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id="toc-Sunni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Shia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Geographical distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ethnic group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistanis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistanis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pakistanis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistanis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladeshis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladeshis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Bangladeshis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladeshis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Somalis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Turks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_(European)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_(European)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>White (European)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_(European)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigerian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigerian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Nigerian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigerian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghrebis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghrebis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Maghrebis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghrebis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_in_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_in_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Position in society</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Position_in_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Position in society subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Position_in_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Islam_in_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Islam_in_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Views on Islam in London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Islam_in_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable mosques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_mosques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable mosques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ইংল্যান্ডে ইসলাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংল্যান্ডে ইসলাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_Inggris" title="Islam di Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Islam di Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_di_England" title="Islam di England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Islam di England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Islam in England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Англиядә ислам – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Англиядә ислам" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="ศาสนาอิสลามในประเทศอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาอิสลามในประเทศอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="انگلستان میں اسلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگلستان میں اسلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,524,887</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,660,116</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+74.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,801,186</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Religious affiliation was not recorded prior to 2001.</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque,_Bradford_(7080761569).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mosque%2C_Bradford_%287080761569%29.jpg/300px-Mosque%2C_Bradford_%287080761569%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mosque%2C_Bradford_%287080761569%29.jpg/450px-Mosque%2C_Bradford_%287080761569%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Mosque%2C_Bradford_%287080761569%29.jpg/600px-Mosque%2C_Bradford_%287080761569%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Grand_Mosque" title="Bradford Grand Mosque">Grand Mosque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> is the largest mosque by capacity in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Islam in England</b> is the second largest religion after <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in England">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> are immigrants from <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> (in particular <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>) or descendants of immigrants from that region. Many others are from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim majority countries">Muslim-dominated regions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many White Muslims in the country, most of which have Slavic and Balkan backgrounds (Bosnian, Albanian, Montenegrin, Kosovar etc.), as well as some ethnic English converts. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>, 2.7 million Muslims lived in England and Wales, up by almost 1 million from the previous census, where they formed 5.0% of the general population<sup id="cite_ref-ks2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ks2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 9.1% of children under the age of five.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the latest <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021 United Kingdom census</a>, 3,801,186 Muslims live in England, or 6.7% of the population. The Muslim population again grew by over a million compared to the previous census.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Arabic_origin" title="List of English words of Arabic origin">List of English words of Arabic origin</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/220px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/330px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg/440px-Offa_king_of_Mercia_757_793_gold_dinar_copy_of_dinar_of_the_Abassid_Caliphate_774.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mancus" title="Mancus">mancus</a> / gold <a href="/wiki/Dinar" title="Dinar">dinar</a> of king <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a>, copied from the dinars of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> (774); it includes the Arabic text <i>Muhammad is the Apostle of Allah</i>, a line from the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is generally thought of as a contemporary arrival in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, Muslims have been trading and exchanging ideas with the English for centuries. </p><p>An early example is the decision of <a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a>, the 8th-century King of <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a> (one of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> kingdoms existing at that time), to have a coin minted with an Islamic inscription – largely a copy of coins issued by a contemporary Muslim ruler, <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a>. These coins may have been minted simply for prestige or to facilitate trade with the expanding <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>, as Islamic gold dinars were the most important coinage in the Mediterranean at the time. Offa's coin looked enough like the original that it would be readily accepted in southern Europe, while at the same time his own name was clearly visible.