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aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alabama" title="Idioma alabama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma alabama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Алабамски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алабамски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabamaeg" title="Alabamaeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Alabamaeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibamu" title="Alibamu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alibamu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(iaith)" title="Alabama (iaith) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alabama (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_keel" title="Alabama keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alabama keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_alabama" title="Idioma alabama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma alabama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_hizkuntza" title="Alabama hizkuntza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alabama hizkuntza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="زبان آلاباما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان آلاباما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(langue)" title="Alabama (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alabama (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alabama" title="Lingua alabama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua alabama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Ալաբամա լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալաբամա լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_jezik" title="Alabama jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alabama jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_alabama" title="Lingua alabama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua alabama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="アラバマ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アラバマ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Alabama (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alabama (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_(lenga)" title="Alabama (lenga) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alabama (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_alabama" title="Lenga alabama – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga alabama" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_alabama" title="Język alabama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język alabama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Алабамский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алабамский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabamaca" title="Alabamaca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alabamaca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabaman_kel%27" title="Alabaman kel' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alabaman kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Alabama" title="Tiếng Alabama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Alabama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1815020#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Alabama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;"><i>Albaamo innaaɬiilka</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabama-Coushatta_Rez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Alabama-Coushatta_Rez.jpg/200px-Alabama-Coushatta_Rez.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Alabama-Coushatta_Rez.jpg/300px-Alabama-Coushatta_Rez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Alabama-Coushatta_Rez.jpg/400px-Alabama-Coushatta_Rez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Sign on the <a href="/wiki/Alabama-Coushatta_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation">Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation</a> with phrase "On ti chuka" meaning "welcome"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Currently in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, Formerly in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">approx. 370 (2015 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e21_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e21-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Eastern<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Alabama–<a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Alabama</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/akz" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:akz">akz</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/alab1237">alab1237</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/670">Alabama</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Alabama is classified as Definitely Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Alabama</b>, also known as <b>Alibamu,</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a>: <i lang="akz">Albaamo innaaɬiilka</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Native_American_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American languages">Native American language</a>, spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama-Coushatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Coushatta">Alabama-Coushatta</a> tribe of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy200575_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy200575-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was once spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Alabama-Quassarte_Tribal_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town</a> of Oklahoma, but there are no more Alabama speakers in Oklahoma. It is a <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean language</a>, and is believed to have been related to the Muklasa and Tuskegee languages, which are no longer extant. Alabama is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apalachee_language" title="Apalachee language">Apalachee</a>, and more distantly to other <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Hitchiti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitchiti language">Hitchiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Alabama first encountered Europeans when <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> arrived in 1540. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">here</a> for other de Soto contactees) In the 18th century, the French arrived on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> and built a fort at what became <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>. </p><p>The <i>Alibamu</i> and <i>Koasati</i> tribes were part of the <a href="/wiki/Creek_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek Confederacy">Creek Confederacy</a>. They had less contact with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">British</a> settlers than other <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek tribes</a> did. They were the first to leave when British settlers swarmed into the area by the middle of the 18th century, after the land was ceded by the French following the British victory in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>. Under pressure as well by Native American enemies, the Alabama and Coushatta tribes wanted to avoid the powerful <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. They moved into territories of future states, first into <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and then into <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. </p><p>In 1795, the Coushatta arrived in the Big Thicket area of East Texas. In 1805, nearly 1,000 Alabama came to <a href="/wiki/Tyler_County,_Texas" title="Tyler County, Texas">Tyler County</a>'s Peach Tree Village in East Texas. The two tribes developed a strong friendship as they roamed and hunted their new land together. In the early 19th century, the Texas Congress granted each tribe two strips of land along the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_River_(Texas)" title="Trinity River (Texas)">Trinity River</a>. Their land was soon taken over by European-American settlers, leaving them homeless. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>, the governor of Texas, recommended that the state purchase 1,280 acres (5.2 km<sup>2</sup>) for the Alabamas. Although money was appropriated to buy 640 acres (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>) for the Coushatta, the land was never bought. Either through marriage or special permission, many Coushatta went to live on the land given to the Alabama. Other Coushatta had stayed in an area in southern Louisiana near the Red River. Many of their descendants are enrolled members of the federally recognized Coushatta Tribe of Louisiana. </p><p>Alabama and Coushatta towns were divided into "red" and "white" towns. The "white" towns were responsible for keeping the peace and for providing refuge, while the "red" towns were responsible for conducting military campaigns. Though they had "red" and "white" towns, the Alabama-Coushatta thought of themselves as a peace-loving people.