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href="#Opvoeding_en_vroeë_loopbaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Opvoeding en vroeë loopbaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opvoeding_en_vroeë_loopbaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professor_in_Amsterdam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professor_in_Amsterdam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Professor in Amsterdam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professor_in_Amsterdam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_jare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_jare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later jare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_jare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toekennings_en_eerbewyse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toekennings_en_eerbewyse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toekennings en eerbewyse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toekennings_en_eerbewyse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pieter Zeeman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 94 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="بيتر زيمن – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر زيمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="بيتر زيمن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر زيمن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Zeyeman" title="Piter Zeyeman – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piter Zeyeman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітэр Зееман – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітэр Зееман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітэр Зээман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пітэр Зээман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পিটার জেমান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিটার জেমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="پیتەر زێمەن – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتەر زێمەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%96%CE%AD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πίτερ Ζέεμαν – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίτερ Ζέεμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פיטר זימן – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיטר זימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर ज़ीमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर ज़ीमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պիտեր Զեեման – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիտեր Զեեման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ピーター・ゼーマン – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・ゼーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიტერ ზეემანი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიტერ ზეემანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೀಟರ್ ಸೀಮಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೀಟರ್ ಸೀಮಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%8C" title="피터르 제이만 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터르 제이만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Zeeman" title="Petrus Zeeman – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABters_Z%C4%93manis" title="Pīters Zēmanis – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pīters Zēmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Земан – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Питер Земан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="പീറ്റർ സീമാൻ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീറ്റർ സീമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर झीमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पीटर झीमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पिएटर जीम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पिएटर जीम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="پیٹر زیمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹر زیمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Зееман, Питер – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зееман, Питер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="पीटर् जीमन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पीटर् जीमन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Земан – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Питер Земан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பீட்டர் சீமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்டர் சீமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పీటర్ జీమన్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పీటర్ జీమన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ปีเตอร์ เซมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีเตอร์ เซมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Zeeman" title="Piter Zeeman – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Piter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітер Зееман – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%91_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پیڑ زیمین – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیڑ زیمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彼得·塞曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიტერ ზეემანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პიტერ ზეემანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得·塞曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/220px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/330px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/440px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2974" /></a><figcaption>Pieter Zeeman </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pieter Zeeman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands">Nederlands</a>: [ˈzeːmɑn]; <a href="/wiki/25_Mei" title="25 Mei">25 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a> – <a href="/wiki/9_Oktober" title="9 Oktober">9 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>) was 'n Nederlandse <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisikus</a> wat die 1902 <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprys vir Fisika">Nobelprys vir Fisika</a> met <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> gedeel het vir sy ontdekking van die Zeeman-effek.<sup id="cite_ref-frs2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kinderjare_en_jeug">Kinderjare en jeug</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Kinderjare en jeug" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Kinderjare en jeug"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pieter Zeeman is gebore in Zonnemaire, 'n klein dorpie op die eiland Schouwen-Duiveland, Nederland, die seun van ds Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman, 'n predikant van die <a href="/wiki/NG_Kerk" class="mw-redirect" title="NG Kerk">NG Kerk</a>, en sy vrou, Willemina Worst. </p><p>Zeeman het op ’n vroeë ouderdom in <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> begin belangstel. In 1883 was die <i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomie)" title="Aurora (astronomie)">aurora borealis</a></i> toevallig in <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> sigbaar. Zeeman, toe ’n leerling aan die hoërskool in Zierikzee, het ’n tekening en beskrywing van die verskynsel gemaak en dit aan <i>Nature</i> voorgelê, waar dit gepubliseer is. Die redakteur het “die noukeurige waarnemings van professor Zeeman vanuit sy sterrewag in Zonnemaire” geloof. </p><p>Nadat Zeeman in 1883 hoërskool voltooi het, is Zeeman na <a href="/wiki/Delft,_Nederland" title="Delft, Nederland">Delft</a> vir aanvullende onderwys in klassieke tale, toe 'n vereiste vir toelating tot die universiteit. Hy het by die huis van dr J.W. Lely, mede-hoof van die gimnasium en broer van Cornelis Lely, wat verantwoordelik was vir die konsep en realisering van die Zuiderzee-werke. Terwyl hy in Delft was, het hy vir die eerste keer vir <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a> ontmoet, wat sy proefskrifadviseur sou word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opvoeding_en_vroeë_loopbaan"><span id="Opvoeding_en_vroe.C3.AB_loopbaan"></span>Opvoeding en vroeë loopbaan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Opvoeding en vroeë loopbaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Opvoeding