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href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&params=32_58_56_N_85_44_07_W_region:US"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°58′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°44′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.98222°N 85.73528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.98222; -85.73528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Penultimate battle of the Creek War (1814)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the later battle, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)</a>.</div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&params=32_58_56_N_85_44_07_W_region:US"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°58′56″N</span> <span class="longitude">85°44′07″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.98222°N 85.73528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.98222; -85.73528</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Horseshoe_Bend_1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Battle_Horseshoe_Bend_1814.jpg/220px-Battle_Horseshoe_Bend_1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Battle_Horseshoe_Bend_1814.jpg/330px-Battle_Horseshoe_Bend_1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Battle_Horseshoe_Bend_1814.jpg/440px-Battle_Horseshoe_Bend_1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="857" /></a></span><br />Artist's impression of the battle, from an 1847 book illustration</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 27, 1814</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Near <a href="/wiki/Dadeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadeville">Dadeville</a>, Alabama</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> United States victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_C._Neill" title="James C. Neill">James Neill</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~1,000 <a href="/wiki/Warrior" title="Warrior">warriors</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>American:</b> ~2,000 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a>,<br />~700 <a href="/wiki/Dragoon" title="Dragoon">cavalry</a>,<br />unknown <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a><br /><b>Native American:</b> ~600 warriors</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> >800 killed <br />206 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-bor151_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bor151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>American:</b> <br /> 47 killed<br />159 wounded<br /> <b>Native American:</b> <br /> 23 killed <br /> 47 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-bor151_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bor151-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Creek_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Creek War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Creek_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Creek War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Creek_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>1813</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Fort Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi Skirmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1814</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calebee_Creek" title="Battle of Calebee Creek">Calebee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Horseshoe Bend</b> (also known as <i>Tohopeka</i>, <i>Cholocco Litabixbee</i>, or <i>The Horseshoe</i>), was fought during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a>, now central <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. On March 27, 1814, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> forces and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</a> allies under Major General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a>, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek</a> Indian tribe who opposed American expansion, effectively ending the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Horseshoe Bend">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek Indians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and the eastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a> had become divided into two factions: the Upper Creek (or <a href="/wiki/Red_Sticks" title="Red Sticks">Red Sticks</a>), a majority who opposed American expansion and sided with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> and the colonial authorities of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> during the War of 1812; and the Lower Creek, who were more assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Americans" title="Anglo-Americans">Anglo</a> culture, had a stronger relationship with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Indian_Agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Agent">Indian Agent</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hawkins" title="Benjamin Hawkins">Benjamin Hawkins</a>, and sought to remain on good terms with the Americans. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> war leader <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> visited Creek and other <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a> Indian towns in 1811–1812 to recruit warriors to join his war against American territorial encroachment. The Red Sticks, young men who wanted to revive traditional religious and cultural practices, were already forming, resisting assimilation. They began to raid American frontier settlements. When the Lower Creek helped U.S. forces to capture and punish leading raiders, the Lower Creek were punished in turn by the Red Sticks. </p><p>In 1813, militia troops intercepted a Red Stick party returning from obtaining arms in (Spanish colonial) <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>. While they were looting the material, the Red Sticks returned and defeated them, at what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Battle of Burnt Corn</a>. Red Sticks' raiding of enemy settlements continued; and in August 1813 they <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">attacked</a> an American outpost at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mims">Fort Mims</a>. </p><p>After the Fort Mims massacre, frontier settlers appealed to the government for help. Since Federal military forces were committed to waging the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> against <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a>, the governments of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Territory</a> organized <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">militia</a> forces, which together with Lower Creek and Cherokee allies, fought against the Red Sticks. </p><p>After leaving <a href="/wiki/Fort_Williams_(Alabama)" title="Fort Williams (Alabama)">Fort Williams</a> in the spring of 1814, Jackson's army cut its way through the forest to within six miles (10 km) of Chief <a href="/wiki/Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa's</a> Red Stick camp <i>Tehopeka</i>, near a bend in the <a href="/wiki/Tallapoosa_River" title="Tallapoosa River">Tallapoosa River</a> called "Horseshoe Bend"—located in what is now central <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, 12 miles (19 km) east of present-day <a href="/wiki/Alexander_City,_Alabama" title="Alexander City, Alabama">Alexander City</a>. Jackson sent General <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee" title="John Coffee">John Coffee</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Mounted_infantry" title="Mounted infantry">mounted infantry</a> and the Indian allies south across the river to surround the Red Sticks' camp, while Jackson stayed with the rest of the 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> north of the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Remini_1977_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Remini_1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Added to the militia units were