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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Language programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Plosives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fricatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fricatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Fricatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fricatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sonorants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sonorants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Sonorants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sonorants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geminates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geminates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Geminates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geminates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Short vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Long vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diphthongs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diphthongs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Diphthongs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diphthongs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Nasal vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Orthography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowel_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowel_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowel length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowel_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nonstandard_orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nonstandard_orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Nonstandard orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nonstandard_orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Grammatical case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verbs_with_irregular_plurals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs_with_irregular_plurals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Verbs with irregular plurals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs_with_irregular_plurals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stative_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stative_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Stative verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stative_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locative_prefixes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locative_prefixes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Locative prefixes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locative_prefixes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Switch-reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switch-reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3.1</span> <span>Switch-reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switch-reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Possession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns_in_fixed_relationships_(inalienable_possession)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns_in_fixed_relationships_(inalienable_possession)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Nouns in fixed relationships (inalienable possession)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns_in_fixed_relationships_(inalienable_possession)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transferable_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transferable_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Transferable nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transferable_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locative_nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locative_nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Locative nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locative_nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_vs._female_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_vs._female_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Male vs. female speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_vs._female_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seminole_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seminole_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Seminole dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seminole_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muscogee language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة المسكوكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة المسكوكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_maskoki" title="Idioma maskoki – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma maskoki" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik_dili" title="Krik dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Krik dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کریک دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریک دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Маскогі (мова) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маскогі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogeeg" title="Muskogeeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Muskogeeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskogi" title="Muskogi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muskogi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%ADk%C5%A1tina" title="Kríkština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kríkština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_maskoki" title="Idioma maskoki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma maskoki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krika_lingvo" title="Krika lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Krika lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="زبان کریک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان کریک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_(langue)" title="Creek (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Creek (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_muskogee" title="Lingua muskogee – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua muskogee" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%EA%B8%B0%EC%96%B4" title="머스코기어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="머스코기어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_muscogee" title="Harshen muscogee – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen muscogee" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Muscogee" title="Bahasa Muscogee – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Muscogee" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_creek" title="Lingua creek – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua creek" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Мӧскоги кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мӧскоги кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cric_(lingua)" title="Cric (lingua) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cric (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="മസ്കൊഗീ ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മസ്കൊഗീ ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لغه مسكوكيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه مسكوكيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mus mw-list-item"><a href="https://mus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvskoke" title="Mvskoke – Muscogee" lang="mus" hreflang="mus" data-title="Mvskoke" data-language-autonym="Mvskoke" data-language-local-name="Muscogee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mvskoke</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="マスコギ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マスコギ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek" title="Creek – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Creek" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_muskogee" title="Lenga muskogee – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga muskogee" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_krik" title="Język krik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język krik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_muscogee" title="Língua muscogee – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua muscogee" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskoki_simi" title="Maskoki simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Maskoki simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Крикский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крикский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱳᱜᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creekin_kieli" title="Creekin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Creekin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="முசுகோக மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முசுகோக மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krik%C3%A7e" title="Krikçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Krikçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Крикська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крикська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="克里克语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里克语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous American language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Muscogee</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Creek (<a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><i>Mvskoke</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">East central <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, Muscogee and Seminole, south Alabama Creek, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, Seminole of Brighton Reservation.