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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_and_municipal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administrative and municipal status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_and_municipal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Twin towns and sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_and_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrakhan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 119 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%89%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ащтэрхъан – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ащтэрхъан" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachan" title="Astrachan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Astrachan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أستراخان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أستراخان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Աստրախան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Աստրախան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrac%C3%A1n" title="Astracán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astracán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%9Ft%C9%99rxan" title="Həştərxan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həştərxan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آستراخان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آستراخان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әстерхан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әстерхан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Астрахан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астрахан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrac%27han" title="Astrac'han – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Astrac'han" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astracan" title="Astracan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astracan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%C3%A7%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Аçтăрхан (хула) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аçтăрхан (хула)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan%27" title="Astrakhan' – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Astrakhan'" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astracha%C5%88" title="Astrachaň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astrachaň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachan" title="Astrachan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Astrachan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Άστραχαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άστραχαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Астрахань ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Астрахань ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrac%C3%A1n" title="Astracán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astracán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra%C4%A5ano" title="Astraĥano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astraĥano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آستراخان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آستراخان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachan" title="Astrachan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Astrachan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Astrac%C3%A1in" title="An Astracáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Astracáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrak%C3%A1n" title="Astrakán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astrakán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Аштарха – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Аштарха" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%BB%D1%81%D0%BD" title="Астрахань балһсн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Астрахань балһсн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%95%9C" title="아스트라한 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아스트라한" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Աստրախան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստրախան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="आस्त्राख़ान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आस्त्राख़ान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astracha%C5%84" title="Astrachań – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Astrachań" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachan%27" title="Astrachan' – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astrachan'" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9F" title="אסטרחן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסטרחן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ასტრახანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასტრახანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Астрахан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астрахан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraxan" title="Astraxan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Astraxan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakan" title="Astrakan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Astrakan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ашттархан – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ашттархан" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachanum" title="Astrachanum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Astrachanum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraha%C5%86a" title="Astrahaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astrahaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachan%C4%97" title="Astrachanė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astrachanė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asztrah%C3%A1n" title="Asztrahán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztrahán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%9A" title="Астрахањ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астрахањ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="आस्त्राखान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आस्त्राखान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC)" title="استراخان (تجمع سكان فى استراخان وربان اوكروج) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="استراخان (تجمع سكان فى استراخان وربان اوكروج)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آستراخان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آستراخان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="အက်စထရာကန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အက်စထရာကန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachan" title="Astrachan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Astrachan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3" title="アストラハン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アストラハン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Аштаркхне – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Аштаркхне" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakan" title="Astrakan – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Astrakan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraxan" title="Astraxan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Astraxan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="استراخان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="استراخان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="استراخان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استراخان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astracha%C5%84" title="Astrachań – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astrachań" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrac%C3%A3" title="Astracã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astracã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraxan" title="Astraxan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Astraxan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrach%C3%A1n" title="Astrachán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astrachán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astracha%C5%84" title="Astrachań – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Astrachań" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەستراخان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستراخان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Астрахан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астрахан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrachan" title="Astrachan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astrachan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әстерхан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әстерхан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อัสตราฮัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัสตราฮัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Астрахан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Астрахан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan" title="Astrahan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astrahan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajerhan" title="Ajerhan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ajerhan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Астрахань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астрахань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86" title="استراخان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استراخان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astiraxan" title="Astiraxan – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Astiraxan" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrahan%27" title="Astrahan' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Astrahan'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="阿斯特拉罕 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿斯特拉罕" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אסטראכאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אסטראכאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="阿斯特拉罕 