en vroeë loopbaan"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nadat Zeeman die kwalifikasie-eksamen in 1885 geslaag het, studeer hy fisika aan die <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Leiden" title="Universiteit van Leiden">Universiteit van Leiden</a> onder Kamerlingh Onnes en <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>. In 1890, selfs voordat hy sy proefskrif voltooi het, het hy Lorentz se assistent geword. Dit het hom toegelaat om aan 'n navorsingsprogram oor die Kerr-effek deel te neem. In 1893 het hy sy doktorale proefskrif ingedien oor die Kerr-effek,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die weerkaatsing van gepolariseerde <a href="/wiki/Lig" title="Lig">lig</a> op 'n gemagnetiseerde oppervlak. Nadat hy sy doktorsgraad behaal het, is hy vir 'n halfjaar na Friedrich Kohlrausch se instituut in <a href="/wiki/Straatsburg" title="Straatsburg">Straatsburg</a>. In 1895, nadat hy van Straatsburg af teruggekeer het, het Zeeman privastdosent in <a href="/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde">wiskunde</a> en <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">fisika</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> geword. Dieselfde jaar trou hy met Johanna Elisabeth Lebret (1873–1962); hulle het drie dogters en een seun gehad.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, kort voordat hy van Leiden na <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> verhuis het,<sup id="cite_ref-DvD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DvD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> het hy die splitsing van spektrale lyne deur 'n sterk magneetveld gemeet, 'n ontdekking wat nou bekend staan as die Zeeman-effek, waarvoor hy die 1902 <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_fisika" title="Nobelprys vir fisika">Nobelprys vir Fisika</a> gewen het. Hierdie navorsing het 'n ondersoek na die effek van magnetiese velde op 'n ligbron behels. Hy het ontdek dat 'n <a href="/wiki/Spektraallyn" title="Spektraallyn">spektraallyn</a> in verskeie komponente verdeel word in die teenwoordigheid van 'n <a href="/wiki/Magneetveld" title="Magneetveld">magneetveld</a>. Lorentz het die eerste keer gehoor van Zeeman se waarnemings op Saterdag 31 Oktober 1896 by die vergadering van die Koninklike Nederlandse Akademie van Kuns en Wetenskappe in Amsterdam, waar hierdie resultate deur Kamerlingh Onnes gekommunikeer is.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die volgende Maandag het Lorentz Zeeman in sy kantoor ingeroep en 'n verduideliking van sy waarnemings aan hom gegee, gebaseer op Lorentz se teorie van <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_straling" title="Elektromagnetiese straling">elektromagnetiese straling</a>. </p><p>Die belangrikheid van Zeeman se ontdekking het gou duidelik geword. Dit het Lorentz se voorspelling oor die polarisasie van lig wat in die teenwoordigheid van 'n magnetiese veld uitgestraal word, bevestig. Danksy Zeeman se werk het dit duidelik geword dat die ossillerende deeltjies wat volgens Lorentz die bron van liguitstraling was, negatief gelaai was, en duisend keer ligter as die <a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">waterstofatoom</a> was. Hierdie gevolgtrekking is bereik lank voor <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a> se ontdekking van die <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a>. Die Zeeman-effek het dus 'n belangrike hulpmiddel geword om die struktuur van die <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atoom</a> toe te lig. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professor_in_Amsterdam">Professor in Amsterdam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Professor in Amsterdam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Professor in Amsterdam"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kort na sy ontdekking is Zeeman 'n pos as dosent in Amsterdam aangebied, waar hy in die herfs van 1896 begin werk het.<sup id="cite_ref-DvD_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DvD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900 is dit gevolg deur sy bevordering tot professor in fisika aan die <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a>. In 1902 het hy saam met sy voormalige mentor Lorentz die Nobelprys vir Fisika ontvang vir die ontdekking van die Zeeman-effek. Vyf jaar later, in 1908, volg hy <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a> op as volle professor en Direkteur van die Fisika-instituut in Amsterdam. </p><p>In 1918 het hy "Sommige eksperimente oor gravitasie: Die verhouding van massa tot gewig vir kristalle en radioaktiewe stowwe" in die Artikels van die Koninklike Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenskappe gepubliseer, wat die ekwivalensiebeginsel met betrekking tot gravitasie- en traagheidsmassa eksperimenteel bevestig. </p><p>'n Nuwe laboratorium wat in 1923 in Amsterdam gebou is, is in 1940 na die Zeeman-laboratorium hernoem. Hierdie nuwe fasiliteit het Zeeman in staat gestel om verfynde ondersoek na die Zeeman-effek te doen. Vir die res van sy loopbaan het hy belang gestel in navorsing oor magneto-optiese effekte. Hy het ook die voortplanting van lig in bewegende media ondersoek. Hierdie onderwerp het die fokus van 'n hernieude belangstelling geword as gevolg van <a href="/wiki/Spesiale_relatiwiteit" title="Spesiale relatiwiteit">spesiale relatiwiteit</a>, en het 'n groot belangstelling van Lorentz en <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> geniet. Later in sy loopbaan het hy in <a href="/wiki/Massaspektrometrie" title="Massaspektrometrie">massaspektrometrie</a> begin belangstel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_jare">Later jare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Later jare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Later jare"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1898 is Zeeman verkies tot lidmaatskap van die Koninklike Nederlandse Akademie van Kuns en Wetenskappe<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Amsterdam, en hy het gedien as die sekretaris van 1912 tot 1920. Hy het die Henry Draper-medalje in 1921 gewen, en verskeie ander toekennings en eregrade. Zeeman is in 1921 tot 'n Buitelandse lid van die <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> verkies.<sup id="cite_ref-frs2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hy het in 1935 as professor afgetree. Zeeman is op 9 Oktober 1943 in Amsterdam oorlede, en is in <a href="/wiki/Haarlem_(stad)" title="Haarlem (stad)">Haarlem</a> begrawe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toekennings_en_eerbewyse">Toekennings en eerbewyse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Toekennings en eerbewyse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Toekennings en eerbewyse"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zeeman het die volgende toekennings vir sy bydraes ontvang. </p> <ul><li>Nobelprys vir Fisika (1902)</li> <li>Matteucci-medalje (1912)</li> <li>In 1921 tot 'n buitelandse lid van die Royal Society (ForMemRS) verkies<sup id="cite_ref-frs_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frs2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Henry Draper-medalje van die Nasionale Akademie van Wetenskappe (1921)<sup id="cite_ref-Draper_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Draper-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rumford-medalje (1922)</li> <li>Franklin-medalje (1925)</li></ul> <p>Die krater Zeeman op die <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Maan</a> word ter ere van hom genoem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-frs2_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-frs2_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-frs2_1-2">1,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFRayleigh1944" class="citation journal cs1">Rayleigh (1944). "Pieter Zeeman. 1865-1943". <i>Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>4</b> (13): 591–595. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1944.0010">10.1098/rsbm.1944.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125808317">125808317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Pieter+Zeeman.