the <a href="/wiki/39th_United_States_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="39th United States Infantry">39th United States Infantry</a> and about 600 <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, and Lower Creek, fighting against the Red Stick Creek warriors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Forces">American Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>West Tennessee Militia: Major General Andrew Jackson<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%">Brigade </th> <th>Regiments and Other </th></tr> <tr> <td>Headquarters <p>   </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>Mounted Spies: Captain Jean Bean</li> <li>39th U.S. Infantry: Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">John Williams</a>, Major L. P. Montgomery</li> <li>Artillery: David Deadrick</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doherty's Brigade <p>   Brigadier General George Doherty </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>1st East Tennessee Militia: Colonel Ewen Allison</li> <li>2nd East Tennessee Militia: Colonel <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bunch" title="Samuel Bunch">Samuel Bunch</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Johnson's Brigade <p>   Brigadier General Thomas Johnson </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>1st West Tennessee Militia: Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Napier_House" title="Richard C. Napier House">Richard C. Napier</a></li> <li>3rd Tennessee Militia: Colonel Stephen Copeland</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coffee's Brigade <p>   Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee" title="John Coffee">John Coffee</a> </p> </td> <td> <ul><li>East Tennessee Mounted Gunmen: Colonel John Brown</li> <li>Tennessee Mounted Gunmen: Colonel Robert Dyer</li> <li>Cherokee Regiment: Colonel Gideon Morgan</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseshoe_bend_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Horseshoe_bend_map.jpg/220px-Horseshoe_bend_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Horseshoe_bend_map.jpg/330px-Horseshoe_bend_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Horseshoe_bend_map.jpg/440px-Horseshoe_bend_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Battle positions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgia_Olive_086.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Georgia_Olive_086.jpg/220px-Georgia_Olive_086.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Georgia_Olive_086.jpg/330px-Georgia_Olive_086.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Georgia_Olive_086.jpg/440px-Georgia_Olive_086.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Horseshoe Bend Battlefield</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend.jpg/170px-Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend.jpg/255px-Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend.jpg/340px-Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>Map of Alabama during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lossing_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_II.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_II.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_II.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Horseshoe Bend<sup id="cite_ref-Lossing_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lossing-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 780">: 780 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On March 27, 1814, General Andrew Jackson led troops consisting of 2,700 American soldiers, 500 Cherokee, and 100 Lower Creek allies up a steep hill near Tehopeka. From this vantage point, Jackson would begin his attack on the Red Stick fortification.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 6:30am, he split his troops and sent roughly 1,300 men to cross the <a href="/wiki/Tallapoosa_River" title="Tallapoosa River">Tallapoosa River</a> and surround the Creek village. Then, at 10:30 a.m., Jackson's remaining troops began an artillery barrage which consisted of two cannons firing for about two hours. Little damage was caused to the Red Sticks or their 400-yard-long, log-and-dirt fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackenzie_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackenzie-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, Jackson was quite impressed with the measures the Red Sticks took to protect their position. As he later wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is impossible to conceive a situation more eligible for defence than the one they had chosen and the skill which they manifested in their <a href="/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)" title="Breastwork (fortification)">breastwork</a> was really astonishing. It extended across the point in such a direction that a force approaching would be exposed to a double fire, while they lay entirely safe behind it. It would have been impossible to have raked it with cannon to any advantage even if we had had possession of one extremity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Soon, Jackson ordered a <a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">bayonet</a> charge. The 39th U.S. Infantry, led by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Williams (Tennessee politician)">John Williams</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-heiskell_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heiskell-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> charged the breastworks and engaged the Red Sticks in hand-to-hand combat. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> (the future statesman and leader of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>) served as a third lieutenant in Jackson's army. Houston was one of the first to make it over the log barricade alive and received a wound from a Creek arrow that troubled him for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-Robert_Remini_1977_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robert_Remini_1977-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the troops under the command of General <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee" title="John Coffee">John Coffee</a> had successfully crossed the river and surrounded the encampment. They joined the fight and gave Jackson a great advantage. The Creek warriors refused to surrender, though, and the battle lasted for more than five hours. At the end, roughly 800 of the 1,000 Red Stick warriors present at the battle were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, Jackson lost fewer than 50 men during the fight and reported 154 wounded. </p><p>After the battle, Jackson's troops allegedly made bridle reins from skin taken from Indian corpses, conducted a body count by cutting off the tips of their noses, and sent their clothing as souvenirs to the "ladies of Tennessee."