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿斯特拉罕" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="阿斯特拉罕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿斯特拉罕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Astrakhan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%A1t%C9%99rxan" title="Həštərxan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həštərxan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3927#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="View the 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Astrakhan&params=46_21_00_N_48_02_06_E_type:city(520339)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°21′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">48°02′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.35000°N 48.03500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.35000; 48.03500</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Astrakhan (disambiguation)">Astrakhan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Astrakhan Oblast, Russia</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Astrakhan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Астрахань</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of inhabited localities in Russia">City</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref323_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref323-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrakhan_-_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Astrakhan_-_Russia.jpg/238px-Astrakhan_-_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Astrakhan_-_Russia.jpg/357px-Astrakhan_-_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Astrakhan_-_Russia.jpg/476px-Astrakhan_-_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">View of Astrakhan</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_23_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2017_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_23_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2017_02.jpg/117px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_23_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2017_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_23_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2017_02.jpg/176px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_23_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2017_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_23_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2017_02.jpg/234px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C_23_%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_2017_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Maria Ascension Cathedral</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrakhan_Stock_Exchange_Building_P5101172_2475.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Astrakhan_Stock_Exchange_Building_P5101172_2475.jpg/117px-Astrakhan_Stock_Exchange_Building_P5101172_2475.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Astrakhan_Stock_Exchange_Building_P5101172_2475.jpg/176px-Astrakhan_Stock_Exchange_Building_P5101172_2475.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Astrakhan_Stock_Exchange_Building_P5101172_2475.jpg/234px-Astrakhan_Stock_Exchange_Building_P5101172_2475.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2475" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Astrakhan Stock Exchange</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg/95px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg/143px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg/190px-%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_%28%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Baku_Mosque" title="Baku Mosque">Baku Mosque</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrakhan_P5090930_2200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Astrakhan_P5090930_2200.jpg/139px-Astrakhan_P5090930_2200.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Astrakhan_P5090930_2200.jpg/209px-Astrakhan_P5090930_2200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Astrakhan_P5090930_2200.jpg/278px-Astrakhan_P5090930_2200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Nikolskaya Street</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/238px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/357px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg/476px-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">View of the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Kremlin" title="Astrakhan Kremlin">Astrakhan Kremlin</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Astrakhan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Astrakhan"><img alt="Flag of Astrakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Astrakhan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Astrakhan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Astrakhan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Astrakhan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Astrakhan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Astrakhan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Astrakhan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Astrakhan"><img alt="Coat of arms of Astrakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Astrakhan.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Astrakhan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Astrakhan.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Astrakhan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Coat_of_Arms_of_Astrakhan.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Astrakhan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="629" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: Anthem of Astrakhan<sup id="cite_ref-Anthem_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthem-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Astrakhan</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-overlays="["_173b18b7697427e8f832539d157e421ac9d8790a"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Astrakhan&groups=_173b18b7697427e8f832539d157e421ac9d8790a" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Astrakhan&groups=_173b18b7697427e8f832539d157e421ac9d8790a 2x" alt="Map" /></a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_Map_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astrakhan is located in Astrakhan Oblast"><img alt="Astrakhan is located in Astrakhan Oblast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Outline_Map_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/250px-Outline_Map_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Outline_Map_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/375px-Outline_Map_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Outline_Map_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg/500px-Outline_Map_of_Astrakhan_Oblast.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="831" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.239%;left:69.667%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Astrakhan"><img alt="Astrakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Astrakhan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Astrakhan</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Astrakhan Oblast</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astrakhan is located in European Russia"><img alt="Astrakhan is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.817%;left:64.287%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Astrakhan"><img alt="Astrakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Astrakhan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Astrakhan (European Russia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russia_administrative_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astrakhan is located in Russia"><img alt="Astrakhan is located in Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/250px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/375px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Russia_administrative_location_map.svg/500px-Russia_administrative_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1299" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.42%;left:11.311%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Astrakhan"><img alt="Astrakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Astrakhan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Astrakhan (Russia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Russia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astrakhan is located in Europe"><img alt="Astrakhan is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.425%;left:93.728%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Astrakhan"><img alt="Astrakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Astrakhan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Astrakhan (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Astrakhan is located in Caspian Sea"><img alt="Astrakhan is located in Caspian Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="498" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Caspian_Sea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1794" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:12.692%;left:22.611%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Astrakhan"><img alt="Astrakhan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Astrakhan</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Astrakhan (Caspian Sea)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Caspian Sea</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Astrakhan&params=46_21_00_N_48_02_06_E_type:city(520339)_region:RU"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">46°21′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">48°02′06″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">46.35000°N 48.03500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">46.35000; 48.03500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ref323_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref323-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1558<sup id="cite_ref-gr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City status