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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ernst Ruska</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 71 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="إرنست روسكا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إرنست روسكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارنست روسكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Аўгуст Руска – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эрнст Аўгуст Руска" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্নস্ট রুস্কা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্নস্ট রুস্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%95%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ئێرنست ڕوسکا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێرنست ڕوسکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ερνστ Ρούσκα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερνστ Ρούσκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%94" title="ארנסט רוסקה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארנסט רוסקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_August_Friedrich_Ruska" title="Ernst August Friedrich Ruska – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ernst August Friedrich Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%BF_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Էռնստ Ռուսկա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էռնստ Ռուսկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB" title="エルンスト・ルスカ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エルンスト・ルスカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Август Руска – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Эрнст Август Руска" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%B4" title="에른스트 루스카 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에른스트 루스카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestus_Ruska" title="Ernestus Ruska – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ernestus Ruska" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernsts_Ruska" title="Ernsts Ruska – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ernsts Ruska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنست روسکا – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارنست روسکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अर्न्स्ट रुस्का" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنسٹ رسکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ارنسٹ رسکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Руска, Эрнст Август – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Руска, Эрнст Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="ஏர்ணஸ்ட் ருஸ்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏர்ணஸ்ட் ருஸ்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="แอ็นสท์ รุสคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอ็นสท์ รุสคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Эрнст Руска – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Эрнст Руска" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ернст Руска – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ернст Руска" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ارنسٹ رسکا – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ارنسٹ رسکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ernst Ruska" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="恩斯特·鲁斯卡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Ernst_Ruska" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Ernst_Ruska" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Ernst_Ruska" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&oldid=2617509" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Ernst_Ruska&id=2617509&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_Ruska"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FErnst_Ruska"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ernst+Ruska"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ernst_Ruska&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ernst_Ruska" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71022" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Ernst Ruska</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gebore</th><td><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-12-25</span>)</span>25 Desember 1906<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Duitsland" title="Heidelberg, Duitsland">Heidelberg</a>, Baden, <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Ryk" class="mw-disambig" title="Duitse Ryk">Duitse Ryk</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sterf</th><td>27 Mei 1988 (op 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Wes-Berlyn" title="Wes-Berlyn">Wes-Berlyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Nasionaliteit</th><td class="category"><a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duits</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Alma mater</th><td>Tegniese Universiteit van Berlyn<br /><a href="/wiki/Tegniese_Universiteit_van_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Tegniese Universiteit van München">Tegniese Universiteit van München</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Geloof</th><td>Katoliek</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg/220px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg/330px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg/440px-Ernst_Ruska_Electron_Microscope_-_Deutsches_Museum_-_Munich-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Elektronmikroskoop wat deur Ernst Ruska in 1933 gebou is</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ernst Ruska</b> (Ernst August Friedrich Ruska; * <a href="/wiki/25_Desember" title="25 Desember">25 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1906" title="1906">1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg,_Duitsland" title="Heidelberg, Duitsland">Heidelberg, Duitsland</a>; † <a href="/wiki/27_Mei" title="27 Mei">27 Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wes-Berlyn" title="Wes-Berlyn">Wes-Berlyn</a>) was 'n Duitse elektriese <a href="/wiki/Ingenieur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingenieur">ingenieur</a> wat die <a href="/wiki/Elektronmikroskopie" title="Elektronmikroskopie">elektronmikroskoop</a> uitgevind het. Die helfte van die <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys" title="Nobelprys">Nobelprys</a> vir Fisika is in 1986 aan hom toegeken (die ander helfte is deur Heinrich Rohrer en Gerd Binnig gedeel). </p><p>Ruska het gedurende 1925 tot 1927 aan die Tegniese Universiteit van München gestudeer en toe ingeskryf aan die Tegniese Universiteit in Berlyn. Omstreeks dié tyd het sy studies 'n aanvang geneem, wat sou lei tot die uitvinding van die elektronmikroskoop. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uitvinding_van_die_elektronmikroskoop">Uitvinding van die elektronmikroskoop</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Uitvinding van die elektronmikroskoop" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Uitvinding van die elektronmikroskoop"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die mate waarin 'n optiese mikroskoop lig kon werp op die detail, of die detail wat 'n uiters vergrote voorwerp kon voortbring, was beperk deur die <a href="/wiki/Golflengte" title="Golflengte">golflengtes</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Lig" title="Lig">ligstroke</a> wat gebruik is om die voorwerp te beskou. Aangesien dit in die 1920's vasgestel is dat <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrone</a> die eienskappe van golwe besit, maar wat omtrent 100 000 keer korter as dié van lig is, het Ruska gepostuleer dat indien elektrone op dieselfde wyse as lig op 'n voorwerp gefokus kon word, die elektrone teen uiters hoë vergrotings groter detail (dit sou groter oplossingsvermoë hê) as konvensionele ligmikroskope sou bied. </p><p>In 1931 het hy die eerste elektronlens gebou, 'n elektromagneet wat 'n strook elektrone kon fokus net soos 'n lens 'n strook lig fokus. Deur gebruikmaking van verskeie van dié lense in 'n reeks, het Ruska in 1933 die eerste elektronmikroskoop ontwerp. In sy instrument beweeg elektrone deur 'n baie dun skyf van die voorwerp wat bestudeer word, en word die elektrone dan gedeflekteer op fotografiese film of op 'n fluoressent skerm, welke 'n beeld produseer wat baie vergroot mag wees. </p><p>Ruska het in 1937 by <i>Siemens-Reiniger-Werke AG</i> as 'n navorsingsingenieur aangesluit, en in 1939 het die maatskappy sy eerste kommersiële elektronmikroskoop bekendgestel wat op Ruska se uitvindings gebaseer was. Ruska het tot 1955 by Siemens navorsing gedoen, en daarna van 1955 tot 1972 as direkteur van die Instituut vir Elektronmikroskopie van die <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> Instituut gedien. Hy was ook 'n professor aan die Tegniese Universiteit van Wes-Berlyn.