand off from the target and launch the bomb from a safe distance. Most types have a remote control system which enables the aircraft to direct the bomb accurately to the target. Glide bombs were developed in Germany from as early as 1915. In World War II they were most successful as anti-shipping weapons. Some air forces today are equipped with gliding devices that can remotely attack airbases with a <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bomb</a> warhead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding_flight" title="Gliding flight">Gliding flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpowered_aircraft" title="Unpowered aircraft">Unpowered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glider_(aircraft)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/glider_handbook/media/faa-h-8083-13.pdf">FAA Glider handbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206073836/http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/glider_handbook/media/faa-h-8083-13.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liberman, Anatoly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/7etym.pdf">"An Addendum to “Ten Scandinavian and North English Etymologies”"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195306/http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~alvismal/7etym.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from <i>alvíssmál</i> 7. 1997. 101–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr." title="Lynn Townsend White Jr.">Lynn Townsend White Jr.</a> (Spring, 1961) "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", <i>Technology and Culture</i> <b>2</b> (2), pp. 97–111 [100–101].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, L. Jr., <i>Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator</i>. Medieval Religion and Technology. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978, Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr." title="Lynn Townsend White Jr.">Lynn Townsend White Jr.</a> (Spring, 1961). "Eilmer of Malmesbury, an Eleventh Century Aviator: A Case Study of Technological Innovation, Its Context and Tradition", <i>Technology and Culture</i> <b>2</b> (2), pp. 97–111 [98 & 101].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmistanbulbogazici.com/who-is-hezarfen-ahmet-celebi/">Who is Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121173615/http://www.cmistanbulbogazici.com/who-is-hezarfen-ahmet-celebi/">Archived</a> 2016-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.privatetour.net/hezarfen-ahmet-celebi-the-first-man-to-fly">Hezârfen Ahmed Çelebi "The First Man to Fly"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121173616/http://www.privatetour.net/hezarfen-ahmet-celebi-the-first-man-to-fly">Archived</a> 2016-01-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Çelebi, Evliya (2003). Seyahatname. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harwood, Craig S. and Fogel, Gary B. <i>Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West</i>, University of Oklahoma Press 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fai.org/page/igc-1000km-badges">"FAI list of people with 1000km diplomas"</a>. 5 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190508043629/https://www.fai.org/page/igc-1000km-badges">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+list+of+people+with+1000km+diplomas&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Fpage%2Figc-1000km-badges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> Hang Gliding Diploma (2006) for the invention of the modern hang glider: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/awards/award.asp?id=21">FAI Award: The FAI Hang Gliding Diploma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110518115844/http://www.fai.org/awards/award.asp?id=21">Archived</a> 2011-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913071154/http://www.circlinghawk.com/history.html">"History of Paragliding"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circlinghawk.com/history.html">the original</a> on 2009-09-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Paragliding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circlinghawk.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608083256/http://www.ushpa.aero/article.asp?id=29">"Pilot Profile: David Barish, the Probable Inventor of the Paraglider"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushpa.aero/article.asp?id=29">the original</a> on 2010-06-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pilot+Profile%3A+David+Barish%2C+the+Probable+Inventor+of+the+Paraglider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushpa.aero%2Farticle.asp%3Fid%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyaboveall.com/articles/davidbarish.htm">David Barish, The Forgotten Father of Paragliding</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101029042939/http://www.flyaboveall.com/articles/davidbarish.htm">Archived</a> 2010-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schweizer-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schweizer_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schweizer, Paul A: <i>Wings Like Eagles, The Story of Soaring in the United States</i>, pages 14–22. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87474-828-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87474-828-3">0-87474-828-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-definition-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-definition_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106224126/http://www.fai.org/component/phocadownload/category/?download=5849:section-3-2012">"Definition of gliders used for sporting purposes in FAI Sporting Code"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/component/phocadownload/category/?download=5849:section-3-2012">the original</a> on 2014-01-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+gliders+used+for+sporting+purposes+in+FAI+Sporting+Code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Fcomponent%2Fphocadownload%2Fcategory%2F%3Fdownload%3D5849%3Asection-3-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319104911/http://www.fai.org/hang_gliding/system/files/sc07a_2008.pdf">"FAI Sporting Code Section 7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/hang_gliding/system/files/sc07a_2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+Sporting+Code+Section+7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Fhang_gliding%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fsc07a_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530230302/http://www.advance.ch/Technical-details.793.0.html?&L=1">"Technical data for Advance Omega 8"</a>. Advance AG. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.advance.ch/Technical-details.793.0.html?&L=1">the original</a> on 2013-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technical+data+for+Advance+Omega+8&rft.pub=Advance+AG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advance.ch%2FTechnical-details.793.0.html%3F%26L%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASW27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASW27_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASW27_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Flight Manual of Scheicher ASW27b</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+Paragliding+record&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.fai.org%2Ffile%3Fi%3D2%26f%3D15231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAeC-handicap-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DAeC-handicap_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224210210/http://www.daec.de/se/downfiles/2008/DMSt-WO2008.pdf">"Handicap list 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Deutsche Meisterschaft im Streckensegelflug</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutscher_Aero_Club&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutscher Aero Club (page does not exist)">Deutscher Aero Club</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daec.de/se/downfiles/2008/DMSt-WO2008.