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>References to Britain are also found in early <a href="/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography in medieval Islam">Islamic geographical literature</a>, such as the 9th century work of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a>, which describes the islands of "Bratiniya".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Muslim scholarship</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Islamic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in medieval Islam">Islamic science</a>, was well known through <a href="/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_century" title="Latin translations of the 12th century">Latin translation</a> among the learned in England by 1386, when <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a> was writing. In the Prologue to the <i><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Canterbury Tales">Canterbury Tales</a></i>, there is among the pilgrims wending their way to Canterbury a 'Doctour of Phisyk' whose learning included <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_ar-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya ar-Razi">Rhazes</a> (Al-Razi), <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (Ibn Sina, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> ابن سينا) and <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> (Ibn Rushd, Arabic ابن رشد). In the <a href="/wiki/The_Pardoner%27s_Tale" title="The Pardoner's Tale">Pardoner's Tale</a>, Chaucer mentions part of Avicenna's work concerning poisons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avicenna's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine" title="The Canon of Medicine">The Canon of Medicine</a></i> (1025), in Latin translation, was a standard text for medical students up until the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is known to have studied the works of several early Muslim philosophers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, his work on <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optics</a> in the 13th century was influenced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Optics" title="Book of Optics">Book of Optics</a></i> (1021) by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Ibn al-Haytham</a> (Alhazen).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor John Makdisi's article "The Islamic Origins of the Common Law", published in the <i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Law_Review" title="North Carolina Law Review">North Carolina Law Review</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> was inspired by medieval <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devichand_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devichand-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makdisi drew comparisons between the "royal English <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> protected by the action of <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>" and the "Islamic <i>Aqd</i>", the "English <a href="/wiki/Assize_of_novel_disseisin" title="Assize of novel disseisin">assize of novel disseisin</a>" (a petty assize adopted in the 1166 at the Assizes of Clarendon) and the "Islamic <i>Istihqaq</i>", and the "English <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>" and the "Islamic <i>Lafif</i>" in the classical <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a>, and argued that these institutions were transmitted to England by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "through the close connection between the Norman kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily" title="Roger II of Sicily">Roger II in Sicily</a> — ruling over a conquered Islamic administration — and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II in England</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makdisi also argued that the "<a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">law schools</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Inns of Court</a>" in England (which he asserts are parallel to <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">Madrasahs</a></i>) may have also originated from Islamic law.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He states that the methodology of legal <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> and reasoning by <a href="/wiki/Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></i>) are also similar in both the Islamic and common law systems.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other legal scholars such as Monica Gaudiosi, Gamal Moursi Badr and A. Hudson have argued that the English <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agency_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency (law)">agency</a> institutions, which were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a>, may have been adapted from the Islamic <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala">Hawala</a></i> institutions they came across in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Brand also notes parallels between the <i>Waqf</i> and the trusts used to establish <a href="/wiki/Merton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Merton College">Merton College</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Merton" title="Walter de Merton">Walter de Merton</a>, who had connections with the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>, but Brand also points out that the Knights Templar were primarily concerned with fighting the Muslims rather than learning from them, making it less likely that they would imitate Muslim legal institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Devichand_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devichand-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Civilization_during_the_European_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance">Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance</a></div> <p>The first English convert to Islam mentioned by name is <a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(convert)" title="John Nelson (convert)">John Nelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 16th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt" title="Richard Hakluyt">Richard Hakluyt</a> claimed he was forced to convert, though he mentions in the same story other Englishmen who had converted willingly. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This king had a son which was a ruler in an island called Gerbi, whereunto arrived an English ship called the Green Dragon, of the which was master one M. Blonket, who, having a very unhappy boy on that ship, and understanding that whosoever would turn Turk should be well entertained of the a yeoman of our Queen's guard, whom the king's son had enforced to turn Turk; his name was John Nelson.