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nuclei </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_of_superheavy_nuclei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decay_and_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decay_and_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Decay and detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decay_and_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Isotopes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Isotopes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Half-lives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Half-lives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Half-lives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Half-lives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predicted_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predicted_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Predicted properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Predicted properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Predicted_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_and_atomic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_and_atomic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Physical and atomic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_and_atomic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_atomic_gas_phase_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_atomic_gas_phase_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Experimental atomic gas phase chemistry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_atomic_gas_phase_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Copernicium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 125 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" > 125 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernikium" title="Kopernikium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kopernikium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8D%90%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ኮፐርኒኪየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮፐርኒኪየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कोपरनिसियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोपरनिसियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كوبرنيسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوبرنيسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Copernicio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Coperniciu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Coperniciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kopernisium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernikium" title="Kopernikium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kopernikium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="কোপার্নিসিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোপার্নিসিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Каперніцый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каперніцый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86" title="Капэрніц – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Капэрніц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कॉपरनीशियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कॉपरनीशियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicij" title="Kopernicij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kopernicij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernikiom" title="Kopernikiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kopernikiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Copernici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicyo" title="Copernicyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Copernicyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicium" title="Kopernicium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kopernicium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Coperniciu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciwm" title="Coperniciwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coperniciwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperniikium" title="Koperniikium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koperniikium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κοπερνίκιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοπερνίκιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Copernicio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicio" title="Kopernicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kopernicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernizio" title="Kopernizio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kopernizio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کوپرنیسیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوپرنیسیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Copernici" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copairniciam" title="Copairniciam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Copairniciam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Copernicio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="કોપરનિસીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોપરનિસીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Копернициум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Копернициум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%98" title="코페르니슘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코페르니슘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կոպեռնիցիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոպեռնիցիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कोपरनिसियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोपरनिसियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicij" title="Kopernicij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kopernicij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicio" title="Kopernicio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kopernicio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kopernisium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChusinimbi" title="IChusinimbi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IChusinimbi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Copernicio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קופרניקיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קופרניקיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94p%C9%9Br%C9%A9n%C9%A9s%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Kɔpɛrɩnɩsɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɔpɛrɩnɩsɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅನನ್ಬಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನನ್ಬಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კოპერნიციუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოპერნიციუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperniciom" title="Koperniciom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Koperniciom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Copernici" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopern%C3%AEsy%C3%BBm" title="Kopernîsyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kopernîsyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernikijs" title="Kopernikijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kopernikijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernikis" title="Kopernikis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kopernikis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicio" title="Copernicio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Copernicio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopern%C3%ADcium" title="Kopernícium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kopernícium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Копернициум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Копернициум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കോപ്പർനിഷ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോപ്പർനിഷ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE" title="कोपर्निकम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोपर्निकम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كوبرنيسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوبرنيسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernisium" title="Kopernisium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kopernisium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Коперници – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Коперници" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကော့ပါနီဆီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကော့ပါနီဆီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कपरनिसियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कपरनिसियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="コペルニシウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コペルニシウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koperniikium" title="Koperniikium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Koperniikium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Copernici" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernitsiy" title="Kopernitsiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kopernitsiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="उनउनबियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="उनउनबियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کاپرنسیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاپرنسیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="کاپرنېسيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاپرنېسيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernik_(pierwiastek)" title="Kopernik (pierwiastek) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kopernik (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copern%C3%ADcio" title="Copernício – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Copernício" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciu" title="Coperniciu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coperniciu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupirnisyu" title="Kupirnisyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kupirnisyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="उनउनबियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="उनउनबियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copern%C3%ACtziu" title="Copernìtziu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Copernìtziu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coperniciumi" title="Coperniciumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Coperniciumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup%C3%A8rniciu" title="Cupèrniciu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cupèrniciu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopern%C3%ADcium" title="Kopernícium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kopernícium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicij" title="Kopernicij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kopernicij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobernishiyaam" title="Kobernishiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kobernishiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="کۆپەرنیسیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆپەرنیسیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Коперницијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Коперницијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicijum" title="Kopernicijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kopernicijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernikium" title="Kopernikium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kopernikium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Copernicium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கோப்பர்நீசியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கோப்பர்நீசியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Коперниций – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коперниций" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కోపర్నీషియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కోపర్నీషియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="โคเปอร์นิเซียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โคเปอร์นิเซียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Копернисий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Копернисий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernikyum" title="Kopernikyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kopernikyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Коперницій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коперницій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کوپرنیشیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوپرنیشیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="كوپېرنىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كوپېرنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopernicii" title="Kopernicii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kopernicii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernici" title="Copernici – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Copernici" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 112 (Cn)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Copernicium, 112Cn</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Copernicium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkoʊpərˈnɪsiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KOH-pər-NISS-ee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[285]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Copernicium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> ↑ Cn ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a> ← copernicium → <a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">112</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f14 6d10 7s2 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2 (predicted)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">liquid (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">283 ± 11 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (10 ± 11 °C, 50 ± 20 °F) (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">340 ± 10 K (67 ± 10 °C, 153 ± 18 °F)<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a> (predicted)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">14.0 g/cm3 (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">283 K, 25 kPa (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: (none) (+2), (+4)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 1155 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 2170 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 3160 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#copernicium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) (all estimated)<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">calculated: 147 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a><a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fricke1975-4">[4]</a> (predicted)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">122 pm (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-rsc-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close-packed crystal structure for copernicium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div> (predicted)<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54084-26-3 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (1996)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copernicium" title="Isotopes of copernicium">Isotopes of copernicium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_copernicium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox copernicium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_copernicium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox copernicium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-6">[6]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" style="vertical-align: top;">283Cn </th> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">3.81 s<a href="#cite_note-PuCa2022-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a>96% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium-279" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium-279">279Ds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a>4% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a>? </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">283Rg </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">285Cn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">30 s </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium-281" class="mw-redirect" title="Darmstadtium-281">281Ds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">286Cn </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">8.4 s? </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Copernicium" title="Category:Copernicium">Category: Copernicium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_copernicium" title="Template:Infobox copernicium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_copernicium" title="Template talk:Infobox copernicium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_copernicium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox copernicium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Copernicium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Cn and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 112. Its known isotopes are extremely <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>, and have only been created in a laboratory. The most stable known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, copernicium-285, has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of approximately 30 seconds. Copernicium was first created in February 1996 by the <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a> near <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany. It was named after the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> on his 537th anniversary. In the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic table (standard)">periodic table</a> of the elements, copernicium is a <a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> <a href="/wiki/Transactinide_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactinide element">transactinide element</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12 element</a>. During reactions with <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, it has been shown<a href="#cite_note-07Ei01-8">[8]</a> to be an extremely volatile element, so much so that it is possibly a gas or a volatile liquid at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a>. Copernicium is calculated to have several properties that differ from its lighter <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologues</a> in group 12, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>; due to <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic effects</a>, it may give up its 6d electrons instead of its 7s ones, and it may have more similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> rather than its group 12 homologues. Calculations indicate that copernicium may show the <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> +4, while mercury shows it in <a href="/wiki/Mercury(IV)_fluoride" title="Mercury(IV) fluoride">only one compound</a> of disputed existence and zinc and cadmium do not show it at all. It has also been predicted to be more difficult to oxidize copernicium from its neutral state than the other group 12 elements. Predictions vary on whether solid copernicium would be a metal, semiconductor, or insulator. Copernicium is one of the heaviest elements whose chemical properties have been experimentally investigated. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element#Introduction" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy element § Introduction</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superheavy_element&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthesis_of_superheavy_nuclei">Synthesis of superheavy nuclei</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-1" title="Edit section: Synthesis of superheavy nuclei">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graphic depiction of a nuclear fusion reaction" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/220px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/330px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg/440px-Deuterium-tritium_fusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A graphic depiction of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reaction. Two nuclei fuse into one, emitting a <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>. Reactions that created new elements to this moment were similar, with the only possible difference that several singular neutrons sometimes were released, or none at all.</figcaption></figure> A superheavy<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a> is created in a nuclear reaction that combines two other nuclei of unequal size<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> into one; roughly, the more unequal the two nuclei in terms of <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a>, the greater the possibility that the two react.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Bloomberg-16">[14]</a> The material made of the heavier nuclei is made into a target, which is then bombarded by the <a href="/wiki/Particle_beam" title="Particle beam">beam</a> of lighter nuclei. Two nuclei can only <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fuse</a> into one if they approach each other closely enough; normally, nuclei (all positively charged) repel each other due to <a href="/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law" title="Coulomb's law">electrostatic repulsion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> can overcome this repulsion but only within a very short distance from a nucleus; beam nuclei are thus greatly <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">accelerated</a> in order to make such repulsion insignificant compared to the velocity of the beam nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-17">[15]</a> The energy applied to the beam nuclei to accelerate them can cause them to reach speeds as high as one-tenth of the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">speed of light</a>. However, if too much energy is applied, the beam nucleus can fall apart.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-17">[15]</a> Coming close enough alone is not enough for two nuclei to fuse: when two nuclei approach each other, they usually remain together for about 10−20 seconds and then part ways (not necessarily in the same composition as before the reaction) rather than form a single nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> This happens because during the attempted formation of a single nucleus, electrostatic repulsion tears apart the nucleus that is being formed.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-17">[15]</a> Each pair of a target and a beam is characterized by its <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(physics)" title="Cross section (physics)">cross section</a>—the probability that fusion will occur if two nuclei approach one another expressed in terms of the transverse area that the incident particle must hit in order for the fusion to occur.<a href="#cite_note-20">[c]</a> This fusion may occur as a result of the quantum effect in which nuclei can <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling#Nuclear_fusion" title="Quantum tunnelling">tunnel</a> through electrostatic repulsion. If the two nuclei can stay close past that phase, multiple nuclear interactions result in redistribution of energy and an energy equilibrium.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-17">[15]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YovAFlzFtzg">Visualization</a> of unsuccessful nuclear fusion, based on calculations from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The resulting merger is an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a>—termed a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction#Compound_nuclear_reactions" title="Nuclear reaction">compound nucleus</a>—and thus it is very unstable.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_n+1-17">[15]</a> To reach a more stable state, the temporary merger may <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">fission</a> without formation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-23">[20]</a> Alternatively, the compound nucleus may eject a few <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, which would carry away the excitation energy; if the latter is not sufficient for a neutron expulsion, the merger would produce a <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a>. This happens in about 10−16 seconds after the initial nuclear collision and results in creation of a more stable nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_CzechNuclear-23">[20]</a> The definition by the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> (JWP) states that a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> can only be recognized as discovered if a nucleus of it has not <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decayed</a> within 10−14 seconds. This value was chosen as an estimate of how long it takes a nucleus to acquire <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> and thus display its chemical properties.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decay_and_detection">Decay and detection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Excerpt&action=edit&section=T-2" title="Edit section: Decay and detection">edit</a>]</div> The beam passes through the target and reaches the next chamber, the separator; if a new nucleus is produced, it is carried with this beam.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-27">[23]</a> In the separator, the newly produced nucleus is separated from other nuclides (that of the original beam and any other reaction products)<a href="#cite_note-30">[e]</a> and transferred to a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_detector" title="Semiconductor detector">surface-barrier detector</a>, which stops the nucleus. The exact location of the upcoming impact on the detector is marked; also marked are its energy and the time of the arrival.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-27">[23]</a> The transfer takes about 10−6 seconds; in order to be detected, the nucleus must survive this long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20133-31">[26]</a> The nucleus is recorded again once its decay is registered, and the location, the <a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">energy</a>, and the time of the decay are measured.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-27">[23]</a> Stability of a nucleus is provided by the strong interaction. However, its range is very short; as nuclei become larger, its influence on the outermost <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and neutrons) weakens. At the same time, the nucleus is torn apart by electrostatic repulsion between protons, and its range is not limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432-32">[27]</a> Total <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy" title="Nuclear binding energy">binding energy</a> provided by the strong interaction increases linearly with the number of nucleons, whereas electrostatic repulsion increases with the square of the atomic number, i.e. the latter grows faster and becomes increasingly important for heavy and superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-34">[29]</a> Superheavy nuclei are thus theoretically predicted<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> and have so far been observed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-129–030001-138-36">[31]</a> to predominantly decay via decay modes that are caused by such repulsion: <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[f]</a> Almost all alpha emitters have over 210 nucleons,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-39">[33]</a> and the lightest nuclide primarily undergoing spontaneous fission has 238.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAudi_et_al.2017030001-125-40">[34]</a> In both decay modes, nuclei are inhibited from decaying by corresponding <a href="/wiki/Rectangular_potential_barrier" title="Rectangular potential barrier">energy barriers</a> for each mode, but they can be tunneled through.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsAlpha-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-34">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Apparatus for creation of superheavy elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/440px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/660px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg/880px-Apparatus_for_creation_of_superheavy_elements_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of an apparatus for creation of superheavy elements, based on the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set up in the <a href="/wiki/Flerov_Laboratory_of_Nuclear_Reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions">Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions</a> in JINR. The trajectory within the detector and the beam focusing apparatus changes because of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_dipole" title="Magnetic dipole">dipole magnet</a> in the former and <a href="/wiki/Quadrupole_magnet" title="Quadrupole magnet">quadrupole magnets</a> in the latter.