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id="toc-Price-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Recycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medicines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Medicines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cosmetics_and_pigments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmetics_and_pigments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Cosmetics and pigments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmetics_and_pigments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_and_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_and_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Metal and alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_and_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lead_replacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lead_replacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Lead replacement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lead_replacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_metal_uses_and_specialty_alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_metal_uses_and_specialty_alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Other metal uses and specialty alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_metal_uses_and_specialty_alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses_as_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses_as_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Other uses as compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses_as_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicology_and_ecotoxicology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicology_and_ecotoxicology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Toxicology and ecotoxicology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicology_and_ecotoxicology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bismuth</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 145 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-145" aria-hidden="true" > 145 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A2%E1%88%B5%E1%88%98%E1%8B%9D" title="ቢስመዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቢስመዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5" title="बिस्मथ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बिस्मथ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بزموت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بزموت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Պիսմութ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պիսմութ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthu" title="Bismuthu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bismuthu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismutu" title="Bismutu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bismutu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5" title="বিসমাথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিসমাথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Вісмут – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вісмут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бісмут – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бісмут" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5" title="बिस्मथ – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिस्मथ" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бисмут – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бисмут" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8D" title="བི་སི་མ་ཐ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བི་སི་མ་ཐ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismutu" title="Bismutu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Bismutu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismwth" title="Bismwth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bismwth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AB" title="بيسموث – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بيسموث" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vismut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βισμούθιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βισμούθιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بیسموت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیسموت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bism%C3%BBt" title="Bismût – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Bismût" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosmat" title="Biosmat – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Biosmat" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosmat" title="Biosmat – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Biosmat" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%8D" title="鉍 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鉍" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A5" title="બિસ્મથ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બિસ્મથ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Бисмутум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Бисмутум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4%EB%AC%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="비스무트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비스무트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9" title="Բիսմութ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիսմութ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5" title="बिस्मथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बिस्मथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBima" title="IBima – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBima" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bism%C3%BAt" title="Bismút – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bismút" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98" title="ביסמוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביסמוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%A9s%C9%A9m%CA%8At%C9%A9" title="Pɩsɩmʊtɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɩsɩmʊtɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬಿಸ್ಮತ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿಸ್ಮತ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ბისმუთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბისმუთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuthi" title="Bismuthi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bismuthi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismit" title="Bismit – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bismit" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AEzm%C3%BBt" title="Bîzmût – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bîzmût" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisemutum" title="Bisemutum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bisemutum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuts" title="Bismuts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bismuts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismutas" title="Bismutas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bismutas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bism%C3%BCo" title="Bismüo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bismüo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biesmoet" title="Biesmoet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biesmoet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismuttu" title="Vismuttu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vismuttu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrbismu" title="jinmrbismu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrbismu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бизмут – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бизмут" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബിസ്മത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിസ്മത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A5" title="बिस्मथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बिस्मथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بزموت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بزموت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9k_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Bék (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bék (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကြွပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြွပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5" title="बिस्मुथ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बिस्मुथ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9" title="ビスマス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビスマス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vismut" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vismut" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismute" title="Bismute – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Bismute" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A5" title="ବିସ୍‌ମଥ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବିସ୍‌ମଥ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vismut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A5" title="ਬਿਸਮਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਸਮਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5" title="बिस्मुथ – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बिस्मुथ" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بسمتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بسمتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بېسموت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بېسموت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wismut" title="Wismut – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wismut" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bismut" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wismutu" title="Wismutu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wismutu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A5" title="बिस्मुथ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बिस्मुथ" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismutu" title="Bismutu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bismutu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuti" title="Bismuti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bismuti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismutu" title="Bismutu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Bismutu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بیزموت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بیزموت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бизмут – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бизмут" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismutti" title="Vismutti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vismutti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vismut" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D" title="பிசுமத் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிசுமத்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D" title="బిస్మత్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బిస్మత్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="บิสมัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บิสมัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizmut" title="Bizmut – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizmut" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Висмут – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Висмут" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82" title="Бісмут – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бісмут" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="بسمتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بسمتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%85%DB%87%D8%AA" title="ۋىسمۇت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋىسمۇت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vismut" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%8D" title="鉍 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鉍" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuto" title="Bismuto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bismuto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铋" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%98" title="ביסמוט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביסמוט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bismuth" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%8D" title="鉍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鉍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铋" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q942#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 83</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bismuth (disambiguation)">Bismuth (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 