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elektronmikroskopie" title="Elektronmikroskopie">Elektronmikroskopie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Ruska&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ruska, Ernst." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" title="Sjabloon:Nobelprys vir Fisika"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Nobelprys vir Fisika (bladsy bestaan nie)"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Nobelprys_vir_Fisika&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wenners_van_die_Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wenners van die <a href="/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Fisika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprys vir Fisika">Nobelprys vir Fisika</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3de_Baron_van_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3de Baron van Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkla" title="Charles Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Andrews_Millikan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Andrews Millikan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manne_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manne Siegbahn (bladsy bestaan nie)">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Franck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Franck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Franck</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Baptiste_Perrin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Compton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Compton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Compton</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Willans_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Willans Richardson (bladsy bestaan nie)">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_de_Broglie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis de Broglie (bladsy bestaan nie)">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.V._Raman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.V. Raman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Chadwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Chadwick (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Francis_Hess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Francis Hess (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_David_Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl David Anderson (bladsy bestaan nie)">C.D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinton_Davisson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinton Davisson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Davisson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Paget_Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Paget Thomson (bladsy bestaan nie)">G.P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Lawrence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Lawrence (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Stern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Stern (bladsy bestaan nie)">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidor_Isaac_Rabi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percy_Williams_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percy Williams Bridgman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Victor_Appleton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Victor Appleton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Blackett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Blackett (bladsy bestaan nie)">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hideki_Yukawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hideki Yukawa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/w/index.php?title=C.F._Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C.F. Powell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Cockcroft (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernest_Walton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernest Walton (bladsy bestaan nie)">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felix_Bloch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felix Bloch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bloch</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Mills_Purcell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Mills Purcell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frits_Zernike&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frits Zernike (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Born&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Born (bladsy bestaan nie)">Born</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walther Bothe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willis_Lamb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willis Lamb (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lamb</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polykarp_Kusch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polykarp Kusch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bardeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bardeen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Houser_Brattain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Houser Brattain (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Chen-Ning&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Chen-Ning (bladsy bestaan nie)">C.N. Yang</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsung-Dao_Lee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsung-Dao Lee (bladsy bestaan nie)">T.D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Cherenkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Cherenkov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilya_Frank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilya Frank (bladsy bestaan nie)">Frank</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igor_Tamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igor Tamm (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Segr%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emilio Segrè (bladsy bestaan nie)">Segrè</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owen_Chamberlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owen Chamberlain (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_A._Glaser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald A. Glaser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hofstadter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hofstadter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Mössbauer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lev_Landau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lev Landau (bladsy bestaan nie)">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Townes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Townes (bladsy bestaan nie)">Townes</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Basov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Basov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Basov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Prokhorov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Prokhorov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Schwinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Schwinger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kastler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Kastler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Walter_Alvarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Walter Alvarez (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_Gell-Mann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray Gell-Mann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N%C3%A9el&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Néel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Bardeen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Bardeen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Cooper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Cooper (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cooper</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Robert_Schrieffer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Robert