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Aksenov-41">[35]</a></figcaption></figure> Alpha particles are commonly produced in radioactive decays because the mass of an alpha particle per nucleon is small enough to leave some energy for the alpha particle to be used as kinetic energy to leave the nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003432–433-42">[36]</a> Spontaneous fission is caused by electrostatic repulsion tearing the nucleus apart and produces various nuclei in different instances of identical nuclei fissioning.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-34">[29]</a> As the atomic number increases, spontaneous fission rapidly becomes more important: spontaneous fission partial half-lives decrease by 23 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> (element 92) to <a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> (element 102),<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-43">[37]</a> and by 30 orders of magnitude from <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> (element 90) to <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a> (element 100).<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> The earlier <a href="/wiki/Liquid_drop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid drop model">liquid drop model</a> thus suggested that spontaneous fission would occur nearly instantly due to disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Fission_barrier" title="Fission barrier">fission barrier</a> for nuclei with about 280 nucleons.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-45">[39]</a> The later <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_shell_model" title="Nuclear shell model">nuclear shell model</a> suggested that nuclei with about 300 nucleons would form an <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a> in which nuclei will be more resistant to spontaneous fission and will primarily undergo alpha decay with longer half-lives.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BrusselsSF-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian04-45">[39]</a> Subsequent discoveries suggested that the predicted island might be further than originally anticipated; they also showed that nuclei intermediate between the long-lived actinides and the predicted island are deformed, and gain additional stability from shell effects.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> Experiments on lighter superheavy nuclei,<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> as well as those closer to the expected island,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-43">[37]</a> have shown greater than previously anticipated stability against spontaneous fission, showing the importance of shell effects on nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-48">[g]</a> Alpha decays are registered by the emitted alpha particles, and the decay products are easy to determine before the actual decay; if such a decay or a series of consecutive decays produces a known nucleus, the original product of a reaction can be easily determined.<a href="#cite_note-52">[h]</a> (That all decays within a decay chain were indeed related to each other is established by the location of these decays, which must be in the same place.)<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_SHEhowvideo-27">[23]</a> The known nucleus can be recognized by the specific characteristics of decay it undergoes such as decay energy (or more specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> of the emitted particle).<a href="#cite_note-53">[i]</a> Spontaneous fission, however, produces various nuclei as products, so the original nuclide cannot be determined from its daughters.<a href="#cite_note-56">[j]</a> The information available to physicists aiming to synthesize a superheavy element is thus the information collected at the detectors: location, energy, and time of arrival of a particle to the detector, and those of its decay. The physicists analyze this data and seek to conclude that it was indeed caused by a new element and could not have been caused by a different nuclide than the one claimed. Often, provided data is insufficient for a conclusion that a new element was definitely created and there is no other explanation for the observed effects; errors in interpreting data have been made.<a href="#cite_note-62">[k]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> Copernicium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">first created</a> on February 9, 1996, at the <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Schwerionenforschung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung">Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung</a> (GSI) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/Sigurd_Hofmann" title="Sigurd Hofmann">Sigurd Hofmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ninov" title="Victor Ninov">Victor Ninov</a> et al.<a href="#cite_note-96Ho01-63">[52]</a> This element was created by firing accelerated <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>-70 nuclei at a target made of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-208 nuclei in a heavy <a href="/wiki/Ion_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion accelerator">ion accelerator</a>. A single atom of copernicium was produced with a <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> of 277. (A second was originally reported, but was found to have been based on data fabricated by Ninov, and was thus retracted.)<a href="#cite_note-96Ho01-63">[52]</a> <dl><dd>208 82Pb + 70 30Zn → 278 112Cn* → 277 112Cn + 1 0n</dd></dl> In May 2000, the GSI successfully repeated the experiment to synthesize a further atom of copernicium-277.<a href="#cite_note-64">[53]</a> This reaction was repeated at <a href="/wiki/RIKEN" class="mw-redirect" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a> using the Search for a Super-Heavy Element Using a Gas-Filled Recoil Separator set-up in 2004 and 2013 to synthesize three further atoms and confirm the decay data reported by the GSI team.<a href="#cite_note-japan-65">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[55]</a> This reaction had also previously been tried in 1971 at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to aim for 276Cn (produced in the 2n channel), but without success.<a href="#cite_note-67">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> (JWP) assessed the claim of copernicium's discovery by the GSI team in 2001<a href="#cite_note-68">[57]</a> and 2003.<a href="#cite_note-69">[58]</a> In both cases, they found that there was insufficient evidence to support their claim. This was primarily related to the contradicting decay data for the known <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclide</a> rutherfordium-261. However, between 2001 and 2005, the GSI team studied the reaction 248Cm(26Mg,5n)269Hs, and were able to confirm the decay data for <a href="/wiki/Hassium-269" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassium-269">hassium-269</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium-261" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherfordium-261">rutherfordium-261</a>. It was found that the existing data on rutherfordium-261 was for an <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">isomer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[59]</a> now designated rutherfordium-261m. In May 2009, the JWP reported on the claims of discovery of element 112 again and officially recognized the GSI team as the discoverers of element 112.<a href="#cite_note-GSINewElement-71">[60]</a> This decision was based on the confirmation of the decay properties of daughter nuclei as well as the confirmatory experiments at RIKEN.<a href="#cite_note-fusion-72">[61]</a> Work had also been done at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, Russia from 1998 to synthesise the heavier isotope 283Cn in the hot fusion reaction 238U(48Ca,3n)283Cn; most observed atoms of 283Cn decayed by spontaneous fission, although an alpha decay branch to 279Ds was detected. While initial experiments aimed to assign the produced nuclide with its observed long half-life of 3 minutes based on its chemical behaviour, this was found to be not mercury-like as would have been expected (copernicium being under mercury in the periodic table),<a href="#cite_note-fusion-72">[61]</a> and indeed now it appears that the long-lived activity might not have been from 283Cn at all, but its <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> daughter 283Rg instead, with a shorter 4-second half-life associated with 283Cn. (Another possibility is assignment to a <a href="/wiki/Meta_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Meta state">metastable isomeric state</a>, 283mCn.)<a href="#cite_note-EXON-73">[62]</a> While later cross-bombardments in the 242Pu+48Ca and 245Cm+48Ca reactions succeeded in confirming the properties of 283Cn and its parents 287Fl and 291Lv, and played a major role in the acceptance of the discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a> (elements 114 and 116) by the JWP in 2011, this work originated subsequent to the GSI's work on 277Cn and priority was assigned to the GSI.