83 (Bi)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Bismuth, 83Bi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4832" data-file-height="3260" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Bismuth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɪzməθ/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BIZ-məth</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">lustrous brownish silver</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Bi)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>208.98040±0.00001<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>208.98±0.01 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Bismuth in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> 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href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> ↑ Bi ↓ <a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> ← bismuth → <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">83</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">group 15 (pnictogens)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">period 6</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#p-block" title="Block (periodic table)">p-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a>] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 5</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">544.7 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (271.5 °C, 520.7 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1837 K (1564 °C, 2847 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">9.807 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">10.05 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11.30 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">179 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.52 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>941 </td> <td>1041 </td> <td>1165 </td> <td>1325 </td> <td>1538 </td> <td>1835 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 −3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> −2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> −1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +1,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +2,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +4,<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">?</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 2.02 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 703 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1610 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2466 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#bismuth" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 156 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">148±4 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">207 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:83_(Bi_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-83_%28Bi_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of bismuth</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hR2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhombohedral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rhombohedral crystal structure for bismuth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/50px-Rhombohedral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/75px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rhombohedral.svg/100px-Rhombohedral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="141" /></a></div>a = 0.47458 nm α = 57.236° ah = 0.45462 nm ch = 1.18617 nm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13.09×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7.97 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.29 µΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">−280.1×10−6 cm3/mol<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">1790 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.33 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.25 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70–95 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-69-9 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic alchemists</a> (before AD 1000)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bismuth" title="Isotopes of bismuth">Isotopes of bismuth</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_bismuth_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox bismuth isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_bismuth_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox bismuth isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-8">[7]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">207Bi </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">31.55 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lead-207" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-207">207Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">208Bi </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.68×105 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Lead-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-208">208Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209Bi</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">100% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.01×1019 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium-205" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium-205">205Tl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">210Bi </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">5.012 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium-210" title="Polonium-210">210Po</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium-206" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium-206">206Tl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">210mBi </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.04×106 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium-206" class="mw-redirect" title="Thallium-206">206Tl</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#fdff8c"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bismuth" title="Category:Bismuth">Category: Bismuth</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_bismuth" title="Template:Infobox bismuth">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_bismuth" title="Template talk:Infobox bismuth">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_bismuth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox bismuth">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Bismuth is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Bi and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 83. It is a <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metal</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">pnictogens</a>, with chemical properties resembling its lighter <a href="/wiki/Group_15" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 15">group 15</a> siblings <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>. Elemental bismuth occurs naturally, and its <a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> forms are important commercial <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Free_element" title="Free element">free element</a> is 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery-white color when freshly produced. <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">Surface oxidation</a> generally gives samples of the metal a somewhat rosy cast. Further oxidation under heat can give bismuth a vividly <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> appearance due to <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">thin-film interference</a>. Bismuth is both the most <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> element and one of the least <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermally conductive</a> metals known. Bismuth used to be considered the element with the highest atomic mass whose nuclei do not spontaneously decay. However, in 2003 it was discovered to be extremely weakly <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>. The metal's only <a href="/wiki/Primordial_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial isotope">primordial isotope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a>, undergoes <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> about a billion times the estimated <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> Bismuth metal has been known since ancient times. Before modern analytical methods bismuth's metallurgical similarities to lead and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> often led it to be confused with those metals. The etymology of "bismuth" is uncertain. The name may come from mid-sixteenth century <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> translations of the German words weiße Masse or Wismuth, meaning 'white mass', which were rendered as bisemutum or bisemutium. Bismuth compounds account for about half the global production of bismuth. They are used in cosmetics; <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>; and a few pharmaceuticals, notably <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">bismuth subsalicylate</a>, used to treat <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> Bismuth's unusual propensity to expand as it solidifies is responsible for some of its uses, as in the casting of printing type.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> Bismuth, when in its elemental form, has unusually low <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">toxicity of lead</a> and the cost of its <a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">environmental remediation</a> became more apparent during the 20th century, suitable bismuth <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> have gained popularity as replacements for lead. Presently, around a third of global bismuth production is dedicated to needs formerly met by lead. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_etymology">History and etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and etymology">edit</a>]</div> Bismuth metal has been known since ancient times and it was one of the first 10 metals to have been discovered. The name bismuth dates to around 1665 and is of uncertain etymology. The name possibly comes from obsolete German Bismuth, Wismut, Wissmuth (early 16th century), perhaps related to <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> hwiz ("white").<a href="#cite_note-oet-11">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> bisemutium (coined by <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>, who Latinized many German mining and technical words) is from the German Wismuth, itself perhaps from weiße Masse, meaning "white mass".<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norman-13">[12]</a> The element was confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements. Because bismuth has been known since ancient times, no one person is credited with its discovery. <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola</a> (1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead. This was based on observation of the metals and their physical properties.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Miners in the age of alchemy also gave bismuth the name tectum argenti, or "silver being made" in the sense of silver still in the process of being formed within the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weeks-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Bismuth was also known to the <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a> and used (along with the usual copper and tin) in a special <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_bronze" title="Bismuth bronze">bronze alloy</a> for knives.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismuth_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bismuth_symbol.svg/110px-Bismuth_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bismuth_symbol.svg/165px-Bismuth_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bismuth_symbol.svg/220px-Bismuth_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Alchemical symbol</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Torbern_Bergman" title="Torbern Bergman">Torbern Bergman</a> (1775)</figcaption></figure> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pott" title="Johann Heinrich Pott">Johann Heinrich Pott</a> in 1738,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Torbern_Olof_Bergman" class="mw-redirect" title="Torbern Olof Bergman">Torbern Olof Bergman</a>, the distinctness of lead and bismuth became clear, and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Geoffroy" title="Claude François Geoffroy">Claude François Geoffroy</a> demonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead and tin.