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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electron_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Electron configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electron_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_number_of_valence_electrons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_number_of_valence_electrons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The number of valence electrons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_number_of_valence_electrons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valence_shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valence_shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Valence shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valence_shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chemical reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_conductivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_conductivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Electrical conductivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_conductivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Valence electron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenselektron" title="Valenselektron – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Valenselektron" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A4" title="إلكترون تكافؤ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إلكترون تكافؤ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n_de_valencia" title="Electrón de valencia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electrón de valencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8" title="যোজ্যতা ইলেকট্রন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যোজ্যতা ইলেকট্রন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Валент электрондар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Валент электрондар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Валентныя электроны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валентныя электроны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Валентныя электроны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Валентныя электроны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентен електрон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валентен електрон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentni_elektron" title="Valentni elektron – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Valentni elektron" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3_de_val%C3%A8ncia" title="Electró de valència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electró de valència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valen%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_elektron" title="Valenční elektron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valenční elektron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenselektron" title="Valenselektron – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valenselektron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzelektron" title="Valenzelektron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Valenzelektron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentselektron" title="Valentselektron – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valentselektron" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF_%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ελεύθερο ηλεκτρόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ελεύθερο ηλεκτρόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electr%C3%B3n_de_valencia" title="Electrón de valencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electrón de valencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentelektrono" title="Valentelektrono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valentelektrono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balentzia-elektroi" title="Balentzia-elektroi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balentzia-elektroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="الکترون ظرفیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکترون ظرفیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectron_de_valence" title="Électron de valence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électron de valence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C3%BAsleictreon" title="Fiúsleictreon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fiúsleictreon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80_%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90" title="원자가 전자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="원자가 전자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_valensi" title="Elektron valensi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektron valensi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildisrafeind" title="Gildisrafeind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gildisrafeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אלקטרון ערכיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרון ערכיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektwon_valans" title="Elektwon valans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Elektwon valans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93rt%C4%ABbas_elektrons" title="Vērtības elektrons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vērtības elektrons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinis_elektronas" title="Valentinis elektronas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valentinis elektronas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegy%C3%A9rt%C3%A9kelektron" title="Vegyértékelektron – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vegyértékelektron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентен електрон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валентен електрон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_valens" title="Elektron valens – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektron valens" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентын электрон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Валентын электрон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentie-elektron" title="Valentie-elektron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valentie-elektron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BE%A1%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="価電子 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="価電子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenselektron" title="Valenselektron – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valenselektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenselektron" title="Valenselektron – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Valenselektron" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenzelektron" title="Valenzelektron – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Valenzelektron" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_walencyjny" title="Elektron walencyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektron walencyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletr%C3%A3o_de_val%C3%AAncia" title="Eletrão de valência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletrão de valência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_de_valen%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Electron de valență – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electron de valență" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентный электрон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валентный электрон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Valence electron" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valen%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_elektr%C3%B3n" title="Valenčný elektrón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Valenčný elektrón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%BE%DB%8E%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ئێلێکترۆنی ھاوھێزی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێلێکترۆنی ھاوھێزی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентни електрон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валентни електрон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentni_elektron" title="Valentni