since</th><td class="infobox-data">1717<sup id="cite_ref-gr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan_City_Duma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrakhan City Duma (page does not exist)">City Duma</a><sup id="cite_ref-Legis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Head<sup id="cite_ref-HeadTitle_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeadTitle-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">Oleg Polumordvinov<sup id="cite_ref-Head_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-Area_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">208.70 km<sup>2</sup> (80.58 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">−25 m (−82 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Russian_Census_(2010)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Census (2010)">2010 Census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-2010Census_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Census-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">520,339</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(January 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-2014Est_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014Est-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">530,900</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Russia by population">33rd</a> in 2010</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500/km<sup>2</sup> (6,500/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Administrative status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Subordinated to</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Astrakhan<sup id="cite_ref-Ref323_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref323-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AdmCtr_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdmCtr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> city of oblast significance of Astrakhan<sup id="cite_ref-Ref323_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref323-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Municipal status</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;">Urban okrug</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Astrakhan Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref324_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref324-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Capital</a> of</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Astrakhan Urban Okrug<sup id="cite_ref-Ref324_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref324-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B4" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+4">UTC+4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samara_Time" title="Samara Time">MSK+1</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3941?uselang=en#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vremeni_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vremeni-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Russia" title="Postal codes in Russia">Postal code(s)</a><sup id="cite_ref-PostalCode_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PostalCode-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">414000, 414004, 414006, 414008, 414009, 414011–414019, 414021, 414022, 414024–414026, 414028–414030, 414032, 414038, 414040–414042, 414044–414046, 414050–414052, 414056, 414057, 414700, 414890, 414899, 414950, 414960, 414961, 414999</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Russia" title="Telephone numbers in Russia">Dialing code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7 8512</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OKTMO" title="OKTMO">OKTMO</a> ID</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">12701000001</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City Day</th><td class="infobox-data">Third Sunday of September<sup id="cite_ref-Holiday_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holiday-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrgorod.ru">www<wbr />.astrgorod<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Astrakhan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Астрахань</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈastrəxənʲ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fe\/Ru-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.oga\/Ru-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-\u0410\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u0430\u043d\u044c.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Ru-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.oga/Ru-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C.oga" title="File:Ru-Астрахань.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is the largest city and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">administrative centre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Astrakhan Oblast">Astrakhan Oblast</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The city lies on two banks of the <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a>, in the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a>, on eleven islands of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Depression" title="Caspian Depression">Caspian Depression</a>, 100 km (62 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, with a population of 475,629 residents at the 2021 Census.<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an elevation of 28 meters (92 ft) below <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, it is the lowest city in Russia. </p><p>Astrakhan was formerly the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Khanate of Astrakhan</a> (a remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a>, and was located on the higher right bank of the Volga, eleven kilometres (6.8 mi) from the present-day city. Situated on caravan and water routes, it developed from a village into a large trading centre, before being conquered by <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> in 1395 and captured by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> in 1556 and in 1558 it was moved to its present site. </p><p>The oldest economic and cultural center of the <a href="/wiki/Volga_region" title="Volga region">Lower Volga</a> region,<sup id="cite_ref-OffSite_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OffSite-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is often called the southernmost outpost of Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-RuGaz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuGaz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Caspian capital.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is a member of the Eurasian Regional Office of the World Organization <a href="/wiki/United_Cities_and_Local_Governments" title="United Cities and Local Governments">United Cities and Local Governments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Сайт_ОГМВ_Евразия_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Сайт_ОГМВ_Евразия-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great ethnic diversity of its population gives a varied character to Astrakhan. The city is the center of the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_metropolitan_area" title="Astrakhan metropolitan area">Astrakhan metropolitan area</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name is a corruption of Hashtarkhan, itself a corruption of <a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Haji Tarkhan</a> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">حاجی‌ ترخان</span></span></span>)—a name amply evidenced in the medieval writings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a></div> <p>Astrakhan is in the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Delta" title="Volga Delta">Volga Delta</a>, which is rich in <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a> and exotic plants. The fertile area formerly contained the capitals of <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazaria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>. Astrakhan was first mentioned by travelers in the early 13th century as <a href="/wiki/Xacitarxan" title="Xacitarxan">Xacitarxan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> burnt it to the ground in 1395 during his <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamysh%E2%80%93Timur_war" title="Tokhtamysh–Timur war">war with the Golden Horde</a>. From 1459 to 1556, Xacitarxan was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan Khanate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a>. The ruins of this medieval settlement were found by archaeologists 12 km upstream from the modern-day city. </p><p>Starting in A.D. 1324, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, the famous <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> traveler, began his pilgrimage from his native city of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to Mecca. Along the 12,100-kilometer (7,500 mi) trek, which took nearly 29 years, Battuta came in contact with many new cultures, which he writes about in his diaries. One specific country that he passed through on his journey was the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> ruled by the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, located on the Volga River in southern Russia; which Battuta refers to as the river Athal. He then claims the Athal is, "one of the greatest rivers in the world". In the winter, the Khan stays in Astrakhan. Due to the cold water, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg_Khan" title="Özbeg Khan">Özbeg Khan</a> ordered the people of Astrakhan to lay many bundles of hay down on the frozen river. He does this to allow the people to travel over the ice. When Battuta and the Khan spoke about Battuta visiting Constantinople, which the Khan granted him permission to do, the Khan then gifted Battuta with fifteen hundred dinars, many horses, and a dress of honor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1556, the khanate was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, who had a new fortress, or <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Kremlin" title="Astrakhan Kremlin">kremlin</a>, built on a steep hill overlooking the Volga in 1558. This year is traditionally considered to be the foundation of the modern city.