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chief <a href="/wiki/Menawa" title="Menawa">Menawa</a> was severely wounded but survived; he led about 200 of the original 1,000 warriors across the river and toward safety, to join the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> tribe in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 9, 1814, Andrew Jackson forced the Creek to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Creek_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Nation">Creek Nation</a> was forced to cede 23 million acres (93,000 km<sup>2</sup>)—half of central Alabama and part of southern Georgia—to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the United States">United States government</a>; this included territory of the Lower Creek, who had been allies of the United States. Jackson had determined the areas from his sense of security needs. Of the 23 million acres (93,000 km<sup>2</sup>) Jackson forced the Creek to cede 1.9 million acres (7,700 km<sup>2</sup>), which was claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation_(1794%E2%80%931907)" title="Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)">Cherokee Nation</a>, which had also allied with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson was promoted to major general in the U.S. Army after getting agreement to the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battlefield is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Bend_National_Military_Park" title="Horseshoe Bend National Military Park">Horseshoe Bend National Military Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Active_Regular_Army_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Regular Army units with campaign credit for the War of 1812">Two currently active battalions of the Regular Army</a> (2nd and 3rd Battalions of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="7th Infantry Regiment (United States)">7th Infantry Regiment</a>) perpetuate the lineage of the old <a href="/wiki/39th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)#Other_units_called_.2239th_Infantry_Regiment.22" title="39th Infantry Regiment (United States)">39th Infantry Regiment</a>, which fought at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eric_Flint" title="Eric Flint">Eric Flint</a> has written a series of <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novels, <i><a href="/wiki/1812:_The_Rivers_of_War" title="1812: The Rivers of War">Trail of Glory</a>,</i> that begin with the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. In Flint's version, Houston is only lightly wounded in the battle, allowing him freedom to develop his career, in turn facilitating the author's objectives. </p><p>The main character of <a href="/wiki/Paulette_Jiles" title="Paulette Jiles">Paulette Jiles</a>' novel <a href="/wiki/News_of_the_World_(novel)" title="News of the World (novel)">News of the World</a>, 'Captain' Jefferson Kyle Kidd, has a backstory that includes fighting as a youth of 16 in this battle under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bor151-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bor151_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bor151_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Borneman p.151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906001136/http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/warof1812/p/battle-of-horseshoe-bend.htm">"Creek War: Horseshoe Bend"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/warof1812/p/battle-of-horseshoe-bend.htm">the original</a> on 2015-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Creek+War%3A+Horseshoe+Bend&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitaryhistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fwarof1812%2Fp%2Fbattle-of-horseshoe-bend.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Horseshoe+Bend" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Remini_1977-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Remini_1977_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Remini_1977_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Remini, <i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821,</i> (1977) ch. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sos.tn.gov/products/tsla/regimental-histories-tennessee-units-during-war-1812">Tennessee Unites during War of 1812</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lossing-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lossing_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lossing_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLossing1868" class="citation book cs1">Lossing, Benson (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_29136"><i>The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812</i></a>. Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_29136/page/n808">778</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665291364" title="Special:BookSources/9780665291364"><bdi>9780665291364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pictorial+Field-Book+of+the+War+of+1812&rft.pages=778&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1868&rft.isbn=9780665291364&rft.aulast=Lossing&rft.aufirst=Benson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcihm_29136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Horseshoe+Bend" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackenzie-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackenzie_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie" class="citation web cs1">Mackenzie, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712054846/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/54horseshoe/54facts3.htm">"The Indian Breastwork in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Its Size, Location, and Construction"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/54horseshoe/54facts3.htm">the original</a> on 2019-07-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Breastwork+in+the+Battle+of+Horseshoe+Bend%3A+Its+Size%2C+Location%2C+and+Construction&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftwhp%2Fwwwlps%2Flessons%2F54horseshoe%2F54facts3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Horseshoe+Bend" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/andrew-jackson-papers/about-this-collection/">"The Jackson Papers"</a>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jackson+Papers&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Fandrew-jackson-papers%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Horseshoe+Bend" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heiskell-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heiskell_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel G. Heiskell, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuwTAAAAYAAJ&q=heiskell+andrew+jackson">Andrew Jackson and Early Tennessee History</a></i> (Nashville: Ambrose Printing Company, 1918), pp. 356–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidler, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Takaki, A Different Mirror, (Little, Brown 1993), p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehle p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottmanning.com/content/if-you-visited-horseshoe-bend-battlefield-today/">"If you visited Horseshoe Bend battlefield today"</a>. 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+you+visited+Horseshoe+Bend+battlefield+today&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottmanning.com%2Fcontent%2Fif-you-visited-horseshoe-bend-battlefield-today%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Horseshoe+Bend" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrew Burstein, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_R._Borneman" title="Walter R. Borneman">Borneman, Walter R.</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/1812warthatforge0000born"><i>1812: The War That Forged a Nation</i></a></span>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053112-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-053112-6"><bdi>978-0-06-053112-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1812%3A+The+War+That+Forged+a+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-053112-6&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F1812warthatforge0000born&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Horseshoe+Bend" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steve Rajtar, <i>Indian War Sites,</i> (McFarland and Company, Inc., 1999)</li> <li>Robert Remini, <i>Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821</i> (1977) ch. 13</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Holland, James W. "Andrew Jackson and the Creek War: Victory at the Horseshoe Bend," <i>Alabama Review,</i> Oct 1968, Vol. 21 Issue 4, pp 243–275</li> <li>Kanon, Thomas. "A Slow, Laborious Slaughter": The Battle of Horseshoe Bend," <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly,</i> March 1999, Vol. 58 Issue 1, pp 2–15</li> <li>Remini, Robert V. <i>Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars</i> (2001), ch 4</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/54horseshoe/54horseshoe.htm">"The Battle of Horseshoe Bend: Collision of Cultures"</a>, National Park Service's Teaching with Historic Places.