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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jeugd</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jeugd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Universiteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zeemaneffect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zeemaneffect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zeemaneffect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zeemaneffect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erkenning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erkenning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Erkenning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erkenning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nagedachtenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nagedachtenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nagedachtenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nagedachtenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links_en_literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links_en_literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externe links en literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links_en_literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pieter Zeeman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 94 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="بيتر زيمن – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر زيمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86" title="بيتر زيمن – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر زيمن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Zeyeman" title="Piter Zeyeman – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piter Zeyeman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітэр Зееман – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітэр Зееман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітэр Зээман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пітэр Зээман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="পিটার জেমান – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিটার জেমান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86" title="پیتەر زێمەن – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیتەر زێمەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%96%CE%AD%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Πίτερ Ζέεμαν – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίτερ Ζέεμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פיטר זימן – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיטר זימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर ज़ीमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर ज़ीमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B6%D5%A5%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Պիտեր Զեեման – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիտեր Զեեման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ピーター・ゼーマン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーター・ゼーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიტერ ზეემანი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიტერ ზეემანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೀಟರ್ ಸೀಮಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೀಟರ್ ಸೀಮಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%8C" title="피터르 제이만 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터르 제이만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Zeeman" title="Petrus Zeeman – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABters_Z%C4%93manis" title="Pīters Zēmanis – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pīters Zēmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Земан – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Питер Земан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="പീറ്റർ സീമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പീറ്റർ സീമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Зееман – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Питер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पीटर झीमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पीटर झीमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پیتر زیمان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیتر زیمان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पिएटर जीम्यान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पिएटर जीम्यान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="پیٹر زیمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیٹر زیمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Зееман, Питер – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зееман, Питер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="पीटर् जीमन् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पीटर् जीमन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Питер Земан – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Питер Земан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பீட்டர் சீமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்டர் சீமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="పీటర్ జీమన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పీటర్ జీమన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ปีเตอร์ เซมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีเตอร์ เซมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piter_Zeeman" title="Piter Zeeman – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Piter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пітер Зееман – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітер Зееман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%91_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پیڑ زیمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیڑ زیمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="彼得·塞曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პიტერ ზეემანი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პიტერ ზეემანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="彼得·塞曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pieter Zeeman" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelprijswinnaar"><img alt="Nobelprijswinnaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Pieter Zeeman </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/25_mei" title="25 mei">25 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a> – <a href="/wiki/9_oktober" title="9 oktober">9 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pieter Zeeman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/266px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/399px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pieter_Zeeman.jpg/532px-Pieter_Zeeman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2974" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Pieter Zeeman</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Zonnemaire" title="Zonnemaire">Zonnemaire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Natuurkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1902 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">"Voor hun onderzoek naar de invloed van <a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">magnetisme</a> op <a href="/wiki/Straling" title="Straling">stralingsfenomenen</a>." </td></tr> <tr> <th>Samen met </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Natuurkunde" title="Portaal:Natuurkunde">Natuurkunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg/260px-EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg/390px-EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg/520px-EinsteinZeemanEhrenfest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>Zeeman met <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> en <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrenfest" title="Paul Ehrenfest">Ehrenfest</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pieter Zeeman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Zonnemaire" title="Zonnemaire">Zonnemaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/25_mei" title="25 mei">25 mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1865" title="1865">1865</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/9_oktober" title="9 oktober">9 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederlands</a> <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkundige</a> en <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Natuurkunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Natuurkunde">Nobelprijswinnaar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/260px-seek%3D199-Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="348" data-mwtitle="Canon_van_Zeeland,_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale,_1828-1872.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Canon_van_Zeeland,_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale,_1828-1872.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.480p.vp9.webm#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.720p.vp9.webm#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.1080p.vp9.webm#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.240p.vp9.webm#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.360p.vp9.webm#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm/Canon_van_Zeeland%2C_venster_39_Johannes_Hendrik_van_Dale%2C_1828-1872.webm.360p.webm#t=00:03:19,00:04:20" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Zeeman in een video over de Canon van Zeeland</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jeugd">Jeugd</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Jeugd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Jeugd"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zeeman werd geboren in het <a href="/wiki/Zeeland_(provincie)" title="Zeeland (provincie)">Zeeuwse</a> plaatsje <a href="/wiki/Zonnemaire" title="Zonnemaire">Zonnemaire</a> als zoon van de hervormde dominee Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman (1828-1906)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> en Wilhelmina Worst. Na de dorpsschool, bestaande uit één klaslokaal, werd hem door zijn vader een basiskennis van de <a href="/wiki/Frans" title="Frans">Franse</a> taal bijgebracht en kon hij in <a href="/wiki/Zierikzee" title="Zierikzee">Zierikzee</a> naar de <a href="/wiki/Hogereburgerschool" title="Hogereburgerschool">hogereburgerschool</a> (HBS) (nu deel van de <a href="/wiki/Pontes_scholengroep" title="Pontes scholengroep">Pontes scholengroep</a>). In zijn periode op de HBS nam hij bijzonder helder <a href="/wiki/Poollicht" title="Poollicht">noorderlicht</a> waar, dat in november 1882 in Noord-Europa te zien was. Zeeman deelde zijn bevinding met de Groningse natuurkundeleraar H.J.H. Groeneman, die hierover een artikel met tekening plaatste in het blad <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aangezien de HBS niet direct toegang bood tot de universiteit, en Zeeman graag wis- en natuurkunde wilde gaan studeren, moest hij eerst nog een jaar aanvullend onderwijs volgen op het <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium" title="Gymnasium">gymnasium</a> te Delft. Hij werd in huis geplaatst bij de <a href="/wiki/Conrector" title="Conrector">conrector</a> J.W. Lely (de broer van <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Lely" title="Cornelis Lely">Cornelis Lely</a>) en kreeg Latijn en Grieks ter voorbereiding op het universitaire toelatingsexamen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Universiteit">Universiteit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Universiteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Universiteit"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gedurende zijn verblijf in Delft kwam Zeeman in contact met <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>, van wie hij later college zou krijgen in de mechanica. In 1885 slaagde hij voor zijn toelatingsexamen en werd hij toegelaten tot de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_Leiden" title="Universiteit Leiden">rijksuniversiteit te Leiden</a>, als student van Kamerlingh Onnes en <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a>. Kamerlingh Onnes was met name onder de indruk van Zeemans begrip van Maxwells beroemde boek <i>Theory of Heat</i>. Nog voor zijn promotie werd Zeeman in 1890 benoemd tot assistent van professor Lorentz. In 1893 promoveerde hij onder Kamerlingh Onnes met een dissertatie over de magneto-optica: <i>Metingen over het verschijnsel van Kerr bij polaire terugkaatsing op ijzer, kobalt en nikkel</i>. </p><p>Na zijn promotie werkte Zeeman een half jaar in <a href="/wiki/Straatsburg" title="Straatsburg">Straatsburg</a> bij <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emil_Cohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emil Cohn (de pagina bestaat niet)">Emil Cohn</a> aan het Kohlrausch Instituut waar hij onderzoek deed naar de voortplanting van elektrische trillingen in vloeistoffen. Daarna was hij privaatdocent wis- en natuurkunde aan de Leidse universiteit voordat hij in 1896 werd benoemd tot lector aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a> in de natuurkunde. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zeemaneffect">Zeemaneffect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zeemaneffect" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zeemaneffect"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1896" title="1896">1896</a> startte hij als vervolg van zijn promotieonderzoek aan het <a href="/wiki/Kerreffect" title="Kerreffect">kerreffect</a> een onderzoek naar het effect van <a href="/wiki/Magnetisch_veld" title="Magnetisch veld">magnetische velden</a> op <a href="/wiki/Licht" title="Licht">licht</a> en ontdekte wat nu bekendstaat als het <a href="/wiki/Zeemaneffect" title="Zeemaneffect">zeemaneffect</a>, waarover hij in 1897 publiceerde in <i>Nature</i> en andere belangrijke tijdschriften.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit effect behelst het verschijnsel dat <a href="/wiki/Spectraallijn" title="Spectraallijn">spectraallijnen</a> van een atoom dat vanuit een aangeslagen toestand licht uitzendt zich opsplitsen bij de aanwezigheid van een sterk <a href="/wiki/Magnetisch_veld" title="Magnetisch veld">magnetisch veld</a>. Het is een van de bewijzen voor het bestaan van kwantisatie in de elektronenbanen rond het <a href="/wiki/Atoom" title="Atoom">atoom</a> en daarmee een van de aanwijzingen van de juistheid van de <a href="/wiki/Kwantummechanica" title="Kwantummechanica">kwantummechanica</a>, die overigens pas vanaf <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> ontwikkeld zou worden door <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> en anderen. Al enkele jaren eerder wist hij overigens het antwoord te leveren op de door de <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Hollandsche_Maatschappij_der_Wetenschappen" title="Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen">Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen</a> uitgeschreven prijsvraag over dit kerreffect en won hij de gouden medaille in 1892. </p><p>Zijn ontdekking was een belangrijk bewijs voor Lorentz' theorie van de <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetische_straling" title="Elektromagnetische straling">elektromagnetische straling</a>. Uit de meetresultaten van Zeeman trok Lorentz niet alleen de conclusie dat de deeltjes die in atomen voor lichtemissie verantwoordelijk zijn, een negatieve lading bezitten, maar hij kon nu ook de verhouding tussen de lading en de massa van de deeltjes – quotiënt q/m – bepalen. </p><p>Vanaf dat moment zouden Zeeman en Lorentz samen hun onderzoek richten naar de invloed van magnetisme op lichtstralen. Zeeman zelf onderzocht de splitsing van spectraallijnen in vele verschillende stoffen, waarbij hij de resultaten in een fotoserie vastlegde. Zijn werk op dit gebied was van groot belang voor al het verdere onderzoek naar de structuur van atomen. </p><p>In 1900 werd Zeeman benoemd tot buitengewoon hoogleraar <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a> aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a>. Bij de aanvaarding van dit ambt sprak hij een <a href="/wiki/Inaugurele_rede" title="Inaugurele rede">inaugurele rede</a> uit, getiteld: "Experimentele onderzoekingen over delen, kleiner dan atomen" waarin de nieuwste onderzoekingen werden uiteengezet over "belangrijke bouwstenen van onze natuurkennis" (de later ontdekte <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektronen</a>). In <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a> werd hij, als opvolger van <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a>, benoemd tot gewoon hoogleraar en directeur van het Natuurkundig Instituut op het <a href="/wiki/Roeterseiland" title="Roeterseiland">Roeterseiland</a> in de Plantagebuurt. </p><p>Omdat dit laboratorium niet langer voldeed aan zijn gestelde eisen kreeg hij reeds in 1914 de toezegging van de Universiteit van Amsterdam dat een nieuw laboratorium voor hem gebouwd zou worden. Maar vanwege de uitbraak van de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Wereldoorlog" title="Eerste Wereldoorlog">Eerste Wereldoorlog</a> moest Zeeman tot 1923 wachten voordat hij het nieuwe laboratorium "Physica" aan de <a href="/wiki/Plantage_Muidergracht" title="Plantage Muidergracht">Plantage Muidergracht</a> in gebruik kon nemen. In de tussenperiode hield Zeeman in het oude laboratorium zich bezig met het optische <a href="/wiki/Dopplereffect" title="Dopplereffect">dopplereffect</a>, een effect dat in de sterrenkunde wordt toegepast om meer te weten over de beweging van de sterren. Ook ging zijn aandacht uit