elektron – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valentni elektron" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenssielektroni" title="Valenssielektroni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valenssielektroni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenselektron" title="Valenselektron – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valenselektron" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="இணைதிறன் எதிர்மின்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணைதிறன் எதிர்மின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Валент электроннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Валент электроннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="เวเลนซ์อิเล็กตรอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวเลนซ์อิเล็กตรอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C4%9Ferlik_elektron" title="Değerlik elektron – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Değerlik elektron" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валентний електрон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валентний електрон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_h%C3%B3a_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Electron hóa trị – Vietnamese" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Valence electrons">Valence electrons</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electron in the outer shell of an atom's energy levels</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Covalent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/180px-Covalent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/270px-Covalent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Covalent.svg/360px-Covalent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Four <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bonds</a>. Carbon has four valence electrons and here a <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">valence</a> of four. Each hydrogen atom has one valence electron and is univalent.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <b>valence electrons</b> are <a href="/wiki/Electrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrons">electrons</a> in the outermost <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">shell</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>, and that can participate in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bond</a> if the outermost shell is not <a href="/wiki/Closed_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed shell">closed</a>. In a single <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a>, a shared pair forms with both atoms in the bond each contributing one valence electron. </p><p>The presence of valence electrons can determine the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemical</a> properties, such as its <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">valence</a>—whether it may bond with other elements and, if so, how readily and with how many. In this way, a given element's <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactivity</a> is highly dependent upon its <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electronic configuration</a>. For a <a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">main-group element</a>, a valence electron can exist only in the outermost <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shell</a>; for a <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>, a valence electron can also be in an inner shell. </p><p>An atom with a closed shell of valence electrons (corresponding to a <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble gas configuration">noble gas configuration</a>) tends to be <a href="/wiki/Inert_gases" class="mw-redirect" title="Inert gases">chemically inert</a>. Atoms with one or two valence electrons more than a closed shell are highly reactive due to the relatively <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">low energy</a> to remove the extra valence electrons to form a positive <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a>. An atom with one or two electrons fewer than a closed shell is reactive due to its tendency either to gain the missing valence electrons and form a negative ion, or else to share valence electrons and form a covalent bond. </p><p>Similar to a <a href="/wiki/Core_electron" title="Core electron">core electron</a>, a valence electron has the ability to absorb or release energy in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>. An energy gain can trigger the electron to move (jump) to an outer shell; this is known as <a href="/wiki/Excited_state#Atomic_excitation" title="Excited state">atomic excitation</a>. Or the electron can even break free from its associated atom's shell; this is <a href="/wiki/Ionization" title="Ionization">ionization</a> to form a positive ion. When an electron loses energy (thereby causing a photon to be emitted), then it can move to an inner shell which is not fully occupied. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electron_configuration">Electron configuration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Electron configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The electrons that determine <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">valence</a> – how an atom reacts chemically – are those with the highest <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>. </p><p>For a <a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">main-group element</a>, the valence electrons are defined as those electrons residing in the electronic shell of highest <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">principal quantum number</a> <i>n</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the number of valence electrons that it may have depends on the <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a> in a simple way. For example, the electronic configuration of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (P) is 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>3</sup> so that there are 5 valence electrons (3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>3</sup>), corresponding to a maximum valence for P of 5 as in the <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> PF<sub>5</sub>; this configuration is normally abbreviated to [Ne] 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>3</sup>, where [Ne] signifies the core electrons whose configuration is identical to that of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a> <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>. </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Transition_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition element">transition elements</a> have (<i>n</i>−1)d energy levels that are very close in energy to the <i>n</i><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">s</span> level.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So as opposed to main-group elements, a valence electron for a transition metal is defined as an electron that resides outside a noble-gas core.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, generally, the d electrons in transition metals behave as valence electrons although they are not in the outermost shell. For example, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Mn) has configuration 1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>5</sup>; this is abbreviated to [Ar] 4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>5</sup>, where [Ar] denotes a core configuration identical to that of the noble gas <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. In this atom, a 3d electron has energy similar to that of a 4s electron, and much higher than that of a 3s or 3p electron. In effect, there are possibly seven valence electrons (4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>5</sup>) outside the argon-like core; this is consistent with the chemical fact that manganese can have an <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> as high as +7 (in the <a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">permanganate</a> ion: <span class="chemf nowrap">MnO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>). (But note that merely having that number of valence electrons does not imply that the corresponding oxidation state will exist. For example, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> is not known in oxidation state +7; and although the maximum known number of valence electrons is 16 in <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a>, no oxidation state higher than +9 is known for any element.) </p><p>The farther right in each transition metal series, the lower the energy of an electron in a d subshell and the less such an electron has valence properties. Thus, although a <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> atom has, in principle, ten valence electrons (4s<sup>2</sup> 3d<sup>8</sup>), its oxidation state never exceeds four. For <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, the 3d subshell is complete in all known compounds, although it does contribute to the valence band in some compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar patterns hold for the (<i>n</i>−2)f energy levels of inner transition metals. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/D_electron_count" title="D electron count">d electron count</a> is an alternative tool for understanding the chemistry of a transition metal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_number_of_valence_electrons">The number of valence electrons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The number of valence electrons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of valence electrons of an element can be determined by the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">periodic table group</a> (vertical column) in which the element is categorized. In groups 1–12, the group number matches the number of valence electrons; in groups 13–18, the units digit of the group number matches the number of valence electrons. (Helium is the sole exception.)<sup id="cite_ref-KW_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th colspan="14"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">H<br />1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">He<br />2 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Li<br />1 </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Be<br />2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">B<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">C<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">N<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">O<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">F<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Ne<br />8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Na<br />1 </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Mg<br />2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Al<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Si<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">P<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">S<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Cl<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Ar<br />8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">K<br />1 </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Ca<br />2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Sc<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Ti<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">V<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Cr<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Mn<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Fe<br />8 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Co<br />9 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Ni<br />10 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Cu<br />11 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Zn<br />12 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Ga<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Ge<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">As<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Se<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Br<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Kr<br />8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Rb<br />1 </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Sr<br />2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Y<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Zr<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Nb<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Mo<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Tc<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Ru<br />8 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Rh<br />9 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Pd<br />10 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Ag<br />11 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Cd<br />12 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">In<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Sn<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Sb<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Te<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">I<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Xe<br />8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Cs<br />1 </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Ba<br />2 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">La<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Ce<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Pr<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Nd<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Pm<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Sm<br />8 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Eu<br />9 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Gd<br />10 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Tb<br />11 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Dy<br />12 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Ho<br />13 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Er<br />14 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Tm<br />15 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Yb<br />16 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Lu<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Hf<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Ta<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">W<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Re<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Os<br />8 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Ir<br />9 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Pt<br />10 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Au<br />11 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Hg<br />12 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Tl<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Pb<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Bi<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Po<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">At<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Rn<br />8 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Fr<br />1 </td> <td bgcolor="#ff9999">Ra<br />2 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Ac<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Th<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Pa<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">U<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Np<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Pu<br />8 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Am<br />9 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Cm<br />10 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Bk<br />11 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Cf<br />12 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Es<br />13 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Fm<br />14 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">Md<br />15 </td> <td bgcolor="#9bff99">No<br />16 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Lr<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Rf<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Db<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Sg<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Bh<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Hs<br />8 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Mt<br />9 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Ds<br />10 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Rg<br />11 </td> <td bgcolor="#99ccff">Cn<br />12 