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">100,000 <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee people</a> (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">fewer than 400 (2024)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Eastern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Muscogee</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br />  <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/23px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/35px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_placeholder.svg/45px-Flag_placeholder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="24" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee Nation</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=308">mus</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/mus" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:mus">mus</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cree1270">cree1270</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/2007">Muskogee</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskogee_USC2000_PHS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muskogee_USC2000_PHS.svg/320px-Muskogee_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muskogee_USC2000_PHS.svg/480px-Muskogee_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Muskogee_USC2000_PHS.svg/640px-Muskogee_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Current geographic distribution of the Creek language</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahoma_Indian_Languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Oklahoma_Indian_Languages.png/320px-Oklahoma_Indian_Languages.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Oklahoma_Indian_Languages.png/480px-Oklahoma_Indian_Languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Oklahoma_Indian_Languages.png 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="283" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>The <b>Muscogee language</b> (<b>Muskogee</b>, <i><b>Mvskoke</b></i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[maskókî]</a></span> in Muscogee), previously referred to by its <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a>, <b>Creek</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean language</a> spoken by <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a> (Creek) and <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> people, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/US_states" class="mw-redirect" title="US states">US states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a>, when it is spoken by the Seminole, it is known as <b>Seminole</b>. </p><p>Historically, the language was spoken by various constituent groups of the Muscogee or <i>Maskoki</i> in what are now <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. It is related to but not mutually intelligible with the other primary language of the Muscogee confederacy, <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti" title="Hitchiti">Hitchiti</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki</a>, which is spoken by the kindred Mikasuki, as well as with other Muskogean languages. </p><p>The Muscogee first brought the Muscogee and Miccosukee languages to <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in the early 18th century. Combining with other ethnicities there, they emerged as the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>. During the 1830s, however, the US government forced most Muscogee and Seminole to relocate west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, with most forced into <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. </p><p>The language is today spoken by fewer than 400 people, most of whom live in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and are members of the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee Nation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole Nation of Oklahoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muscogee is widely spoken among the Muscogee people. The Muscogee Nation offers free language classes and immersion camps to Muscogee children.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_programs">Language programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thlopthlocco_sign.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thlopthlocco_sign.jpg/220px-Thlopthlocco_sign.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Thlopthlocco_sign.jpg/330px-Thlopthlocco_sign.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Thlopthlocco_sign.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Muscogee_Nation" title="College of the Muscogee Nation">College of the Muscogee Nation</a> offers a language certificate program.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a> public schools, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Glenpool Library in Tulsa<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Holdenville,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Okmulgee, and Tulsa Muscogee Communities of the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee Nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offer Muscogee Creek language classes. In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Sapulpa,_Oklahoma" title="Sapulpa, Oklahoma">Sapulpa</a> Creek Community Center graduated a class of 14 from its Muscogee language class.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, 8 teachers graduated from a class put on by the Seminole nation at Seminole State College to try and reintroduce the Muscogee language to students in elementary and high school in several schools around the state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phoneme inventory of Muscogee consists of thirteen <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Vowel_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Vowel quality">vowel qualities</a>, which distinguish <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">length</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also makes use of the <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">fricatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonant</a> <a href="/wiki/Phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonemes">phonemes</a> of Muscogee<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_a_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">Central</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plosives">Plosives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plosives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four voiceless stops in Muscogee: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">voiceless palatal affricate</a> and patterns as a single consonant and so with the other voiceless stops. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> has an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophone</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> are voiced to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b<span class="wrap"> </span>d<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ]</span> between <a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">sonorants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> but remain voiceless at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between instances of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>, or after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> at the end of a syllable, the velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> is realized as the uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a>]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>]</span>. For example:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><i>in-co<b>k</b>o</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'his or her house' </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪnd͡ʒʊɢo]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>to<b>k</b>ná:wa</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'money' </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[toqnɑːwə]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fricatives">Fricatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fricatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four voiceless fricatives in Muscogee: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>ɬ<span class="wrap"> </span>h/</span>. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> can be realized as either labiodental <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span> or bilabial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a>. Predominantly among speakers in Florida, the articulation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is more <a href="/wiki/Laminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminal">laminal</a>, resulting in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> being realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>]</span>, but for most speakers, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is a voiceless apico-alveolar fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, the glottal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is sometimes realized as the uvular [<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span>] when it is preceded by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[o]</span> or when syllable-final:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><i>o<b>h</b>-leyk-itá</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'chair' </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oχlejɡɪdə]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>o<b>h</b>ɬolopi:</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'year' </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[oχɬolobiː]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sonorants">Sonorants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sonorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sonorants in Muscogee are two nasals (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>), two <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">semivowels</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>), and the lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, all <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasal assimilation occurs in Muscogee: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> becomes <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sonorants are devoiced when followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> in the same syllable and results in a single voiceless consonant:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><i>ca<b>mh</b>cá:ka</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'bell' </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃəm̥t͡ʃɑːɡə]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>akcá<b>wh</b>ko</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'a type of water bird' </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑkt͡ʃəw̥ko]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geminates">Geminates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geminates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All plosives and fricatives in Muscogee can be <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a> (lengthened). Some sonorants may also be geminated, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[hh]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mm]</span> are less common than other sonorant geminates, especially in roots. For the majority of speakers, except for those influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a> languages, the geminate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ww]</span> does not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_b_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The vowel phonemes of Muscogee are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_a_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_a-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are three short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> and three long vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span>. There are also the nasal vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ĩ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>õ<span class="wrap"> </span>ĩː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ̃ː<span class="wrap"> </span>õː/</span> (in the linguistic orthography, they are often written with an <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> under them or a following superscript "n"). Most occurrences of nasal vowels are the result of nasal assimilation or the nasalizing grade, but there are some forms that show contrast between oral and nasal vowels:<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_c_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_c-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><i>p<b>ó</b>-ɬki</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'our father' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>op<b>ó<sup>n</sup></b>ɬko</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'cutworm' </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_vowels">Short vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Short vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three short vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> can be realized as the lax and centralized (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ə<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊ]</span>) when a neighboring consonant is <a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">coronal</a> or in closed syllables. However, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> will generally not centralize when it is followed by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> in the same syllable, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> will generally remain noncentral if it is word-final.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_b_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_b-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial vowels can be deleted in Muscogee, mostly applying to the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>. The deletion will affect the pitch of the following syllable by creating a higher-than-expected pitch on the new initial syllable. Furthermore, initial vowel deletion in the case of single-morpheme, short words such as <i>ifa</i> 'dog' or <i>icó</i> 'deer' is impossible, as the shortest a Muscogee word can be is a one-syllable word ending in a long vowel (<i>fóː</i> 'bee') or a two-syllable word ending with a short vowel (<i>ací</i> 'corn').<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_vowels">Long vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Long vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three long vowels in Muscogee (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑː<span class="wrap"> </span>oː/</span>), which are slightly longer than short vowels and are never centralized. </p><p>Long vowels are rarely followed by a sonorant in the same syllable. Therefore, when syllables are created (often from suffixation or contractions) in which a long vowel is followed by a sonorant, the vowel is shortened:<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><i>in-ɬa:m-itá</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'to uncover, open' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>in-ɬam-k-itá</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>'to be uncovered, open' </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diphthongs">Diphthongs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diphthongs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Muscogee, there are three diphthongs, generally realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əɪ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʊj<span class="wrap"> </span>əʊ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasal_vowels">Nasal vowels</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nasal vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both long and short vowels can be nasalized (the distinction between <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">acces</i></span> and <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">ącces</i></span> <a href="#Nonstandard_orthography">below</a>), but long nasal vowels are more common. Nasal vowels usually appear as a result of a contraction, as the result of a neighboring nasal consonant, or as the result of nasalizing grade, a grammatical <a href="/wiki/Ablaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablaut">ablaut</a>, which indicates intensification through lengthening and nasalization of a vowel (<span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">likoth-</i></span> 'warm' with the nasalizing grade intensifies the word to <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">likŏ:<sup>n</sup>th-os-i:</i></span> 'nice and warm').<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasal vowels may also appear as part of a suffix that indicates a question (<span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">o:sk-ihá:<sup>n</sup></i></span> 'I wonder if it's raining').