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<span>Components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hang_glider_sailcloth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hang_glider_sailcloth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hang glider sailcloth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hang_glider_sailcloth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triangle_control_frame" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triangle_control_frame"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Triangle control frame</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triangle_control_frame-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Training and safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soaring_flight_and_cross-country_flying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soaring_flight_and_cross-country_flying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Soaring flight and cross-country flying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soaring_flight_and_cross-country_flying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability_and_equilibrium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability_and_equilibrium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Stability and equilibrium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability_and_equilibrium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Instruments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Instruments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Variometer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variometer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Variometer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variometer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>GPS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Competition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerobatics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerobatics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Aerobatics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerobatics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_hang_gliders,_paragliders,_and_gliders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_hang_gliders,_paragliders,_and_gliders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Comparison of hang gliders, paragliders, and gliders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_hang_gliders,_paragliders,_and_gliders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hang_gliding_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hang_gliding_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Hang gliding in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hang_gliding_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82" title="طيران شراعي معلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيران شراعي معلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Делтапланеризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Делтапланеризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol_amb_ala_delta" title="Vol amb ala delta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vol amb ala delta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1v%C4%9Bsn%C3%A9_l%C3%A9t%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Závěsné létání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Závěsné létání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanggliding" title="Hanggliding – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hanggliding" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drachenfliegen" title="Drachenfliegen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Drachenfliegen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaplana_sporto" title="Deltaplana sporto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Deltaplana sporto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کایت‌سواری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کایت‌سواری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deltaplane_(sport)" title="Deltaplane (sport) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Deltaplane (sport)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zmajarstvo" title="Zmajarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zmajarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang_gantung" title="Layang gantung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Layang gantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גלישה אווירית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלישה אווירית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="დელტაპლანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დელტაპლანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дельтапланеризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дельтапланеризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1rk%C3%A1nyrep%C3%BCl%C5%91" title="Sárkányrepülő – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sárkányrepülő" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layang_gantuang" title="Layang gantuang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Layang gantuang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="ハンググライダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンググライダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Дельтапланерный спорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дельтапланерный спорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hang gliding" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A4ngflygning" title="Hängflygning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hängflygning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Дельтапланеризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дельтапланеризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E6%8C%82%E5%BC%8F%E6%BB%91%E7%BF%94" title="悬挂式滑翔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="悬挂式滑翔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unpowered glider air sport</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hang_gliding_hyner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hang_gliding_hyner.jpg/220px-Hang_gliding_hyner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hang_gliding_hyner.jpg/330px-Hang_gliding_hyner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Hang_gliding_hyner.jpg/440px-Hang_gliding_hyner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Hang glider just after launch from <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A8ve" title="Salève">Salève</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hang gliding</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Air_sports" title="Air sports">air sport</a> or recreational activity in which a pilot flies a light, non-motorised, <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing</a> heavier-than-air <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> called a <b>hang glider</b>. Most modern hang gliders are made of an <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a> frame covered with synthetic <a href="/wiki/Sailcloth" title="Sailcloth">sailcloth</a><sup id="cite_ref-willswing_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willswing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form a <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wing</a>. Typically the pilot is in a harness suspended from the <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a>, and controls the aircraft by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame. </p><p>Early hang gliders had a low <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a>, so pilots were restricted to <a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">gliding</a> down small hills. By the 1980s this ratio significantly improved, and since then pilots have been able to <a href="/wiki/Lift_(soaring)" title="Lift (soaring)">soar</a> for hours, gain thousands of feet of altitude in <a href="/wiki/Thermal" title="Thermal">thermal</a> updrafts, perform aerobatics, and glide cross-country for hundreds of kilometers. The <a href="/wiki/Federation_Aeronautique_Internationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation Aeronautique Internationale">Federation Aeronautique Internationale</a> and national airspace governing organisations control some regulatory aspects of hang gliding. Obtaining the safety benefits of being instructed is highly recommended and indeed a mandatory requirement in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-How-to-buy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How-to-buy-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HGFA-learning_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGFA-learning-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_hang_gliding" title="History of hang gliding">History of hang gliding</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg/220px-Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg/330px-Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg/440px-Lilienthal_in_flight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1853, <a href="/wiki/George_Cayley" title="George Cayley">George Cayley</a> invented a slope-launched, piloted glider. Most early glider designs did not ensure safe flight; the problem was that early flight pioneers did not sufficiently understand the underlying principles that made a bird's wing work. Starting in the 1880s, technical and scientific advancements were made that led to the first truly practical <a href="/wiki/Glider_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glider aircraft">gliders</a>, such as those developed in the United States by <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Montgomery" title="John Joseph Montgomery">John Joseph Montgomery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a> built controllable gliders in the 1890s, with which he could <a href="/wiki/Ridge_lift" title="Ridge lift">ridge soar</a>. His rigorously documented work influenced later designers, making Lilienthal one of the most influential early <a href="/wiki/Aviation_pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation pioneers">aviation pioneers</a>. His aircraft was controlled by weight shift and is similar to a modern hang glider. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lavezzari_hang_glider.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lavezzari_hang_glider.jpg/220px-Lavezzari_hang_glider.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lavezzari_hang_glider.jpg/330px-Lavezzari_hang_glider.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lavezzari_hang_glider.jpg/440px-Lavezzari_hang_glider.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jan_Lavezzari" title="Jan Lavezzari">Jan Lavezzari</a> with a double sail glider</figcaption></figure> <p>Hang gliding saw a stiffened flexible wing hang glider in 1904, when <a href="/wiki/Jan_Lavezzari" title="Jan Lavezzari">Jan Lavezzari</a> flew a double lateen sail hang glider off <a href="/wiki/Berck" title="Berck">Berck Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In 1910 in <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_control_frame" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle control frame">triangle control frame</a> with hang glider pilot hung behind the triangle in a hang glider, was evident in a gliding club's activity.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biplane hang glider was very widely publicized in public magazines with plans for building;<sup id="cite_ref-spicerweb_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spicerweb-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such biplane hang gliders were constructed and flown in several nations since <a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute" title="Octave Chanute">Octave Chanute</a> and his tailed biplane hang gliders were demonstrated. In April 1909, a how-to article by Carl S. Bates proved to be a seminal hang glider article that seemingly affected builders even of contemporary times. Many builders would have their first <a href="/wiki/Hang_glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Hang glider">hang glider</a> made by following the plan in his article.<sup id="cite_ref-comcast_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comcast-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volmer Jensen with a biplane hang glider in 1940 called VJ-11 allowed safe three-axis control of a foot-launched hang glider.<sup id="cite_ref-sailplanehomebuilders_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sailplanehomebuilders-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paresev_1-B_in_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000212.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Paresev_1-B_in_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000212.jpg/220px-Paresev_1-B_in_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000212.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Paresev_1-B_in_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000212.jpg/330px-Paresev_1-B_in_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000212.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Paresev_1-B_in_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000212.jpg/440px-Paresev_1-B_in_Tow_Flight_-_GPN-2000-000212.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="2391" /></a><figcaption>NASA's <a href="/wiki/Paresev" class="mw-redirect" title="Paresev">Paresev</a> glider in flight with tow cable <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927120105/http://www.aviation-news.co.uk/Parasev.html">[1]</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 23 November 1948, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rogallo" title="Francis Rogallo">Francis Rogallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Rogallo" title="Gertrude Rogallo">Gertrude Rogallo</a> applied for a <a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">kite</a> patent<sup id="cite_ref-google_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for a fully flexible kited wing with approved claims for its stiffenings and gliding uses; the <i>flexible wing</i> or <a href="/wiki/Rogallo_wing" title="Rogallo wing">Rogallo wing</a>, which in 1957 the American space agency <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> began testing in various flexible and semi-rigid configurations in order to use it as a recovery system for the Gemini <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsules</a>. The various stiffening formats and the wing's simplicity of design and ease of construction, along with its capability of slow flight and its gentle landing characteristics, did not go unnoticed by hang glider enthusiasts. In 1960–1962 <a href="/wiki/Barry_Hill_Palmer" title="Barry Hill Palmer">Barry Hill Palmer</a> adapted the flexible wing concept to make foot-launched hang gliders with four different control arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyaviators_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyaviators-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963 Mike Burns adapted the flexible wing to build a towable kite-hang glider he called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Skiplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skiplane (page does not exist)">Skiplane</a>. In 1963, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dickenson" title="John W. Dickenson">John W. Dickenson</a> adapted the flexible wing <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> concept to make another water-ski kite glider; for this, the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> vested Dickenson with the Hang Gliding Diploma (2006) for the invention of the "modern" hang glider.<sup id="cite_ref-fai_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fai-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Rogallo wing has been the most used <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> of hang gliders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm/220px--Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="264" data-mwtitle="Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm/Hang_Gliding_-_My_First_Thermal.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Hang gliding</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hang_glider_sailcloth">Hang glider sailcloth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hang glider sailcloth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hang glider sailcloth is normally made from woven or laminated fiber, such as <a href="/wiki/Dacron" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacron">dacron</a> or <a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">mylar</a>, respectively. </p><p>Woven polyester sailcloth is a very tight weave of small diameter polyester fibers that has been stabilized by the hot-press impregnation of a polyester resin. The resin impregnation is required to provide resistance to distortion and stretch. This resistance is important in maintaining the aerodynamic shape of the sail. Woven polyester provides the best combination of light weight and durability in a sail, with the best overall handling qualities. </p><p>Laminated sail materials using polyester film achieve superior performance by using a lower stretch material that is better at maintaining sail shape, but is still relatively light in weight. The disadvantages of polyester film fabrics are that the reduced elasticity under load generally results in stiffer and less responsive handling, and polyester laminated fabrics are generally not as durable or long-lasting as the woven fabrics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triangle_control_frame">Triangle control frame</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Triangle control frame"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most hang gliders, the pilot is ensconced in a harness suspended from the <a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">airframe</a>, and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a stationary control frame, also known as a triangle control frame, or an A-frame. The control frame normally consists of 2 "down-tubes" and a control bar/base bar/base-tube. Either end of the control bar is attached to an upright tube or a more aerodynamic strut (a "down-tube"), where both extend from the base-tube and are connected to the apex of the control frame/ the keel of the glider. This creates the shape of a triangle or 'A-frame'. In many of these configurations additional wheels or other