<sup id="cite_ref-gr_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1569, during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War</a>, Astrakhan was besieged by the Ottomans, who had to retreat in disarray. A year later, the Ottoman sultan renounced his claims to Astrakhan, thus opening the entire Volga River to Russian traffic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, though militarily defeated, insisted on safe passage for Muslim pilgrims and traders from <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> as well as the destruction of the Russian fort on the <a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, the city was developed as a Russian gate to the Orient. Many merchants from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khivan Khanate</a> settled in the town, giving it a cosmopolitan character. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrakhan_Russia-v2-p168.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Astrakhan_Russia-v2-p168.jpg/220px-Astrakhan_Russia-v2-p168.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Astrakhan_Russia-v2-p168.jpg/330px-Astrakhan_Russia-v2-p168.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Astrakhan_Russia-v2-p168.jpg/440px-Astrakhan_Russia-v2-p168.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption>Astrakhan in the 17th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RU066_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/RU066_09.jpg/220px-RU066_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/RU066_09.jpg/330px-RU066_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/RU066_09.jpg/440px-RU066_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Astrakhan Kremlin on the definitive postage stamp of Russia</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">112,880</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">183,254</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+62.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">253,595</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">295,768</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">410,473</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+38.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">461,003</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">509,210</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2002</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">504,501</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">520,339</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">475,629</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−8.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: Census Data</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For seventeen months in 1670–1671, Astrakhan was held by <a href="/wiki/Stenka_Razin" title="Stenka Razin">Stenka Razin</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>. Early in the following century, <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> constructed a <a href="/wiki/Shipyard" title="Shipyard">shipyard</a> here and made Astrakhan the base for his hostilities against Persia, and later in the same century <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> accorded the city important industrial privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city was held from 1707 by the Cossacks under <a href="/wiki/Kondraty_Bulavin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondraty Bulavin">Kondraty Bulavin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a> until they were defeated the next year. A <a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmuck</a> khan laid an abortive siege to the kremlin several years before that. </p><p>In 1717, it became the seat of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Governorate" title="Astrakhan Governorate">Astrakhan Governorate</a>, whose first governors included <a href="/wiki/Artemy_Petrovich_Volynsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemy Petrovich Volynsky">Artemy Petrovich Volynsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tatishchev" title="Vasily Tatishchev">Vasily Nikitich Tatishchev</a>. Six years later, Astrakhan served as a base for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bekovich-Cherkassky" title="Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky">the first Russian venture into Central Asia</a>. In 1702, 1718 and 1767, it suffered severely from fires; in 1719 it was plundered by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a> Persians; and in 1830, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> killed much of the populace.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Kremlin" title="Astrakhan Kremlin">Astrakhan Kremlin</a> was built from the 1580s to the 1620s from bricks taken from the site of <a href="/wiki/Sarai_Berke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarai Berke">Sarai Berke</a>. Its two impressive cathedrals were consecrated in 1700 and 1710, respectively. Built by masters from <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, they retain many traditional features of Russian church architecture, while their exterior decoration is definitely <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>. </p><p>In March 1919 after a failed workers' revolt against <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> rule, 3,000 to 5,000 people were executed in less than a week by the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> under orders from <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a>. Some victims had stones tied around their necks and were thrown into the Volga.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhmatovskaya_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Akhmatovskaya_Street.jpg/220px-Akhmatovskaya_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Akhmatovskaya_Street.jpg/330px-Akhmatovskaya_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Akhmatovskaya_Street.jpg/440px-Akhmatovskaya_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Akhamtovskaya Street</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the <a href="/wiki/A-A_line" title="A-A line">A-A line</a> running from Astrakhan to <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> was to be the eastern limit of German military operation and occupation. The plan was never carried out, as Germany captured neither the two cities nor <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. In the autumn of 1942, the region to the west of Astrakhan became one of the easternmost points in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> reached by the invading German <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a>, the offensive which led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>. Light armored forces of German Army Group A made brief scouting missions as close as 35 km to Astrakhan before withdrawing. In the same period, elements of both the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_4#Eastern_Front" title="Kampfgeschwader 4">KG 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kampfgeschwader_100#Stalingrad,_Caspian_Sea,_central_and_southern_sectors" title="Kampfgeschwader 100">KG 100</a> bomber wings attacked Astrakhan, flying several air raids and bombing the city's oil terminals and harbor installations. </p><p>In 1943, Astrakhan was made the seat of a Soviet oblast within the <a href="/wiki/RSFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFSR">RSFSR</a>. The oblast was retained as a national province of the independent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> in the 1991 administrative reshuffle after the dismemberment of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAM_1590.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SAM_1590.JPG/220px-SAM_1590.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SAM_1590.JPG/330px-SAM_1590.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/SAM_1590.JPG/440px-SAM_1590.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Astrakhan in 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>In the present day, Astrakhan is a large industrial centre of the Volga country, Russia, with a population of over 500,000. Starting nearly 400 years ago and continuing to the present day, Astrakhan has been Russia's main center of fish processing. The market for fish is a large component of the economy in this city.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to shared Caspian borders, Astrakhan recently has been playing a significant role in the relations between Russia and Azerbaijan. As the latter's government has been heavily investing into the wellbeing of the city, Astrakhan has recently begun to symbolize the friendship between both countries. In 2010 a bridge was constructed with donations from Azerbaijan, which was named "Bridge of Friendship".<sup id="cite_ref-heydar-aliyev-foundation_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heydar-aliyev-foundation-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Azerbaijani government sponsored secondary school number 11, which carries the name of the national leader <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a>, as well as a children's entertainment center named "Dream".<sup id="cite_ref-azernews_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-azernews-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from that, a park has been built in the center of Astrakhan which is dedicated to friendship between the two countries. In the last 5 years Astrakhan has been visited by top Azerbaijani delegations on several occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-en_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-en-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tass_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tass-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-haqqin_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haqqin-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After fraud was alleged in the mayoral election of 2012 and the <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> candidate was declared the winner, organizers of the <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Russian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Russian protests">2011–2012 Russian protests</a> supported the defeated candidate, Oleg V. Shein of <a href="/wiki/A_Just_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="A Just Russia">Just Russia</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strike</a>. Protestors, buoyed by celebrities who support the reform movement, attracted 5,000 people to a rally on April 14.