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg/220px-MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg/330px-MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg/440px-MoorishAmbassador_to_Elizabeth_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Ouahed_ben_Messaoud" title="Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud">Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> in 1600</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ward (pirate)">Captain John Ward</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> was one of a number of English sailors who became pirates based in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> and also converted to Islam (see also <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> became interested in the faith, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stubbe" title="Henry Stubbe">Henry Stubbe</a> wrote so favourably about Islam that it is thought he too had converted to the faith. </p><p>From 1609 to 1616, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> lost 466 ships to <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirate">Barbary pirates</a>, who sold the passengers into <a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">slavery in North Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1625, it was reported that <a href="/wiki/Lundy" title="Lundy">Lundy</a>, an island in the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> which had been a pirate lair for much of the previous half century, had been occupied by three Ottoman pirates who were threatening to burn <a href="/wiki/Ilfracombe" title="Ilfracombe">Ilfracombe</a>; Algerine rovers were using the island as a base in 1635, although the island had itself been attacked and plundered by a Spanish fleet in 1633.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Lundy_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Lundy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1627, Barbary pirates under command of the Dutch renegade <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a> operating from the Moroccan port of <a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9" title="Salé">Salé</a> occupied Lundy, before they were expelled by <a href="/wiki/John_Penington" title="John Penington">Sir John Pennington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Lundy_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Lundy-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time there were reports of captured slaves being sent to <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and of the Islamic flag flying over Lundy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Muslim <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> had a noticeable influence on the works of <a href="/wiki/George_Peele" title="George Peele">George Peele</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Alcazar" title="The Battle of Alcazar">The Battle of Alcazar</a></i> and Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></i>, which featured a Moorish <a href="/wiki/Othello_(character)" title="Othello (character)">Othello</a> as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish <a href="/wiki/Delegation" title="Delegation">delegations</a> from <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan England">Elizabethan England</a> around 1600.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portrait was painted of one of the Moorish ambassadors, <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Ouahed_ben_Messaoud" title="Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud">Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud ben Mohammed Anoun</a>, who had come to promote an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turbans</a> were worn in Renaissance England.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While friendly relations were formed between England and the Islamic civilizations of the Middle East in the early 16th century, Persian and Turkish style fashions were sometimes worn by the higher classes as a form of party or fancy dress. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_in_coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2863" data-file-height="3845" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth I of England was one of the earliest British monarchs to establish relations, alliances and trade with Muslim majority countries.</figcaption></figure> <p>Diplomatic relations were also established with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> with the chartering of the <a href="/wiki/Levant_Company" title="Levant Company">Levant Company</a> and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Porte</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Harborne" title="William Harborne">William Harborne</a>, in 1578.<sup id="cite_ref-Kupperman_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupperman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time, a Treaty of Commerce was signed in 1580.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth</a> and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kupperman_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kupperman-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam and Protestantism">Islam and Protestantism</a> had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunition to the Ottoman Empire, and Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a> was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nabil_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nabil-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she never did receive any assistance from the Ottomans, her relations with the sultans did not waver.<sup id="cite_ref-Nabil_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nabil-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 17th-century England, there was a "second wave" of interest in the study of <a href="/wiki/Science_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Science in medieval Islam">Arabic science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>. Arabic manuscripts were considered the key to a "treasure house" of ancient knowledge, which led to the founding of <a href="/wiki/Laudian_Professor_of_Arabic" title="Laudian Professor of Arabic">Arabic chairs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge Universities</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> was taught. A large collection of Arabic manuscripts were acquired, collected in places such as the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> at Oxford. These Arabic manuscripts were sought after by <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophers</a> for their research in subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomy in medieval Islam">observational astronomy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics in medieval Islam">mathematics</a>, and also encompassed subjects ranging from science, religion, <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicine in medieval Islam">and medicine</a>, to typography and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Agricultural Revolution">garden plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides scientific and philosophical literature, works of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic fictional literature</a> were also translated into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> during the 17th and 18th centuries. The most famous of these was the <i><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></i> (<i>Arabian Nights</i>), which was first translated into English in 1706 