equipment can be suspended from the bottom bar or rod ends. </p><p>Images showing a triangle control frame on <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a>'s 1892 hang glider shows that the technology of such frames has existed since the early design of gliders, but he did not mention it in his patents. A control frame for body weight shift was also shown in <a href="/wiki/Octave_Chanute" title="Octave Chanute">Octave Chanute</a>'s designs. It was a major part of the now common design of hang gliders by <a href="/wiki/George_A._Spratt" title="George A. Spratt">George A. Spratt</a> from 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most simple A-frame that is cable-stayed was demonstrated in a Breslau gliding club hang gliding meet in a battened wing foot-launchable hang glider in the year 1908 by W. Simon; hang glider historian Stephan Nitsch has collected instances also of the U control frame used in the first decade of the 1900s; the U is variant of the A-frame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_safety">Training and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Training and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KittyHawk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/KittyHawk.jpg/220px-KittyHawk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/KittyHawk.jpg/330px-KittyHawk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/KittyHawk.jpg/440px-KittyHawk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>Learning to hang glide</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the poor safety record of early hang gliding pioneers, the sport has traditionally been considered unsafe. Advances in pilot training and glider construction have led to a much improved safety record. Modern hang gliders are very sturdy when constructed to Hang Glider Manufacturers Association, <a href="/wiki/British_Hang_Gliding_and_Paragliding_Association" title="British Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association">BHPA</a>, Deutscher Hängegleiterverband, or other certified standards using modern materials. Although lightweight, they can be easily damaged, either through misuse or by continued operation in unsafe wind and weather conditions. All modern gliders have built-in dive recovery mechanisms such as luff lines in kingposted gliders, or "sprogs" in topless gliders. </p><p>Pilots fly in harnesses that support their bodies. Several different types of harnesses exist. Pod harnesses are put on like a jacket and the leg portion is behind the pilot during launch. Once in the air the feet are tucked into the bottom of the harness. They are zipped up in the air with a rope and unzipped before landing with a separate rope. A cocoon harness is slipped over the head and lies in front of the legs during launch. After takeoff, the feet are tucked into it and the back is left open. A knee hanger harness is also slipped over the head but the knee part is wrapped around the knees before launch and just pick up the pilots leg automatically after launch. A supine or suprone harness is a seated harness. The shoulder straps are put on before launch and after takeoff the pilot slides back into the seat and flies in a seated position. </p><p>Pilots carry a <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachute</a> enclosed in the harness. In case of serious problems, the parachute is manually deployed (either by hand or with a <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_parachute" title="Ballistic parachute">ballistic assist</a>) and carries both pilot and glider down to earth. Pilots also wear helmets and generally carry other safety items such as knives (for cutting their parachute bridle after impact or cutting their harness lines and straps in case of a tree or water landing), light ropes (for lowering from trees to haul up tools or climbing ropes), radios (for communication with other pilots or ground crew), and first-aid equipment. </p><p>The accident rate from hang glider flying has been dramatically decreased by pilot training. Early hang glider pilots learned their sport through trial and error and gliders were sometimes home-built. Training programs have been developed for today's pilot with emphasis on flight within safe limits, as well as the discipline to cease flying when weather conditions are unfavorable, for example: excess wind or risk <a href="/wiki/Cloud_suck" title="Cloud suck">cloud suck</a>. </p><p>In the UK, a 2011 study reported there is one death per 116,000 flights, a risk comparable to sudden cardiac death from running a marathon or playing tennis.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An estimate of worldwide mortality rate is one death per 1,000 active pilots per year.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most pilots learn at recognised courses which lead to the internationally recognised International Pilot Proficiency Information card issued by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch">Launch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv/220px--Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="29" data-mwtitle="Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv/Launch_of_a_hang_glider.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Video of a foot-launching from a hill</figcaption></figure> <p>Launch techniques include launching from a hill/cliff/mountain/sand dune/any raised terrain on foot, tow-launching from a ground-based tow system, aerotowing (behind a powered aircraft), <a href="/wiki/Powered_hang_glider" title="Powered hang glider">powered harnesses</a>, and being towed up by a boat. Modern winch tows typically utilize hydraulic systems designed to regulate line tension, this reduces scenarios for lock out as strong aerodynamic forces will result in additional rope spooling out rather than direct tension on the tow line. Other more exotic launch techniques have also been used successfully, such as <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a> drops from very high altitude. When weather conditions are unsuitable to sustain a soaring flight, this results in a top-to-bottom flight and is referred to as a "sled run". In addition to typical launch configurations, a hang glider may be so constructed for alternative launching modes other than being foot launched; one practical avenue for this is for people who physically cannot foot-launch.<sup id="cite_ref-cableairport_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cableairport-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 Denis Cummings re-introduced a safe tow system that was designed to tow through the centre of mass and had a gauge that displayed the towing tension, it also integrated a 'weak link' that broke when the safe tow tension was exceeded. After initial testing, in the Hunter Valley, Denis Cummings, pilot, John Clark, (Redtruck), driver and Bob Silver, officianado, began the Flatlands Hang gliding competition at Parkes, NSW. The competition quickly grew, from 16 pilots the first year to hosting a World Championship with 160 pilots towing from several wheat paddocks in western NSW. In 1986 Denis and 'Redtruck' took a group of international pilots to Alice Springs to take advantage of the massive thermals. Using the new system many world records were set. With the growing use of the system, other launch methods were incorporated, static winch and towing behind an <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_trike" title="Ultralight trike">ultralight trike</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Ultralight_aircraft_(United_States)" title="Ultralight aircraft (United States)">ultralight airplane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soaring_flight_and_cross-country_flying">Soaring flight and cross-country flying</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soaring flight and cross-country flying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoldenMedows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GoldenMedows.jpg/220px-GoldenMedows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GoldenMedows.jpg/330px-GoldenMedows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/GoldenMedows.jpg/440px-GoldenMedows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>Good gliding weather. Well formed <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">cumulus clouds</a> with darker bases suggest active thermals and light winds.