<sup id="cite_ref-Indians_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indians-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1820, there were three main Alabama towns and three large Coushatta towns in east <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, in the region known as the Big Thicket. In 1854, the Alabama were given 1,280 acres (5.2 km<sup>2</sup>) in <a href="/wiki/Polk_County,_Texas" title="Polk County, Texas">Polk County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, 640 acres (2.6 km<sup>2</sup>), also in Polk County, were given to the Coushattas. The Coushatta claim was disputed by white settlers in 1859. When the Coushatta lost the land claim, the Alabama invited them to live on their land claim. </p><p>The federal government approved a large grant in 1928 to purchase additional land near the reservation;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was granted to the "Alabama and Coushatta tribes." Since that time, the reservation has officially been known as “Alabama-Coushatta". </p><p>Origin myths focus on the interconnectedness of the tribes. One myth states that the two tribes sprouted from either side of a <a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">cypress</a> tree. Another legend was recorded in 1857 from <span title="Creek-language text"><i lang="mus">Se-ko-pe-chi</i></span>, one of the oldest Creeks in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>. He said that the tribes “sprang out of the ground between the <a href="/wiki/Cahaba_River" title="Cahaba River">Cohawba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama Rivers</a>.” The symbol of the Alabama-Coushatta tribe comes from pre-contact <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>: two intertwined woodpeckers, now symbolic of the connection between the two tribes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are fourteen consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy200582_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy200582-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td align="center" colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> is <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apico-alveolar</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s̺]</span>. The voiceless stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> are typically <a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and unlike in many other Southeastern languages they are not <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> between vowels. All consonants can occur <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy2005p83-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The post-alveolar affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> when it occurs as the first member of a consonant cluster and the geminate is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ttʃ]</span>. The only voiced <a href="/wiki/Obstruent_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstruent consonant">obstruent</a> in Alabama is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span>, which is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> when it occurs in coda (syllable final) position. The geminate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bb/</span> is realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mb]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy2005p83-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two nasal phonemes become velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ]</span> before the velar stop <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. In syllable-final position, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> is often realized as lengthening of the preceding vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy2005p83-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three vowel qualities, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>o<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span>. Vowel length is distinctive. Vowels can be nasalized in certain morphological contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardy2005p83-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prosody">Prosody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prosody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Alabama, the final syllable generally carries the primary stress, except in the case of certain grammatical operations which move the stress. There is also a pitch accent system with two contrastive tones: high-level and high-falling. The two phonemic tones have several different allophonic realizations depending on vowel length and neighboring consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy200583–84_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy200583–84-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revitalization_Efforts">Revitalization Efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revitalization Efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Coushatta_Tribe_of_Texas" title="Alabama–Coushatta Tribe of Texas">Alabama–Coushatta Tribe of Texas</a> has engaged in a revitalization and documentation effort in partnership with the WOLF (Working on Language in the Field) Lab at Harvard University, with a five-year goal "to document the language, study its grammar and lexicon, and produce educational resources for the Alabama-Coushatta community."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e21-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e21_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/akz">Alabama</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (21st ed., 2018) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=akz">"Ethnologue report for language code: akz"</a>. Ethnologue.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+language+code%3A+akz&rft.pub=Ethnologue.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_language.asp%3Fcode%3Dakz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingtechcomm.unt.edu/~montler/alabama/dictionary/index.htm">"Alabama Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.lingtechcomm.unt.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lingtechcomm.unt.edu&rft.atitle=Alabama+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingtechcomm.unt.edu%2F~montler%2Falabama%2Fdictionary%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy200575-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy200575_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2005">Hardy 2005</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indians-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Indians_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook1997" class="citation book cs1">Hook, Jonathan (1997). <i>The Alabama-Coushatta Indians</i>. Texas A&M University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alabama-Coushatta+Indians&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattox1983" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattox" title="Jim Mattox">Mattox, Jim</a> (March 22, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131158/https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/47mattox/op/1983/htm/jm0017.htm">"Opinion No. JM-17 Re: Enforcement of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code within the confines of the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation"</a>. <i>The Office of the Attorney General of Texas</i>. State of Texas. Paragraph 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/47mattox/op/1983/htm/jm0017.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>. <q>The 'reservation' consists principally of two tracts located in Polk County. One of them, consisting of 1,280 acres, was purchased in several parcels for the Alabama Indians by the state government in 1854 and 1855. The purchase was authorized to honor a claim held by the Alabama tribe against the Republic of Texas. Acts 1854, 5th Leg., ch. 44, at 68; Acts 1840, 4th Congress of the Republic, at 197</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Office+of+the+Attorney+General+of+Texas&rft.atitle=Opinion+No.+JM-17+Re%3A+Enforcement+of+the+Texas+Parks+and+Wildlife+Code+within+the+confines+of+the+Alabama-Coushatta+Indian+Reservation&rft.pages=Paragraph+2&rft.date=1983-03-22&rft.aulast=Mattox&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasattorneygeneral.gov%2Fopinions%2Fopinions%2F47mattox%2Fop%2F1983%2Fhtm%2Fjm0017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattox,_Jim1983" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattox" title="Jim Mattox">Mattox, Jim</a> (March 22, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119131158/https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/47mattox/op/1983/htm/jm0017.htm">"Opinion No. JM-17 Re: Enforcement of the Texas Parks and Wildlife Code within the confines of the Alabama-Coushatta Indian Reservation"</a>. <i>The Office of the Attorney General of Texas</i>. Paragraph 11: State of Texas. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texasattorneygeneral.gov/opinions/opinions/47mattox/op/1983/htm/jm0017.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2015</span>. <q>It was not until 1928 that the federal government purchased the larger tract 'in trust for the Alabama and Coushatta Indians of Texas.' See Act of May 29, 1928, ch. 853, 45 Stat. 883, 900; 88 Deed Records of Polk County Texas 209 (1928)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Office+of+the+Attorney+General+of+Texas&rft.atitle=Opinion+No.