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTRoadShow_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTRoadShow-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_and_municipal_status">Administrative and municipal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administrative and municipal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astrakhan is the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative center">administrative center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AdmCtr_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdmCtr-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Administrative_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">framework of administrative divisions</a>, it is incorporated as the <b><a href="/wiki/City_of_federal_subject_significance" title="City of federal subject significance">city of oblast significance</a> of Astrakhan</b>—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Astrakhan Oblast">districts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref323_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref323-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Subdivisions of Russia">municipal division</a>, the city of oblast significance of Astrakhan is incorporated as <b>Astrakhan Urban Okrug</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref324_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref324-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city of Astrakhan is further subdivided into four administrative districts: Kirovsky, Leninsky, Sovetsky and Truskovsky. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrakhan_Kremlin_Trinity_Cathedral_with_the_churches_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Lord_and_the_Introduction_in_Virgin_Mary_Church_P5090741_2452.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Astrakhan_Kremlin_Trinity_Cathedral_with_the_churches_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Lord_and_the_Introduction_in_Virgin_Mary_Church_P5090741_2452.jpg/220px-Astrakhan_Kremlin_Trinity_Cathedral_with_the_churches_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Lord_and_the_Introduction_in_Virgin_Mary_Church_P5090741_2452.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Astrakhan_Kremlin_Trinity_Cathedral_with_the_churches_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Lord_and_the_Introduction_in_Virgin_Mary_Church_P5090741_2452.jpg/330px-Astrakhan_Kremlin_Trinity_Cathedral_with_the_churches_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Lord_and_the_Introduction_in_Virgin_Mary_Church_P5090741_2452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Astrakhan_Kremlin_Trinity_Cathedral_with_the_churches_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Lord_and_the_Introduction_in_Virgin_Mary_Church_P5090741_2452.jpg/440px-Astrakhan_Kremlin_Trinity_Cathedral_with_the_churches_of_the_Presentation_of_the_Lord_and_the_Introduction_in_Virgin_Mary_Church_P5090741_2452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption>Trinity Cathedral in the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Kremlin" title="Astrakhan Kremlin">Astrakhan Kremlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Astrakhan is the archiepiscopal see of one of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitanate">metropolitanates</a> and (as Astrakhan and Yenotayevka) <a href="/wiki/Eparchies_and_Metropolitanates_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Eparchies and Metropolitanates of the Russian Orthodox Church">eparchies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, its only other suffragan being Akhtubinsk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is also a Catholic community, served by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Assumption_of_Mary_(Astrakhan)" title="Church of the Assumption of Mary (Astrakhan)">Church of the Assumption of Mary (Astrakhan)</a>. There is also a substantial <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> population made up of <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a> and other Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 1777 the white Mosque was built,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Mosque" title="Baku Mosque">Baku Mosque</a> was built in 1907–1909. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the results of the 2021 Census, the population of Astrakhan was 475,629.<sup id="cite_ref-2021Census_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021Census-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population was:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Ethnicity </th> <th>Population</th> <th>Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> </td> <td>293,620</td> <td>78.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> </td> <td>23,965</td> <td>6.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a> </td> <td>21,179</td> <td>5.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> </td> <td>4,213</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a> </td> <td>4,163</td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a> </td> <td>2,823</td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> </td> <td>2,727</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a> </td> <td>2,469</td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> </td> <td>1,684</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> </td> <td>1,681</td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a> </td> <td>1,077</td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrzhan">Agrzhan</a> </td> <td>12,926</td> <td>3.5% </td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg/220px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg/330px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg/440px-%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Russia" title="List of mosques in Russia">White Mosque of Astrakhan</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression, 60 miles (100 km) from the Caspian Sea. At an elevation of 28 meters (92 ft) below sea level, it is the lowest city in Russia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astrakhan features a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">cold semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>: <i>BSk</i>) with cold winters and hot summers. Astrakhan is one of the driest cities in Europe. Rainfall is scarce but relatively evenly distributed throughout the course of the year with, however, more precipitation (58%) in the hot season (six hottest months of the year). </p><p>The below sea-level elevation and long distance from the ocean of Astrakhan significantly influences the climate. Winters are cold with average January temperature -3.6 °С (25.5 °F). Summer temperatures in Astrakhan are one of the highest in Russia with average July temperature 26.1 °С (79 °F) and may reach 40 °С (104 °F) and higher. The summers are much hotter than found further west on similar latitude in Europe and worldwide for <a href="/wiki/46th_parallel_north" title="46th parallel north">46°N</a> with the notable exception of the interior Pacific Northwest of the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The mean annual temperature amplitude (difference between the mean monthly temperatures of the hottest and coldest months) is thus equal to 29.7 °С (85.5 °F) so the climate is truly continental. Spring and fall are basically transitional seasons between summer and winter. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Astrakhan (1991–2020, extremes 1837–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.2<br />(57.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.0<br />(75.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.8<br />(98.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.6<br />(105.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.8<br />(105.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.0<br />(100.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.9<br />(85.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">41.0<br />(105.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(86.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br />(34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.4<br />(61.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br />(26.6) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2<br />(37.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9E3E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.5<br />(65.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5<br />(20.3) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.5<br />(54.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1<br />(31.8) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3B3BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.8<br />(−25.2) </td> <td style="background: #3131FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.6<br />(−28.5) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.9<br />(−16.4) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.9<br />(16.0) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1<br />(30.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1<br />(43.0) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.5<br />(13.1) </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.8<br />(−14.4) </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−29.9<br />(−21.8) </td> <td style="background: #3131FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−33.6<br />(−28.