</figcaption></figure> <p>A glider in flight is continuously descending, so to achieve an extended flight, the pilot must seek air currents rising faster than the sink rate of the glider. Selecting the sources of rising air currents is the skill that has to be mastered if the pilot wants to achieve flying long distances, known as <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_flying" title="Cross-country flying">cross-country</a> (XC). Rising air masses derive from the following sources:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Thermals</b> </p> <dl><dd>The most commonly used source of lift is created by the Sun's energy heating the ground which in turn heats the air above it. This warm air rises in columns known as <a href="/wiki/Thermals" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermals">thermals</a>. Soaring pilots quickly become aware of land features which can generate thermals and their trigger points downwind, because thermals have a surface tension with the ground and roll until hitting a trigger point. When the thermal lifts, the first indicator are the swooping birds feeding on the insects being carried aloft, or <a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">dust devils</a> or a change in wind direction as the air is pulled in below the thermal. As the thermal climbs, bigger soaring birds indicate the thermal. The thermal rises until it either forms into a <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_cloud" title="Cumulus cloud">cumulus cloud</a> or hits an inversion layer, which is where the surrounding air is becoming warmer with height, and stops the thermal developing into a cloud. Also, nearly every glider contains an instrument known as a <a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">variometer</a> (a very sensitive vertical speed indicator) which shows visually (and often audibly) the presence of lift and sink. Having located a thermal, a glider pilot will circle within the area of rising air to gain height. In the case of a cloud street, thermals can line up with the wind, creating rows of thermals and sinking air. A pilot can use a cloud street to fly long straight-line distances by remaining in the row of rising air.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Ridge lift</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ridge_lift" title="Ridge lift">Ridge lift</a> occurs when the wind encounters a mountain, cliff, hill, sand dune, or any other raised terrain. The air is pushed up the <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> face of the mountain, creating lift. The area of lift extending from the ridge is called the lift band. Providing the air is rising faster than the gliders sink rate, gliders can soar and climb in the rising air by flying within the lift band parallel to the ridge. Ridge soaring is also known as <a href="/wiki/Slope_soaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Slope soaring">slope soaring</a>.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Mountain waves</dt> <dd>The third main type of lift used by glider pilots is the <a href="/wiki/Lee_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee waves">lee waves</a> that occur near mountains. The obstruction to the airflow can generate <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> with alternating areas of lift and sink. The top of each wave peak is often marked by <a href="/wiki/Lenticular_cloud" title="Lenticular cloud">lenticular cloud</a> formations.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Convergence</dt> <dd>Another form of lift results from the <a href="/wiki/Convergence_zone" title="Convergence zone">convergence</a> of air masses, as with a <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea-breeze front</a>. More exotic forms of lift are the polar vortices which the <a href="/wiki/Perlan_Project" title="Perlan Project">Perlan Project</a> hopes to use to soar to great altitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-perlanproject_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perlanproject-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rare phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Morning_glory_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Morning glory cloud">Morning Glory</a> has also been used by glider pilots in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-dropbears_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dropbears-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance">Performance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanggliding03042006.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hanggliding03042006.JPG/220px-Hanggliding03042006.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hanggliding03042006.JPG/330px-Hanggliding03042006.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hanggliding03042006.JPG/440px-Hanggliding03042006.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="2274" /></a><figcaption>Hang glider launching from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tamalpais" title="Mount Tamalpais">Mount Tamalpais</a></figcaption></figure> <p>With each generation of materials and with the improvements in aerodynamics, the performance of hang gliders has increased. One measure of performance is the <a href="/wiki/Gliding_(flight)#Glide_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliding (flight)">glide ratio</a>. For example, a ratio of 12:1 means that in smooth air a glider can travel forward 12 metres while only losing 1 metre of altitude. </p><p>Some performance figures as of 2006: </p> <ul><li>Topless gliders (no <a href="/wiki/Kingpost#Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingpost">kingpost</a>): <a href="/wiki/Gliding_(flight)#Glide_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliding (flight)">glide ratio</a> ~17:1, speed range ~30–145 km/h (19–90 mph), best glide at 45–60 km/h (28–37 mph)</li> <li>Rigid wings: <a href="/wiki/Gliding_(flight)#Glide_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliding (flight)">glide ratio</a> ~20:1, speed range ~35–130 km/h (22–81 mph), best glide at ~50–60 km/h (31–37 mph). .</li></ul> <dl><dt>Ballast</dt> <dd>The extra weight provided by ballast is advantageous if the lift is likely to be strong. Although heavier gliders have a slight disadvantage when climbing in rising air, they achieve a higher speed at any given glide angle. This is an advantage in strong conditions when the gliders spend only little time climbing in thermals.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stability_and_equilibrium">Stability and equilibrium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stability and equilibrium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyener_PA2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hyener_PA2006.jpg/220px-Hyener_PA2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hyener_PA2006.jpg/330px-Hyener_PA2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Hyener_PA2006.jpg/440px-Hyener_PA2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>High performance flexible wing hang glider. 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Because hang gliders are most often used for recreational flying, a premium is placed on gentle behaviour, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stall</a> and natural <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (aircraft)">pitch</a> stability. The wing loading must be very low in order to allow the pilot to run fast enough to get above <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)#"Stall_speed"" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stall speed</a>. Unlike a traditional aircraft with an extended <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> for maintaining stability, hang gliders rely on the natural stability of their flexible wings to return to <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equilibrium" title="Mechanical equilibrium">equilibrium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (aircraft)">yaw</a> and pitch. <a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (aircraft)">Roll</a> stability is generally set to be near neutral. In calm air, a properly designed wing will maintain balanced trimmed flight with little pilot input. The flex wing pilot is suspended beneath the wing by a strap attached to their harness. The pilot lies <a href="/wiki/Prone_position" title="Prone position">prone</a> (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine</a>) within a large, triangular, metal control frame. Controlled flight is achieved by the pilot pushing and pulling on this control frame, thus shifting their weight fore or aft, and right or left in coordinated maneuvers. </p> <dl><dt>Roll</dt> <dd>Most flexible wings are set up with near neutral roll due to <a href="/wiki/Sideslip" class="mw-redirect" title="Sideslip">sideslip</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aircraft)#Anhedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihedral (aircraft)">anhedral</a> effect). In the roll axis, the pilot shifts their body mass using the wing control bar, applying a rolling moment directly to the wing. The flexible wing is built to flex differentially across the span in response to the pilot applied roll moment. For example, if the pilot shifts their weight to the right, the right wing trailing edge flexes up more than the left, creating dissimilar lift that rolls the glider to the right.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Yaw</dt> <dd>The <a href="/wiki/Yaw_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaw angle">yaw</a> axis is stabilized through the backward-sweep of the wings. The swept platform, when yawed out of the <a href="/wiki/Relative_wind" title="Relative wind">relative wind</a>, creates more <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> on the advancing wing and also more drag, stabilizing the wing in yaw. If one wing advances ahead of the other, it presents more area to the wind and causes more drag on that side. This causes the advancing wing to go slower and to retreat back. The wing is at equilibrium when the aircraft is travelling straight and both wings present the same amount of area to the wind.