Schrieffer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Esaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leo Esaki (bladsy bestaan nie)">Esaki</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivar_Giaever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivar Giaever (bladsy bestaan nie)">Giaever</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Josephson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Josephson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Ryle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Ryle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ryle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antony_Hewish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antony Hewish (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aage_Bohr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aage Bohr (bladsy bestaan nie)">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ben_Roy_Mottelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ben Roy Mottelson (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Rainwater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Rainwater (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burton_Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burton Richter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Richter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_C.C._Ting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel C.C. Ting (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_W._Anderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip W. Anderson (bladsy bestaan nie)">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevill_Francis_Mott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevill Francis Mott (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mott</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (bladsy bestaan nie)">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyotr_Kapitsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyotr Kapitsa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Allan_Penzias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Allan Penzias (bladsy bestaan nie)">Penzias</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Woodrow_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Lee_Glashow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glashow</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdus_Salam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdus Salam (bladsy bestaan nie)">Salam</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Weinberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Weinberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Cronin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Cronin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cronin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Val_Logsdon_Fitch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Val Logsdon Fitch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolaas_Bloembergen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kai_Siegbahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kai Siegbahn (bladsy bestaan nie)">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_G._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth G. Wilson (bladsy bestaan nie)">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Alfred_Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Alfred Fowler (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Rubbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Rubbia (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_van_der_Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon van der Meer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_von_Klitzing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus von Klitzing (bladsy bestaan nie)">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruska</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerd_Binnig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerd Binnig (bladsy bestaan nie)">Binnig</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Rohrer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Rohrer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Bednorz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg Bednorz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Alex_M%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Alex Müller (bladsy bestaan nie)">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_M._Lederman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon M. Lederman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lederman</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melvin_Schwartz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melvin Schwartz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Steinberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Steinberger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Georg_Dehmelt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Paul (bladsy bestaan nie)">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerome_Isaac_Friedman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Friedman</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Way_Kendall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Way Kendall (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kendall</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Taylor (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (bladsy bestaan nie)">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georges_Charpak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georges Charpak (bladsy bestaan nie)">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_Alan_Hulse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell Alan Hulse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hulse</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertram_Brockhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertram Brockhouse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Shull&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Shull (bladsy bestaan nie)">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Lewis_Perl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Lewis Perl (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perl</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_Reines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick Reines (bladsy bestaan nie)">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Lee_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Lee (physicist) (bladsy bestaan nie)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Osheroff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Osheroff (bladsy bestaan nie)">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Coleman_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Coleman Richardson (bladsy bestaan nie)">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Chu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Chu</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Daniel_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Daniel Phillips (bladsy bestaan nie)">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_B._Laughlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert B. Laughlin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Störmer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_C._Tsui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel C. Tsui (bladsy bestaan nie)">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerard_%27t_Hooft&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerard 't Hooft (bladsy bestaan nie)">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martinus_J._G._Veltman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhores_Alferov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhores Alferov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Alferov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbert_Kroemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbert Kroemer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kilby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Kilby (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />nou</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eric_Allin_Cornell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eric Allin Cornell (bladsy bestaan nie)">Cornell</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Ketterle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Ketterle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Wieman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Wieman (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Davis_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raymond Davis Jr. (bladsy bestaan nie)">Davis</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masatoshi_Koshiba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masatoshi Koshiba (bladsy bestaan nie)">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riccardo_Giacconi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riccardo Giacconi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitaly_Ginzburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitaly Ginzburg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_James_Leggett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony James Leggett (bladsy bestaan nie)">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Gross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Gross (bladsy bestaan nie)">Gross</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_David_Politzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh David Politzer (bladsy bestaan nie)">Politzer</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Wilczek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Wilczek (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_J._Glauber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy J. Glauber (bladsy bestaan nie)">Glauber</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_L._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John L. Hall (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hall</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theodor W. Hänsch (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Mather&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John C. Mather (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mather</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Smoot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Smoot (bladsy bestaan nie)">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Fert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Fert (bladsy bestaan nie)">Fert</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Grünberg (bladsy bestaan nie)">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoichiro_Nambu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoichiro Nambu (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nambu</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist) (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toshihide_Maskawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toshihide Maskawa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_K._Kao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles K. Kao (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kao</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Willard_Boyle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willard Boyle (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boyle</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_E._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George E. Smith (bladsy bestaan nie)">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andre_Geim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andre Geim (bladsy bestaan nie)">Geim</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Novoselov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Novoselov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Perlmutter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Perlmutter (bladsy bestaan nie)">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_Riess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam Riess (bladsy bestaan nie)">Riess</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Schmidt (bladsy bestaan nie)">Schmidt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Wineland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Wineland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wineland</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Haroche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Haroche (bladsy bestaan nie)">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Englert (bladsy bestaan nie)">Englert</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Higgs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Higgs (bladsy bestaan nie)">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isamu_Akasaki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isamu Akasaki (bladsy bestaan nie)">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiroshi_Amano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiroshi Amano (bladsy bestaan nie)">Amano</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuji_Nakamura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuji Nakamura (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takaaki_Kajita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takaaki Kajita (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kajita</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_B._McDonald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur B. McDonald (bladsy bestaan nie)">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Thouless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Thouless (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thouless</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_Haldane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duncan Haldane (bladsy bestaan nie)">Haldane</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Michael_Kosterlitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Weiss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Weiss (bladsy bestaan nie)">Weiss</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Barish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Barish (bladsy bestaan nie)">Barish</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kip_Thorne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kip Thorne (bladsy bestaan nie)">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Ashkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Ashkin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Mourou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Mourou (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mourou</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Strickland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Strickland (bladsy bestaan nie)">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jim_Peebles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jim Peebles (bladsy bestaan nie)">Peebles</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Mayor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Mayor (bladsy bestaan nie)">Mayor</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didier_Queloz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didier Queloz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Penrose (bladsy bestaan nie)">Penrose</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Genzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Genzel (bladsy bestaan nie)">Genzel</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrea_M._Ghez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrea M. Ghez (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Parisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Parisi (bladsy bestaan nie)">Parisi</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasselmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hasselmann (bladsy bestaan nie)">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syukuro_Manabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syukuro Manabe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Aspect (bladsy bestaan nie)">Aspect</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clauser (bladsy bestaan nie)">Clauser</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Zeilinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Zeilinger (bladsy bestaan nie)">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Agostini (bladsy bestaan nie)">Agostini</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Krausz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Krausz (bladsy bestaan nie)">Krausz</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L%27Huillier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L'Huillier (bladsy bestaan nie)">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71022&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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