and has since then had a profound influence on <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>. Another famous work was <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical novel">philosophical novel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jon_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jon-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Attar_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attar-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></i>, which was translated into Latin as <i>Philosophus Autodidactus</i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pococke" title="Edward Pococke">Edward Pococke</a> the Younger in 1671 and then into English by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ockley" title="Simon Ockley">Simon Ockley</a> in 1708. The English translation of <i>Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</i>, set on a <a href="/wiki/Desert_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert island">desert island</a>, may have inspired <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Defoe" title="Daniel Defoe">Daniel Defoe</a> to write <i><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a></i>, considered the <a href="/wiki/First_novel_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="First novel in English">first novel in English</a>, in 1719.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amber_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wainwright_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wainwright-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later translated literary works include <i><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>), a province of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal India</a> with a Muslim majority and Hindu minority, was <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a> in 1757. The cheap textiles and other manufactured goods from Bengal directly contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in England,<sup id="cite_ref-tong_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ray_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the textiles produced in Bengal being used to support British industries such as <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">textile manufacturing</a>, aided by the invention of devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tong_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tong-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-esposito_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esposito-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ray_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ray-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the establishment of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Crown control in India</a> after <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">1857</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> ruled over a large Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-motadel_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motadel-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robinson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a> in 1707, only small numbers of Muslims were living in England. The first large group of Muslims to arrive, in the 18th century, were <i><a href="/wiki/Lascar" title="Lascar">lascars</a></i> (sailors) recruited from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> (largely from the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region) to work for the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">Honourable East India Company</a>, many of whom settled down and took local wives (due to a lack of Indian women living in England at the time).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 38 lascars are reported arriving in British ports in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1803 and 1813, there were more than 10,000 lascars from the Indian subcontinent visiting British port cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher2004_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1842, 3,000 lascars visited the UK annually, and by 1855, 12,000 lascars were arriving annually in British ports. In 1873, 3,271 lascars arrived in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Ansari_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ansari-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the early 19th century lascars visited Britain at a rate of 1,000 every year,<sup id="cite_ref-Fisher2004_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2004-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which increased to a rate of 10,000 to 12,000 every year throughout the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-behal_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-behal-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the majority being <i>lascars</i>, the earliest Muslim communities were found in port towns. Naval cooks also came, many of them from the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet Division</a> of what is now <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>. One of the most famous early Muslim immigrants to England was <a href="/wiki/Sake_Dean_Mahomet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sake Dean Mahomet">Sake Dean Mahomet</a>, a captain of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_armies" title="Presidency armies">East India Company army</a> who in 1810 founded London's first <a href="/wiki/Indian_restaurant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian restaurant">Indian restaurant</a>, the Hindoostane Coffee House. He is also reputed for introducing <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic massage">therapeutic massage</a> to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1911, the British Empire had a Muslim population of 94 million, larger than the empire's 58 million Christian population.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1920s, the British Empire included roughly half of the world's Muslim population.<sup id="cite_ref-robinson_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 400,000 Muslim soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> fought for Britain during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, where 62,060 were killed in action,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and half a million Muslim soldiers of the British Indian Army fought for Britain against the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> from 1916 to 1922, stated: "we are the greatest <a href="/wiki/Mahomedan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahomedan">Mahomedan</a> power in the world and one-fourth of the population of the British Empire is Mahomedan. There have been no more loyal adherents to the throne and no more effective and loyal supporters of the Empire in its hour of trial." This statement was later reiterated by <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-motadel_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motadel-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim <a href="/wiki/Mass_immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass immigration">mass immigration</a> to Britain began after World War II, as a result of the destruction and labour shortages caused by the war.