<a href="#cite_note-fusion-72">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a painted portrait of Copernicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/185px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/278px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg/370px-Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>, who formulated a heliocentric model with the planets orbiting around the Sun, replacing <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>'s earlier geocentric model. </figcaption></figure> Using <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">Mendeleev's nomenclature for unnamed and undiscovered elements</a>, copernicium should be known as eka-<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. In 1979, IUPAC published recommendations according to which the element was to be called ununbium (with the corresponding symbol of Uub),<a href="#cite_note-iupac-74">[63]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">placeholder</a>, until the element was discovered (and the discovery then confirmed) and a permanent name was decided on. Although widely used in the chemical community on all levels, from chemistry classrooms to advanced textbooks, the recommendations were mostly ignored among scientists in the field, who either called it "element 112", with the symbol of E112, (112), or even simply 112.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> After acknowledging the GSI team's discovery, the <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> asked them to suggest a permanent name for element 112.<a href="#cite_note-fusion-72">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[64]</a> On 14 July 2009, they proposed copernicium with the element symbol Cp, after <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a> "to honor an outstanding scientist, who changed our view of the world".<a href="#cite_note-76">[65]</a> During the standard six-month discussion period among the scientific community about the naming,<a href="#cite_note-bbc_20090716-77">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a> it was pointed out that the symbol Cp was previously associated with the name cassiopeium (cassiopium), now known as <a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> (Lu).<a href="#cite_note-79">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a> Moreover, Cp is frequently used today to mean the <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl_complex" title="Cyclopentadienyl complex">cyclopentadienyl ligand</a> (C5H5).<a href="#cite_note-81">[70]</a> Primarily because cassiopeium (Cp) was (until 1949) accepted by IUPAC as an alternative allowed name for lutetium,<a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> the IUPAC disallowed the use of Cp as a future symbol, prompting the GSI team to put forward the symbol Cn as an alternative. On 19 February 2010, the 537th anniversary of Copernicus' birth, IUPAC officially accepted the proposed name and symbol.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_20090716-77">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[72]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copernicium" title="Isotopes of copernicium">Isotopes of copernicium</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="text-align:right;max-width:100%; font-size: 85%"> <caption>List of copernicium isotopes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Isotopes_summary" title="Template talk:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes_summary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Isotopes summary"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Isotope </th> <th colspan="2">Half-life<a href="#cite_note-84">[l]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Decay mode </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery year </th> <th rowspan="2">Discovery reaction </th></tr> <tr> <th>Value </th> <th class="unsortable">ref </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">277Cn </th> <td>0.79 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1996 </td> <td style="text-align:left">208Pb(70Zn,n) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">280Cn </th> <td>short</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-jinr2024-85">[73]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2024 </td> <td style="text-align:left">288Lv(—,2α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">281Cn </th> <td>0.18 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PuCa2017-86">[74]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2010 </td> <td style="text-align:left">285Fl(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">282Cn </th> <td>0.83 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PuCa2022-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2003 </td> <td style="text-align:left">290Lv(—,2α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">283Cn </th> <td>3.81 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-PuCa2022-7">[7]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF, EC? </td> <td style="text-align:center">2003 </td> <td style="text-align:left">287Fl(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">284Cn </th> <td>121 ms</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-280Ds2021-87">[75]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α, SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2004 </td> <td style="text-align:left">288Fl(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">285Cn </th> <td>30 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">1999 </td> <td style="text-align:left">289Fl(—,α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">285mCn<a href="#cite_note-nc-88">[m]</a> </th> <td>15 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-6">[6]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">α </td> <td style="text-align:center">2012 </td> <td style="text-align:left">293mLv(—,2α) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">286Cn<a href="#cite_note-nc-88">[m]</a> </th> <td>8.45 s</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Kaji-89">[76]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left">SF </td> <td style="text-align:center">2016 </td> <td style="text-align:left">294Lv(—,2α) </td></tr></tbody></table> Copernicium has no stable or naturally occurring isotopes. Several radioactive isotopes have been synthesized in the laboratory, either by fusing two atoms or by observing the decay of heavier elements. Eight different isotopes have been reported with mass numbers 277 and 280–286, and one unconfirmed <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">metastable isomer</a> in 285Cn has been reported.<a href="#cite_note-gsi12-90">[77]</a> Most of these decay predominantly through alpha decay, but some undergo <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>, and copernicium-283 may have an <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a> branch.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-91">[78]</a> The isotope copernicium-283 was instrumental in the confirmation of the discoveries of the elements <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Half-lives">Half-lives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Half-lives">edit</a>]</div> All confirmed copernicium isotopes are extremely unstable and radioactive; in general, heavier isotopes are more stable than the lighter, and isotopes with an <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">odd neutron number</a> have relatively longer half-lives due to additional hindrance against <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>. The most stable known isotope, 285Cn, has a half-life of 30 seconds; 283Cn has a half-life of 4 seconds, and the unconfirmed 285mCn and 286Cn have half-lives of about 15 and 8.45 seconds respectively. Other isotopes have half-lives shorter than one second. 281Cn and 284Cn both have half-lives on the order of 0.1 seconds, and the remaining isotopes have half-lives shorter than one millisecond.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-91">[78]</a> It is predicted that the heavy isotopes 291Cn and 293Cn may have half-lives longer than a few decades, for they are predicted to lie near the center of the theoretical <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">island of stability</a>, and may have been produced in the <a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a> and be detectable in <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>, though they would be about 10−12 times as abundant as <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20131–15-93">[80]</a> The lightest isotopes of copernicium have been synthesized by direct fusion between two lighter nuclei and as <a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">decay products</a> (except for 277Cn, which is not known to be a decay product), while the heavier isotopes are only known to be produced by decay of heavier nuclei. The heaviest isotope produced by direct fusion is 283Cn; the three heavier isotopes, 284Cn, 285Cn, and 286Cn, have only been observed as decay products of elements with larger atomic numbers.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-91">[78]</a> In 1999, American scientists at the University of California, Berkeley, announced that they had succeeded in synthesizing three atoms of 293Og.<a href="#cite_note-Ninov1999-94">[81]</a> These parent nuclei were reported to have successively emitted three alpha particles to form copernicium-281 nuclei, which were claimed to have undergone alpha decay, emitting alpha particles with decay energy 10.68 MeV and half-life 0.90 ms, but their claim was retracted in 2001<a href="#cite_note-95">[82]</a> as it had been based on data fabricated by Ninov.<a href="#cite_note-NYT20021015-96">[83]</a> This isotope was truly produced in 2010 by the same team; the new data contradicted the previous fabricated data.