<a href="#cite_note-Weeks-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg/260px-Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg/390px-Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg/520px-Wismut_Kristall_und_1cm3_Wuerfel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5176" data-file-height="3519" /></a><figcaption>Left: A bismuth <a href="/wiki/Hopper_crystal" title="Hopper crystal">hopper crystal</a> exhibiting the stairstep crystal structure and <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> colors, which are produced by <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">interference</a> of light within the oxide film on its surface. Right: a 1 cm3 cube of unoxidised bismuth metal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bi_phase_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bi_phase_diagram.png/260px-Bi_phase_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bi_phase_diagram.png/390px-Bi_phase_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Bi_phase_diagram.png/520px-Bi_phase_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Pressure-temperature phase diagram of bismuth. TC refers to the superconducting transition temperature</figcaption></figure> Bismuth is a brittle metal with a dark, silver-pink hue, often with an <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">oxide</a> tarnish showing many colors from yellow to blue. The spiral, stair-stepped structure of bismuth crystals is the result of a higher growth rate around the outside edges than on the inside edges. The variations in the thickness of the oxide layer that forms on the surface of the crystal cause different wavelengths of light to interfere upon reflection, thus displaying a rainbow of colors. When <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">burned</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, bismuth burns with a blue <a href="/wiki/Flame" title="Flame">flame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth oxide">its oxide</a> forms yellow <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">fumes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> is much lower than that of its neighbors in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, such as lead and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tox-22">[21]</a> No other metal is verified to be more naturally <a href="/wiki/Diamagnetism" title="Diamagnetism">diamagnetic</a> than bismuth.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Superdiamagnetism" title="Superdiamagnetism">Superdiamagnetism</a> is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has one of the lowest values of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>) and the highest <a href="/wiki/Hall_effect" title="Hall effect">Hall coefficient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> It has a high <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">electrical resistivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a> When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>, despite being a <a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition metal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Elemental bismuth is <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">denser</a> in the liquid phase than the solid, a characteristic it shares with <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a>, and water.<a href="#cite_note-w768-26">[25]</a> Bismuth expands 3.32% on solidification; therefore, it was long a component of low-melting <a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, where it compensated for the contraction of the other alloying components<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> to form almost isostatic <a href="/wiki/Lead-bismuth_eutectic" title="Lead-bismuth eutectic">bismuth-lead eutectic</a> alloys. Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive, colorful <a href="/wiki/Hopper_crystal" title="Hopper crystal">hopper crystals</a>. It is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C (520 °F), so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be of lower quality than lab-grown crystals.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> At ambient conditions, bismuth shares the same layered structure as the metallic forms of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>,<a href="#cite_note-w767-31">[30]</a> crystallizing in the <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_crystal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal crystal system">rhombohedral lattice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> When compressed at room temperature, this Bi–I structure changes first to the <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> Bi-II at 2.55 GPa, then to the <a href="/wiki/Tetragonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetragonal">tetragonal</a> Bi-III at 2.7 GPa, and finally to the <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> Bi-V at 7.7 GPa. The corresponding transitions can be monitored via changes in electrical conductivity; they are rather reproducible and abrupt and are therefore used for calibration of high-pressure equipment.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_characteristics">Chemical characteristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chemical characteristics">edit</a>]</div> Bismuth is stable to both dry and moist air at ordinary temperatures. When red-hot, it reacts with water to make bismuth(III) oxide.<a href="#cite_note-s8-35">[34]</a> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>2 Bi + 3 H2O → Bi2O3 + 3 H2</dd></dl> It reacts with <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Bismuth(V)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth(V) fluoride">bismuth(V) fluoride</a> at 500 °C (932 °F) or <a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth(III) fluoride">bismuth(III) fluoride</a> at lower temperatures (typically from Bi melts); with other <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a> it yields only bismuth(III) halides.<a href="#cite_note-w770-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-g559-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-k185-38">[37]</a> The trihalides are corrosive and easily react with moisture, forming <a href="/wiki/Oxyhalides" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhalides">oxyhalides</a> with the formula BiOX.<a href="#cite_note-s9-39">[38]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">4 Bi + 6 X2 → 4 BiX3 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">4 BiX3 + 2 O2 → 4 BiOX + 4 X2</dd></dl> Bismuth dissolves in concentrated <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> to make bismuth(III) sulfate and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s8-35">[34]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">6 H2SO4 + 2 Bi → 6 H2O + Bi2(SO4)3 + 3 SO2</dd></dl> It reacts with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_nitrate" title="Bismuth(III) nitrate">bismuth(III) nitrate</a> (which decomposes into <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> when heated<a href="#cite_note-Ollevier-40">[39]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Bi + 6 HNO3 → 3 H2O + 3 NO2 + Bi(NO3)3</dd></dl> It also dissolves in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, but only with oxygen present.<a href="#cite_note-s8-35">[34]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">4 Bi + 3 O2 + 12 HCl → 4 BiCl3 + 6 H2O</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bismuth" title="Isotopes of bismuth">Isotopes of bismuth</a></div> The only primordial <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> of bismuth, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a>, was regarded as the heaviest stable nuclide, but it had long been suspected<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> to be unstable on theoretical grounds. This was finally demonstrated in 2003, when researchers at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_d%27astrophysique_spatiale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut d'astrophysique spatiale (page does not exist)">Institut d'astrophysique spatiale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orsay" title="Orsay">Orsay</a>, France, measured the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha (α) decay</a> <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 209Bi to be 2.01×1019 years (3 <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Bq</a>/Mg),<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-44">[43]</a> over 109 times longer than the estimated <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> Due to its hugely long half-life, for all known medical and industrial applications, bismuth can be treated as stable. The radioactivity is of academic interest because bismuth is one of a few elements whose radioactivity was suspected and theoretically predicted before being detected in the laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> Bismuth has the longest known α-decay half-life, though <a href="/wiki/Tellurium-128" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium-128">tellurium-128</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">double beta decay</a> half-life of over 2.2×1024 years.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2016-44">[43]</a> Six isotopes of bismuth with short half-lives (210–215 inclusive) occur in the natural radioactive <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">decay chains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>; and more have been synthesized. (Though all primordial 237Np has long since decayed, it is continually regenerated by (n,2n) knockout reactions on natural 238U.)<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Commercially, bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a> photons from a <a href="/wiki/Linear_particle_accelerator" title="Linear particle accelerator">linear particle accelerator</a>. In 1997, an antibody conjugate with bismuth-213, which has a 45-minute half-life and α-decays, was used to treat leukemia patients. This isotope has also been tried in cancer treatment, for example, in the <a href="/wiki/Targeted_alpha-particle_therapy" title="Targeted alpha-particle therapy">targeted alpha therapy</a> (TAT) program.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_compounds">Chemical compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_compounds" title="Bismuth compounds">Bismuth compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismuth(III)_oxide_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg/220px-Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg/330px-Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg/440px-Bismuth%28III%29_oxide_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2202" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption>Bismuth(III) oxide powder</figcaption></figure> Chemically, bismuth resembles <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, but is much less toxic.<a href="#cite_note-tox-22">[21]</a> In almost all known compounds, bismuth has <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +3; a few have states +5 or −3. The <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_trioxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth trioxide">trioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-w768-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-g553-49">[48]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_trisulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth trisulfide">trisulfide</a> can both be made from the elements,<a href="#cite_note-Forgot-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-g559-37">[36]</a> although the trioxide is extremely corrosive at high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-k185-38">[37]</a> The pentoxide is not stable at room temperature, and will evolve <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O 2</a> gas if heated.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Both oxides form <a href="/wiki/Complex_anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex anion">complex anions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-norman1-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-g578-53">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate" title="Sodium bismuthate">NaBiO3</a> is a strong oxidising agent.<a href="#cite_note-g578-53">[52]</a> The trisulfide is common in bismuth <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Forgot-50">[49]</a> Similarly, bismuth forms all possible trihalides, but the only pentahalide is BiF5. All are <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s8-35">[34]</a> Bismuth forms several formally-BiI halides; these are complex salts with unusually-structured polyatomic cations and anions.<a href="#cite_note-norman1-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-gillespie1-54">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MatlockiteStructure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MatlockiteStructure.png/170px-MatlockiteStructure.