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Nh<br />3 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Fl<br />4 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Mc<br />5 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Lv<br />6 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Ts<br />7 </td> <td bgcolor="#fdff8c">Og<br />8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Helium is an exception: despite having a 1s<sup>2</sup> configuration with two valence electrons, and thus having some similarities with the alkaline earth metals with their <i>n</i>s<sup>2</sup> valence configurations, its shell is completely full and hence it is chemically very inert and is usually placed in group 18 with the other noble gases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Valence_shell">Valence shell</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Valence shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The valence shell is the set of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">orbitals</a> which are energetically accessible for accepting electrons to form <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>. </p><p>For main-group elements, the valence shell consists of the <i>n</i>s and <i>n</i>p orbitals in the outermost <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">electron shell</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a> the orbitals of the incomplete (<i>n</i>−1)d subshell are included, and for <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a> incomplete (<i>n</i>−2)f and (<i>n</i>−1)d subshells. The orbitals involved can be in an inner electron shell and do not all correspond to the same electron shell or principal quantum number <i>n</i> in a given element, but they are all at similar energies.<sup id="cite_ref-KW_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KW-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element type</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></th> <th>s- and p-blocks<br />(<a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">main-group elements</a>)</th> <th>d-block<br />(<a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a>)</th> <th>f-block<br />(<a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinides</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>Valence orbitals<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> <ul><li>1s</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i>n</i>s</li> <li><i>n</i>p</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i>n</i>s</li> <li>(<i>n</i>−1)d</li> <li><i>n</i>p</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><i>n</i>s</li> <li>(<i>n</i>−2)f</li> <li>(<i>n</i>−1)d</li> <li><i>n</i>p</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Electron_counting" title="Electron counting">Electron counting</a> rules </th> <td>Duet/Duplet rule </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">Octet rule</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/18-electron_rule" title="18-electron rule">18-electron rule</a> </td> <td>32-electron rule </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As a general rule, a <a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">main-group element</a> (except hydrogen or helium) tends to react to form a s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>6</sup> <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">electron configuration</a>. This tendency is called the <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule" title="Octet rule">octet rule</a>, because each bonded atom has 8 valence electrons including shared electrons. Similarly, a transition metal tends to react to form a d<sup>10</sup>s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>6</sup> electron configuration. This tendency is called the <a href="/wiki/18-electron_rule" title="18-electron rule">18-electron rule</a>, because each bonded atom has 18 valence electrons including shared electrons. </p><p>The heavy group 2 elements calcium, strontium, and barium can use the (<i>n</i>−1)d subshell as well, giving them some similarities to transition metals.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_reactions">Chemical reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence (chemistry)</a></div> <p>The number of valence electrons in an atom governs its <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonding</a> behavior. Therefore, elements whose atoms have the same number of valence electrons are often grouped together in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a> of the elements, especially if they also have the same types of valence orbitals.<sup id="cite_ref-jensenlaw_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jensenlaw-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most <a href="/wiki/Reactivity_(chemistry)" title="Reactivity (chemistry)">reactive</a> kind of <a href="/wiki/Metallic_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic element">metallic element</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a> of group 1 (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>); this is because such an atom has only a single valence electron. During the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bond</a>, which provides the necessary <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a>, this one valence electron is easily lost to form a positive <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> (cation) with a closed shell (e.g., Na<sup>+</sup> or K<sup>+</sup>). An <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metal</a> of group 2 (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>) is somewhat less reactive, because each atom must lose two valence electrons to form a positive ion with a closed shell (e.g., Mg<sup>2+</sup>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Within each group (each periodic table column) of metals, reactivity increases with each lower row of the table (from a light element to a heavier element), because a heavier element has more electron shells than a lighter element; a heavier element's valence electrons exist at higher <a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">principal quantum numbers</a> (they are farther away from the nucleus of the atom, and are thus at higher potential energies, which means they are less tightly bound).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetal</a> atom tends to attract additional valence electrons to attain a full valence shell; this can be achieved in one of two ways: An atom can either share electrons with a neighboring atom (a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent bond</a>), or it can remove electrons from another atom (an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bond</a>). The most reactive kind of nonmetal element is a <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> (F) or <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> (Cl)). Such an atom has the following electron configuration: s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>5</sup>; this requires only one additional valence electron to form a closed shell. To form an ionic bond, a halogen atom can remove an electron from another atom in order to form an anion (e.g., F<sup>−</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, etc.). To form a covalent bond, one electron from the halogen and one electron from another atom form a shared pair (e.g., in the molecule H–F, the line represents a shared pair of valence electrons, one from H and one from F).