<a href="#cite_note-281Cn-97">[84]</a> The missing isotopes 278Cn and 279Cn are too heavy to be produced by cold fusion and too light to be produced by hot fusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20131–15-93">[80]</a> They might be filled from above by decay of heavier elements produced by hot fusion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZagrebaevKarpovGreiner20131–15-93">[80]</a> and indeed 280Cn and 281Cn were produced this way.<a href="#cite_note-jinr2024-85">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-281Cn-97">[84]</a> The isotopes 286Cn and 287Cn could be produced by charged-particle evaporation, in the reaction 244Pu(48Ca,αxn) with x equalling 1 or 2.<a href="#cite_note-Yerevan2023PPT-98">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-pxn-99">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predicted_properties">Predicted properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Predicted properties">edit</a>]</div> Very few properties of copernicium or its compounds have been measured; this is due to its extremely limited and expensive production<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-Copernicium-100">[87]</a> and the fact that copernicium (and its parents) decays very quickly. A few singular chemical properties have been measured, as well as the boiling point, but properties of the copernicium metal remain generally unknown and for the most part, only predictions are available. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical">edit</a>]</div> Copernicium is the tenth and last member of the 6d series and is the heaviest <a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">group 12 element</a> in the periodic table, below <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>. It is predicted to differ significantly from the lighter group 12 elements. The valence s-<a href="/wiki/Electron_shell#Subshells" title="Electron shell">subshells</a> of the group 12 elements and period 7 elements are expected to be relativistically contracted most strongly at copernicium. This and the closed-shell configuration of copernicium result in it probably being a very <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Standard_reduction_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard reduction potential">standard reduction potential</a> of +2.1 V is predicted for the Cn2+/Cn couple. Copernicium's predicted first ionization energy of 1155 kJ/mol almost matches that of the noble gas <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> at 1170.4 kJ/mol.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> Copernicium's <a href="/wiki/Metallic_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallic bond">metallic bonds</a> should also be very weak, possibly making it extremely volatile like the noble gases, and potentially making it gaseous at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NS1975-101">[88]</a> However, it should be able to form metal–metal bonds with <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>; these bonds are predicted to be only about 15–20 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> weaker than the analogous bonds with mercury.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> In opposition to the earlier suggestion,<a href="#cite_note-Eliav1995-102">[89]</a> ab initio calculations at the high level of accuracy<a href="#cite_note-Mosyagin2006-103">[90]</a> predicted that the chemistry of singly-valent copernicium resembles that of mercury rather than that of the noble gases. The latter result can be explained by the huge <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_interaction" title="Spin–orbit interaction">spin–orbit interaction</a> which significantly lowers the energy of the vacant 7p1/2 state of copernicium. Once copernicium is ionized, its chemistry may present several differences from those of zinc, cadmium, and mercury. Due to the stabilization of 7s electronic orbitals and destabilization of 6d ones caused by <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic effects</a>, Cn2+ is likely to have a [Rn]5f146d87s2 <a href="/wiki/Electronic_configuration" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic configuration">electronic configuration</a>, using the 6d orbitals before the 7s one, unlike its homologues. The fact that the 6d electrons participate more readily in chemical bonding means that once copernicium is ionized, it may behave more like a <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> than its lighter <a href="/wiki/Homologous_series" title="Homologous series">homologues</a>, especially in the possible +4 oxidation state. In <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>, copernicium may form the +2 and perhaps +4 oxidation states.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> The diatomic ion Hg2+ 2, featuring mercury in the +1 oxidation state, is well-known, but the Cn2+ 2 ion is predicted to be unstable or even non-existent.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> Copernicium(II) fluoride, CnF2, should be more unstable than the analogous mercury compound, <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_fluoride" title="Mercury(II) fluoride">mercury(II) fluoride</a> (HgF2), and may even decompose spontaneously into its constituent elements. As the most electronegative reactive element, fluorine may be the only element able to oxidise copernicium even further to the +4 and even +6 oxidation states in CnF4 and CnF6; the latter may require matrix-isolation conditions to be detected, as in the disputed detection of <a href="/wiki/Mercury(IV)_fluoride" title="Mercury(IV) fluoride">HgF4</a>. CnF4 should be more stable than CnF2.<a href="#cite_note-VI-104">[91]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> solvents, copernicium is predicted to preferentially form the CnF− 5 and CnF− 3 anions rather than the analogous neutral fluorides (CnF4 and CnF2, respectively), although the analogous bromide or iodide ions may be more stable towards <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolysis</a> in aqueous solution. The anions CnCl2− 4 and CnBr2− 4 should also be able to exist in aqueous solution.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> The formation of thermodynamically stable copernicium(II) and (IV) fluorides would be analogous to the chemistry of xenon.<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a> Analogous to <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_cyanide" title="Mercury(II) cyanide">mercury(II) cyanide</a> (Hg(CN)2), copernicium is expected to form a stable <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a>, Cn(CN)2.<a href="#cite_note-105">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_and_atomic">Physical and atomic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Physical and atomic">edit</a>]</div> Copernicium should be a dense metal, with a <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of 14.0 g/cm3 in the liquid state at 300 K; this is similar to the known density of mercury, which is 13.534 g/cm3. (Solid copernicium at the same temperature should have a higher density of 14.7 g/cm3.) This results from the effects of copernicium's higher atomic weight being cancelled out by its larger interatomic distances compared to mercury.<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a> Some calculations predicted copernicium to be a gas at room temperature due to its closed-shell electron configuration,<a href="#cite_note-Kratz-106">[93]</a> which would make it the first gaseous metal in the periodic table.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-NS1975-101">[88]</a> A 2019 calculation agrees with these predictions on the role of relativistic effects, suggesting that copernicium will be a volatile liquid bound by <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersion forces">dispersion forces</a> under standard conditions. Its melting point is estimated at 283±11 K and its boiling point at 340±10 K, the latter in agreement with the experimentally estimated value of 357+112 −108 K.<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a> The atomic radius of copernicium is expected to be around 147 pm. Due to the relativistic stabilization of the 7s orbital and destabilization of the 6d orbital, the Cn+ and Cn2+ ions are predicted to give up 6d electrons instead of 7s electrons, which is the opposite of the behavior of its lighter homologues.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> In addition to the relativistic contraction and binding of the 7s subshell, the 6d5/2 orbital is expected to be destabilized due to <a href="/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93orbit_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin–orbit coupling">spin–orbit coupling</a>, making it behave similarly to the 7s orbital in terms of size, shape, and energy. Predictions of the expected band structure of copernicium are varied. Calculations in 2007 expected that copernicium may be a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a><a href="#cite_note-Eichler-107">[94]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Band_gap" title="Band gap">band gap</a> of around 0.2 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">eV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hcp-108">[95]</a> crystallizing in the <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">hexagonal close-packed</a> <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystal structure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hcp-108">[95]</a> However, calculations in 2017 and 2018 suggested that copernicium should be a <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a> at standard conditions with a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> crystal structure: it should hence have no band gap, like mercury, although the density of states at the <a href="/wiki/Fermi_level" title="Fermi level">Fermi level</a> is expected to be lower for copernicium than for mercury.