naar de voortplanting van licht in bewegende vaste stoffen. </p><p>In 1902 deelde hij met <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs">Nobelprijs</a> voor zijn ontdekking van het zeemaneffect. Dit naar aanleiding van proeven die de Amerikaanse fysici <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Albert Michelson</a> en <a href="/wiki/Edward_Morley" title="Edward Morley">Edward Morley</a> hadden gedaan. Op de dag van de uitreiking, 10 december 1902, was Zeeman ziek. Daarom moest Lorentz het onderzoek van zijn voormalige student uitleggen aan de Zweedse koning en andere genodigden. In 1912 ontving Zeeman de <a href="/wiki/Matteucci_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteucci Medal">Matteucci Medal</a>, alsmede de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Draper_Medal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Draper Medal (de pagina bestaat niet)">Henry Draper Medal</a> (1921), de <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Medal_(Franklin_Institute)" title="Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)">Benjamin Franklin Medal</a> (1925). Tot zijn dood bleef hij actief in het onderzoek naar de voortplanting van licht in media zoals <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwarts" title="Kwarts">kwarts</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vuursteen" title="Vuursteen">vuursteen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erkenning">Erkenning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Erkenning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Erkenning"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932 werd Zeeman ter ere van het 350-jarig bestaan van de Amsterdamse Hogeschool, en omdat de Universiteit van Göttingen Nederland wilde bedanken voor de grote natuurkundige vooruitgang, tot erelid van de <a href="/wiki/Georg-August-Universit%C3%A4t_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Georg-August-Universität Göttingen">Universiteit van Göttingen</a> benoemd. </p><p>Zeeman heeft vele <a href="/wiki/Eredoctoraat" title="Eredoctoraat">eredoctoraten</a> ontvangen van onder meer de universiteiten van Oxford en Leuven en hij werd tot (ere)lid benoemd van vele wetenschappelijke genootschappen. </p><p>Bij zijn afscheid op 70-jarige leeftijd werd Zeeman benoemd tot <a href="/wiki/Commandeur_(ridderorde)" title="Commandeur (ridderorde)">Commandeur</a> in de <a href="/wiki/Orde_van_de_Nederlandse_Leeuw" title="Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw">Orde van de Nederlandse Leeuw</a>. In 1940 werd ter gelegenheid van zijn 75e verjaardag het uit 1923 stammende laboratorium "Physica" te Amsterdam naar hem vernoemd. Na zijn overlijden op 9 oktober 1943 werd zijn stoffelijk overschot in alle eenvoud te grave gedragen op de Algemene Begraafplaats te Haarlem, niet ver van de plaats waar ook Lorentz begraven ligt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nagedachtenis">Nagedachtenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Nagedachtenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Nagedachtenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Amsterdam_Zeemanlaboratorium_Plantage_Muidergracht_20110910.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amsterdam_Zeemanlaboratorium_Plantage_Muidergracht_20110910.JPG/260px-Amsterdam_Zeemanlaboratorium_Plantage_Muidergracht_20110910.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amsterdam_Zeemanlaboratorium_Plantage_Muidergracht_20110910.JPG/390px-Amsterdam_Zeemanlaboratorium_Plantage_Muidergracht_20110910.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Amsterdam_Zeemanlaboratorium_Plantage_Muidergracht_20110910.JPG/520px-Amsterdam_Zeemanlaboratorium_Plantage_Muidergracht_20110910.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Voormalig Zeemanlaboratorium, Plantage Muidergracht Amsterdam (2011)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>De <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stichting_Pieter_Zeemanfonds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stichting Pieter Zeemanfonds (de pagina bestaat niet)">Stichting Pieter Zeemanfonds</a> werd genoemd naar Pieter Zeeman.</li> <li>Twee prijzen verwijzen naar zijn naam: de <i>Pieter Zeemanprijs</i> en de <i>Gouden Pieter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Pieter Zeemanprijs was aanvankelijk een vijfjaarlijkse prijs voor de beste student natuurkunde en werd in 1953 ingesteld door de toenmalige zelfstandige gemeente <a href="/wiki/Zonnemaire" title="Zonnemaire">Zonnemaire</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a>. In 1960 werd de prijs voor het eerst uitgereikt. Een tweede en meteen laatste uitreiking volgde in 1965. In 2004 werd de prijs terug ingesteld door de gemeente Schouwen-Duiveland, de dorpsraad Zonnemaire, de Universiteit van Amsterdam en <a href="/wiki/Pontes_scholengroep" title="Pontes scholengroep">Pontes scholengroep</a> locatie Pieter Zeeman. Sindsdien is het een tweejaarlijkse prijs ter waarde van € 2500. Datzelfde jaar werd een tweede aanmoedigingsprijs ingesteld: de Gouden Pieter. Deze prijs ter waarde van € 500 wordt jaarlijks uitgereikt aan een veelbelovende eindexamenkandidaat natuurkunde van Pontes Pieter Zeeman.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links_en_literatuur">Externe links en literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links en literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Zeeman&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links en literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/zeeman-bio.html">Biografie op nobelprize.org</a></li> <li>P.F.A. Klinkenberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/zeeman"><i>Zeeman, Pieter (1865-1943)</i></a>, in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205024954/http://www.kb.nl/hkc/nobel/zeeman/zeeman.html">Biografie van Zeeman</a> op de website van de <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Bibliotheek_(Nederland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Nederland)">Koninklijke Bibliotheek</a> (Gearchiveerd op 5 februari 2012).