<sup id="cite_ref-barbera_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbera-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951 there were around 21,000 Muslims in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim migrants from former British colonies, predominantly <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-barbera_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barbera-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were recruited in large numbers by government and businesses to rebuild the country.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large numbers of doctors recruited from India and Pakistan, encouraged by health minister <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a> in the early 1960s, also played a key role in the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/NHS" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS">NHS</a> health service.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">British Asians</a> (both Muslim and non-Muslim) faced increased discrimination following <a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Enoch Powell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood speech</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front</a> in the late 1960s. This included overt racism in the form of <a href="/wiki/Paki_(slur)#United_Kingdom" title="Paki (slur)">Paki bashing</a>, predominantly from <a href="/wiki/White_power_skinhead" title="White power skinhead">white power skinheads</a>, the National Front, and the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a>, throughout the 1970s and 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drawing inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">black power</a> movement, and the <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_South_African_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal resistance to South African apartheid">anti-apartheid</a> movement, young <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">British Pakistani</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a> activists began a number of <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">anti-racist</a> Asian youth movements in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Bradford Youth Movement in 1977, the Bangladeshi Youth Movement following the murder of <a href="/wiki/Altab_Ali" title="Altab Ali">Altab Ali</a> in 1978, and the <a href="/wiki/Newham_Monitoring_Project" title="Newham Monitoring Project">Newham Youth Movement</a> following the murder of Akhtar Ali Baig in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The settlements with large number of Muslims are <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a>. There are also high numbers in <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">mill towns</a> of Northern England. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islam_in_England_census_2011.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Islam_in_England_census_2011.svg/200px-Islam_in_England_census_2011.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Islam_in_England_census_2011.svg/300px-Islam_in_England_census_2011.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Islam_in_England_census_2011.svg/400px-Islam_in_England_census_2011.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>Muslim population in English local authority areas. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fafafa; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 0.0%-0.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b6faaf; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 1%-1.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8fe087; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 2%-4.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5ac64f; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 5%-9.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0e9400; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 10%-19.9%</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0a6800; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> 20% and more</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The local authorities with a Muslim population greater than 10 percent as of 2021 were: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%;"> <caption>Top 25 Local Authorities (2021 Census) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Local authority</th> <th>Population</th> <th>Per cent </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">London Borough of Tower Hamlets</a></td> <td>123,912</td> <td>39.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_with_Darwen" title="Blackburn with Darwen">Blackburn with Darwen</a></td> <td>54,146</td> <td>34.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">London Borough of Newham</a></td> <td>122,146</td> <td>34.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a></td> <td>74,191</td> <td>32.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge" title="London Borough of Redbridge">London Borough of Redbridge</a></td> <td>97,068</td> <td>31.29% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">City of Bradford</a></td> <td>166,846</td> <td>30.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></td> <td>341,811</td> <td>29.85% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Slough" title="Borough of Slough">Slough</a></td> <td>46,661</td> <td>29.44% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Pendle" title="Borough of Pendle">Pendle</a></td> <td>24,900</td> <td>26.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Metropolitan Borough of Oldham</a></td> <td>59,031</td> <td>24.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></td> <td>86,443</td> <td>23.45% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></td> <td>122,962</td> <td>22.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Barking_and_Dagenham" title="London Borough of Barking and Dagenham">London Borough of Barking and Dagenham</a></td> <td>53,389</td> <td>24.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Waltham_Forest" title="London Borough of Waltham Forest">London Borough of Waltham Forest</a></td> <td>60,157</td> <td>21.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Brent" title="London Borough of Brent">London Borough of Brent</a></td> <td>72,574</td> <td>21.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a></td> <td>58,997</td> <td>19.93% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rochdale" title="Rochdale">Rochdale</a></td> <td>42,121</td> <td>18.82% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a></td> <td>40,873</td> <td>20.00% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Ealing" title="London Borough of Ealing">London Borough of Ealing</a></td> <td>68,907</td> <td>18.80% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a></td> <td>80,046</td> <td>18.48% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield" title="London Borough of Enfield">London Borough of Enfield</a></td> <td>61,477</td> <td>18.60% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></td> <td>23,825</td> <td>16.12% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hounslow" title="London Borough of Hounslow">London Borough of Hounslow</a></td> <td>48,028</td> <td>16.70% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden" title="London Borough of Camden">London Borough of Camden</a></td> <td>33,380</td> <td>16.10% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyndburn" title="Hyndburn">Hyndburn</a></td> <td>12,049</td> <td>14.65% </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Most large cities have one area that is majority Muslim even if the rest of the city has a fairly small Muslim population; see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Harehills" title="Harehills">Harehills</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>. In addition, it is possible to find small areas that are almost entirely Muslim: for example, <a href="/wiki/Savile_Town" title="Savile Town">Savile Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2009, the ONS published information showing that <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> (or variations of it) was the third most popular boys' name in England and Wales, and the most popular name in London.