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MatlockiteStructure.png/255px-MatlockiteStructure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/MatlockiteStructure.png/340px-MatlockiteStructure.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) structure (mineral <a href="/wiki/Bismoclite" title="Bismoclite">bismoclite</a>). Bismuth atoms are shown as grey, oxygen red, chlorine green.</figcaption></figure> In strongly acidic <a href="/wiki/Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">aqueous</a> solution, the Bi3+ ion solvates to form Bi(H 2O)3+ 8.<a href="#cite_note-Persson2010-55">[54]</a> As pH increases, the cations polymerize until the octahedral <a href="/wiki/Bismuthyl" title="Bismuthyl">bismuthyl</a> complex [Bi 6O 4(OH) 4]6+ ,<a href="#cite_note-NäslundPersson2000-56">[55]</a> often abbreviated BiO+. Although <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxychloride" title="Bismuth oxychloride">bismuth oxychloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxynitrate" title="Bismuth oxynitrate">bismuth oxynitrate</a> have stoichiometries suggesting the ion, they are <a href="/wiki/Double_salt" title="Double salt">double salts</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-k184-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth nitrate">Bismuth nitrate</a> (not oxynitrate) is one of the few aqueous-insoluble <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> salts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bismuth forms very few stable <a href="/wiki/Bismuthide" title="Bismuthide">bismuthides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic" title="Intermetallic">intermetallic</a> compounds in which it attains oxidation state −3.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hydride" title="Hydride">hydride</a> spontaneously decomposes at room temperature and stabilizes only below −60 °C (−76 °F).<a href="#cite_note-norman1-52">[51]</a> Sodium bismuthide has interest as a <a href="/wiki/Topological_insulator" title="Topological insulator">topological</a> <a href="/wiki/Dirac_semimetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirac semimetal">Dirac insulator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-k1401-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence_and_production">Occurrence and production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occurrence and production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_bismuth_production" title="List of countries by bismuth production">List of countries by bismuth production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bismite.jpg/170px-Bismite.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bismite.jpg/255px-Bismite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bismite.jpg/340px-Bismite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bismite" title="Bismite">Bismite</a> mineral</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg/170px-BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg/255px-BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg/340px-BrokenBismuthIngot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>Chunk of a broken bismuth ingot</figcaption></figure> The reported abundance of bismuth in the Earth's crust varies significantly by source from 180ppb (similar to that of silver) to 8ppb (twice as common as gold). The most important <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ores</a> of bismuth are <a href="/wiki/Bismuthinite" title="Bismuthinite">bismuthinite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismite" title="Bismite">bismite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Native_element_mineral" title="Native element mineral">Native</a> bismuth is known from Australia, Bolivia, and China.<a href="#cite_note-arizona1-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>World bismuth production, 2022, in tonnes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Refining<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>China </th> <td>16,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Laos </th> <td>2,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th>South Korea </th> <td>950 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Japan </th> <td>480 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kazakhstan </th> <td>220 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other </th> <td>350 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <td>20,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> (USGS), 10,200 tonnes of bismuth were produced worldwide by mining and 17,100 tonnes by refining in 2016. Since then, USGS does not provide mining data for bismuth, considering them unreliable. Globally, bismuth is mostly produced by refining, as a byproduct of extraction of other metals such as lead, copper, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, though the refining-to-mining ratio depends on the country.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oje-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Bismuth travels in crude lead bullion (which can contain up to 10% bismuth) through several stages of refining, until it is removed by the <a href="/wiki/Kroll-Betterton_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kroll-Betterton process">Kroll-Betterton process</a> which separates the impurities as slag, or the electrolytic <a href="/wiki/Betts_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Betts process">Betts process</a>. Bismuth will behave similarly with another of its major metals, copper.<a href="#cite_note-Oje-65">[64]</a> The raw bismuth metal from both processes contains still considerable amounts of other metals, foremost lead. By reacting the molten mixture with chlorine gas the metals are converted to their chlorides while bismuth remains unchanged. Impurities can also be removed by various other methods for example with fluxes and treatments yielding high-purity bismuth metal (over 99% Bi).<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Price">Price</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Price">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BiPrice.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BiPrice.png/290px-BiPrice.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BiPrice.png/435px-BiPrice.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/BiPrice.png/580px-BiPrice.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>World mine production and annual averages of bismuth price (New York, not adjusted for inflation).<a href="#cite_note-usgs-69">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> The price for pure bismuth metal was relatively stable through most of the 20th century, except for a spike in the 1970s. Bismuth has always been produced mainly as a byproduct of lead refining, and thus the price usually reflected the cost of recovery and the balance between production and demand.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-69">[68]</a> Before World War II, demand for bismuth was small and mainly pharmaceutical—bismuth compounds were used to treat such conditions as digestive disorders, <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted diseases">sexually transmitted diseases</a> and burns. Minor amounts of bismuth metal were consumed in fusible alloys for <a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">fire sprinkler</a> systems and <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">fuse wire</a>. During World War II bismuth was considered a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_material" title="Strategic material">strategic material</a>, used for solders, fusible alloys, medications and atomic research. To stabilize the market, the producers set the price at $1.25 per pound ($2.75 /kg) during the war and at $2.25 per pound ($4.96 /kg) from 1950 until 1964.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-69">[68]</a> In the early 1970s, the price rose rapidly due to increasing demand for bismuth as a metallurgical additive to aluminium, iron and steel. This was followed by a decline owing to increased world production, stabilized consumption, and the recessions of 1980 and 1981–1982. In 1984, the price began to climb as consumption increased worldwide, especially in the United States and Japan. In the early 1990s, research began on the evaluation of bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in ceramic glazes, fishing sinkers, food-processing equipment, free-machining <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brasses</a> for plumbing applications, lubricating greases, and shot for <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">waterfowl hunting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s14-70">[69]</a> Growth in these areas remained slow during the middle 1990s, in spite of the backing of lead replacement by the United States federal government, but intensified around 2005. This resulted in a rapid and continuing increase in price.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recycling">Recycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recycling">edit</a>]</div> Most bismuth is produced as a byproduct of other metal-extraction processes including the smelting of lead, and also of tungsten and copper. Its <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> is dependent on increased recycling, which is problematic.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> It was once believed that bismuth could be practically recycled from the soldered joints in electronic equipment. Recent efficiencies in solder application in electronics mean there is substantially less solder deposited, and thus less to recycle. While recovering the silver from silver-bearing solder may remain economic, recovering bismuth is substantially less so.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Dispersed bismuth is used in certain stomach medicines (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">bismuth subsalicylate</a>), paints (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth_vanadate" title="Bismuth vanadate">bismuth vanadate</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pearlescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearlescent">pearlescent</a> cosmetics (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxychloride" title="Bismuth oxychloride">bismuth oxychloride</a>), and bismuth-containing bullets. Recycling bismuth from these uses is impractical.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white engraving of two men extracting and working bismuth, hammering and pouring on a hillside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg/220px-Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg/330px-Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg/440px-Processing_of_bismuth._Etching._Wellcome_V0023568.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2022" data-file-height="3340" /></a><figcaption>18th-century engraving of bismuth processing. During this era, bismuth was used to treat some digestive complaints.</figcaption></figure> Bismuth has few commercial applications, and those applications that use it generally require small quantities relative to other raw materials. In the United States, for example, 733 tonnes of bismuth were consumed in 2016, of which 70% went into chemicals (including pharmaceuticals, pigments, and cosmetics) and 11% into bismuth alloys.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-68">[67]</a> In the early 1990s, researchers began to evaluate bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in various applications.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicines">Medicines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medicines">edit</a>]</div> Bismuth is an ingredient in some pharmaceuticals,<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> although the use of some of these substances is declining.