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/national_parks/horseshoe_bend_war_1813-14.jpg">A map of Creek War Battle Sites</a>, PCL Map Collection at the University of Texas at Austin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1044">"Battle of Horseshoe Bend"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215192330/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1044">Archived</a> 2014-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Encyclopedia of Alabama</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CksTAAAAYAAJ&dq=william+weatherford&pg=PA9">Mrs. Dunham Rowland, "The Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812"</a>, <i>Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society,</i> Volume 4, 1921, pp. 7–156</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottmanning.com/content/if-you-visited-horseshoe-bend-battlefield-today/">"If you visited Horseshoe Bend Battlefield today"</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" 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Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Jackson" title="Template:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Jackson" title="Template talk:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Jackson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andrew_Jackson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">7th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1829–1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">Senator from Tennessee</a> (1797–1798, 1823–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Federal Military Commissioner of Florida</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's at-large congressional district">Tennessee at-large</a> (1796–1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanging_Rock" title="Battle of Hanging Rock">Battle of Hanging Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_the_slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States">Slave-trading career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robards%E2%80%93Donelson%E2%80%93Jackson_relationship_controversy" title="Robards–Donelson–Jackson relationship controversy">Marriage controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter%27s_Hill_(Tennessee)" title="Hunter's Hill (Tennessee)">Hunter's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_violent_incidents_involving_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of violent incidents involving Andrew Jackson">Violent incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War of 1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Strother" title="Fort Strother">Fort Strother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Battle of Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Battle of Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1816–1828</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">Corrupt bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">1828 Jackson campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Handbills" title="Coffin Handbills">Coffin Handbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">First inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1820)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1820)">Tenure of Office Act (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censure_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Censure of Andrew Jackson">Senate censure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Jacksonian_Era" title="Banking in the Jacksonian Era">Banking in the Jacksonian Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">Hard money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li>State of the Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1829 State of the Union Address">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1830 State of the Union Address">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1831 State of the Union Address">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1832 State of the Union Address">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1833 State of the Union Address">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1834 State of the Union Address">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1835 State of the Union Address">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1836 State of the Union Address">1836</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville Road veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Nullification" title="Ordinance of Nullification">Ordinance of Nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">Tariff of 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_banks" title="Pet banks">Pet banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson">List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson">Rachel Jackson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_Donelson" title="Daniel Smith Donelson">Daniel Smith Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya Jackson</a> (adopted son, also <a href="/wiki/Theodore_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Theodore (Andrew Jackson captive)">Theodore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charley_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Charley (Andrew Jackson captive)">Charley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke Jackson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchings_(slave_trader)" title="John Hutchings (slave trader)">John Hutchings</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_(parrot)" title="Poll (parrot)">Poll</a> (pet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Jackson and slavery">Jackson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(Tennessee)" title="Gilbert (Tennessee)">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jackson_(Tennessee)" title="Alfred Jackson (Tennessee)">Alfred Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Jackson" title="Hannah Jackson">Hannah Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of memorials to Andrew Jackson">List of memorials to Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Andrew Jackson (U.S. Capitol)"><i>Andrew Jackson</i> (U.S. Capitol statue)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/King_Andrew_the_First" title="King Andrew the First">King Andrew the First</a>" (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Andrew Jackson</i> (Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(stamp)" title="Black Jack (stamp)">Black Jack stamp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady" title="The President's Lady">The President's Lady</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1938_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1938 film)">The Buccaneer</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1958_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1958 film)">The Buccaneer</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gorgeous_Hussy" title="The Gorgeous Hussy">The Gorgeous Hussy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remarkable_Andrew" title="The Remarkable Andrew">The Remarkable Andrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bloody_Andrew_Jackson" title="Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson">Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Conquest" title="Man of Conquest">Man of Conquest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Jackson_(1832)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Jackson (1832)">USRC <i>Jackson</i> (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Andrew_Jackson_(SSBN-619)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619)">USS <i>Andrew Jackson</i> (SSBN-619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Jackson" title="USS President Jackson">USS <i>President Jackson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">Jackson Square (New Orleans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">← John Quincy Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Andrew_Jackson" title="Category:Andrew Jackson">Category</a></b></li></ul> 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