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Pitch</dt> <dd>The pitch control response is direct and very efficient. It is partially stabilized by the <a href="/wiki/Washout_(aeronautics)" title="Washout (aeronautics)">washout</a> combined with the <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">sweep</a> of the wings, which results in a different angle of attack of the rear most lifting surfaces of the glider. The wing centre of gravity is close to the hang point and, at the trim speed, the wing will fly "hands off" and return to trim after being disturbed. The weight-shift control system only works when the wing is positively loaded (right side up). Positive pitching devices such as reflex lines or washout rods are employed to maintain a minimum safe amount of washout when the wing is unloaded or even negatively loaded (upside down). Flying faster than trim speed is accomplished by moving the pilot's weight forward in the control frame; flying slower by shifting the pilot's weight aft (pushing out).</dd></dl> <p>Furthermore, the fact that the wing is designed to bend and flex, provides favourable dynamics analogous to a spring suspension. This provides a gentler flying experience than a similarly sized rigid-winged hang glider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments">Instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To maximize a pilot's understanding of how the hang glider is flying, most pilots carry <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight instruments</a>. The most basic being a variometer and altimeter—often combined. Some more advanced pilots also carry airspeed indicators and radios. When flying in competition or <i>cross country</i>, pilots often also carry maps and/or <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> units. Hang gliders do not have instrument panels as such, so all the instruments are mounted to the control frame of the glider or occasionally strapped to the pilot's forearm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variometer">Variometer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variometer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gleitschirmvario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gleitschirmvario.jpg/170px-Gleitschirmvario.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gleitschirmvario.jpg/255px-Gleitschirmvario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Gleitschirmvario.jpg/340px-Gleitschirmvario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Vario-altimeter (c. 1998)</figcaption></figure> <p>Gliding pilots are able to sense the <a href="/wiki/Acceleration" title="Acceleration">acceleration</a> forces when they first hit a thermal, but have difficulty gauging constant motion. Thus it is difficult to detect the difference between constantly rising air and constantly sinking air. A <a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">variometer</a> is a very sensitive vertical speed indicator. The variometer indicates climb rate or sink rate with audio signals (beeps) and/or a visual display. These units are generally electronic, vary in sophistication, and often include an <a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">altimeter</a> and an airspeed indicator. More advanced units often incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Barograph" title="Barograph">barograph</a> for recording flight data and/or a built-in GPS. The main purpose of a variometer is in helping a pilot find and stay in the 'core' of a thermal to maximize height gain, and conversely indicating when he or she is in sinking air and needs to find rising air. Variometers are sometimes capable of electronic calculations to indicate the optimal <a href="/wiki/Speed_to_fly" title="Speed to fly">speed to fly</a> for given conditions. The <a href="/wiki/Paul_MacCready" title="Paul MacCready">MacCready</a> theory answers the question on how fast a pilot should cruise between thermals, given the average lift the pilot expects in the next thermal climb and the amount of lift or sink he encounters in cruise mode.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some electronic variometers make the calculations automatically, allowing for factors such as the glider's theoretical performance (glide ratio), altitude, hook in weight, and wind direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio">Radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraftradio_2790.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aircraftradio_2790.JPG/110px-Aircraftradio_2790.JPG" decoding="async" width="110" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aircraftradio_2790.JPG/165px-Aircraftradio_2790.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Aircraftradio_2790.JPG/220px-Aircraftradio_2790.JPG 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Aircraft radio</figcaption></figure> <p>Pilots sometimes use 2-way radios for training purposes, for communicating with other pilots in the air, and with their ground crew when traveling on cross-country flights. </p><p>One type of radio used are PTT (<a href="/wiki/Push-to-talk" title="Push-to-talk">push-to-talk</a>) handheld <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceivers</a>, operating in VHF FM. Usually a microphone is worn on the head or incorporated in the helmet, and the PTT switch is either fixed to the outside of the helmet, or strapped to a finger. Operating a VHF band radio without an appropriate license is illegal in most countries that have regulated airwaves (including United States, Canada, Brazil, etc.), so additional information must be obtained with the national or local Hang Gliding association or with the competent radio regulatory authority. </p><p>As aircraft operating in airspace occupied by other aircraft, hang glider pilots may also use the appropriate type of radio (i.e. the aircraft <a href="/wiki/Transceiver" title="Transceiver">transceiver</a> into Aero Mobile Service VHF band). It can, of course, be fitted with a PTT switch to a finger and speakers inside the helmet. The use of aircraft transceivers is subject to regulations specific to the use in the air such as frequencies restrictions, but has several advantages over FM (i.e. frequency modulated) radios used in other services. First is the great range it has (without repeaters) because of its amplitude modulation (i.e. AM). Second is the ability to contact, inform and be informed directly by other aircraft pilots of their intentions thereby improving collision avoidance and increasing safety. Third is to allow greater liberty regarding distance flights in regulated airspaces, in which the aircraft radio is normally a legal requirement. Fourth is the universal emergency frequency monitored by all other users and satellites and used in case of emergency or impending emergency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPS">GPS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: GPS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> (global positioning system) can be used to aid in navigation. For competitions, it is used to verify the contestant reached the required check-points. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Records">Records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Records are sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a>. The world record for straight distance is held by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dustin_B._Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dustin B. Martin (page does not exist)">Dustin B. Martin</a>, with a distance of 764 km (475 mi) in 2012, originating from <a href="/wiki/Zapata,_Texas" title="Zapata, Texas">Zapata, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fai2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fai2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judy_Leden" title="Judy Leden">Judy Leden</a> (GBR) holds the altitude record for a balloon-launched hang glider: 11,800 m (38,800 ft) at Wadi Rum, Jordan on 25 October 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leden also holds the gain of height record: 3,970 m (13,025 ft), set in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The altitude records for balloon-launched hang gliders: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Altitude (ft) </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Pilot </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <td align="center">38,800 </td> <td>Wadi Rum, Jordan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judy_Leden" title="Judy Leden">Judy Leden</a> </td> <td>25 October 1994 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">33,000 </td> <td>Edmonton, Alberta, Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Bird_(scientist)" title="John Bird (scientist)">John Bird</a> </td> <td>29 August 1982 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <td align="center">32,720 </td> <td>California City, California, USA </td> <td>Stephan Dunoyer </td> <td>9 September 1978 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">31,600 </td> <td>Mojave Desert, California, USA </td> <td>Bob McCaffrey </td> <td>21 November 1976 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#e0e0e0"> <td align="center">17,100 </td> <td>San Jose, California, USA </td> <td>Dennis Kulberg </td> <td>25 December 1974 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition">Competition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Competitions started with "flying as long as possible" and spot landings. With increasing performance, cross-country flying has largely replaced them. Usually two to four waypoints have to be passed with a landing at a goal. In the late 1990s low-power <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> units were introduced and have completely replaced photographs of the goal. Every two years there is a world championship. The Rigid and Women's World Championship in 2006 was hosted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970408064109/http://questairforce.com/">Quest Air in Florida</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Big_Spring,_Texas" title="Big Spring, Texas">Big Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> hosted the 2007 World Championship. Hang gliding is also one of the competition categories in <a href="/wiki/World_Air_Games" title="World Air Games">World Air Games</a> organized by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (World Air Sports Federation - FAI), which maintains a chronology of the FAI World Hang Gliding Championships.