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #E8FFE8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #D5FFD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25<br />(1.0) </td> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #E5FFE5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E6FFE6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18<br />(0.7) </td> <td style="background: #E1FFE1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">231<br />(9.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">114 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">51 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0E0EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #1515FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #2121FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #9F9F9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">106 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">226 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">293 </td> <td style="background: #F4F41A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">316 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">332 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">309 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181 </td> <td style="background: #9E9E9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #6A6A6A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">58 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,407 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Astrakhan has five institutions of higher education. Most prominent among these are <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_State_Technical_University" title="Astrakhan State Technical University">Astrakhan State Technical University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_State_University" title="Astrakhan State University">Astrakhan State University</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGTU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AGTU.jpg/220px-AGTU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AGTU.jpg/330px-AGTU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/AGTU.jpg/440px-AGTU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="2973" /></a><figcaption>Astrakhan State Technical University</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Astrakhan" title="Special:EditPage/Astrakhan">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Narimanovo_Airport" title="Narimanovo Airport">Narimanovo Airport</a> named after Soviet Azerbaijani politician <a href="/wiki/Nariman_Narimanov" title="Nariman Narimanov">Nariman Narimanov</a>. It is managed by OAO Aeroport Astrakhan. After its reconstruction and the building of the international sector, opened in February 2011, Narimanovo Airport is one of the most modern regional airports in Russia. There are direct flights between Astrakhan and <a href="/wiki/Aktau" title="Aktau">Aktau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and Moscow. </p><p>There is also a military airbase nearby (<a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrakhan (air base)">Astrakhan (air base)</a>). </p><p>Astrakhan is linked by rail to the north (<a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a> and Moscow), the east (<a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>) and the south (<a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a> and Baku). There are direct trains to Moscow, Volgograd, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> and other towns. Intercity and international buses are available as well. Public local transport is mainly provided by buses and minibuses called <i>marshrutkas</i>. Until 2007 there were also trams, and until 2017 trolleybuses. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astr_railroad_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Astr_railroad_station.jpg/220px-Astr_railroad_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Astr_railroad_station.jpg/330px-Astr_railroad_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Astr_railroad_station.jpg/440px-Astr_railroad_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Astrakhan railroad station</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kustodiev_self_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kustodiev_self_portrait.jpg/220px-Kustodiev_self_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kustodiev_self_portrait.jpg/330px-Kustodiev_self_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Kustodiev_self_portrait.jpg/440px-Kustodiev_self_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="839" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Self-portrait of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Troitse-Sergiyeva_Lavra" class="mw-redirect" title="Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra">Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra</a>, 1912, <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luara_Hayrapetyan" title="Luara Hayrapetyan">Luara Hayrapetyan</a>, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Aganov" title="Sergey Aganov">Sergey Aganov</a>, Soviet Armenian Marshal of the Engineer Troops</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deniker" title="Joseph Deniker">Joseph Deniker</a>, naturalist and anthropologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Ulyanov" title="Ilya Ulyanov">Ilya Ulyanov</a>, father of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Ulyanov" title="Aleksandr Ulyanov">Aleksandr Ulyanov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinat_Dasayev" title="Rinat Dasayev">Rinat Dasayev</a>, association football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marziyya_Davudova" title="Marziyya Davudova">Marziyya Davudova</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velimir_Khlebnikov" title="Velimir Khlebnikov">Velimir Khlebnikov</a>, poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Belyanin" title="Andrei Belyanin">Andrei Belyanin</a>, science fiction writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Dyuzhev" title="Dmitri Dyuzhev">Dmitri Dyuzhev</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Gleykin" title="Maksim Gleykin">Maksim Gleykin</a>, former professional football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Trediakovsky" title="Vasily Trediakovsky">Vasily Trediakovsky</a>, academic, poet, translator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Milashkina" title="Tamara Milashkina">Tamara Milashkina</a>, soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_Barsova" title="Valeria Barsova">Valeria Barsova</a>, soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Maksakova,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Maksakova, Sr.">Maria Maksakova, Sr.</a>, mezzo-soprano</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Nikitina" title="Elena Nikitina">Elena Nikitina</a>, skeleton racer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelena_Shalamova" title="Yelena Shalamova">Yelena Shalamova</a>, rhythmic gymnast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalia_Sokolovskaya" title="Natalia Sokolovskaya">Natalia Sokolovskaya</a>, pianist and composer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Petrovich_Skarzhinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Petrovich Skarzhinsky (page does not exist)">Nikolai Petrovich Skarzhinsky</a> Russian Cossack Lieutenant decorated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pytor_Mikhailovich_Skarzhinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pytor Mikhailovich Skarzhinsky (page does not exist)">Pytor Mikhailovich Skarzhinsky</a> Russian general and governor of Astrakhan.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Yakushev" title="Sergei Yakushev">Sergei Yakushev</a>, actor</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities">Twin towns and sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Twin towns and sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Astrakhan" title="Special:EditPage/Astrakhan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Astrakhan%22">"Astrakhan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Astrakhan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Astrakhan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Astrakhan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Astrakhan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Astrakhan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia</a></div> <p>Astrakhan is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sari,_Iran" title="Sari, Iran">Sari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazandaran Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan Province</a>, Iran <sup id="cite_ref-8deynews_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8deynews-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Lauderdale">Fort Lauderdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin"><img alt="Benin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grand-Popo" title="Grand-Popo">Grand-Popo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Pines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembroke Pines">Pembroke Pines</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Jews" title="Astrakhan Jews">Astrakhan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan Tatars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref323-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref323_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref323_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref323_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref323_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref323_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #67/2006-OZ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthem-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthem_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Decision #123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gr_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gr_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Энциклопедия Города России</i>. Moscow: Большая Российская Энциклопедия. 