+1865-1943&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=591-595&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1944.0010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125808317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Rayleigh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1897" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F055347a0">"The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>55</b> (1424): 347. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1897Natur..55..347Z">1897Natur..55..347Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Vrylik beskikbaar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F055347a0">10.1038/055347a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Effect+of+Magnetisation+on+the+Nature+of+Light+Emitted+by+a+Substance&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1424&rft.pages=347&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F055347a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1897Natur..55..347Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F055347a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>60</b> (359–367): 513–514. 1896. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0079">10.1098/rspl.1896.0079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+a+Magnetic+Field+on+Radiation+Frequency&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=359%E2%80%93367&rft.pages=513-514&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Influence of a Magnetic Field on Radiation Frequency". <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>60</b> (359–367): 514–515. 1896. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0080">10.1098/rspl.1896.0080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+a+Magnetic+Field+on+Radiation+Frequency&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=359%E2%80%93367&rft.pages=514-515&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1896.0080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1914" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519003222/http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1708&view=image&startrow=1">"Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (First part)"</a>. <i>Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings</i>. <b>17</b> (I): 445–451. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1914KNAB...17..445Z">1914KNAB...17..445Z</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1708&view=image&startrow=1">die oorspronklike</a> op 19 Mei 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Oktober</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Art+and+Sciences%2C+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Fresnel%27s+coefficient+for+light+of+different+colours.+%28First+part%29&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=445-451&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1914KNAB...17..445Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofscience.nl%2Fsearch%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fpubid%3D1708%26view%3Dimage%26startrow%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1915" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519003227/http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1847&view=image&startrow=1">"Fresnel's coefficient for light of different colours. (Second part)"</a>. <i>Royal Netherlands Academy of Art and Sciences, Proceedings</i>. <b>18</b> (I): 398–408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1915KNAB...18..398Z">1915KNAB...18..398Z</a>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofscience.nl/search/detail.cfm?pubid=1847&view=image&startrow=1">die oorspronklike</a> op 19 Mei 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">5 Oktober</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Art+and+Sciences%2C+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Fresnel%27s+coefficient+for+light+of+different+colours.+%28Second+part%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=I&rft.pages=398-408&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1915KNAB...18..398Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofscience.nl%2Fsearch%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fpubid%3D1847%26view%3Dimage%26startrow%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPieter_Zeeman1893" class="citation web cs1">Pieter Zeeman (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilorentz.org/history/proefschriften/sources/Zeeman_1893.pdf">"Metingen over het verschijnsel van Kerr bij polaire terugkaatsing op ijzer, kobalt en nikkel, in 't bijzonder over Sissingh's magneto-optisch phaseverschil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metingen+over+het+verschijnsel+van+Kerr+bij+polaire+terugkaatsing+op+ijzer%2C+kobalt+en+nikkel%2C+in+%27t+bijzonder+over+Sissingh%27s+magneto-optisch+phaseverschil&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Pieter+Zeeman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filorentz.org%2Fhistory%2Fproefschriften%2Fsources%2FZeeman_1893.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Forman, "Alfred Landé and the anomalous Zeeman Effect, 1919-1921", Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 2, 1970, 153-261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFKox1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kox, A. J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/3655500/2775_26336y.pdf">"The discovery of the electron: II. The Zeeman effect"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Physics</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 139–144. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997EJPh...18..139K">1997EJPh...18..139K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F18%2F3%2F003">10.1088/0143-0807/18/3/003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250826469">250826469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+electron%3A+II.+The+Zeeman+effect&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-144&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250826469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0143-0807%2F18%2F3%2F003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997EJPh...18..139K&rft.aulast=Kox&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.uva.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F3655500%2F2775_26336y.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1970" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, J. B. (1970). "On the Varieties of Nineteenth-Century Magneto-Optical Discovery". <i>Isis</i>. <b>61</b>: 34–51. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350577">10.1086/350577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145139903">145139903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=On+the+Varieties+of+Nineteenth-Century+Magneto-Optical+Discovery&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=34-51&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145139903%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1902/zeeman/biographical/">"Pieter Zeeman - Biographical"</a>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. Nobel Media AB 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Pieter+Zeeman+-+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1902%2Fzeeman%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DvD-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DvD_12-0">12,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-DvD_12-1">12,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFDirk_van_Delft2007" class="citation web cs1">Dirk van Delft (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/wp-content/HSSN/2007-10-Van%20Delft-Freezing%20Physics.pdf">"Freezing physics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freezing+physics&rft.pages=260&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Dirk+van+Delft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fwp-content%2FHSSN%2F2007-10-Van%2520Delft-Freezing%2520Physics.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1896" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zeeman, P. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112109543402;view=1up;seq=201">"Over de invloed eener magnetisatie op den aard van het door een stof uitgezonden licht"</a> [On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance]. <i>Verslagen van de Gewone Vergaderingen der Wis- en Natuurkundige Afdeeling (Koninklijk Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam) [Reports of the Ordinary Sessions of the Mathematical and Physical Section (Royal Academy of Sciences in Amsterdam)]</i> (in Nederlands). <b>5</b>: 181–184 and 242–248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896VMKAN...5..181Z">1896VMKAN...5..181Z</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verslagen+van+de+Gewone+Vergaderingen+der+Wis-+en+Natuurkundige+Afdeeling+%28Koninklijk+Akademie+van+Wetenschappen+te+Amsterdam%29+%5BReports+of+the+Ordinary+Sessions+of+the+Mathematical+and+Physical+Section+%28Royal+Academy+of+Sciences+in+Amsterdam%29%5D&rft.atitle=Over+de+invloed+eener+magnetisatie+op+den+aard+van+het+door+een+stof+uitgezonden+licht&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=181-184+and+242-248&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1896VMKAN...5..181Z&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duiug.30112109543402%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFZeeman1897" class="citation journal cs1">Zeeman, P. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015024088695;view=1up;seq=238">"On the influence of magnetism on the nature of the light emitted by a substance"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 5th series. <b>43</b>: 226–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+influence+of+magnetism+on+the+nature+of+the+light+emitted+by+a+substance&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=226-239&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Zeeman&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015024088695%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00004018">"Pieter Zeeman (1865 - 1943)"</a>. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 Julie</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pieter+Zeeman+%281865+-+1943%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00004018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frs-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-frs_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. London: Royal Society. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">die oorspronklike</a> op 16 Maart 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Draper-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Draper_16-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html">"Henry Draper Medal"</a>. National Academy of Sciences<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">19 Februarie</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Henry+Draper+Medal&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fabout-nas%2Fawards%2Fhenry-draper-medal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Zeeman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" title="Sjabloon:Nobelprys vir Fisika"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelprys vir Fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wenners van die <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprys vir Fisika">Nobelprys vir Fisika</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3de_Baron_van_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3de Baron van Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkla" title="Charles Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Andrews_Millikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Andrews Millikan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manne_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manne Siegbahn (bladsy bestaan nie)">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Franck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Franck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Franck</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Perrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Compton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Compton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Compton</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Willans_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Willans Richardson (bladsy bestaan nie)">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Broglie (bladsy bestaan nie)">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.V._Raman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.V. Raman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Chadwick (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Francis_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Francis Hess (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_David_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl David Anderson (bladsy bestaan nie)">C.D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Davisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Davisson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Davisson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Paget_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Paget Thomson (bladsy bestaan nie)">G.P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Lawrence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Lawrence (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Stern (bladsy bestaan nie)">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Isaac_Rabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Williams_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Williams Bridgman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Victor Appleton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Blackett (bladsy bestaan nie)">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hideki_Yukawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hideki Yukawa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.F._Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.F. Powell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cockcroft (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Walton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Walton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Bloch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bloch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Mills_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Mills Purcell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Zernike (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Born&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Born (bladsy bestaan nie)">Born</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Bothe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Lamb (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lamb</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polykarp_Kusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polykarp Kusch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bardeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bardeen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Houser Brattain (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Chen-Ning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Chen-Ning (bladsy bestaan nie)">C.N. Yang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsung-Dao Lee (bladsy bestaan nie)">T.D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Cherenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Cherenkov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Frank (bladsy bestaan nie)">Frank</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Tamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Tamm (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Segr%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio Segrè (bladsy bestaan nie)">Segrè</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Chamberlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Chamberlain (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald A. Glaser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hofstadter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hofstadter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Mössbauer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Landau (bladsy bestaan nie)">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Townes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Townes</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Basov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Basov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Basov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Prokhorov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Schwinger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kastler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Kastler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Walter_Alvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Walter