<sup id="cite_ref-fai3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fai3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other forms of competition include Aerobatic competitions, and Speedgliding competitions, wherein the goal is to descend from a mountain as fast as possible while passing through various gates in a manner similar to down-hill skiing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classes">Classes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg/220px-Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg/330px-Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg/440px-Hg_rheinebene_aug2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Modern 'flexible wing' hang glider.</figcaption></figure> <p>For competitive purposes, there are three classes of hang glider:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Class 1 The <i>flexible wing</i> hang glider, having flight controlled by virtue of the shifted weight of the pilot. This is not a <a href="/wiki/Paraglider" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraglider">paraglider</a>. Class 1 hang gliders sold in the United States are usually rated by the Hang Gliders Manufacturers' Association.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Class 5 The <i>rigid wing</i> hang glider, having flight controlled by <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">spoilers</a>, typically on top of the wing. In both flexible and rigid wings the pilot hangs below the wing without any additional <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">fairing</a>.</li> <li>Class 2 (designated by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a> as Sub-Class O-2) where the pilot is integrated into the wing by means of a fairing. These offer the best performance and are the most expensive.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerobatics">Aerobatics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Aerobatics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four basic aerobatic maneuvers in a hang glider: </p> <ul><li>Loop — a maneuver that starts in a wings level dive, climbs, without any rolling, to the apex where the glider is upside down, wings level (heading back where it came from), and then returning to the start altitude and heading, again without rolling, having completed an approximately circular path in the vertical plane.</li> <li>Spin — A spin is scored from the moment one wing stalls and the glider rotates noticeably into the spin. The entry heading is noted at this point. The glider must remain in the spin for at least 1/2 of a revolution to score any versatility spin points.</li> <li>Rollover — a maneuver where the apex heading is less than 90° left or right of the entry heading.</li> <li>Climb over — a maneuver where the apex heading is greater than 90° left or right of the entry heading.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_hang_gliders,_paragliders,_and_gliders"><span id="Comparison_of_hang_gliders.2C_paragliders.2C_and_gliders"></span>Comparison of hang gliders, paragliders, and gliders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Comparison of hang gliders, paragliders, and gliders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paragliders and hang gliders are both foot-launched glider aircraft from which cases the pilot is suspended ("hangs") below the lift surface, but hang gliders include a rigid aluminum frame, while paragliders are entirely flexible and look more similar to a parachute.<sup id="cite_ref-a658_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a658-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gliders and sailplanes are structured from composite materials and may have wheels, propellers, and engines.<sup id="cite_ref-u867_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-u867-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-q307_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-q307-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th><a href="/wiki/Paraglider" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraglider">Paragliders</a> </th> <th width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliders" class="mw-redirect" title="Hang gliders">Hang gliders</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glider_(sailplane)" title="Glider (sailplane)">Gliders/Sailplanes</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Undercarriage </th> <td>pilot's legs used for take-off and landing </td> <td>pilot's legs used for take-off and landing </td> <td>aircraft takes off and lands using a wheeled undercarriage or skids </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Wing structure </th> <td>entirely flexible, with shape maintained purely by the pressure of air flowing into and over the wing in flight and the tension of the lines </td> <td>generally flexible but supported on a rigid frame which determines its shape (note that rigid-wing hang gliders also exist) </td> <td>rigid wing surface which totally encases wing structure </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Pilot position </th> <td>sitting in a harness </td> <td>usually lying prone in a cocoon-like harness suspended from the wing; seated and <a href="/wiki/Supine_position" title="Supine position">supine</a> are also possible </td> <td>sitting in a seat with a harness, surrounded by a crash-resistant structure </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Speed range <br />(stall speed – max speed) </th> <td>slowest – typically 25 to 60 km/h for recreational gliders (over 50 km/h requires use of speed bar),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hence easier to launch and fly in light winds; least wind penetration; pitch variation can be achieved with the controls </td> <td>faster than paragliders, slower than gliders/sailplaines </td> <td>maximum speed up to about 280 km/h (170 mph);<sup id="cite_ref-ASW27_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stall speed typically 65 km/h (40 mph);<sup id="cite_ref-ASW27_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> able to fly in windier turbulent conditions and can outrun bad weather; good penetration into a headwind </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Maximum glide ratio </th> <td>about 10, relatively poor glide performance makes long distance flights more difficult; current (as of May 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) world record is 564 kilometres (350 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-fai_hg_record_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fai_hg_record-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>about 17, with up to 20 for rigid wings </td> <td>open class sailplanes – typically around 60:1, but in more common 15–18 meter span aircraft, glide ratios are between 38:1 and 52:1;<sup id="cite_ref-DAeC-handicap_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAeC-handicap-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> high glide performance enabling long distance flight, with 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) being current (as of November 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) record<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Turn radius </th> <td>tightest turn radius<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>somewhat larger turn radius than paragliders, tigher than gliders/sailplanes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td>widest turn radius but still able to circle tightly in thermals<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Landing </th> <td>smallest space needed to land, offering more landing options from cross-country flights; also easiest to pack up and carry like a bag to the nearest road </td> <td>15 m to 60 m length flat area required; can be derigged by one person and carried to the nearest road </td> <td>landings can be performed in ~250 m length field. Aerial retrieve may be possible but if not, specialized trailer needed to retrieve by road. Some sailplanes have engines that remove the need for an out-landing, if successfully started on time </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Learning </th> <td>simplest and quickest to learn </td> <td>teaching is done in single and two-seat hang gliders </td> <td>teaching is done in a two-seat glider with dual controls </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Convenience </th> <td>packs smaller (easier to transport and store) </td> <td>more awkward to transport and store; longer to rig and de-rig; often transported on the roof of a car </td> <td>often stored and transported in purpose-built trailers about 9 metres long, from which they are rigged. Although rigging aids allow a single person to rig a glider, usually the rigging involves 2 or 3 people. Some frequently used sailplanes are stored already rigged in hangars. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th>Cost </th> <td>cost of new is €1500 and up,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cheapest but shortest lasting (around 500 hours flying time, depending on treatment), active second-hand market<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>cost of new glider very high (top of the range 18 m turbo with instruments and trailer €250,000) but it is long lasting (up to several decades), so active second-hand market; typical cost is from €2,000 to €145,000<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hang_gliding_in_media">Hang gliding in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hang gliding in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1971: Early rock video featuring hang gliding, Sweeney's Glider, is produced. It was made by Fitz Weatherby and featured <a href="/wiki/Terry_Sweeney_(hang_glider)" title="Terry Sweeney (hang glider)">Terry Sweeney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sweeneysglider_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sweeneysglider-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973: First film made on the sport of hang gliding, <i>Hang Gliding: The New Freedom</i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Underwood" title="Ron Underwood">Ron Underwood</a>. It was distributed by Paramount Communications, a short film division of Paramount Pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glider_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Glider (disambiguation)">Glider (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_aircraft" title="Human-powered aircraft">Human-powered aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_types" title="Kite types">Kite types</a> – Tethered objects which fly by aerodynamic forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlift_glider" title="Microlift glider">Microlift glider</a> – Class of gliders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanolight" title="Nanolight">Nanolight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_hang_glider" title="Powered hang glider">Powered hang glider</a> – Foot-launched powered hang glider</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paraglider" class="mw-redirect" title="Powered paraglider">Powered paraglider</a> – Form of ultralight aviation<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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If the reading is taken at the top of the trace mark, the record is 11,400 meters"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hang Gliding magazine, December 1978, p35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Guinness Book of Records, 1982</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guinness+Book+of+Records%2C+1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarasota Journal, 27 December 1974 p4D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fai3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fai3_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004132806/http://events.fai.org/hgpg/chronology.asp?id=11">"Chronology of the FAI World Hang Gliding Championships"</a>. events.fai.org. 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Classes of hang gliders.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hgma.net/">Hang Gliders Manufacturers' Association</a> - Home site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a658-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a658_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpac.ca/learn-to-fly/">"Paragliding, Hang Gliding and Speed Flying Explained – Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association of Canada"</a>. <i>Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association of Canada</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hang+Gliding+and+Paragliding+Association+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Paragliding%2C+Hang+Gliding+and+Speed+Flying+Explained+%E2%80%93+Hang+Gliding+and+Paragliding+Association+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpac.ca%2Flearn-to-fly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-u867-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-u867_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/glider_handbook">"Glider Handbook"</a>. <i>Federal Aviation Administration</i>. 29 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.fai.org/data?v1=275">the original</a> on 11 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+records&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.fai.org%2Fdata%3Fv1%3D275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1994" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Ken (1994). <i>The Glider Pilot's Manual</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brochures+Ozone&rft.pub=Ozone+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ozone-france.fr%2Fbrochures.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paraglidingforum.com/viewforum.php?f=2">"Typical set of classified ads for paragliders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120330063828/http://www.paraglidingforum.com/viewforum.php?f=2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Typical+set+of+classified+ads+for+gliders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segelflug.de%2Fcgi-bin%2Fclassifieds%2Fclassifieds.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sweeneysglider-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sweeneysglider_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED111332.pdf"><i>From 'A' to 'Yellowjack'; a film study collection</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Audio Visual Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweeney%27s+Glider&rft.place=United+States&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Weatherby&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DCWyxE9RigLo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15487052/">"The New Freedom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Freedom&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt15487052%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200709.html">"Hang-gliding -- the new sport"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Flight International</i>. 9 May 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Hang-gliding+--+the+new+sport&rft.date=1974-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1974%2F1974%2520-%25200709.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Welch1977" class="citation cs2">Ann Welch (10 December 1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1977/1977%20-%203738.html">"Hang-gliding review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>, <i>Flight International</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Hang-gliding+review&rft.date=1977-12-10&rft.au=Ann+Welch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1977%2F1977%2520-%25203738.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn_Welch1973" class="citation cs2">Ann Welch (14 June 1973), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%201667.html">"LIKE A BIRD ON THE BREEZE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>, <i>Flight International</i>: <span class="nowrap">921–</span>923</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=LIKE+A+BIRD+ON+THE+BREEZE&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E921-%3C%2Fspan%3E923&rft.date=1973-06-14&rft.au=Ann+Welch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1973%2F1973%2520-%25201667.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dees2010" class="citation cs2">Paul Dees (September 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wikidelta.com/images/pdf/Hang-Glider-Design-and-Performance.pdf"><i>Hang Glider Design and Performance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164704/http://www.wikidelta.com/images/pdf/Hang-Glider-Design-and-Performance.