2003. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-7107-7399-9" title="Special:BookSources/5-7107-7399-9"><bdi>5-7107-7399-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=5-7107-7399-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Legis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legis_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Astrakhan, Article 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Head-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Head_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official website of Astrakhan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://administration.astrgorod.ru/%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8-0">Head of the City Administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509012743/http://administration.astrgorod.ru/%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%80-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8-0">Archived</a> May 9, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeadTitle-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeadTitle_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Astrakhan, Article 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Area-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Area_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian Institute of Urban Planning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrakhan.urbanistika.ru/doc/doc43_1.pdf">Генеральный план города Астрахань. Основные технико-экономические показатели.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002011332/http://astrakhan.urbanistika.ru/doc/doc43_1.pdf">Archived</a> October 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>General Plan of the City of Astrakhan. Main Technical Economical Measures</i>). <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Census-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010Census_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1</bdi></a> [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. <bdi lang="ru">Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census]</bdi> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+2010+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+1&rft.pub=Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fperepis2010%2Fcroc%2Fperepis_itogi1612.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014Est-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014Est_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astrakhan Oblast Territorial Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service">Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrastat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/astrastat/resources/63e896004e5eacfea457ed3a7deadf49/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+2009-2013.pdf">Население</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094513/http://astrastat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/astrastat/resources/63e896004e5eacfea457ed3a7deadf49/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+2009-2013.pdf">Archived</a> March 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>Population</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdmCtr-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AdmCtr_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AdmCtr_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Astrakhan Oblast, Article 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref324-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref324_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref324_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref324_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Law #43/2004-OZ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vremeni-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vremeni_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085">"Об исчислении времени"</a>. <i>Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации</i> (in Russian). 3 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9E%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.atitle=%D0%9E%D0%B1+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpravo.gov.ru%2Fproxy%2Fips%2F%3Fdocbody%3D%26prevDoc%3D102483854%26backlink%3D1%26%26nd%3D102148085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostalCode-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PostalCode_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (<i>Russian Post</i>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vinfo.russianpost.ru/servlet/department">Поиск объектов почтовой связи</a> (<i>Postal Objects Search</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holiday-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holiday_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of Astrakhan, Article 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021Census-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021Census_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx">"Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_Statistics_Service_(Russia)" title="Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)">Federal State Statistics Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rg.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%82+35+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%26mdash%3B+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%E2%80%94+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA+%E2%84%96+4762.&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rg.ru%2F2008%2F10%2F01%2Fforpost.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Amos2011" class="citation web cs1">Howard Amos (17 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919025008/http://old.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/astrakhan.html">"Astrakhan"</a>. <i>themoscowtimes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/astrakhan.html">the original</a> on 19 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=themoscowtimes.com&rft.atitle=Astrakhan&rft.date=2011-07-17&rft.au=Howard+Amos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.themoscowtimes.com%2Fbeyond_moscow%2Fastrakhan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725224410/https://www.gazprom.com/about/subsidiaries/news/2011/april/article112254/">"Gazprom dobycha Astrakhan to be major partner for Days of Spain in Russia within Astrakhan Oblast"</a>. <i>www.gazprom.com</i>. 8 April 2011. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gazprom.com&rft.atitle=Gazprom+dobycha+Astrakhan+to+be+major+partner+for+Days+of+Spain+in+Russia+within+Astrakhan+Oblast&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazprom.com%2Fabout%2Fsubsidiaries%2Fnews%2F2011%2Fapril%2Farticle112254%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Сайт_ОГМВ_Евразия-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Сайт_ОГМВ_Евразия_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euroasia-uclg.ru/index.php?option=com_weblinks&view=category&id=1&Itemid=3&lang=ru">"Публикации – Члены ОГМВ Евразия"</a>. <i>euroasia-uclg.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euroasia-uclg.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9C%D0%92+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroasia-uclg.ru%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_weblinks%26view%3Dcategory%26id%3D1%26Itemid%3D3%26lang%3Dru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/lands-golden-horde-chagatai-1332-1333">Lands of the Golden Horde & the Chagatai: 1332 - 1333</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812151243/https://orias.berkeley.edu/resources-teachers/travels-ibn-battuta/journey/lands-golden-horde-chagatai-1332-1333">Archived</a> August 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". University of California, Berkeley (UCB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Batuta, Ibn, and Samuel Lee. The Travels of Ibn Battuta in the Near East, Asia and Africa. pp79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Martin, <i>Medieval Russia:980-1584</i>, 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openthemagazine.com/columns/astrakhans-india-connection">"Astrakhan's India Connection"</a>. 16 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astrakhan%27s+India+Connection&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenthemagazine.com%2Fcolumns%2Fastrakhans-india-connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2021" class="citation web cs1">Staff, Homegrown (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/fascinating-accounts-of-indians-in-russia-dating-back-to-the-17th-century">"Fascinating Accounts Of Indians In Russia Dating Back To The 17th Century"</a>. <i>Homegrown</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Homegrown&rft.atitle=Fascinating+Accounts+Of+Indians+In+Russia+Dating+Back+To+The+17th+Century&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=Homegrown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomegrown.co.in%2Fhomegrown-explore%2Ffascinating-accounts-of-indians-in-russia-dating-back-to-the-17th-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a> (1911). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korolevperevody.co.uk/korolev/astrakhan.htm">the original</a> on December 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korolevperevody.co.uk%2Fkorolev%2Fastrakhan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/2742.html">"Astrakhan"</a>. <i>russia.rin.