<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_c_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_c-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tones">Tones</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three phonemic tones in Muscogee; they are generally unmarked except in the linguistic orthography: high (marked in the linguistic orthography with an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a>: <b>á</b>, etc.), low (unmarked: <b>a</b>, etc.), and falling (marked with a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>: <b>â</b>, etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional Muscogee <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> was adopted by the tribe in the late 1800s<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has 20 <a href="/wiki/Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>. </p><p>Although it is based on the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, some sounds are vastly different from those in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> like those represented by <b>c</b>, <b>e</b>, <b>i</b>, <b>r</b>, and <b>v</b>. Here are the (approximately) equivalent sounds using familiar English words and the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Sound (IPA) </th> <th>English equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>a</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td>like the "a" in f<u>a</u>ther </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>c</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʃ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span> </td> <td>like the "ch" in su<u>ch</u> or the "ts" in ca<u>ts</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>e</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɪ</span> </td> <td>like the "i" in h<u>i</u>t </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>ē</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span> </td> <td>like the "ee" in s<u>ee</u>d </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>f</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">f</span> </td> <td>like the "f" in <u>f</u>ather </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>h</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span> </td> <td>like the "h" in <u>h</u>atch </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>i</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛj</span> </td> <td>like the "ay" in d<u>ay</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>k</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span> </td> <td>like the "k" in s<u>k</u>im </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>l</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span> </td> <td>like the "l" in <u>l</u>ook </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>m</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span> </td> <td>like the "m" in <u>m</u>oon </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>n</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span> </td> <td>like the "n" in moo<u>n</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>o</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td>like the "o" in b<u>o</u>ne or the "oo" in b<u>oo</u>k </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>p</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span> </td> <td>like the "p" in s<u>p</u>ot </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>r</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɬ</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">a sound</a> that does not occur in English but is often represented as "hl" or "thl" in non-Muscogee texts. The sound is made by blowing air around the sides of the tongue while pronouncing English <i>l</i> and is identical to <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>ll</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>s</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td> <td>like the "s" in <u>s</u>pot </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>t</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span> </td> <td>like the "t" in s<u>t</u>op </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>u</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʊ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span> </td> <td>like the "oo" in b<u>oo</u>k or the "oa" in b<u>oa</u>t </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>v</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span> </td> <td>like the "a" in <u>a</u>bout </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>w</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">w</span> </td> <td>like the "w" in <u>w</u>et </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><b>y</b> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">j</span> </td> <td>like the "y" in <u>y</u>et </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are also three vowel sequences whose spellings match their phonetic makeup:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Sound (IPA) </th> <th>English equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>eu</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iʊ</span> </td> <td>similar to the exclamation "ew!". A combination of the sounds represented by <b>e</b> and <b>u</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ue</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oɪ</span> </td> <td>like the "oy" in b<u>oy</u> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>vo</b> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʊ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">əʊ</span> </td> <td>like the "ow" in h<u>ow</u> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants_2">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As mentioned above, certain consonants in Muscogee, when they appear between two <a href="/wiki/Sonorant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorant consonant">sonorants</a> (a vowel or <b>m</b>, <b>n</b>, <b>l</b>, <b>w</b>, or <b>y</b>), become <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Innes_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Innes-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the consonants represented by <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, <b>k</b>, <b>c</b>, and <b>s</b>: </p> <ul><li><b>c</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>, the "j" in <u>j</u>ust</li> <li><b>k</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ]</span>, the "g" in <u>g</u>oat</li> <li><b>p</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[b]</span>, the "b" in <u>b</u>oat</li> <li><b>s</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>, the "z" in <u>z</u>oo</li> <li><b>t</b> can sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span>, the "d" in <u>d</u>ust</li></ul> <p>In addition, certain combinations of consonants sound differently from English, giving multiple possible <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcriptions</a>. The most prominent case is the second person singular ending for verbs. <i>Wiketv</i> means "to stop:" the verb for "you are stopping" may be written in Muscogee as <i>wikeckes</i> or <i>wiketskes</i>. Both are pronounced the same. The <b>-eck-</b> transliteration is preferred by Innes (2004), and the <b>-etsk-</b> transliteration has been used by Martin (2000) and Loughridge (1964). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_length">Vowel length</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vowel length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While vowel length in Muscogee is distinctive, it is somewhat inconsistently indicated in the traditional orthography. The following basic correspondences can be noted: </p> <ul><li>The short vowel <b>v</b> with the long vowel <b>a</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>)</li> <li>The short vowel <b>e</b> with the long vowel <b>ē</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span>)</li> <li>The short vowel <b>u</b> with the long vowel <b>o</b> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> vs. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span>)</li></ul> <p>However, the correspondences do not always apply,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some words, short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> is spelled <b>a</b>, long <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> is spelled <b>e</b>, and short <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span> is spelled <b>o</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonstandard_orthography">Nonstandard orthography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nonstandard orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muscogee words carry distinctive <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a> of their vowels. These features are not marked in the traditional orthography, only in dictionaries and linguistic publications. The following additional markers have been used by Martin (2000) and Innes (2004): </p> <ul><li><b>Falling tone</b> in a syllable is shown using a <a href="/wiki/Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a>. In English, falling tone is found in phrases such as "uh-oh" or commands such as "stop!" In Muscogee, however, changing a verb such as <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">acces</i></span> ("she is putting on (a dress)") to <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">âcces</i></span> alters the meaning from one of process to one of state ("she is wearing (a dress)").</li> <li><b>Nasalization</b> of a vowel is shown with an <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogonek</a> under the vowel. Changing the verb <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">acces</i></span> to <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">ącces</i></span> adds the <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a>, a sense of repeated or habitual action ("she kept putting on (that same dress)").