+JM-17+Re%3A+Enforcement+of+the+Texas+Parks+and+Wildlife+Code+within+the+confines+of+the+Alabama-Coushatta+Indian+Reservation&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1983-03-22&rft.au=Mattox%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasattorneygeneral.gov%2Fopinions%2Fopinions%2F47mattox%2Fop%2F1983%2Fhtm%2Fjm0017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy200582-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy200582_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2005">Hardy 2005</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hardy2005p83-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardy2005p83_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy 2005:83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardy200583–84-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHardy200583–84_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHardy2005">Hardy 2005</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2024" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, Maeve (2024-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/2/alabama-language-project/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I Want People to Know It': Ava E. Silva '27 Works to Preserve the Alabama Language"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98I+Want+People+to+Know+It%E2%80%99%3A+Ava+E.+Silva+%E2%80%9927+Works+to+Preserve+the+Alabama+Language&rft.date=2024-03-02&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2024%2F3%2F2%2Falabama-language-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2024" class="citation news cs1">Brennan, Maeve (2024-03-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/3/2/alabama-language-project/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I Want People to Know It': Ava E. Silva '27 Works to Preserve the Alabama Language"</a>. <i>The Harvard Crimson</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98I+Want+People+to+Know+It%E2%80%99%3A+Ava+E.+Silva+%E2%80%9927+Works+to+Preserve+the+Alabama+Language&rft.date=2024-03-02&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2024%2F3%2F2%2Falabama-language-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisHardy1988" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Philip; Hardy, Heather (1988). "Absence of noun marking in Alabama". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>54</b> (3): 279–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466087">10.1086/466087</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145397345">145397345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Absence+of+noun+marking+in+Alabama&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-308&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145397345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2005" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Heather K. (2005). "Alabama". In Hardy, Heather K.; Scancarelli, Janine (eds.). <i>Native Languages of the Southeastern United States</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 75–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-4235-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-4235-2"><bdi>0-8032-4235-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alabama&rft.btitle=Native+Languages+of+the+Southeastern+United+States&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=75-113&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8032-4235-2&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Heather+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyDavis1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Heather; Davis, Philip (1988). "Comparatives in Alabama". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 209–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466082">10.1086/466082</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144076045">144076045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Comparatives+in+Alabama&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-231&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466082&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144076045%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Davis%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyDavis1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Heather; Davis, Philip (1993). "Semantics of agreement in Alabama". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 453–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466214">10.1086/466214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145425590">145425590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Semantics+of+agreement+in+Alabama&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=453-472&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145425590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Davis%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyMontler1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Heather; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Montler" title="Timothy Montler">Montler, Timothy</a> (1988). "Imperfective gemination in Alabama". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 399–415. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F466094">10.1086/466094</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144053231">144053231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Imperfective+gemination+in+Alabama&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-415&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F466094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144053231%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Montler%2C+Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontlerHardy1991" class="citation journal cs1">Montler, Timothy; Hardy, Heather (1991). "Phonology of negation in Alabama". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>57</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fijal.57.1.3519711">10.1086/ijal.57.1.3519711</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147850761">147850761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Phonology+of+negation+in+Alabama&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fijal.57.1.3519711&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147850761%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Montler&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand1968" class="citation journal cs1">Rand, Earl (1968). "Structural phonology of Alabaman, a Muskogean language". <i>International Journal of American Linguistics</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 94–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F465002">10.1086/465002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145333066">145333066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Structural+phonology+of+Alabaman%2C+a+Muskogean+language&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=94-103&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F465002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145333066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSylestineHardyMontler1993" class="citation book cs1">Sylestine, Cora; Hardy, Heather; Montler, Timothy (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050206223551/http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/"><i>Dictionary of the Alabama Language</i></a>. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73077-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73077-2"><bdi>0-292-73077-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama">the original</a> on 2005-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Alabama+Language&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-292-73077-2&rft.aulast=Sylestine&rft.aufirst=Cora&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Heather&rft.au=Montler%2C+Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.unt.edu%2F~montler%2FAlabama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlabama+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alabama_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/akz" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wp/akz">Alabama language test</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Alabama_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Alabama language">Category:Alabama language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cas.unt.edu/~montler/Alabama/Dictionary/index.htm">Online Alabama-English-Alabama Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127162721/http://www.alabama-coushatta.com/">Alabama-Coushatta Tribe of Texas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060110215130/http://hello-oklahoma.benjaminbruce.us/alabama.htm">Chíkmàa Oolahomma!</a> – How to say "hello" in Alabama</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/akz">OLAC resources in and about the Alabama language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alabama</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Delaware</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansa_language" title="Kansa language">Kansa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache_language" title="Plains Apache language">Plains Apache</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha-Ponca_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha-Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw_language" title="Quapaw language">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign 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