<a href="#cite_note-bcc-109">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[97]</a> 2019 calculations then suggested that in fact copernicium has a large band gap of 6.4 ± 0.2 eV, which should be similar to that of the noble gas <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> (predicted as 7.1 eV) and would make it an insulator; bulk copernicium is predicted by these calculations to be bound mostly by <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Dispersion force">dispersion forces</a>, like the noble gases.<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a> Like mercury, radon, and flerovium, but not <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> (eka-radon), copernicium is calculated to have no <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_atomic_gas_phase_chemistry">Experimental atomic gas phase chemistry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Experimental atomic gas phase chemistry">edit</a>]</div> Interest in copernicium's chemistry was sparked by predictions that it would have the largest relativistic effects in the whole of period 7 and group 12, and indeed among all 118 known elements.<a href="#cite_note-Haire-1">[1]</a> Copernicium is expected to have the ground state electron configuration [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 and thus should belong to group 12 of the periodic table, according to the <a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a>. As such, it should behave as the heavier homologue of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and form strong binary compounds with <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metals</a> like gold. Experiments probing the reactivity of copernicium have focused on the <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of atoms of element 112 onto a gold surface held at varying temperatures, in order to calculate an adsorption enthalpy. Owing to relativistic stabilization of the 7s electrons, copernicium shows radon-like properties. Experiments were performed with the simultaneous formation of mercury and radon radioisotopes, allowing a comparison of adsorption characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-112">[99]</a> The first chemical experiments on copernicium were conducted using the 238U(48Ca,3n)283Cn reaction. Detection was by spontaneous fission of the claimed parent isotope with half-life of 5 minutes. Analysis of the data indicated that copernicium was more volatile than mercury and had noble gas properties. However, the confusion regarding the synthesis of copernicium-283 has cast some doubt on these experimental results.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-112">[99]</a> Given this uncertainty, between April–May 2006 at the JINR, a FLNR–PSI team conducted experiments probing the synthesis of this isotope as a daughter in the nuclear reaction 242Pu(48Ca,3n)287Fl.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-112">[99]</a> (The 242Pu + 48Ca fusion reaction has a slightly larger cross-section than the 238U + 48Ca reaction, so that the best way to produce copernicium for chemical experimentation is as an overshoot product as the daughter of flerovium.)<a href="#cite_note-Moody-113">[100]</a> In this experiment, two atoms of copernicium-283 were unambiguously identified and the adsorption properties were interpreted to show that copernicium is a more volatile homologue of mercury, due to formation of a weak metal-metal bond with gold.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-112">[99]</a> This agrees with general indications from some relativistic calculations that copernicium is "more or less" homologous to mercury.<a href="#cite_note-114">[101]</a> However, it was pointed out in 2019 that this result may simply be due to strong dispersion interactions.<a href="#cite_note-CRNL-3">[3]</a> In April 2007, this experiment was repeated and a further three atoms of copernicium-283 were positively identified. The adsorption property was confirmed and indicated that copernicium has adsorption properties in agreement with being the heaviest member of group 12.<a href="#cite_note-superheavy-112">[99]</a> These experiments also allowed the first experimental estimation of copernicium's boiling point: 84+112 −108 °C, so that it may be a gas at standard conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Eichler-107">[94]</a> Because the lighter group 12 elements often occur as <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogenide</a> ores, experiments were conducted in 2015 to deposit copernicium atoms on a <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> surface to form copernicium selenide, CnSe. Reaction of copernicium atoms with trigonal selenium to form a selenide was observed, with -ΔHadsCn(t-Se) > 48 kJ/mol, with the kinetic hindrance towards selenide formation being lower for copernicium than for mercury. This was unexpected as the stability of the group 12 selenides tends to decrease down the group from <a href="/wiki/Zinc_selenide" title="Zinc selenide">ZnSe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mercury_selenide" title="Mercury selenide">HgSe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-selenide-115">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">Island of stability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">nuclear physics</a>, an element is called <a href="/wiki/Heavy_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy element">heavy</a> if its atomic number is high; <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> (element 82) is one example of such a heavy element. The term "superheavy elements" typically refers to elements with atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">103</a> (although there are other definitions, such as atomic number greater than <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">100</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or 112;<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> sometimes, the term is presented an equivalent to the term "transactinide", which puts an upper limit before the beginning of the hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Superactinide" class="mw-redirect" title="Superactinide">superactinide</a> series).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Terms "heavy isotopes" (of a given element) and "heavy nuclei" mean what could be understood in the common language—isotopes of high mass (for the given element) and nuclei of high mass, respectively. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> In 2009, a team at the JINR led by Oganessian published results of their attempt to create hassium in a symmetric 136Xe + 136Xe reaction. They failed to observe a single atom in such a reaction, putting the upper limit on the cross section, the measure of probability of a nuclear reaction, as 2.5 <a href="/wiki/Picobarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Picobarn">pb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> In comparison, the reaction that resulted in hassium discovery, 208Pb + 58Fe, had a cross section of ~20 pb (more specifically, 19+19 -11 pb), as estimated by the discoverers.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_84Mu01-14">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The amount of energy applied to the beam particle to accelerate it can also influence the value of cross section. For example, in the 28 14Si + 1 0n → 28 13Al + 1 1p reaction, cross section changes smoothly from 370 mb at 12.3 MeV to 160 mb at 18.3 MeV, with a broad peak at 13.5 MeV with the maximum value of 380 mb.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> This figure also marks the generally accepted upper limit for lifetime of a compound nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-25">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> This separation is based on that the resulting nuclei move past the target more slowly then the unreacted beam nuclei. The separator contains electric and magnetic fields whose effects on a moving particle cancel out for a specific velocity of a particle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000334-28">[24]</a> Such separation can also be aided by a <a href="/wiki/Time-of-flight_mass_spectrometry" title="Time-of-flight mass spectrometry">time-of-flight measurement</a> and a recoil energy measurement; a combination of the two may allow to estimate the mass of a nucleus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000335-29">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Not all decay modes are caused by electrostatic repulsion. For example, <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003439-37">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> It was already known by the 1960s that ground states of nuclei differed in energy and shape as well as that certain magic numbers of nucleons corresponded to greater stability of a nucleus. However, it was assumed that there was no nuclear structure in superheavy nuclei as they were too deformed to form one.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Oganessian12-43">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Since mass of a nucleus is not measured directly but is rather calculated from that of another nucleus, such measurement is called indirect. Direct measurements are also possible, but for the most part they have remained unavailable for superheavy nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> The first direct measurement of mass of a superheavy nucleus was reported in 2018 at LBNL.