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Within each group of nonmetals, reactivity decreases with each lower row of the table (from a light element to a heavy element) in the periodic table, because the valence electrons are at progressively higher energies and thus progressively less tightly bound. In fact, oxygen (the lightest element in group 16) is the most reactive nonmetal after fluorine, even though it is not a halogen, because the valence shells of the heavier halogens are at higher principal quantum numbers. </p><p>In these simple cases where the octet rule is obeyed, the <a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">valence</a> of an atom equals the number of electrons gained, lost, or shared in order to form the stable octet. However, there are also many molecules that are <a href="/wiki/Octet_rule#Exceptions" title="Octet rule">exceptions</a>, and for which the valence is less clearly defined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electrical_conductivity">Electrical conductivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electrical conductivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valence electrons are also responsible for the bonding in the pure chemical elements, and whether their <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> is characteristic of metals, semiconductors, or insulators. </p> <table class="collapsible uncollapsed" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="table-layout:fixed; background:#f8f8f8; border:1px solid #a9a9a9; width:100%; max-width:1300px; margin:0 auto; padding:2px; ;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="33" style="background:#d8d8d8; padding:2px 4px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(simple_substance_bonding)" title="Template:Periodic table (simple substance bonding)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(simple_substance_bonding)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (simple substance bonding)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(simple_substance_bonding)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (simple substance bonding)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Bonding of simple substances in the periodic table</div> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#e8e8e8"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <th colspan="14"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; line-height:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table group">Group</a> → </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%; line-height:110%;">↓ <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table period">Period</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H , hydrogen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen"><span style="display:block">H</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, helium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium"><span style="display:block">He</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, lithium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium"><span style="display:block">Li</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Be, beryllium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium"><span style="display:block">Be</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B , boron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron"><span style="display:block">B</span></a></span> </td> <td title="C , carbon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon"><span style="display:block">C</span></a></span> </td> <td title="N , nitrogen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen"><span style="display:block">N</span></a></span> </td> <td title="O , oxygen" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen"><span style="display:block">O</span></a></span> </td> <td title="F , fluorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine"><span style="display:block">F</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ne, neon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon"><span style="display:block">Ne</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, sodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium"><span style="display:block">Na</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mg, magnesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium"><span style="display:block">Mg</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, aluminium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium"><span style="display:block">Al</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Si, silicon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon"><span style="display:block">Si</span></a></span> </td> <td title="P , phosphorus" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus"><span style="display:block">P</span></a></span> </td> <td title="S , sulfur" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur"><span style="display:block">S</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cl, chlorine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine"><span style="display:block">Cl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ar, argon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon"><span style="display:block">Ar</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K , potassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium"><span style="display:block">K</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ca, calcium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium"><span style="display:block">Ca</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, scandium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium"><span style="display:block">Sc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ti, titanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium"><span style="display:block">Ti</span></a></span> </td> <td title="V , vanadium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium"><span style="display:block">V</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cr, chromium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium"><span style="display:block">Cr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mn, manganese" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese"><span style="display:block">Mn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fe, iron" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron"><span style="display:block">Fe</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Co, cobalt" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt"><span style="display:block">Co</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ni, nickel" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel"><span style="display:block">Ni</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cu, copper" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper"><span style="display:block">Cu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zn, zinc" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc"><span style="display:block">Zn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ga, gallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium"><span style="display:block">Ga</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ge, germanium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium"><span style="display:block">Ge</span></a></span> </td> <td title="As, arsenic" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic"><span style="display:block">As</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Se, selenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium"><span style="display:block">Se</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Br, bromine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine"><span style="display:block">Br</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Kr, krypton" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton"><span style="display:block">Kr</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, rubidium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium"><span style="display:block">Rb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sr, strontium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium"><span style="display:block">Sr</span></a></span> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y , yttrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium"><span style="display:block">Y</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Zr, zirconium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium"><span style="display:block">Zr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nb, niobium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium"><span style="display:block">Nb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mo, molybdenum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum"><span style="display:block">Mo</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tc, technetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium"><span style="display:block">Tc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ru, ruthenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium"><span style="display:block">Ru</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rh, rhodium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium"><span