</li> <li>The <b>key syllable</b> of a word is often shown with an accent and is the last syllable that has normal (high) tone within a word; the following syllables are all lower in pitch.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_order">Word order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The general <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a> structure fits the pattern <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>. The subject or object may be a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or a noun followed by one or more <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverbs</a> tend to occur either at the beginning of the sentence (for time adverbs) or immediately before the verb (for manner adverbs). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_case">Grammatical case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Grammatical case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Case is marked on noun phrases using the clitics <b>-t</b> for subjects, and <b>-n</b> for non-subjects. The clitic <b>-n</b> can appear on multiple noun phrases in a single sentence at once, such as the direct object, indirect object, and adverbial nouns. Despite the distinction in verbal affixes between the <a href="/wiki/Agent_(grammar)" title="Agent (grammar)">agent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patient_(grammar)" title="Patient (grammar)">patient</a> of the verb, the clitic <b>-t</b> marks subject of both transitive and intransitive verbs. </p><p>In some situations, case marking is omitted. This is especially true of sentences with only one noun where the role of the noun is obvious from the personal marking on the verb. Case marking is also omitted on fixed phrases that use a noun, e.g. "go <i>to town</i>" or "build <i>a fire</i>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Muscogee, a single verb can translate into an entire English sentence. The root <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> form of the verb is altered for: </p> <ul><li><b>Person of agent.</b> <i>Letketv</i> = to run. <ul><li><i>Lētkis.</i> = I am running.</li> <li><i>Lētketskes.</i> = You are running.</li> <li><i>Lētkes.</i> = He / She is running.</li> <li>Plural forms can be a bit more complicated (see below).</li></ul></li> <li><b>Person of patient and/or indirect object.</b> That is accomplished with <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefixes</a>. <i>Hecetv</i> = to see. <ul><li><i>Cehēcis</i> = I see you.</li> <li><i>Cvhēcetskes.</i> = You see me.</li> <li><i>Hvtvm Cehēcares.</i> = I will see you again.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Tense.</b> <i>Pohetv</i> = to hear. <ul><li><i>Pohis.</i> = I am hearing (present).</li> <li><i>Pohhis.</i> = I just heard (first or immediate past; within a day ago).</li> <li><i>Pohvhanis.</i> = I am going to hear.</li> <li><i>Pohares.</i> = I will hear.</li> <li><i>Pohiyvnks.</i> = I heard recently (second or middle past, within a week ago).</li> <li><i>Pohimvts.</i> = I heard (third or distant past, within a year ago).</li> <li><i>Pohicatēs.</i> = Long ago I heard (fourth or remote past, beyond a year ago).</li> <li>There are at least ten more tenses, including <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a> versions of the above, as well as future, indefinite, and <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect" title="Pluperfect">pluperfect</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>Mood.</b> <i>Wiketv</i> = to stop. <ul><li><i>Wikes.</i> = He / She is stopping (indicative).</li> <li><i>Wikvs.</i> = Stop! (imperative)</li> <li><i>Wike wites.</i> = He / She may stop (potential).</li> <li><i>Wiken omat.</i> = If he / she stops (subjunctive).</li> <li><i>Wikepices.</i> = He / She made someone stop (causative).</li></ul></li> <li><b>Aspect.</b> <i>Kerretv</i> = to learn. <ul><li><i>Kērris.</i> = I am learning (progressive, ongoing or in progress).</li> <li><i>Kêrris.</i> = I know (resulting state).</li> <li><i>Kęrris.</i> = I keep learning (imperfect, habitual or repeated action).</li> <li><i>Kerîyis.</i> = I just learned (action completed in the past).</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">Voice</a>.</b> <ul><li><i>Wihkis.</i> = I just stopped (active voice, 1st past).</li> <li><i>Cvwihokes.</i> = I was just stopped (passive voice, 1st past).</li></ul></li> <li><b>Negatives.</b> <ul><li><i>Wikarēs.</i> = I will stop (positive, future tense).</li> <li><i>Wikakarēs.</i> = I will not stop (negative, future tense).</li></ul></li> <li><b>Questions.</b> <i>Hompetv</i> = to eat; <i>nake</i> = what. <ul><li><i>Hompetskes.</i> = You are eating.</li> <li><i>Hompetskv?</i> = Are you eating? (expecting a yes or no answer)</li> <li><i>Naken hompetska?</i> = What are you eating? (expecting a long answer)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Verbs_with_irregular_plurals">Verbs with irregular plurals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Verbs with irregular plurals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Muscogee verbs, especially those involving motion, have highly irregular plurals: <i>letketv</i> = to run, with a singular subject, but <i>tokorketv</i> = to run of two subjects and <i>pefatketv</i> = to run of three or more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stative_verbs">Stative verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Stative verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another entire class of Muscogee verbs is the <a href="/wiki/Stative_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Stative verbs">stative verbs</a>, which express no action, imply no duration, and provide only description of a static condition. In some languages, such as English, they are expressed as adjectives. In Muscogee, the verbs behave like adjectives but are classed and treated as verbs. However, they are not altered for the person of the subject by an <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a>, as above; instead, the <a href="/wiki/Prefix_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefix (linguistics)">prefix</a> changes: </p> <dl><dd><i>enokkē</i> = to be sick;</dd> <dd><i>enokkēs</i> = he / she is sick;</dd> <dd><i>cvnokkēs</i> = I'm sick;</dd> <dd><i>cenokkēs</i> = you are sick.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locative_prefixes">Locative prefixes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Locative prefixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prefixes are also used in Muscogee for shades of meaning of verbs that are expressed, in English, by adverbs in <a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verbs">phrasal verbs</a>. For example, in English, the verb <i>to go</i> can be changed to <i>to go up</i>, <i>to go in</i>, <i>to go around</i>, and other variations. In Muscogee, the same principle of shading a verb's meaning is handled by locative prefixes: </p><p><b>Example:</b> </p> <ul><li><i>vyetv</i> = to go (singular subjects only, see above);</li> <li><i>ayis</i> = I am going;</li> <li><i>ak-ayis</i> = I am going (in water / in a low place / under something);</li> <li><i>tak-ayis</i> = I am going (on the ground);</li> <li><i>oh-ayis</i> = I am going (on top of something).</li></ul> <p>However, for verbs of motion, Muscogee has a large selection of verbs with a specific meaning: <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">ossetv</i></span> = to go out; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">ropottetv</i></span> = to go through. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Switch-reference">Switch-reference</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Switch-reference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clauses in a sentence use <a href="/wiki/Switch-reference" title="Switch-reference">switch-reference</a> clitics to co-ordinate their subjects. The clitic <b>-t</b> on a verb in a clause marks that the verb's subject is the same as that of the next clause. The clitic <b>-n</b> marks that verb's subject is different from the next clause. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possession">Possession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Possession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some languages, a special form of the noun, the <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a>, is used to show <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possession</a>. In Muscogee this relationship is expressed in two quite different ways, depending on the nature of the noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nouns_in_fixed_relationships_(inalienable_possession)"><span id="Nouns_in_fixed_relationships_.28inalienable_possession.29"></span>Nouns in fixed relationships (inalienable possession)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nouns in fixed relationships (inalienable possession)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A body part or family member cannot be named in Muscogee without mentioning the possessor, which is an integrated part of the word. A set of changeable prefixes serves this function: </p> <ul><li><span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">enke</i></span> = his / her hand</li> <li><span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">cvnke</i></span> = my hand</li> <li><span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">cenke</i></span> = your hand</li> <li><span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">punke</i></span> = our hand</li></ul> <p>Even if the possessor is mentioned specifically, the prefix still must be part of the word: <i>Toskē enke</i> = Toske's hand. It is not redundant in Muscogee ("Toske his_hand"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transferable_nouns">Transferable nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transferable nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All other nouns are possessed through a separate set of <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>. </p> <ul><li><i>efv</i> = dog;</li> <li><i>vm efv</i> = my dog;</li> <li><i>cem efv</i> = your dog;</li> <li><i>em efv</i> = his / her dog;</li> <li><i>pum efv</i> = our dog.</li></ul> <p>Again, even though the construction in English would be redundant, the proper way to form the possessive in Muscogee must include the correct preposition: <i>Toskē em efv</i> = Toske's dog. That is grammatically correct in Muscogee, unlike the literal English translation "Toske his dog". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Locative_nouns">Locative nouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Locative nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A final distinctive feature, related to the above, is the existence of <b>locational nouns</b>. In English, speakers have prepositions to indicate location, for example, <i>behind</i>, <i>around</i>, <i>beside</i>, and so on. In Muscogee, the locations are actually nouns. These are possessed just like parts of the body and family members were above. </p> <ul><li><span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">cuko</i></span> = house; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">yopv</i></span> = noun for "behind"; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">cuko yopv</i></span> = behind the house; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">cvyopv</i></span> = behind me; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">ceyopv</i></span> = behind you.</li> <li><span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">lecv</i></span> = under; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">eto</i></span> = tree; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">eto lecv</i></span> = under the tree.</li> <li><span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">tempe</i></span> = near; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">cvtempe</i></span> = near me; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">cetempe</i></span> = near you; <span title="Creek-language romanization"><i lang="mus-Latn">putempe</i></span> = near us.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Family.</b> <ul><li><i>Erke.</i> = Father.</li> <li><i>Ecke.</i> = Mother.</li> <li><i>Pauwv.</i> = Maternal Uncle.</li> <li><i>Erkuce.</i> = Paternal Uncle.</li> <li><i>Eckuce.</i> = Aunt.</li> <li><i>Puca.</i> = Grandpa.</li> <li><i>Puse.</i> = Grandma.</li> <li><i>Cēpvnē.</i> = Boy.</li> <li><i>Hoktuce.</i> = Girl.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Male_vs._female_speech">Male vs. female speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Male vs. female speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Saunt" title="Claudio Saunt">Claudio Saunt</a>, writing about the language of the later 18th century, said that there were different feminine and masculine versions, which he also calls dialects, of the Muscogee language. Males "attach[ed] distinct endings to verbs", while Females "accent[ed] different syllables". These forms, mentioned in the first (1860) grammar of the Muscogee language, persisted in the <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti#Language" title="Hitchiti">Hichiti</a>, Muscogee proper, and <a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a> languages at least into the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Saunt_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunt-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141">: 141 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seminole_dialects">Seminole dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Seminole dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forms of Muscogee used by the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a> of Oklahoma and Florida are separate dialects from the ones spoken by Muscogee people. Oklahoma Seminole speak a dialect known as Oklahoma Seminole Creek. Florida Seminole Creek is one of two languages spoken among Florida Seminoles; it is less common than the Mikasuki language. The most distinct dialect of the language is said to be that of the Florida Seminole, which is described as "rapid", "staccato" and "dental", with more loan words from Spanish and Mikasuki as opposed to English. Florida Seminole Creek is the most endangered register of the Muscogee language.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Creek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Muscogee Nation website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). "The Muscogee Language Documentation Project". William & Mary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muscogeenation.com">"Muscogee Citizen Data"</a>. <i>Muscogee Nation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muscogee+Nation&rft.atitle=Muscogee+Citizen+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muscogeenation.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-foo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). "The Muscogee Language Documentation Project". William & Mary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715074343/http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/Pages/Language/language.html">"Muscogee (Creek) Nation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/Pages/Language/language.html">the original</a> on 2015-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muscogee+%28Creek%29+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muscogeenation-nsn.gov%2FPages%2FLanguage%2Flanguage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mvsktc.org/academics.html">"Academics."</a> <i>College of the Muscogee Nation.</i> (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt,_Stacey2013" class="citation news cs1">Pratt, Stacey (2013-04-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tahlequahdailypress.com/local/x1915232574/Language-vital-part-of-cultural-identity">"Language vital part of cultural identity"</a>. <i>Tahlequah Daily Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tahlequah+Daily+Press&rft.atitle=Language+vital+part+of+cultural+identity&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Stacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftahlequahdailypress.com%2Flocal%2Fx1915232574%2FLanguage-vital-part-of-cultural-identity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.edu/anthropology/Programs/Native_Language/creek.html">"Creek,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110224054236/http://www.ou.edu/anthropology/Programs/Native_Language/creek.html">Archived</a> 2011-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>University of Oklahoma: The Department of Anthropology.</i>(retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativetimes.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2338:library-presents-mvskoke-creek-language-class&catid=43&Itemid=19">"Library Presents Mvskoke (Creek) Language Class."</a> <i>Native American Times.</i> 8 Sept 2009 (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themuscogeecreeknation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=178%3Aholdenville-indian-community&catid=37%3Acommunities&Itemid=12">"Holdenville Indian Community."</a> <i>Muscogee (Creek) Nation.</i> (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themuscogeecreeknation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=279&Itemid=12">"Thunder Road Theater Company to perform plays in the Mvskoke (Creek) Language."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715090413/http://www.themuscogeecreeknation.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=279&Itemid=12">Archived</a> 2015-07-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Muscogee (Creek) Nation.</i> (retrieved 27 Dec 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrock2013" class="citation news cs1">Brock, John (2013-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130823224113/http://www.sapulpaheraldonline.com/articles/2013/08/17/news/doc520f9abf0671b330695807.txt">"Creek language class graduates 14"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sapulpa_Daily_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapulpa Daily Herald">Sapulpa Herald Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Sapulpa,_Oklahoma" title="Sapulpa, Oklahoma">Sapulpa, Oklahoma</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapulpaheraldonline.com/articles/2013/08/17/news/doc520f9abf0671b330695807.txt">the original</a> on 2013-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sapulpa+Herald+Online&rft.atitle=Creek+language+class+graduates+14&rft.date=2013-08-17&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapulpaheraldonline.com%2Farticles%2F2013%2F08%2F17%2Fnews%2Fdoc520f9abf0671b330695807.