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> Mass was determined from the location of a nucleus after the transfer (the location helps determine its trajectory, which is linked to the mass-to-charge ratio of the nucleus, since the transfer was done in presence of a magnet).<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_C&EN-51">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> If the decay occurred in a vacuum, then since total momentum of an isolated system before and after the decay <a href="/wiki/Momentum#Conservation" title="Momentum">must be preserved</a>, the daughter nucleus would also receive a small velocity. The ratio of the two velocities, and accordingly the ratio of the kinetic energies, would thus be inverse to the ratio of the two masses. The decay energy equals the sum of the known kinetic energy of the alpha particle and that of the daughter nucleus (an exact fraction of the former).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2003433-39">[33]</a> The calculations hold for an experiment as well, but the difference is that the nucleus does not move after the decay because it is tied to the detector. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Spontaneous fission was discovered by Soviet physicist <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flerov" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgy Flerov">Georgy Flerov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-54">[45]</a> a leading scientist at JINR, and thus it was a "hobbyhorse" for the facility.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_coldfusion77-55">[46]</a> In contrast, the LBL scientists believed fission information was not sufficient for a claim of synthesis of an element. They believed spontaneous fission had not been studied enough to use it for identification of a new element, since there was a difficulty of establishing that a compound nucleus had only ejected neutrons and not charged particles like protons or alpha particles.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_BerkeleyNoSF-25">[22]</a> They thus preferred to link new isotopes to the already known ones by successive alpha decays.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_Distillations-54">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> For instance, element 102 was mistakenly identified in 1957 at the Nobel Institute of Physics in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_County" title="Stockholm County">Stockholm County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_RSC-57">[47]</a> There were no earlier definitive claims of creation of this element, and the element was assigned a name by its Swedish, American, and British discoverers, nobelium. It was later shown that the identification was incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-58">[48]</a> The following year, RL was unable to reproduce the Swedish results and announced instead their synthesis of the element; that claim was also disproved later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201838–39-58">[48]</a> JINR insisted that they were the first to create the element and suggested a name of their own for the new element, joliotium;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh201840-59">[49]</a> the Soviet name was also not accepted (JINR later referred to the naming of the element 102 as "hasty").<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-60">[50]</a> This name was proposed to IUPAC in a written response to their ruling on priority of discovery claims of elements, signed 29 September 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_1993_responses-60">[50]</a> The name "nobelium" remained unchanged on account of its widespread usage.<a href="#cite_note-Superheavy_element_IUPAC97-61">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Different sources give different values for half-lives; the most recently published values are listed. </li> <li id="cite_note-nc-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nc_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nc_88-1">b</a> This isotope is unconfirmed </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Haire-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haire_1-13">n</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaire2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). 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The Transuranium People: The Inside Story. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78-326244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78-326244-1"><bdi>978-1-78-326244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transuranium+People%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-78-326244-1&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopernicium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helge_Kragh" title="Helge Kragh">Kragh, H.</a> (2018). From Transuranic to Superheavy Elements: A Story of Dispute and Creation. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-75813-8"><bdi>978-3-319-75813-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Transuranic+to+Superheavy+Elements%3A+A+Story+of+Dispute+and+Creation&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-75813-8&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopernicium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagrebaevKarpovGreiner2013" class="citation conference cs1">Zagrebaev, Valeriy; Karpov, Alexander; Greiner, Walter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/420/1/012001/pdf/1742-6596_420_1_012001.pdf">"Future of superheavy element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?"</a> (PDF). 11th International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions (NN2012). Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 420. IOP Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001">10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001</a>. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Future+of+superheavy+element+research%3A+Which+nuclei+could+be+synthesized+within+the+next+few+years%3F&rft.btitle=11th+International+Conference+on+Nucleus-Nucleus+Collisions+%28NN2012%29&rft.series=Journal+of+Physics%3A+Conference+Series&rft.pub=IOP+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001&rft.aulast=Zagrebaev&rft.aufirst=Valeriy&rft.au=Karpov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Greiner%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F1742-6596%2F420%2F1%2F012001%2Fpdf%2F1742-6596_420_1_012001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACopernicium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nicolaus_Copernicus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Template:Nicolaus Copernicus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Template talk:Nicolaus Copernicus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nicolaus Copernicus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nicolaus_Copernicus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" title="Copernican heliocentrism">Copernican heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_Revolution" title="Copernican Revolution">Copernican Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentariolus" title="Commentariolus">Commentariolus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium" title="De revolutionibus orbium coelestium">De revolutionibus orbium coelestium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locationes_mansorum_desertorum" title="Locationes mansorum desertorum">Locationes mansorum desertorum</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Monetae_cudendae_ratio" title="Monetae cudendae ratio">Monetae cudendae ratio</a>"</li> <li>Translations of <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_Simocatta" title="Theophylact Simocatta">Theophylact Simocatta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode_the_Elder" title="Lucas Watzenrode the Elder">Lucas Watzenrode the Elder</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucas_Watzenrode" title="Lucas Watzenrode">Lucas Watzenrode</a> (uncle)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Gesamtausgabe" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe">Nicolaus Copernicus Gesamtausgabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gresham%27s_law" title="Gresham's law">Copernicus law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernican_principle" title="Copernican principle">Copernican principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archcathedral_Basilica_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_and_St._Andrew,_Frombork" title="Archcathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Andrew, Frombork">Frombork Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Copernicus,_or_Conversations_with_God" title="Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God">Astronomer Copernicus, or Conversations with God</a></li> <li>Monuments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument_(Chicago)" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomers_Monument" title="Astronomers Monument">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Montreal" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Toru%C5%84" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Toruń">Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus_Monument,_Warsaw" title="Nicolaus Copernicus Monument, Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Copernicium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus (lunar crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(Martian_crater)" title="Copernicus (Martian crater)">Copernicus (Martian crater)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" 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