<a href="#cite_note-k184-57">[56]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">Bismuth subsalicylate</a> is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> it is the <a href="/wiki/Active_ingredient" title="Active ingredient">active ingredient</a> in such "pink bismuth" preparations as <a href="/wiki/Pepto-Bismol" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepto-Bismol">Pepto-Bismol</a>, as well as the 2004 reformulation of <a href="/wiki/Kaopectate" title="Kaopectate">Kaopectate</a>. It is also used to treat some other gastro-intestinal diseases like <a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">shigellosis</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_poisoning" title="Cadmium poisoning">cadmium poisoning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> The mechanism of action of this substance is still not well documented, although an <a href="/wiki/Oligodynamic_effect" title="Oligodynamic effect">oligodynamic effect</a> (toxic effect of small doses of heavy metal ions on microbes) may be involved in at least some cases. <a href="/wiki/Salicylic_acid" title="Salicylic acid">Salicylic acid</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> of the compound is antimicrobial for toxogenic E. coli, an important pathogen in <a href="/wiki/Traveler%27s_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Traveler's diarrhea">traveler's diarrhea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li> <li>A combination of <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">bismuth subsalicylate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcitrate" title="Bismuth subcitrate">bismuth subcitrate</a> is used to treat <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">the bacteria</a> causing <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibrocathol" title="Bibrocathol">Bibrocathol</a> is an organic bismuth-containing compound used to treat eye infections.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subgallate" title="Bismuth subgallate">Bismuth subgallate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Active_ingredient" title="Active ingredient">active ingredient</a> in Devrom, is used as an internal deodorant to treat malodor from <a href="/wiki/Flatulence" title="Flatulence">flatulence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a></li> <li>Bismuth compounds (including sodium bismuth tartrate) were formerly used to treat syphilis.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> combined with either bismuth or mercury was a mainstay of syphilis treatment from the 1920s until the advent of penicillin in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a></li> <li>"Milk of bismuth" (an aqueous suspension of <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_hydroxide" title="Bismuth hydroxide">bismuth hydroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcarbonate" title="Bismuth subcarbonate">bismuth subcarbonate</a>) was marketed as an alimentary cure-all in the early 20th century, and has been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal disorders">gastrointestinal disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subnitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth subnitrate">Bismuth subnitrate</a> (Bi5O(OH)9(NO3)4) and <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcarbonate" title="Bismuth subcarbonate">bismuth subcarbonate</a> (Bi2O2(CO3)) are also used in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmetics_and_pigments">Cosmetics and pigments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cosmetics and pigments">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxychloride" title="Bismuth oxychloride">Bismuth oxychloride</a> (BiOCl) is sometimes used in cosmetics, as a pigment in paint for eye shadows, hair sprays and nail polishes.<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-k184-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Effp-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paff-85">[84]</a> This compound is found as the mineral bismoclite and in crystal form contains layers of atoms (see figure above) that refract light chromatically, resulting in an <a href="/wiki/Iridescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Iridescent">iridescent</a> appearance similar to <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a> of pearl. It was used as a cosmetic in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> and in many places since. Bismuth white (also "Spanish white") can refer to either bismuth oxychloride or <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxynitrate" title="Bismuth oxynitrate">bismuth oxynitrate</a> (BiONO3), when used as a white pigment.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_vanadate" title="Bismuth vanadate">Bismuth vanadate</a> is used as a light-stable non-reactive paint pigment (particularly for artists' paints), often as a replacement for the more toxic cadmium sulfide yellow and orange-yellow pigments. The most common variety in artists' paints is a lemon yellow, visually indistinguishable from its cadmium-containing alternative.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_and_alloys">Metal and alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metal and alloys">edit</a>]</div> Bismuth is used in alloys with other metals such as tin and lead. <a href="/wiki/Wood%27s_metal" title="Wood's metal">Wood's metal</a>, an alloy of bismuth, lead, tin, and cadmium is used in automatic sprinkler systems for fires. It forms the largest part (50%) of <a href="/wiki/Rose%27s_metal" title="Rose's metal">Rose's metal</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fusible_alloy" title="Fusible alloy">fusible alloy</a>, which also contains 25–28% lead and 22–25% tin. It was also used to make <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_bronze" title="Bismuth bronze">bismuth bronze</a>, which was used during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, having been found in Inca knives at <a href="/wiki/Machu_Picchu" title="Machu Picchu">Machu Picchu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lead_replacement">Lead replacement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lead replacement">edit</a>]</div> The density difference between lead (11.32 g/cm3) and bismuth (9.78 g/cm3) is small enough that for many <a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a> and weighting applications, bismuth can substitute for lead. For example, it can replace lead as a dense material in <a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">fishing sinkers</a>. It has been used as a replacement for lead in <a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">shot</a>, bullets and <a href="/wiki/Less-lethal" class="mw-redirect" title="Less-lethal">less-lethal</a> <a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">riot gun</a> ammunition. The Netherlands, Denmark, England, Wales, the United States, and many other countries now prohibit the use of lead shot for the hunting of wetland birds, as many birds are prone to <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a> owing to mistaken ingestion of lead (instead of small stones and grit) to aid digestion, or even prohibit the use of lead for all hunting, such as in the Netherlands. Bismuth-tin alloy shot is one alternative that provides similar ballistic performance to lead.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-68">[67]</a> Bismuth, as a dense element of high atomic weight, is used in bismuth-impregnated latex shields to shield from X-ray in medical examinations, such as <a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CTs</a>, mostly as it is considered non-toxic.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> The European Union's <a href="/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive">Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive</a> (RoHS) for reduction of lead has broadened bismuth's use in electronics as a component of low-melting point solders, as a replacement for traditional tin-lead solders.<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-68">[67]</a> Its low toxicity will be especially important for solders to be used in food processing equipment and copper water pipes, although it can also be used in other applications including those in the automobile industry, in the European Union, for example.<a href="#cite_note-lohse-90">[89]</a> Bismuth has been evaluated as a replacement for lead in free-machining <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brasses</a> for plumbing applications,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> although it does not equal the performance of leaded steels.<a href="#cite_note-lohse-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_metal_uses_and_specialty_alloys">Other metal uses and specialty alloys</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other metal uses and specialty alloys">edit</a>]</div> Many bismuth <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> have low <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting points</a> and are found in specialty applications such as <a href="/wiki/Solder" title="Solder">solders</a>. Many automatic sprinklers, electric fuses, and safety devices in fire detection and suppression systems contain the eutectic In19.1-Cd5.3-Pb22.6-Sn8.3-Bi44.7 alloy that melts at 47 °C (117 °F)<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a> This is a convenient temperature since it is unlikely to be exceeded in normal living conditions. Low-melting alloys, such as Bi-Cd-Pb-Sn alloy which melts at 70 °C (158 °F), are also used in automotive and aviation industries. Before deforming a thin-walled metal part, it is filled with a melt or covered with a thin layer of the alloy to reduce the chance of breaking. Then the alloy is removed by submerging the part in boiling water.<a href="#cite_note-k183-92">[91]</a> Bismuth is used to make <a href="/wiki/Free-machining_steel" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-machining steel">free-machining steels</a> and free-machining aluminium alloys for precision machining properties. It has similar effect to lead and improves the chip breaking during machining. The shrinking on solidification in lead and the expansion of bismuth compensate each other and therefore lead and bismuth are often used in similar quantities.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Similarly, alloys containing comparable parts of bismuth and lead exhibit a very small change (on the order 0.01%) upon melting, solidification or aging. Such alloys are used in high-precision casting, e.g. in dentistry, to create models and molds.<a href="#cite_note-k183-92">[91]</a> Bismuth is also used as an alloying agent in production of malleable irons<a href="#cite_note-usgs2-68">[67]</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouple</a> material.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a> Bismuth is also used in aluminium-silicon cast alloys to refine silicon morphology. However, it indicated a poisoning effect on modification of <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Some bismuth alloys, such as Bi35-Pb37-Sn25, are combined with non-sticking materials such as <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, glass and <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamels</a> because they easily wet them allowing to make joints to other parts. Addition of bismuth to caesium enhances the quantum yield of caesium cathodes.<a href="#cite_note-k184-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">Sintering</a> of bismuth and manganese powders at 300 °C (572 °F) produces a permanent magnet and <a href="/wiki/Magnetostrictive" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetostrictive">magnetostrictive</a> material, which is used in ultrasonic generators and receivers working in the 10–100 kHz range and in magnetic and <a href="/wiki/Holographic_data_storage" title="Holographic data storage">holographic</a> memory devices.<a href="#cite_note-s15-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses_as_compounds">Other uses as compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other uses as compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismuthvanadat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bismuthvanadat.jpg/220px-Bismuthvanadat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bismuthvanadat.jpg/330px-Bismuthvanadat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Bismuthvanadat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_vanadate" title="Bismuth vanadate">Bismuth vanadate</a>, a yellow pigment</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Bismuth is included in <a href="/wiki/BSCCO" class="mw-redirect" title="BSCCO">BSCCO</a> (bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide), which is a group of similar superconducting compounds discovered in 1988 that exhibit the highest superconducting transition temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_telluride" title="Bismuth telluride">Bismuth telluride</a> is a semiconductor and an excellent <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect" title="Thermoelectric effect">thermoelectric</a> material.<a href="#cite_note-k184-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Bi2Te3 diodes are used in mobile refrigerators, <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> coolers, and as detectors in <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> spectrophotometers.<a href="#cite_note-k184-57">[56]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth oxide">Bismuth oxide</a>, in its delta form, is a solid electrolyte for oxygen. This form normally breaks down below a high-temperature threshold, but can be electrodeposited well below this temperature in a highly alkaline solution.