Alvarez (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Gell-Mann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Néel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bardeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bardeen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Cooper (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cooper</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Robert_Schrieffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Robert Schrieffer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Esaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Esaki (bladsy bestaan nie)">Esaki</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivar Giaever (bladsy bestaan nie)">Giaever</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Josephson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Josephson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Ryle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Ryle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ryle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Hewish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Hewish (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aage_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aage Bohr (bladsy bestaan nie)">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Roy_Mottelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Roy Mottelson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Rainwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Rainwater (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burton_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burton Richter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Richter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_C.C._Ting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel C.C. Ting (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_W._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip W. Anderson (bladsy bestaan nie)">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevill_Francis_Mott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevill Francis Mott (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mott</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Kapitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Kapitsa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Allan_Penzias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Allan Penzias (bladsy bestaan nie)">Penzias</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Woodrow_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Lee_Glashow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glashow</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdus_Salam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdus Salam (bladsy bestaan nie)">Salam</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Weinberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Cronin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Cronin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cronin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Logsdon_Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Logsdon Fitch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kai_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kai Siegbahn (bladsy bestaan nie)">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_G._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth G. Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Alfred_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Alfred Fowler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Rubbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Rubbia (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_van_der_Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon van der Meer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_von_Klitzing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus von Klitzing (bladsy bestaan nie)">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Binnig (bladsy bestaan nie)">Binnig</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Rohrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Rohrer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Bednorz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Bednorz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Alex_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Alex Müller (bladsy bestaan nie)">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon M. Lederman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lederman</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin Schwartz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Steinberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Steinberger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Dehmelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Paul (bladsy bestaan nie)">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Isaac_Friedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Friedman</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Way_Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Way Kendall (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kendall</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Taylor (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (bladsy bestaan nie)">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Charpak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Charpak (bladsy bestaan nie)">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Alan_Hulse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Alan Hulse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hulse</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertram_Brockhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertram Brockhouse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Shull (bladsy bestaan nie)">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Lewis_Perl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Lewis Perl (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perl</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Reines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Reines (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lee_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Lee (physicist) (bladsy bestaan nie)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Osheroff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Osheroff (bladsy bestaan nie)">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Coleman_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Coleman Richardson (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Chu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chu</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Daniel_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Daniel Phillips (bladsy bestaan nie)">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_B._Laughlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert B. Laughlin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Störmer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_C._Tsui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel C. Tsui (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_%27t_Hooft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard 't Hooft (bladsy bestaan nie)">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_J._G._Veltman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhores Alferov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alferov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kroemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kroemer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kilby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Kilby (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />nou</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Allin_Cornell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Allin