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 2005:211-12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 50–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_a-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_a_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_a_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p.48-49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p.49-50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p.64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_b-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_b_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_b_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_c-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_c_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_c_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, pp. 64, 72-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, p. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, pp. 54–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2011, pp. 53–54, 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Innes-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Innes_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Innes 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 2005, pg. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 2005, pp. 201-2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunt-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunt_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunt1999" class="citation book cs1">Saunt, Claudio (1999). <i>A New Order of Things. Property, Power, and the Transformation of the Creek Indians, 1733–1810</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521660432" title="Special:BookSources/0521660432"><bdi>0521660432</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Order+of+Things.+Property%2C+Power%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+the+Creek+Indians%2C+1733%E2%80%931810&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0521660432&rft.aulast=Saunt&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, Keith, and Sarah Ogilvie (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC"><i>Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world</i></a>, pp. 738–740. Elsevier. Retrieved September 27, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div><p><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Haas" title="Mary Haas">Haas, Mary R</a>. and James H. Hill. 2014. Creek (Muskogee) Texts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edited and translated by Jack B. Martin, Margaret McKane Mauldin, and Juanita McGirt. UC Publications in Linguistics. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2005" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Donald E. (January 2005). "Creek". In Hardy, Heather K.; Scancarelli, Janine (eds.). <i>Native Languages of the Southeastern United States</i>. Lincoln, NE: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a> (published 2005). pp. 200–245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803242352" title="Special:BookSources/0803242352"><bdi>0803242352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Creek&rft.btitle=Native+Languages+of+the+Southeastern+United+States&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pages=200-245&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=0803242352&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonMartin,_Jack2001" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Keith; Martin, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050128/http://corpus.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~kjohnson/papers/vow_reduct.pdf">"Acoustic Vowel Reduction in Creek: Effects of Distinctive Length and Position in the Word"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Phonetica</i>. <b>58</b> (1–2): 81–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000028489">10.1159/000028489</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096370">11096370</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38872292">38872292</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpus.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~kjohnson/papers/vow_reduct.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.atitle=Acoustic+Vowel+Reduction+in+Creek%3A+Effects+of+Distinctive+Length+and+Position+in+the+Word&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=81-102&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38872292%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11096370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000028489&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Martin%2C+Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.linguistics.berkeley.edu%2F~kjohnson%2Fpapers%2Fvow_reduct.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnesLinda_AlexanderBertha_Tilkens2004" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Pamela; Linda Alexander; Bertha Tilkens (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beginningcreekmv0056inne"><i>Beginning Creek: Mvskoke Emponvkv</i></a></span>. Norman, OK: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3583-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3583-2"><bdi>0-8061-3583-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Creek%3A+Mvskoke+Emponvkv&rft.pub=Norman%2C+OK%3A+University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8061-3583-2&rft.aulast=Innes&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Linda+Alexander&rft.au=Bertha+Tilkens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeginningcreekmv0056inne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughridgeDavid_M._Hodge1964" class="citation book cs1">Loughridge, R.M.; David M. Hodge (1964). <i>Dictionary Muskogee and English</i>. Okmulgee, OK: Baptist Home Mission Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+Muskogee+and+English&rft.pub=Okmulgee%2C+OK%3A+Baptist+Home+Mission+Board&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Loughridge&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rft.au=David+M.+Hodge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2011" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jack B. (2011). <i>A Grammar of Creek (Muskogee)</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803211063" title="Special:BookSources/9780803211063"><bdi>9780803211063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Creek+%28Muskogee%29&rft.pub=Lincoln%2C+NE%3A+University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780803211063&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jack+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinMargaret_McKane_Maudlin2000" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Jack B.; Margaret McKane Maudlin (2000). <i>A Dictionary of Creek/Muskogee</i>. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-8302-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-8302-4"><bdi>0-8032-8302-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Creek%2FMuskogee&rft.pub=Lincoln%2C+NE%3A+University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8032-8302-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jack+B.&rft.au=Margaret+McKane+Maudlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/mus" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/mus">Muscogee language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of an 1879 <i><a href="/wiki/American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="American Cyclopædia">American Cyclopædia</a></i> article about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Creeks" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Creeks">Muscogee language</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mvskokeopunvkv.com/">Mvskoke Opunvkv</a>, Mvskoke Lanague Department of the Muscogee Nation</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103010111/http://www.wm.edu/linguistics/creek/">Creek Language Archive</a>. This site includes a draft of a Mvskoke textbook, which may be <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214194750/http://www.wm.edu/linguistics/creek/learning_creek.html">downloaded</a> in .pdf format (<i>Pum Opunvkv, Pun Yvhiketv, Pun Fulletv: Our Language, Our Songs, Our Ways</i> by Margaret Mauldin, Jack Martin, and Gloria McCarty).