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 August 2017</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hang+Glider+Design+and+Performance&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=2010-09&rft.au=Paul+Dees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikidelta.com%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FHang-Glider-Design-and-Performance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHang+gliding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hang_gliding&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_sports" title="Template talk:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_and_adventure_sports176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">Extreme and adventure sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boardsport" title="Boardsport">Boardsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellyboarding" title="Bellyboarding">Bellyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirtsurfing" title="Dirtsurfing">Dirtsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">Kite landboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainboarding" title="Mountainboarding">Mountainboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysurfing" title="Skysurfing">Skysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowskate" title="Snowskate">Snowskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snocross" title="Snocross">Snocross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coasteering" title="Coasteering">Coasteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving" title="High diving">High diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">Jet Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Whitewater rafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASE_jumping" title="BASE jumping">BASE jumping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBASE_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBASE (climbing)">Free BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping" title="Ski-BASE jumping">Ski-BASE jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">Bungee jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving#Cliff_diving" title="High diving">Cliff-diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_jumping" title="Cliff jumping">Cliff jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstoning">Tombstoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting/Skydiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">Aerobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">Powered paragliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed flying">Speed flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsuit_flying" title="Wingsuit flying">Wingsuit flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rolling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_scootering" title="Freestyle scootering">Freestyle scootering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating" title="Aggressive inline skating">Aggressive inline skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vert_skating" title="Vert skating">Vert skating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skiing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_skiing" title="Extreme skiing">Extreme skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">Freestyle skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sledding" title="Extreme sledding">Extreme sledding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">Skeleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">Cheese rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ironing" title="Extreme ironing">Extreme ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Pogo" title="Extreme Pogo">Extreme Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstacle racing">Obstacle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_stilts" title="Jumping stilts">Powerbocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kites_and_kite_flying263" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kites" title="Template:Kites"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kites" title="Template talk:Kites"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kites" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kites"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kites_and_kite_flying263" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kites</a> and kite flying</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kite_types" title="Kite types">Types</a> by use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_kite" title="Fighter kite">Fighter kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man-lifting_kite" title="Man-lifting kite">Human-lifting kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_kite" title="Indoor kite">Indoor kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_kite" title="Power kite">Power kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_kite" title="Sport kite">Sport kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravane_(water_kite)" title="Paravane (water kite)">Water kite</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kite1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kite icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kite1.png/80px-Kite1.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kite1.png/120px-Kite1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kite1.png/160px-Kite1.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kite_types" title="Kite types">Types</a> by shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_kite" title="Arc kite">Arc kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_kite" title="Bermuda kite">Bermuda kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_kite" title="Bowed kite">Bowed kite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rokkaku_dako" title="Rokkaku dako">Rokkaku dako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_kite" title="Box kite">Box kite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chapi-chapi" title="Chapi-chapi">Chapi-chapi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foil_kite" title="Foil kite">Foil kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflatable_single-line_kite" title="Inflatable single-line kite">Inflatable single-line kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kytoon" title="Kytoon">Kytoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_inflatable_kite" title="Leading edge inflatable kite">Leading edge inflatable kite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_kite" title="Bow kite">Bow kite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_kite" title="Malay kite">Malay kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">Rotor kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogallo_wing" title="Rogallo wing">Rogallo wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_sled" title="Scott sled">Scott sled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_kite" title="Tetrahedral kite">Tetrahedral kite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wau_bulan" title="Wau bulan">Wau bulan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Kite_applications" title="Kite applications">applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighter_kite#Kite_fighting" title="Fighter kite">Kite fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_fishing" title="Kite fishing">Kite fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_rig" title="Kite rig">Kite rigs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">Kite landboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowkiting" title="Snowkiting">Snowkiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_ice_skating" title="Kite ice skating">Kite ice skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_rollerskating" title="Kite rollerskating">Kite rollerskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboating" title="Kiteboating">Kiteboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_buggy" title="Kite buggy">Kite buggy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">Powered paragliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kite_control_systems" title="Kite control systems">Kite control systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_line" title="Kite line">Kite line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kite_mooring" title="Kite mooring">Kite mooring</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barresi" title="John Barresi">John Barresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Abner_Eddy" title="William Abner Eddy">William Abner Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Hargrave" title="Lawrence Hargrave">Lawrence Hargrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lynn" title="Peter Lynn">Peter Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Matisse" title="Jackie Matisse">Jackie Matisse</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Tails" title="Sea Tails">Sea Tails</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rogallo" title="Francis Rogallo">Francis Rogallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrus_Wong" title="Tyrus Wong">Tyrus Wong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kitefliers_Association" title="American Kitefliers Association">American Kitefliers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballooning_(spider)" title="Ballooning (spider)">Ballooning (spider)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_(geometry)" title="Kite (geometry)">Kite (geometry)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitelife" title="Kitelife">Kitelife</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kite_festivals" title="List of kite festivals">List of kite festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Kites" title="Category:Kites">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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