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Meisterschaft+im+Streckensegelflug&rft.atitle=Handicap+list+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daec.de%2Fse%2Fdownfiles%2F2008%2FDMSt-WO2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110911143728/http://records.fai.org/data?v1=275">"FAI records"</a>. Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.fai.org/data?v1=275">the original</a> on 2011-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-11-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+records&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.fai.org%2Fdata%3Fv1%3D275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1994" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Ken (1994). <i>The Glider Pilot's Manual</i>. Airlife Publishing Ltd. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85310-504-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85310-504-X"><bdi>1-85310-504-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glider+Pilot%27s+Manual&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85310-504-X&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027050358/http://ozone-france.fr/brochures.html">"Brochures Ozone"</a>. Ozone France. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ozone-france.fr/brochures.html">the original</a> on 2013-10-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brochures+Ozone&rft.pub=Ozone+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozone-france.fr%2Fbrochures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paraglidingforum.com/viewforum.php?f=2">"Typical set of classified ads for paragliders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330063828/http://www.paraglidingforum.com/viewforum.php?f=2">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-03-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Typical+set+of+classified+ads+for+paragliders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paraglidingforum.com%2Fviewforum.php%3Ff%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segelflug.de/cgi-bin/classifieds/classifieds.cgi">"Typical set of classified ads for gliders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206025551/http://www.segelflug.de/cgi-bin/classifieds/classifieds.cgi">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Typical+set+of+classified+ads+for+gliders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segelflug.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclassifieds%2Fclassifieds.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Me 163 was powered by an unstable fuel mix and landing with fuel left caused several accidents</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pragyan.org/16/home/events/chill_pill/aerogami/">"Aerogami – Event Description"</a>. <i>Pragyan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321063409/https://www.pragyan.org/16/home/events/chill_pill/aerogami/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pragyan&rft.atitle=Aerogami+%E2%80%93+Event+Description&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pragyan.org%2F16%2Fhome%2Fevents%2Fchill_pill%2Faerogami%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlider+%28aircraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_aircraft_by_methods_of_thrust_and_lift" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_types_(by_method_of_thrust_and_lift)" title="Template:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_types_(by_method_of_thrust_and_lift)" title="Template talk:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_types_(by_method_of_thrust_and_lift)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_aircraft_by_methods_of_thrust_and_lift" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> by methods of <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef;">  </th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background-color: #e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft#Heavier_than_air_–_aerodynes" title="Aircraft">Aerodyne</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Lighter than air gas</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Fixed wing</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Unpowered rotor</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Powered rotor </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Unpowered free flight </th> <td>(Free) <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloon</a></td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glider</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a>, etc. in <a href="/wiki/Autorotation" title="Autorotation">autorotation</a></td> <td>(None – see note 2) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Tethered (static or towed) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tethered_balloon" title="Tethered balloon">Tethered balloon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kite</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">Rotor kite</a></td> <td>(None – see note 2) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Powered </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopter</a>, etc.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro">Autogyro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyrodyne" title="Gyrodyne">Gyrodyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Note 1: <span class="wrap">A <a href="/wiki/Tiltwing" title="Tiltwing">tiltwing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor" title="Tiltrotor">tiltrotor</a> aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Note 2: <span class="wrap">For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Balloon_helicopter" title="Balloon helicopter">balloon helicopter</a>) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Note 3: <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Ground-effect_vehicle" title="Ground-effect vehicle">Ground-effect vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> are not included in the table, nor are <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">experimental aircraft</a> with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Coleopter" title="Coleopter">coleopter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Thrust_Measuring_Rig" title="Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig">Flying Bedstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar" title="Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar">Avrocar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flettner_airplane" title="Flettner airplane">flettner airplane</a>) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kytoon" title="Kytoon">kytoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_airship" title="Hybrid airship">hybrid airship</a>).</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165278#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85055271">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531320505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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