style="display:block">Rh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pd, palladium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium"><span style="display:block">Pd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ag, silver" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver"><span style="display:block">Ag</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cd, cadmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium"><span style="display:block">Cd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="In, indium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium"><span style="display:block">In</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sn, tin" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin"><span style="display:block">Sn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sb, antimony" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony"><span style="display:block">Sb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Te, tellurium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0e0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium"><span style="display:block">Te</span></a></span> </td> <td title="I , iodine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#b0c0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><span style="display:block">I</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Xe, xenon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon"><span style="display:block">Xe</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, caesium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium"><span style="display:block">Cs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ba, barium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium"><span style="display:block">Ba</span></a></span> </td> <td title="La, lanthanum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum"><span style="display:block">La</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ce, cerium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium"><span style="display:block">Ce</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pr, praseodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium"><span style="display:block">Pr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nd, neodymium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium"><span style="display:block">Nd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pm, promethium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium"><span style="display:block">Pm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sm, samarium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium"><span style="display:block">Sm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Eu, europium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium"><span style="display:block">Eu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Gd, gadolinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium"><span style="display:block">Gd</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tb, terbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium"><span style="display:block">Tb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Dy, dysprosium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium"><span style="display:block">Dy</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ho, holmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium"><span style="display:block">Ho</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Er, erbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium"><span style="display:block">Er</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tm, thulium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium"><span style="display:block">Tm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Yb, ytterbium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium"><span style="display:block">Yb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lu, lutetium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium"><span style="display:block">Lu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hf, hafnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium"><span style="display:block">Hf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ta, tantalum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum"><span style="display:block">Ta</span></a></span> </td> <td title="W , tungsten" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten"><span style="display:block">W</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Re, rhenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium"><span style="display:block">Re</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Os, osmium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium"><span style="display:block">Os</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ir, iridium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium"><span style="display:block">Ir</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pt, platinum" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum"><span style="display:block">Pt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Au, gold" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold"><span style="display:block">Au</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hg, mercury" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)"><span style="display:block">Hg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Tl, thallium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium"><span style="display:block">Tl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pb, lead" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead"><span style="display:block">Pb</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bi, bismuth" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth"><span style="display:block">Bi</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Po, polonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium"><span style="display:block">Po</span></a></span> </td> <td title="At, astatine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine"><span style="display:block">At</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rn, radon" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e0b0e6; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon"><span style="display:block">Rn</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, francium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium"><span style="display:block">Fr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ra, radium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium"><span style="display:block">Ra</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ac, actinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium"><span style="display:block">Ac</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Th, thorium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium"><span style="display:block">Th</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pa, protactinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium"><span style="display:block">Pa</span></a></span> </td> <td title="U , uranium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px solid #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium"><span style="display:block">U</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Np, neptunium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium"><span style="display:block">Np</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Pu, plutonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dashed #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium"><span style="display:block">Pu</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Am, americium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium"><span style="display:block">Am</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cm, curium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium"><span style="display:block">Cm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bk, berkelium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium"><span style="display:block">Bk</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cf, californium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium"><span style="display:block">Cf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Es, einsteinium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#eee8aa; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium"><span