</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li>W.J.A.Schouten, <i>Natuur en Techniek</i>, <b>1965</b> nr.4, blz 109 - 113: "Pieter Zeeman (1865 - 1943) - Ons land herdenkt een van zijn grootste zonen"</li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Newton, David E.</span> (1995). "Pieter Zeeman". <i>Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists</i>.  Detroit: Gale Research Inc.</li> <li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFA.J._Kox_en_W.P._Troelstra1996"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A.J. Kox en W.P. Troelstra</span> (1996). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/251336/513-2138-1-PB.pdf">Uit het Zeeman-archief: De ontdekking van het zeeman-effect</a></cite>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gewina_(tijdschrift)" title="Gewina (tijdschrift)">Gewina</a></i> <b>19</b>: 153-166. </span></li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openarch.nl/show.php?archive=gsd&identifier=A7109A92-053A-472D-B4F2-218CC6876C73">Geboorteakte Burgerlijke Stand Zonnemaire 1865, aktenummer 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=zeem004">Catharinus Forandinus Zeeman</a> bij de <a href="/wiki/Digitale_Bibliotheek_voor_de_Nederlandse_Letteren" title="Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren">Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren (dbnl)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.J.H. Groeneman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v27/n691/pdf/027296a0.pdf">"Remarks on and observations of the meteoric auroral phenomenon of November 17, 1882"</a> <i>Nature</i> <b>27</b> (1883) 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">A.J. Kox</span>. <cite><i>Een Brandpunt van geleerdheid in de hoofdstad: de Universiteit van Amsterdam rond 1900 in vijftien portretten</i></cite>, Blz. 214. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6550-349-8" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90-6550-349-8">ISBN 90-6550-349-8</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFP._Zeeman1897"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">P. Zeeman</span> (1897). <cite>The Effect of Magnetisation on the Nature of Light Emitted by a Substance</cite>. <i>Nature</i> <b>55</b>: 347. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/055347a0">10.1038/055347a0</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pzc.nl/regio/schouwen-duiveland/pieter-zeemanprijs-voor-beste-scriptie-1.1539081">Pieter Zeemanprijs en Gouden Pieter</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Winnaars_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" class="navigatie-titel">Winnaars van de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Natuurkunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde">Nobelprijs voor Natuurkunde</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b>1901–1925:</b></td><td class="rechts">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a> · 1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zeeman</a> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt" title="John William Strutt">Rayleigh</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Eduard_Anton_Lenard" title="Philipp Eduard Anton Lenard">Lenard</a> · <span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">J.J. Thomson</a></span> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Michelson" title="Albert Michelson">Michelson</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Jonas_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Jonas Lippmann">Lippmann</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a> · <span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></span> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Nils Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a> · <span class="nowrap">1913 <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">von Laue</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">W.L. Bragg</a></span> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W.H. Bragg</a></span> · <span style="color:">1916</span> · 1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a> · 1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a> · 1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles-%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles-Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a> · 1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1923:<a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" title="Robert Millikan">Millikan</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1924 <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span> · 1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1926–1950:</b></td><td class="rechts">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Perrin</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Compton</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C.T.R. Wilson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O.W. Richardson</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">de Broglie</a></span> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Chandrasekhara_Raman" title="Chandrasekhara Raman">Raman</a> · <span style="color:">1931</span> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> · 1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a> · <span style="color:">1934</span> · 1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Hess</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Carl Anderson (natuurkundige)">C. Anderson</a></span> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G.P. Thomson</a></span> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a> · <span