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 38% of England's Muslims live in London, where 1,012,823 identified as Muslim in 2011, representing 12.4% of London's population of 8,173,941.<sup id="cite_ref-ks2011_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ks2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denominations">Denominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunni">Sunni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sunni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Largest in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> which majority being <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shia">Shia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shia mosques are usually <a href="/wiki/Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelvers">Twelvers</a> but cater to <a href="/wiki/Zaydi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaydi">Zaydis</a> and Ismailis also and they usually include facilities for women. There are 200,000 Shias in Britain from Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various Shia mosques include the Husseini Islamic Centre in Stanmore, Harrow which acts as one of the main Shia Muslim mosques in Britain. Others include Al Masjid ul Husseini in Northolt, Ealing, Imam Khoei Islamic Centre in Queens Park, Brent & <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Centre_of_England" title="Islamic Centre of England">Islamic Centre of England</a>, Maida Vale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_distribution">Geographical distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>English Muslims by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census" title="2001 United Kingdom census">2001</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a> </td> <td>1,318,754 </td> <td>15.0% </td> <td>1,012,823 </td> <td>12.4% </td> <td>607,083 </td> <td>8.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a> </td> <td>569,963 </td> <td>9.6% </td> <td>376,152 </td> <td>6.7% </td> <td>216,184 </td> <td>4.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a> </td> <td>563,105 </td> <td>7.6% </td> <td>356,458 </td> <td>5.1% </td> <td>204,261 </td> <td>3.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> </td> <td>442,533 </td> <td>8.1% </td> <td>326,050 </td> <td>6.2% </td> <td>189,089 </td> <td>3.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a> </td> <td>309,067 </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>201,651 </td> <td>2.3% </td> <td>108,725 </td> <td>1.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East</a> </td> <td>234,744 </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>148,341 </td> <td>2.5% </td> <td>78,931 </td> <td>1.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a> </td> <td>210,766 </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>140,649 </td> <td>3.1% </td> <td>70,224 </td> <td>1.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a> </td> <td>80,152 </td> <td>1.4% </td> <td>51,228 </td> <td>1.0% </td> <td>23,465 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England">North East</a> </td> <td>72,102 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>46,764 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>26,925 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></b> </th> <th><b>3,801,186</b> </th> <th><b>6.7%</b> </th> <th><b>2,660,116</b> </th> <th><b>5.0%</b> </th> <th><b>1,524,887</b> </th> <th><b>3.1%</b> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_group">Ethnic group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethnic group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadiq_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sadiq_Khan.jpg/125px-Sadiq_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sadiq_Khan.jpg/188px-Sadiq_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sadiq_Khan.jpg/250px-Sadiq_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Khan" title="Sadiq Khan">Sadiq Khan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">British Pakistani</a> and the first Muslim elected as <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011 census</a>, 2.7 million <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> live in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, where they form 5.0% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-ks2011_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ks2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <caption>English Muslims by Ethnic group </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census" title="2001 United Kingdom census">2001</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Asian</th> <th>1,125,420</th> <th>73.80</th> <th>1,805,375</th> <th>67.87</th> <th>2,515,133</th> <th>66.17 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a></td> <td>650,516</td> <td>42.66</td> <td>1,017,463</td> <td>38.25</td> <td>1,454,944</td> <td>38.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a></td> <td>254,704</td> <td>16.70</td> <td>392,636</td> <td>14.76</td> <td>579,117</td> <td>15.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">Indian</a></td> <td>131,098</td> <td>8.60</td> <td>195,952</td> <td>7.37</td> <td>245,681</td> <td>6.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td>735</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>7,802</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>1,800</td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Other Asian</td> <td>88,367</td> <td>5.79</td> <td>191,522</td> <td>7.20</td> <td>233,591</td> <td>6.15 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Black</th> <th>104,714</th> <th>6.87</th> <th>267,294</th> <th>10.05</th> <th>408,320</th> <th>10.74 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– African</td> <td>94,665</td> <td>6.21</td> <td>203,774</td> <td>7.66</td> <td>370,967</td> <td>9.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_people" title="British African-Caribbean people">Caribbean</a></td> <td>4,445</td> <td>0.29</td> <td>7,294</td> <td>0.27</td> <td>7,105</td> <td>0.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Other Black</td> <td>5,604</td> <td>0.37</td> <td>56,226</td> <td>2.11</td> <td>30,248</td> <td>0.80 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">White</th> <th>177,231</th> <th>11.62</th> <th>206,982</th> <th>7.78</th> <th>220,880</th> <th>5.81 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a></td> <td>61,513</td> <td>4.03</td> <td>75,008</td> <td>2.82</td> <td>87,889</td> <td>2.