Cornell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cornell</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Ketterle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Ketterle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wieman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Wieman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Davis_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Davis Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">Davis</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masatoshi_Koshiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masatoshi Koshiba (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Giacconi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riccardo Giacconi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitaly_Ginzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitaly Ginzburg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_James_Leggett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony James Leggett (bladsy bestaan nie)">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Gross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Gross (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gross</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_David_Politzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh David Politzer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politzer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Wilczek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_J._Glauber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy J. Glauber (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glauber</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_L._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John L. Hall (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hall</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor W. Hänsch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Mather&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Mather (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mather</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Smoot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Smoot (bladsy bestaan nie)">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Fert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Fert (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fert</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Grünberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoichiro_Nambu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoichiro Nambu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nambu</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toshihide_Maskawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toshihide Maskawa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_K._Kao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles K. Kao (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kao</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Boyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Boyle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boyle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_E._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George E. Smith (bladsy bestaan nie)">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Geim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andre Geim (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Novoselov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Novoselov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Perlmutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Perlmutter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Riess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Riess (bladsy bestaan nie)">Riess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Schmidt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wineland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wineland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wineland</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Haroche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Haroche (bladsy bestaan nie)">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Englert (bladsy bestaan nie)">Englert</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Higgs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Higgs (bladsy bestaan nie)">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Akasaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isamu Akasaki (bladsy bestaan nie)">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiroshi_Amano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiroshi Amano (bladsy bestaan nie)">Amano</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuji_Nakamura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuji Nakamura (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaaki_Kajita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takaaki Kajita (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kajita</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_B._McDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur B. McDonald (bladsy bestaan nie)">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Thouless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Thouless (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thouless</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Haldane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duncan Haldane (bladsy bestaan nie)">Haldane</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Michael_Kosterlitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Weiss (bladsy bestaan nie)">Weiss</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Barish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Barish (bladsy bestaan nie)">Barish</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kip_Thorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kip Thorne (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Ashkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Ashkin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Mourou (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mourou</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Strickland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Strickland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Peebles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Peebles (bladsy bestaan nie)">Peebles</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Mayor (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mayor</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didier_Queloz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didier Queloz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Penrose (bladsy bestaan nie)">Penrose</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Genzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Genzel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Genzel</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_M._Ghez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea M. Ghez (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Parisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Parisi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Parisi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasselmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hasselmann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syukuro_Manabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syukuro Manabe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Aspect (bladsy bestaan nie)">Aspect</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clauser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Clauser</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Zeilinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Zeilinger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Agostini (bladsy bestaan nie)">Agostini</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Krausz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Krausz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Krausz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L%27Huillier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L'Huillier (bladsy bestaan nie)">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79000&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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