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muscogeenation-nsn.gov/">Muskogee (Creek) Nation</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609133339/http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~kjohnson/papers/vow_reduct.pdf">Acoustic vowel reduction in Creek: Effects of distinctive length and position in the word</a> (pdf)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mus_vertxt-3">Mvskoke Nakcokv Eskerretv Esvhokkolat. Creek Second Reader. (1871)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mus_gen-1">Muskogee Genesis Translation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/mus">OLAC resources in and about the Creek language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muscogee_Creek_Confederacy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#cccccc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muscogee" title="Template:Muscogee"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muscogee" title="Template talk:Muscogee"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscogee" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscogee"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscogee_Creek_Confederacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee Creek Confederacy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Four mother towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abihka" title="Abihka">Abihka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coweta_tribal_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Coweta tribal town">Coweta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusseta,_Creek_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusseta, Creek Nation">Kasihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukabatchee" title="Tukabatchee">Tukabatchee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Groups and towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_(tribal_town)" title="Apalachicola (tribal town)">Apalachicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Coushatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eufaula_people" title="Eufaula people">Eufaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowltown" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowltown">Fowltown</a> (four locations)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchiti" title="Hitchiti">Hitchiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miccosukee" title="Miccosukee">Miccosukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muklassa" title="Muklassa">Muklassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okchai" title="Okchai">Okchai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okfuskee" title="Okfuskee">Okfuskee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabacola" title="Sabacola">Sabacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapoosas" title="Tallapoosas">Tallapoosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_town" title="Tribal town">Tribal town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Francis_(Hillis_Hadjo)" title="Josiah Francis (Hillis Hadjo)">Josiah Francis</a> (Francis the Prophet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McIntosh" title="William McIntosh">William McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_McQueen" title="Peter McQueen">Peter McQueen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neamathla" title="Neamathla">Neamathla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Weatherford" title="William Weatherford">William Weatherford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Creek-Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Mikasuki-Hitchiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_dance" title="Stomp dance">Stomp dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Muscogee_Nation" title="College of the Muscogee Nation">College of the Muscogee Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_Province" title="Apalachicola Province">Apalachicola Province</a> (predecessor to Lower Towns)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taliwa" title="Battle of Taliwa">Battle of Taliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_and_Company#The_Forbes_land_grants" title="John Forbes and Company">Forbes purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Stick_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Stick War">Red Stick War</a> (Creek civil war)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Battle of Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mims Massacre">Fort Mims Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimbell-James_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kimbell-James Massacre">Kimbell-James Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocheesee" title="Battle of Ocheesee">Battle of Ocheesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War_of_1836" title="Creek War of 1836">Creek War of 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_National_Capitol" title="Creek National Capitol">Creek National Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Snake_Rebellion" title="Crazy Snake Rebellion">Crazy Snake Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%">Politics and law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1790)" title="Treaty of New York (1790)">Treaty of New York (1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nicolls%27_Outpost" title="Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost">Treaty of Nicolls' Outpost</a> (unratified)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moultrie_Creek" title="Treaty of Moultrie Creek">Treaty of Moultrie Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1826)" title="Treaty of Washington (1826)">Treaty of Washington (1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cusseta" title="Treaty of Cusseta">Treaty of Cusseta</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._United_States" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharp_v._Murphy" title="Sharp v. Murphy">Sharp v. Murphy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#cccccc;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the United States">Federally recognized tribes</a> (20th century)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama-Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama-Quassarte_Tribal_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coushatta_Tribe_of_Louisiana" title="Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana">Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee Tribal Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek) Nation">Muscogee (Creek) Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poarch_Band_of_Creek_Indians" title="Poarch Band of Creek Indians">Poarch Band of Creek Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco Tribal Town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oklahoma">Languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Delaware</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Category:Languages of Oklahoma">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellMartin2024" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Amy; Martin, Jack (May 17, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wm.edu/as/news/2023-2024/the-muscogee-language-documentation-project.php">"The Muscogee Language Documentation Project"</a>. <i>William & Mary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+%26+Mary&rft.atitle=The+Muscogee+Language+Documentation+Project&rft.date=2024-05-17&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft.au=Martin%2C+Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wm.edu%2Fas%2Fnews%2F2023-2024%2Fthe-muscogee-language-documentation-project.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muskogee.blogs.wm.edu/haas-hill-texts/">"Haas/Hill texts - Muskogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project"</a>. <i>Muskogee (Seminole/Creek) Documentation Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muskogee+%28Seminole%2FCreek%29+Documentation+Project&rft.atitle=Haas%2FHill+texts+-+Muskogee+%28Seminole%2FCreek%29+Documentation+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuskogee.blogs.wm.edu%2Fhaas-hill-texts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuscogee+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&oldid=1257501152">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muscogee_language&oldid=1257501152</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agglutinative_languages" title="Category:Agglutinative languages">Agglutinative languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muskogean_languages" title="Category:Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_Oklahoma" title="Category:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma">Indigenous languages of Oklahoma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_the_North_American_Southeast" title="Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast">Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muscogee_culture" title="Category:Muscogee culture">Muscogee culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seminole_culture" title="Category:Seminole culture">Seminole culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indigenous_languages_of_Florida" title="Category:Indigenous languages of Florida">Indigenous languages of Florida</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_with_ISO_639-2_code" title="Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code">Languages with ISO 639-2 code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_undetermined_IPA" title="Category:Pages with undetermined IPA">Pages with undetermined IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Creek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Creek-language text">Articles containing Creek-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 06:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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