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/White_Irish" title="White Irish">Irish</a></td> <td>870</td> <td>0.05</td> <td>1,872</td> <td>0.07</td> <td>1,339</td> <td>0.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">Roma</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2,012</td> <td>0.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Gypsy and Irish Traveller</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>361</td> <td>0.01</td> <td>444</td> <td>0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a></td> <td>114,848</td> <td>7.53</td> <td>129,661</td> <td>4.87</td> <td>129,196</td> <td>3.40 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Mixed</th> <th>62,496</th> <th>4.10</th> <th>100,383</th> <th>3.77</th> <th>138,297</th> <th>3.64 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– White and Asian</td> <td>29,663</td> <td>1.95</td> <td>48,636</td> <td>1.83</td> <td>54,938</td> <td>1.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– White and Black African</td> <td>10,209</td> <td>0.67</td> <td>15,279</td> <td>0.57</td> <td>22,365</td> <td>0.59 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– White and Black Caribbean</td> <td>1,340</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>5,279</td> <td>0.20</td> <td>5,348</td> <td>0.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Other Mixed</td> <td>21,284</td> <td>1.40</td> <td>31,189</td> <td>1.17</td> <td>55,646</td> <td>1.46 </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">Other</th> <th></th> <th></th> <th>280,082</th> <th>10.53</th> <th>518,556</th> <th>13.64 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– <a href="/wiki/British_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="British Arab">Arab</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>170,300</td> <td>6.40</td> <td>267,727</td> <td>7.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">– Other Ethnic group</td> <td>55,026</td> <td>3.61</td> <td>109,782</td> <td>4.13</td> <td>250,829</td> <td>6.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left">TOTAL</th> <th>1,524,887</th> <th>100.0</th> <th>2,660,116</th> <th>100.0</th> <th>3,801,186</th> <th>100.0 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pakistanis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">British Pakistanis</a></div> <p>The single largest group of Muslims in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> are of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> descent. Pakistanis from <a href="/wiki/Mirpur_District" title="Mirpur District">Mirpur District</a> were one of the first <a href="/wiki/South_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian">South Asian</a> Muslim communities to permanently settle in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> in the late 1930s. Immigration from Mirpur grew from the late 1950s, accompanied by immigration from other parts of Pakistan especially from <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> which included cities like <a href="/wiki/Sialkot" title="Sialkot">Sialkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum" title="Jhelum">Jhelum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujar_Khan" title="Gujar Khan">Gujar Khan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujrat_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujrat city">Gujrat</a> and also from the north-west Punjab including the <a href="/wiki/Chhachh" title="Chhachh">Chhachhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pathans</a> from <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock District</a>, and some from villages of <a href="/wiki/Ghazi,_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Ghazi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Ghazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nowshera,_Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa">Nowshera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>. There is also a fairly large Pakistani community from Kenya and Uganda found in London. People of Pakistani extraction are particularly notable in <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>), <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waltham_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltham Forest">Waltham Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newham">Newham</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, and several industrial towns like <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Wycombe" title="High Wycombe">High Wycombe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bangladeshis">Bangladeshis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bangladeshis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">British Bangladeshi</a></div> <p>People of Bangladeshi descent are one of the largest Muslim communities (after Pakistanis), 16.8% of Muslims in England and Wales are of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a> descent, the ethnic group in the UK with the largest proportion of people following a single religion, being 92% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eth_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majority of these Muslim come from the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Tower_Hamlets" title="London Borough of Tower Hamlets">Tower Hamlets</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Newham" title="London Borough of Newham">Newham</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Redbridge" title="London Borough of Redbridge">Redbridge</a>), <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>. The Bangladeshi Muslim community in London form 24% of the Muslim population, larger than any other ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initial limited mosque availability meant that prayers were conducted in small rooms of <a href="/wiki/Council_house" title="Council house">council flats</a> until the 1980s when more and larger facilities became available. Some synagogues and community buildings were turned into mosques and existing mosques began to expand their buildings. This process has continued down to the present day with the <a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a> recently expanding into a large former <a href="/wiki/Car_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Car park">car park</a> where the London Muslim Centre is now used for prayers, recreational facilities and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-BDUK_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDUK-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bdirect_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdirect-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most people regard themselves as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a>, and their identity based on their religion rather than their <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cardiff_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardiff-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Cultural</a> aspects of a 'Bengali Islam' are seen as superstition and as un-Islamic.<sup id="cite_ref-cardiff_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cardiff-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The identity is far stronger in comparison to the native land. </p><p>Other groups also attract a few people, the <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> – who view the teachings of the first generations as the correct one,<sup id="cite_ref-salaf_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salaf-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appeals to younger Muslims as a way to differentiate themselves towards their elders.