style="display:block">Es</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fm, fermium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium"><span style="display:block">Fm</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Md, mendelevium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium"><span style="display:block">Md</span></a></span> </td> <td title="No, nobelium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium"><span style="display:block">No</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lr, lawrencium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium"><span style="display:block">Lr</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rf, rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium"><span style="display:block">Rf</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Db, dubnium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium"><span style="display:block">Db</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Sg, seaborgium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium"><span style="display:block">Sg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Bh, bohrium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium"><span style="display:block">Bh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Hs, hassium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium"><span style="display:block">Hs</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mt, meitnerium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium"><span style="display:block">Mt</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ds, darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium"><span style="display:block">Ds</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Rg, roentgenium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium"><span style="display:block">Rg</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Cn, copernicium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium"><span style="display:block">Cn</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Nh, nihonium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium"><span style="display:block">Nh</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Fl, flerovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium"><span style="display:block">Fl</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Mc, moscovium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium"><span style="display:block">Mc</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Lv, livermorium" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium"><span style="display:block">Lv</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Ts, tennessine" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine"><span style="display:block">Ts</span></a></span> </td> <td title="Og, oganesson" style="text-align:center; color:#000000; background-color:#e8e8e8; border:2px dotted #6e6e8e; ;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson"><span style="display:block">Og</span></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="line-height:50%;"><br /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <p><span style="display: inline-block;"> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#eee8aa"><a href="/wiki/Metallic_bonding" title="Metallic bonding">Metallic</a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#b0e0e6"><a href="/wiki/Network_covalent_bonding" title="Network covalent bonding">Network covalent</a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#b0c0e6">Molecular <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">covalent</a></span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; background:#e0b0e6">Single atoms</span> <span style="display: inline-block; width:*; padding:0 0.5em; background:#e8e8e8">Unknown</span> </span><span style="display: inline-block;"><b>Background color</b> shows bonding of simple substances in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>. If there are several, the most stable allotrope is considered.</span> </p> </div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metallic</a> elements generally have high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">electrical conductivity</a> when in the <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> state. In each row of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(metals_and_non-metals)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table (metals and non-metals)">periodic table</a>, the metals occur to the left of the nonmetals, and thus a metal has fewer possible valence electrons than a nonmetal. However, a valence electron of a metal atom has a small <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a>, and in the solid-state this valence electron is relatively free to leave one atom in order to associate with another nearby. This situation characterises <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bonding</a>. Such a "free" electron can be moved under the influence of an <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric field</a>, and its motion constitutes an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>; it is responsible for the electrical conductivity of the metal. <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> are examples of good conductors. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Nonmetal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonmetal (chemistry)">nonmetallic</a> element has low electrical conductivity; it acts as an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electrical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulator (electrical)">insulator</a>. Such an element is found toward the right of the periodic table, and it has a valence shell that is at least half full (the exception is <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>). Its ionization energy is large; an electron cannot leave an atom easily when an electric field is applied, and thus such an element can conduct only very small electric currents. Examples of solid elemental insulators are <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Allotrope" class="mw-redirect" title="Allotrope">allotrope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. These form covalently bonded structures, either with covalent bonds extending across the whole structure (as in diamond) or with individual covalent molecules weakly attracted to each other by <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermolecular forces">intermolecular forces</a> (as in sulfur). (The <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> remain as single atoms, but those also experience intermolecular forces of attraction, that become stronger as the group is descended: helium boils at −269 °C, while radon boils at −61.7 °C.) </p><p>A solid compound containing metals can also be an insulator if the valence electrons of the metal atoms are used to form <a href="/wiki/Ionic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic bond">ionic bonds</a>. For example, although elemental <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> is a metal, solid <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> is an insulator, because the valence electron of sodium is transferred to chlorine to form an ionic bond, and thus that electron cannot be moved easily. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> has an electrical conductivity that is intermediate between that of a metal and that of a nonmetal; a semiconductor also differs from a metal in that a semiconductor's conductivity increases with <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. The typical elemental semiconductors are <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, each atom of which has four valence electrons. The properties of semiconductors are best explained using <a href="/wiki/Band_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Band theory">band theory</a>, as a consequence of a small energy gap between a <a href="/wiki/Valence_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence band">valence band</a> (which contains the valence electrons at absolute zero) and a <a href="/wiki/Conduction_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduction band">conduction band</a> (to which valence electrons are excited by thermal energy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPetrucciHarwoodHerring2002" class="citation book cs1">Petrucci, Ralph H.; Harwood, William S.; Herring, F. Geoffrey (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill"><i>General chemistry: principles and modern applications</i></a></span> (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00hill/page/339">339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-014329-7"><bdi>978-0-13-014329-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2001032331">2001032331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46872308">46872308</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+chemistry%3A+principles+and+modern+applications&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J&rft.pages=339&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46872308&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2001032331&rft.isbn=978-0-13-014329-7&rft.aulast=Petrucci&rft.aufirst=Ralph+H.