style="color:">1940</span> · <span style="color:">1941</span> · <span style="color:">1942</span> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a> · 1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Powell" title="Cecil Powell">Powell</a> ·</td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1951–1975:</b></td><td class="rechts">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brattain" title="Walter Brattain">Brattain</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Chen_Ning_Yang" title="Chen Ning Yang">Yang</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T.D. Lee</a></span> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Tsjerenkov" title="Pavel Tsjerenkov">Tsjerenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Frank" title="Ilja Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Glaser</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Goeppert-Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jensen" title="Hans Jensen">Jensen</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" title="Charles Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Basov" title="Nikolaj Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Prochorov" title="Aleksandr Prochorov">Prokhorov</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Shinichiro_Tomonaga" title="Shinichiro Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Alvarez</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schrieffer" title="Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a> · 1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a> · <span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Mottelson" title="Ben Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>1976–2000:</b></td><td class="rechts"><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ting" title="Samuel Ting">Ting</a> · <span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Anderson_(natuurkundige)" title="Philip Anderson (natuurkundige)">P. Anderson</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_van_Vleck" title="John van Vleck">van: Vleck</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Kapitsa" title="Pjotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R.W. Wilson</a></span> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Fitch" title="Val Fitch">Fitch</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Nico_Bloembergen" title="Nico Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" title="Arthur Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wilson" title="Kenneth Wilson">K.G. Wilson</a></span> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Subramanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subramanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Fowler" title="William Fowler">Fowler</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">van der Meer</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="Alex Müller">Müller</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Lederman" title="Leon Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey" title="Norman Ramsey">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Dehmelt" title="Hans Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Friedman" title="Jerome Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kendall" title="Henry Kendall">Kendall</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(natuurkundige)" title="Richard Taylor (natuurkundige)">R. Taylor</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Hulse" title="Russell Hulse">Hulse</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Taylor" title="Joseph Taylor">J. Taylor</a></span> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a> · <span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">D. Lee</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R.C. Richardson</a></span> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Betts_Laughlin" title="Robert Betts Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chee_Tsui" title="Daniel Chee Tsui">Tsui</a> · <span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></span> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Veltman_(natuurkundige)" title="Martinus Veltman (natuurkundige)">Veltman</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Zjores_Ivanovitsj_Alferov" title="Zjores Ivanovitsj Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><span class="nowrap">2000–heden:</span></b></td><td class="rechts">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Cornell" title="Eric Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_jr." title="Raymond Davis jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Abrikosov">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitali_Ginzburg" title="Vitali Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Leggett" title="Anthony Leggett">Leggett</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Politzer" title="David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" title="Roy Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(natuurkundige)" title="John Hall (natuurkundige)">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor Hänsch">Hänsch</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Mather" title="John Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kao" title="Charles Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Wineland" title="David Wineland">Wineland</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_McDonald" title="Arthur McDonald">McDonald</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/David_Thouless" title="David Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kosterlitz" title="Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" title="Andrea Ghez">Ghez</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" class="extiw" title="commons:Pieter Zeeman">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; 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