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=8deynews.com&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA+%D9%88+%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1+%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87+%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF%2B+%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1+%26%23124%3B+%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87+%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C+%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C+8%D8%AF%DB%8C+%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2&rft.date=2014-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.8deynews.com%2F31461%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Государственная Дума Астраханской области. Закон №67/2006-ОЗ от 4 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Астраханской области», в ред. Закона №46/2017-ОЗ от 5 сентября 2017 г. «О преобразовании муниципальных образований и административно-территориальных единиц "Лебяжинский сельсовет", "Образцово-Травинский сельсовет", "Полдневский сельсовет" и внесении изменений в Закон Астраханской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований и наделении их статусом сельского, городского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района" и Закон Астраханской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Астраханской области"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Сборник законов и нормативных правовых актов Астраханской области", №47, 19 октября 2006 г.</span></span> (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast. Law #67/2006-OZ of October 4, 2006 <i>On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Astrakhan Oblast</i>, as amended by the Law #46/2017-OZ of September 5, 2017 <i>On the Transformation of the Municipal Formations and the Administrative-Territorial Units of "Lebyazhinsky Selsoviet", "Obraztsovo-Travinsky Selsoviet", "Poldnevsky Selsoviet", and Amending the Law of Astrakhan Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them the Status of Rural, Urban Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District" and the Law of Astrakhan Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Astrakhan Oblast"</i>. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication have passed.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Государственная Дума Астраханской области. Закон №43/2004-ОЗ от 6 августа 2004 г. «Об установлении границ муниципальных образований и наделении их статусом сельского, городского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района», в ред. Закона №47/2017-ОЗ от 5 сентября 2017 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Астраханской области "Об установлении границ муниципальных образований и наделении их статусом сельского, городского поселения, городского округа, муниципального района"». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Астраханские известия", №34, 12 августа 2004 г.</span></span> (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast. Law #43/2004-OZ of August 6, 2004 <i>On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them the Status of Rural, Urban Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District</i>, as amended by the Law #47/2017-OZ of September 5, 2017 <i>On Amending the Law of Astrakhan Oblast "On Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations and on Granting Them the Status of Rural, Urban Settlement, Urban Okrug, Municipal District"</i>. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication.).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Городская Дума муниципального образования "Город Астрахань". Решение №24 от 31 марта 2016 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Астрахань"», в ред. Решения №91 от 17 июля 2017 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования "Город Астрахань"». Вступил в силу 22 апреля 2016 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Астраханский вестник", №15, 21 апреля 2016 г.</span></span> (City Duma of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan". Decision #24 of March 31, 2016 <i>Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan"</i>, as amended by the Decision #91 of July 17, 2017 <i>On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "City of Astrakhan"</i>. Effective as of April 22, 2016 (with the exception of certain clauses).).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Государственная Дума Астраханской области. №21/2007-ОЗ 9 апреля 2007 г. «Устав Астраханской области», в ред. Закона №49/2017-ОЗ от 25 сентября 2017 г. «О внесении изменения в статью 17 Устава Астраханской области». Вступил в силу 30 апреля 2007 г. (за исключением отдельных положений). Опубликован: "Сборник законов и нормативных правовых актов Астраханской области", №18, 19 апреля 2007 г.</span></span> (State Duma of Astrakhan Oblast. #21/2007-OZ April 9, 2007 <i>Charter of Astrakhan Oblast</i>, as amended by the Law #49/2017-OZ of September 25, 2017 <i>On Amending Article 17 of the Charter of Astrakhan Oblast</i>. Effective as of April 30, 2007 (with the exception of several clauses).).</li> <li><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Городской Совет города Астрахани. Решение №123 от 1 ноября 2000 г. «Об утверждени гимна города Астрахани».</span></span> (City Council of the City of Astrakhan. Decision #123 of November 1, 2000 <i>On Adopting the Anthem of the City of Astrakhan</i>. ).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrakhan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Astrakhan#Q3927" class="extiw" title="voy:Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrakhan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Astrakhan (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Astrakhan_(town)">"Astrakhan (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). p. 795.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Astrakhan+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=795&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alexeivitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAstrakhan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrgorod.ru">Official website of Astrakhan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrahan.jsprav.ru/">Directory of organizations in Astrakhan</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etoretro.ru/city48.htm#z-z%7CASC%7C1/астрахань-в-старых-фотографиях/">Old photos of Astrakhan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Template:Astrakhan Oblast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Template talk:Astrakhan Oblast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrakhan Oblast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_of_Astrakhan_Oblast237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Administrative divisions of Astrakhan Oblast">Administrative divisions of Astrakhan Oblast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Astrakhan</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_rural_localities_in_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="List of rural localities in Astrakhan Oblast">Rural localities</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhtubinsky_District" title="Akhtubinsky District">Akhtubinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernoyarsky_District" title="Chernoyarsky District">Chernoyarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikryaninsky_District" title="Ikryaninsky District">Ikryaninsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyzyaksky_District" title="Kamyzyaksky District">Kamyzyaksky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharabalinsky_District" title="Kharabalinsky District">Kharabalinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsky_District,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Krasnoyarsky District, Astrakhan Oblast">Krasnoyarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limansky_District" title="Limansky District">Limansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narimanovsky_District" title="Narimanovsky District">Narimanovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privolzhsky_District,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Privolzhsky District, Astrakhan Oblast">Privolzhsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodarsky_District,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Volodarsky District, Astrakhan Oblast">Volodarsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenotayevsky_District" title="Yenotayevsky District">Yenotayevsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhtubinsk" title="Akhtubinsk">Akhtubinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamyzyak" title="Kamyzyak">Kamyzyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharabali" title="Kharabali">Kharabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narimanov,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Narimanov, Astrakhan Oblast">Narimanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamensk,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Znamensk, Astrakhan Oblast">Znamensk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Urban-type settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilyinka,_Ikryaninsky_District,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Ilyinka, Ikryaninsky District, Astrakhan Oblast">Ilyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovsky,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Kirovsky, Astrakhan Oblast">Kirovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnye_Barrikady" title="Krasnye Barrikady">Krasnye Barrikady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liman,_Astrakhan_Oblast" title="Liman, Astrakhan Oblast">Liman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Baskunchak" title="Nizhny Baskunchak">Nizhny Baskunchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verkhny_Baskunchak" title="Verkhny Baskunchak">Verkhny Baskunchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgo-Kaspiysky" title="Volgo-Kaspiysky">Volgo-Kaspiysky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3927#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1666" style="padding:3px"><table 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4334369-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82115502">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15077567n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15077567n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Astrachaň (Rusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134031&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6104886">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007557557605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/0b3f073b-1b2f-4c45-bfd6-d2285f8c0e0f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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