&rft.au=Harwood%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Herring%2C+F.+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralchemistry00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/3d4sproblem.html">The order of filling 3d and 4s orbitals</a>. chemguide.co.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miessler G.L. and Tarr, D.A., Inorganic Chemistry (2nd edn. Prentice-Hall 1999). p.48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTossell1977" class="citation journal cs1">Tossell, J. A. (1 November 1977). "Theoretical studies of valence orbital binding energies in solid zinc sulfide, zinc oxide, and zinc fluoride". <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i>. <b>16</b> (11): 2944–2949. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic50177a056">10.1021/ic50177a056</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Theoretical+studies+of+valence+orbital+binding+energies+in+solid+zinc+sulfide%2C+zinc+oxide%2C+and+zinc+fluoride&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2944-2949&rft.date=1977-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic50177a056&rft.aulast=Tossell&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KW-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KW_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KW_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeelerWothers2014" class="citation book cs1">Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter (2014). <i>Chemical Structure and Reactivity</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 257–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-9604135" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-9604135"><bdi>978-0-19-9604135</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Structure+and+Reactivity&rft.pages=257-260&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-9604135&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wothers%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiPanJinMeng2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chi, Chaoxian; Pan, Sudip; Jin, Jiaye; Meng, Luyan; Luo, Mingbiao; Zhao, Lili; Zhou, Mingfei; Frenking, Gernot (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">"Octacarbonyl Ion Complexes of Actinides [An(CO)8]+/− (An=Th, U) and the Role of f Orbitals in Metal–Ligand Bonding"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chemistry:_A_European_Journal" title="Chemistry: A European Journal">Chem. Eur. J.</a></i> <b>25</b> (50): 11772–11784. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201902625">10.1002/chem.201902625</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6772027">6772027</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31276242">31276242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Eur.+J.&rft.atitle=Octacarbonyl+Ion+Complexes+of+Actinides+%5BAn%28CO%298%5D%2B%2F%E2%88%92+%28An%3DTh%2C+U%29+and+the+Role+of+f+Orbitals+in+Metal%E2%80%93Ligand+Bonding&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=11772-11784&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31276242&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201902625&rft.aulast=Chi&rft.aufirst=Chaoxian&rft.au=Pan%2C+Sudip&rft.au=Jin%2C+Jiaye&rft.au=Meng%2C+Luyan&rft.au=Luo%2C+Mingbiao&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Lili&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Mingfei&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6772027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). <i>Chemistry of the Elements</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouFrenking2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou, Mingfei; Frenking, Gernot (2021). "Transition-Metal Chemistry of the Heavier Alkaline Earth Atoms Ca, Sr, and Ba". <i>Accounts of Chemical Research</i>. <b>54</b> (15): 3071–3082. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.accounts.1c00277">10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34264062">34264062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235908113">235908113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Transition-Metal+Chemistry+of+the+Heavier+Alkaline+Earth+Atoms+Ca%2C+Sr%2C+and+Ba&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=3071-3082&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235908113%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34264062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.accounts.1c00277&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Mingfei&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezHolzmannFrenking2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández, Israel; Holzmann, Nicole; Frenking, Gernot (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7702052">"The Valence Orbitals of the Alkaline-Earth Atoms"</a>. <i>Chemistry: A European Journal</i>. <b>26</b> (62): 14194–14210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.202002986">10.1002/chem.202002986</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7702052">7702052</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32666598">32666598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry%3A+A+European+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Valence+Orbitals+of+the+Alkaline-Earth+Atoms&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=62&rft.pages=14194-14210&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7702052%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32666598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.202002986&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Holzmann%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Frenking%2C+Gernot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7702052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jensenlaw-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jensenlaw_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Jensen" title="William B. Jensen">Jensen, William B.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110113324/http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/081.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">"The Periodic Law and Table"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.che.uc.edu/jensen/W.%20B.%20Jensen/Reprints/081.%20Periodic%20Table.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Periodic+Law+and+Table&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.che.uc.edu%2Fjensen%2FW.%2520B.%2520Jensen%2FReprints%2F081.%2520Periodic%2520Table.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValence+electron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valence_electron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Francis, Eden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115042442/http://dl.clackamas.cc.or.us/ch104-06/valence_electrons.htm">Valence Electrons</a>.</li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction to quantum mechanics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">Quantum numbers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_quantum_number" title="Principal quantum number">Principal quantum number (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">n</span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimuthal_quantum_number" title="Azimuthal quantum number">Azimuthal quantum number (<span class="texhtml mvar" style="font-style:italic;">ℓ</span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_quantum_number" title="Magnetic quantum number">Magnetic quantum number (<span class="texhtml mvar" 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