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_germanate" title="Bismuth germanate">Bismuth germanate</a> is a scintillator, widely used in X-ray and gamma ray detectors.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_vanadate" title="Bismuth vanadate">Bismuth vanadate</a> is an opaque yellow pigment used by some artists' oil, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic</a>, and watercolor paint companies, primarily as a replacement for the more toxic <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_sulfide" title="Cadmium sulfide">cadmium sulfide</a> yellows in the greenish-yellow (lemon) to orange-toned yellow range. It performs practically identically to the cadmium pigments, such as in terms of resistance to degradation from UV exposure, opacity, tinting strength, and lack of reactivity when mixed with other pigments. The most commonly-used variety by artists' paint makers is lemon in color. In addition to being a replacement for several cadmium yellows, it also serves as a non-toxic visual replacement for the older chromate pigments made with zinc, lead, and strontium. If a green pigment and barium sulfate (for increased transparency) are added it can also serve as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Barium_chromate" title="Barium chromate">barium chromate</a>, which possesses a more greenish cast than the others. In comparison with <a href="/wiki/Lead_chromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead chromate">lead chromate</a>, it does not blacken due to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> in the air (a process accelerated by UV exposure) and possesses a particularly brighter color than them, especially the lemon, which is the most translucent, dull, and fastest to blacken due to the higher percentage of lead sulfate required to produce that shade. It is also used, on a limited basis due to its cost, as a vehicle paint pigment.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> for making <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic fibers">acrylic fibers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-20">[19]</a></li> <li>As an <a href="/wiki/Electrocatalyst" title="Electrocatalyst">electrocatalyst</a> in the conversion of CO2 to CO.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></li> <li>Ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">lubricating</a> <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">greases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></li> <li>In crackling microstars (<a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_egg" title="Dragon's egg">dragon's eggs</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcarbonate" title="Bismuth subcarbonate">subcarbonate</a> or subnitrate.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></li> <li>As catalyst for the fluorination of arylboronic pinacol esters through a Bi(III)/Bi(V) catalytic cycle, mimicking transition metals in electrophilic fluorination.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicology_and_ecotoxicology">Toxicology and ecotoxicology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Toxicology and ecotoxicology">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>See also <a href="/wiki/Bismuthia" title="Bismuthia">bismuthia</a>, a rare dermatological condition that results from the prolonged use of bismuth.</dd></dl> Scientific literature indicates that some of the compounds of bismuth are less toxic to humans via ingestion than other heavy metals (lead, arsenic, antimony, etc.)<a href="#cite_note-Kean-10">[9]</a> presumably due to the comparatively low solubility of bismuth salts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[108]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">biological half-life</a> for whole-body retention is reported to be 5 days but it can remain in the kidney for years in people treated with bismuth compounds.<a href="#cite_note-Fowler-110">[109]</a> Bismuth poisoning can occur and has according to some reports been common in relatively recent times.<a href="#cite_note-:0-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lenntech-111">[110]</a> As with lead, bismuth poisoning can result in the formation of a black deposit on the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>, known as a bismuth line.<a href="#cite_note-biline-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Poisoning may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Dimercaprol" title="Dimercaprol">dimercaprol</a>; however, evidence for benefit is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2008-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2016-116">[115]</a> Bismuth's environmental impacts are not well known; it may be less likely to bioaccumulate than some other heavy metals, and this is an area of active research.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bismuth_minerals" title="Category:Bismuth minerals">Bismuth minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic-bismuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic-bismuth">Arsenic-bismuth</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the coefficients for each crystal axis (at 20 °C) are αah = 11.26×10−6/K, αch = 16.74×10−6/K, and αaverage = αvolume/3 = 13.09×10−6/K. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/bismuth.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Bismuth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Bismuth&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fbismuth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Bi(0) state exists in a <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">N-heterocyclic carbene</a> complex of dibismuthene; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDekaOrthaber2022" class="citation journal cs1">Deka, Rajesh; Orthaber, Andreas (9 May 2022). "Carbene chemistry of arsenic, antimony, and bismuth: origin, evolution and future prospects". Royal Society of Chemistry. 51 (22): 8540–8556. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j">10.1039/d2dt00755j</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35578901">35578901</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248675805">248675805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Carbene+chemistry+of+arsenic%2C+antimony%2C+and+bismuth%3A+origin%2C+evolution+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8540-%3C%2Fspan%3E8556&rft.date=2022-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248675805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35578901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fd2dt00755j&rft.aulast=Deka&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Orthaber%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUBASE2020-8"><a href="#cite_ref-NUBASE2020_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondevWangHuangNaimi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-nds.iaea.org/amdc/ame2020/NUBASE2020.pdf">"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"</a> (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae">10.1088/1674-1137/abddae</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Physics+C&rft.atitle=The+NUBASE2020+evaluation+of+nuclear+properties&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=030001&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1674-1137%2Fabddae&rft.aulast=Kondev&rft.aufirst=F.+G.&rft.au=Wang%2C+M.&rft.au=Huang%2C+W.+J.&rft.au=Naimi%2C+S.&rft.au=Audi%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-nds.iaea.org%2Famdc%2Fame2020%2FNUBASE2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumé2003" class="citation news cs1">Dumé, Belle (23 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2003/apr/23/bismuth-breaks-half-life-record-for-alpha-decay">"Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay"</a>. Physicsworld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bismuth+breaks+half-life+record+for+alpha+decay&rft.date=2003-04-23&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Belle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fapr%2F23%2Fbismuth-breaks-half-life-record-for-alpha-decay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kean-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kean_10-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKean2011" class="citation book cs1">Kean, Sam (2011). The Disappearing Spoon (and other true tales of madness, love, and the history of the world from the Periodic Table of Elements). New York/Boston: Back Bay Books. pp. 158–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-051637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-051637"><bdi>978-0-316-051637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disappearing+Spoon+%28and+other+true+tales+of+madness%2C+love%2C+and+the+history+of+the+world+from+the+Periodic+Table+of+Elements%29&rft.place=New+York%2FBoston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.pub=Back+Bay+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-316-051637&rft.aulast=Kean&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oet-11"><a href="#cite_ref-oet_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=bismuth">"bismuth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bismuth&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dbismuth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192830982.013.1517">Bismuth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828000111/https://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192830982.013.1517">Archived</a> 28 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1998" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Nicholas C. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVhpurkfeN4C&pg=PA41">Chemistry of Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth</a>. Springer. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0389-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7514-0389-3"><bdi>978-0-7514-0389-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Arsenic%2C+Antimony%2C+and+Bismuth&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7514-0389-3&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvVhpurkfeN4C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgricola1955" class="citation book cs1">Agricola, Georgious (1955) [1546]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514044323/http://farlang.com/books/agricola-bandy-de-natura-fossilium">De Natura Fossilium</a>. New York: Mineralogical Society of America. p. 178. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farlang.com/books/agricola-bandy-de-natura-fossilium">the original</a> on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Natura+Fossilium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Mineralogical+Society+of+America&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgious&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarlang.com%2Fbooks%2Fagricola-bandy-de-natura-fossilium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson1819" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, William (1819). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GL5PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT181">"Bismuth"</a>. American edition of the British encyclopedia: Or, Dictionary of Arts and sciences; comprising an accurate and popular view of the present improved state of human knowledge. p. 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bismuth&rft.btitle=American+edition+of+the+British+encyclopedia%3A+Or%2C+Dictionary+of+Arts+and+sciences%3B+comprising+an+accurate+and+popular+view+of+the+present+improved+state+of+human+knowledge&rft.pages=181&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGL5PAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weeks-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weeks_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeks1932" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a> (1932). "The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (1): 11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1932JChEd...9...11W">1932JChEd...9...11W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed009p11">10.1021/ed009p11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=The+discovery+of+the+elements.+II.+Elements+known+to+the+alchemists&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed009p11&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1932JChEd...9...11W&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiunta" class="citation web cs1">Giunta, Carmen J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/archems.html">"Glossary of Archaic Chemical Terms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Moyne_College" title="Le Moyne College">Le Moyne College</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Archaic+Chemical+Terms&rft.pub=Le+Moyne+College&rft.aulast=Giunta&rft.aufirst=Carmen+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~giunta%2Farchems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> See also for other terms for bismuth, including stannum glaciale (glacial tin or ice-tin). </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonRutledge1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Robert B.; Rutledge, John W. (1984). "Bismuth Bronze from Machu Picchu, Peru". Science. 223 (4636): 585–586. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...223..585G">1984Sci...223..585G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.223.4636.585">10.1126/science.223.4636.585</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1692247">1692247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17749940">17749940</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206572055">206572055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Bismuth+Bronze+from+Machu+Picchu%2C+Peru&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=4636&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E586&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206572055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Sci...223..585G&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17749940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.223.4636.585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1692247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Robert+B.&rft.au=Rutledge%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPott1738" class="citation book cs1">Pott, Johann Heinrich (1738). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQVAAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA134">"De Wismutho"</a>. Exercitationes Chymicae. Berolini: Apud Johannem Andream Rüdigerum. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Wismutho&rft.btitle=Exercitationes+Chymicae&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Berolini%3A+Apud+Johannem+Andream+R%C3%BCdigerum&rft.date=1738&rft.aulast=Pott&rft.aufirst=Johann+Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQVAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_20-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2004" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, C. 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Boca Raton (FL, US): CRC press. p. 4.1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0485-9"><bdi>978-0-8493-0485-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements%2C+in+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%2C+US%29&rft.pages=4.1&rft.edition=81st&rft.pub=CRC+press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0485-9&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrchandbookofche81lide%2Fpage%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffroy1753" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Geoffroy" title="Claude François Geoffroy">Geoffroy, C.F.</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k3551g/f197.image.r=royal.langEN">"Sur Bismuth"</a>. Histoire de l'Académie Royale des Sciences ... Avec les Mémoires de Mathématique & de Physique ... Tirez des Registres de Cette Académie: 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale+des+Sciences+...+Avec+les+M%C3%A9moires+de+Math%C3%A9matique+%26+de+Physique+...+Tirez+des+Registres+de+Cette+Acad%C3%A9mie&rft.atitle=Sur+Bismuth&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Geoffroy&rft.aufirst=C.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k3551g%2Ff197.image.r%3Droyal.langEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tox-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tox_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tox_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevason,_W.Reid,_G.2003" class="citation book cs1">Levason, W.; Reid, G. (2003). "Coordination Chemistry of the s, p, and f Metals". Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043748-6%2F02023-5">10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/02023-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-043748-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-043748-6"><bdi>0-08-043748-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coordination+Chemistry+of+the+s%2C+p%2C+and+f+Metals&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Coordination+Chemistry+II&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Elsevier+Pergamon&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-043748-6%2F02023-5&rft.isbn=0-08-043748-6&rft.au=Levason%2C+W.&rft.au=Reid%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#Kruger">Krüger</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1936" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, H. (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1936.0126">"The Theory of the Galvomagnetic Effects in Bismuth"</a>. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 155 (886): 653–663. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1936RSPSA.155..653J">1936RSPSA.155..653J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1936.0126">10.1098/rspa.1936.0126</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/96773">96773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+the+Galvomagnetic+Effects+in+Bismuth&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=886&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E653-%3C%2Fspan%3E663&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F96773%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1936.0126&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1936RSPSA.155..653J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspa.1936.0126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanMeyerBartoliDi_Venere1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, C.; Meyer, J.; Bartoli, F.; Di Venere, A.; Yi, X.; Hou, C.; Wang, H.; Ketterson, J.; Wong, G. (1993). "Semimetal-to-semiconductor transition in bismuth thin films". Phys. Rev. B. 48 (15): 11431–11434. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PhRvB..4811431H">1993PhRvB..4811431H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.48.11431">10.1103/PhysRevB.48.11431</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10007465">10007465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+B&rft.atitle=Semimetal-to-semiconductor+transition+in+bismuth+thin+films&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11431-%3C%2Fspan%3E11434&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10007465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevB.48.11431&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PhRvB..4811431H&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Meyer%2C+J.&rft.au=Bartoli%2C+F.&rft.au=Di+Venere%2C+A.&rft.au=Yi%2C+X.&rft.au=Hou%2C+C.&rft.au=Wang%2C+H.&rft.au=Ketterson%2C+J.&rft.au=Wong%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-w768-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w768_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-w768_26-1">b</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg</a>, p. 768. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracyTroppFriedl1974" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, George R.; Tropp, Harry E.; Friedl, Alfred E. 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Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-007381-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-007381-6"><bdi>978-0-03-007381-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+physical+science&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-03-007381-6&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rft.au=Tropp%2C+Harry+E.&rft.au=Friedl%2C+Alfred+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD-dhveegRYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe1868" class="citation journal cs1">Tribe, Alfred (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/2000757">"IX.—Freezing of water and bismuth"</a>. Journal of the Chemical Society. 21: 71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FJS8682100071">10.1039/JS8682100071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=IX.%E2%80%94Freezing+of+water+and+bismuth&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FJS8682100071&rft.aulast=Tribe&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2000757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaponLeblondMeijer2006" class="citation book cs1">Papon, Pierre; Leblond, Jacques; Meijer, Paul Herman Ernst (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-fiyYg3iSIC&pg=PA82">The Physics of Phase Transitions</a>. Springer. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-33390-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-33390-6"><bdi>978-3-540-33390-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physics+of+Phase+Transitions&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-33390-6&rft.aulast=Papon&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Leblond%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Paul+Herman+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-fiyYg3iSIC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiller1991" class="citation book cs1">Tiller, William A. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38827-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38827-6"><bdi>978-0-521-38827-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+science+of+crystallization%3A+microscopic+interfacial+phenomena&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38827-6&rft.aulast=Tiller&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFGaIhhZ8ivsC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-w767-31"><a href="#cite_ref-w767_31-0">^</a> <a href="#Wiberg">Wiberg</a>, p. 767. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#Kruger">Krüger</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldyreva,_Elena2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Boldyreva" title="Elena Boldyreva">Boldyreva, Elena</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyN0dhHChzsC&pg=PA264">High-Pressure Crystallography: From Fundamental Phenomena to Technological Applications</a>. 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Academic Press. pp. 433 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369413-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-369413-3"><bdi>978-0-12-369413-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bismuth&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+the+toxicology+of+metals&rft.pages=433+ff&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-12-369413-3&rft.au=Fowler%2C+B.A.&rft.au=Sexton+M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKulgztuzL8C%26pg%3DPA433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lenntech-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Lenntech_111-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/bi.htm">Data on Bismuth's health and environmental effects</a>. Lenntech.com. Retrieved on 17 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-biline-112"><a href="#cite_ref-biline_112-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bismuth+line">"Bismuth line"</a> in TheFreeDictionary's Medical dictionary. Farlex, Inc. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevantineAlmeyda1973" class="citation journal cs1">Levantine, Ashley; Almeyda, John (1973). "Drug induced changes in pigmentation". British Journal of Dermatology. 89 (1): 105–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1973.tb01932.x">10.1111/j.1365-2133.1973.tb01932.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4132858">4132858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7175799">7175799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Drug+induced+changes+in+pigmentation&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7175799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4132858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2133.1973.tb01932.x&rft.aulast=Levantine&rft.aufirst=Ashley&rft.au=Almeyda%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#Kruger">Krüger</a>, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2008-115"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO2008_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2009). 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The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dimercaprol&rft.pub=The+American+Society+of+Health-System+Pharmacists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fmonograph%2Fdimercaprol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoriova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Boriova; et al. (2015). "Bismuth(III) Volatilization and Immobilization by Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus clavatus During Aerobic Incubation". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 68 (2): 405–411. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ArECT..68..405B">2015ArECT..68..405B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00244-014-0096-5">10.1007/s00244-014-0096-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25367214">25367214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30197424">30197424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Environmental+Contamination+and+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Bismuth%28III%29+Volatilization+and+Immobilization+by+Filamentous+Fungus+Aspergillus+clavatus+During+Aerobic+Incubation&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E405-%3C%2Fspan%3E411&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00244-014-0096-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30197424%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25367214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015ArECT..68..405B&rft.au=Boriova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoriova2013" class="citation journal cs1">Boriova; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/44/078/44078300.pdf">"Bioaccumulation and biosorption of bismuth Bi (III) by filamentous fungus Aspergillus clavatus"</a> (PDF). Student Scientific Conference PriF UK 2013. Proceedings of Reviewed Contributions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Student+Scientific+Conference+PriF+UK+2013.+Proceedings+of+Reviewed+Contributions&rft.atitle=Bioaccumulation+and+biosorption+of+bismuth+Bi+%28III%29+by+filamentous+fungus+Aspergillus+clavatus&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Boriova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iaea.org%2Finis%2Fcollection%2FNCLCollectionStore%2F_Public%2F44%2F078%2F44078300.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: Brown, R. D., Jr. "Annual Average Bismuth Price", USGS (1998). <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Greenwood" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, N. N. & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-3365-9"><bdi>978-0-7506-3365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-3365-9&rft.au=Greenwood%2C+N.+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kruger" class="citation book cs1">Krüger, Joachim; Winkler, Peter; Lüderitz, Eberhard; Lück, Manfred; Wolf, Hans Uwe (2003). "Bismuth, Bismuth Alloys, and Bismuth Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. pp. 171–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a04_171">10.1002/14356007.a04_171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bismuth%2C+Bismuth+Alloys%2C+and+Bismuth+Compounds&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH%2C+Weinheim&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a04_171&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Kr%C3%BCger%2C+Joachim&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Peter&rft.au=L%C3%BCderitz%2C+Eberhard&rft.au=L%C3%BCck%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Hans+Uwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Suzuki" class="citation book cs1">Suzuki, Hitomi (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qODswAbaBmsC&pg=PA8">Organobismuth Chemistry</a>. Elsevier. pp. 1–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-20528-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-20528-5"><bdi>978-0-444-20528-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organobismuth+Chemistry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-444-20528-5&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Hitomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqODswAbaBmsC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wiberg" class="citation book cs1">Wiberg, Egon; Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, Nils (2001). Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.aulast=Wiberg&rft.aufirst=Egon&rft.au=Holleman%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABismuth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bismuth_compounds43" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bismuth_compounds" title="Template:Bismuth compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bismuth_compounds" title="Template talk:Bismuth compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bismuth_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bismuth compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bismuth_compounds43" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_compounds" title="Bismuth compounds">Bismuth compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bismuth(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_acetate" title="Bismuth(III) acetate">Bi(CH3COO)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_tribromide" title="Bismuth tribromide">BiBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_chloride" title="Bismuth chloride">BiCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_germanate" title="Bismuth germanate">Bi4Ge3O12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxychloride" title="Bismuth oxychloride">BiOCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxyiodide" title="Bismuth oxyiodide">BiOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_oxynitrate" title="Bismuth oxynitrate">BiONO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_arsenide" title="Bismuth arsenide">BiAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_selenide" title="Bismuth selenide">Bi2Se3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_silicon_oxide" title="Bismuth silicon oxide">Bi12SiO20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcarbonate" title="Bismuth subcarbonate">Bi2O2(CO3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_telluride" title="Bismuth telluride">Bi2Te3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_trifluoride" title="Bismuth trifluoride">BiF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_iodide" title="Bismuth(III) iodide">BiI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_sulfate" title="Bismuth(III) sulfate">Bi2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_nitrate" title="Bismuth(III) nitrate">Bi(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismuth phosphate">BiPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_vanadate" title="Bismuth vanadate">BiVO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_iodate" title="Bismuth iodate">Bi(IO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_oxide" title="Bismuth(III) oxide">Bi2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphide" title="Bismuth phosphide">BiP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismanol" title="Bismanol">BiMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_hydroxide" title="Bismuth hydroxide">Bi(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth(III)_sulfide" title="Bismuth(III) sulfide">Bi2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuthine" title="Bismuthine">BiH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_ferrite" title="Bismuth ferrite">BiFeO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subsalicylate" title="Bismuth subsalicylate">(BiO(C7H5O3))n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subcitrate" title="Bismuth subcitrate">BiK3(C6H4O7)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_subgallate" title="Bismuth subgallate">C7H5BiO6</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organobismuth(III)18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organobismuth(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismole" title="Bismole">C4H4BiH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bismuth(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate" title="Sodium bismuthate">NaBiO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_bismuthate" title="Lead bismuthate">Pb(BiO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentafluoride" title="Bismuth pentafluoride">BiF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_pentoxide" title="Bismuth pentoxide">Bi2O5</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organobismuth(V)16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organobismuth(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentamethylbismuth" title="Pentamethylbismuth">Bi(CH3)5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaphenylbismuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaphenylbismuth (page does not exist)">Bi(C6H5)5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_bismuthide_ion140" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bismuthides" title="Template:Bismuthides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bismuthides" title="Template talk:Bismuthides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bismuthides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bismuthides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_bismuthide_ion140" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/Bismuthide" title="Bismuthide">bismuthide</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>-BiH <a href="/wiki/Bismuthine" title="Bismuthine">BiH3</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuthonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuthonium (page does not exist)">+H</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td>Li </td> <td>Be </td> <td>B </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Organobismuth_chemistry" title="Organobismuth chemistry">R3Bi</a> </td> <td>N </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxybismuthides" title="Oxybismuthides">-BiO</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismuthate" title="Bismuthate">-BiO3</a> </td> <td>F </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td>Na </td> <td>Mg </td> <td>Al </td> <td>Si </td> <td>P </td> <td>S </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuthide_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuthide chloride (page does not exist)">+Cl2</a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_bismuthide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium bismuthide (page does not exist)">KBi2</a> </td> <td>Ca </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none"> </td> <td>Sc </td> <td>Ti </td> <td>V </td> <td>Cr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismanol" title="Bismanol">MnBi</a> </td> <td>Fe </td> <td>Co </td> <td>Ni </td> <td>Cu </td> <td>Zn </td> <td>Ga </td> <td>Ge </td> <td>As </td> <td>Se </td> <td>Br </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubidium_bismuthide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubidium bismuthide (page does not exist)">RbBi2</a> </td> <td>Sr </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none"> </td> <td>Y </td> <td>Zr </td> <td>Nb </td> <td>Mo </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merenskyite" title="Merenskyite">PdBi2</a> </td> <td>Ag </td> <td>Cd </td> <td>In </td> <td>Sn </td> <td>Sb </td> <td>Te </td> <td>I </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_dibismuthide" title="Caesium dibismuthide">CsBi2</a> </td> <td>Ba </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">* </td> <td>Lu </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>Ta </td> <td>W </td> <td>Re </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merenskyite" title="Merenskyite">PtBi2</a> </td> <td>Au </td> <td>Hg </td> <td>Tl </td> <td>Pb </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bi</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismuthide" title="Bismuthide">-Bi</a> </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td>Fr </td> <td>Ra </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">* </td> <td>La </td> <td>Ce </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_bismuthide" title="Praseodymium bismuthide">PrBi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium_bismuthide" title="Neodymium bismuthide">NdBi</a> </td> <td>Pm </td> <td>Sm </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Europium_bismuthide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Europium bismuthide (page does not exist)">Eu5Sb3 Eu4Sb3 Eu11Sb10</a> </td> <td>Gd </td> <td>Tb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_bismuthide" title="Dysprosium bismuthide">DyBi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium_bismuthide" title="Holmium bismuthide">HoBi</a> </td> <td>Er </td> <td>Tm </td> <td>Yb </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose;color:black;"> <td style="background-color:white;color:inherit;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_bismuthide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium bismuthide (page does not exist)">ThBi ThBi2</a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td>U </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_bismuthide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium bismuthide (page does not exist)">NpBi</a> </td> <td>Pu </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium_bismuthide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium bismuthide (page does not exist)">AmBi</a> </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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