<sup id="cite_ref-BDUK_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BDUK-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Next_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Next-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other large groups include another Sunni movement, the Fultoli movement (initiated by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Chowdhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Latif Chowdhury">Abdul Latif Chowdhury</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Tablighi_Jamaat" title="Tablighi Jamaat">Tablighi Jamaat</a> – which is a <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> and revival movement,<sup id="cite_ref-jamaat_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jamaat-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and avoids political attention. All these groups work to stimulate Islamic identity among local Bengalis or Muslims and particularly focus on the younger members of the communities.<sup id="cite_ref-bdirect_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdirect-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elm_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elm-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-open_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indians">Indians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian">British Indian</a></div> <p>8% of Muslims in England and Wales are of Indian descent, especially those who are from <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. The Gujarati Muslims from <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a> districts in India started to arrive from the 1930s, settling in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batley" title="Batley">Batley</a> in Yorkshire and parts of Lancashire. There are large numbers of Gujarati Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackburn" title="Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/Darwen" title="Darwen">Darwen</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuneaton" title="Nuneaton">Nuneaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newham">Newham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waltham_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Waltham Forest">Waltham Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Hackney" title="London Borough of Hackney">Hackney</a>). Immigration of Muslims into UK, was primarily started off by Indians during the colonial rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalis">Somalis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Somalis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Somalis in the United Kingdom">Somalis in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, with 43,532 <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>-born residents in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-Census2001_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2001-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an estimated 101,000 in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-2008_estimates_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2008_estimates-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is home to the largest <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. A 2009 estimate by Somali community organisations puts the Somali population figure at 90,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most Somalis in the UK are recent arrivals, the first Somali immigrants were seamen and traders who arrived and settled in port cities in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissanayake_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissanayake-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established Somali communities are found in <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Liverpool#Somalis" title="Demographics of Liverpool">Liverpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, and newer ones have formed in <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casciani_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casciani-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Born_abroad_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Born_abroad-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been estimated that between 7,000 and 9,000 Somalis live in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FAEA_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAEA-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turks">Turks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Turks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Kingdom">Turks in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Turks first began to emigrate in large numbers from the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> for work and then again when <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a> were forced to leave their homes during the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus conflict">Cyprus conflict</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Turks then began to come from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> for economic reasons. Recently, smaller groups of Turks have begun to immigrate to the United Kingdom from other <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Lytra_&_Baraç_2009_loc=60_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lytra_&_Baraç_2009_loc=60-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, there is a total of about 500,000 people of Turkish origin in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardian_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardian-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made up of approximately 150,000 Turkish nationals and about 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=Ev_34_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=Ev_34-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a growing number of ethnic Turks with Bulgarian, German, Greek, Macedonian, and Romanian citizenship who have also migrated to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=Ev_34_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_Affairs_Committee_2011_loc=Ev_34-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority live in London. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_(European)"><span id="White_.28European.29"></span>White (European)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: White (European)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marmaduke_Pickthall_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Marmaduke_Pickthall_Portrait.jpg/150px-Marmaduke_Pickthall_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Marmaduke_Pickthall_Portrait.jpg/225px-Marmaduke_Pickthall_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Marmaduke_Pickthall_Portrait.jpg/300px-Marmaduke_Pickthall_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Pickthall" title="Marmaduke Pickthall">Muhammad Marmaduke Pickthall</a>, author of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_the_Glorious_Koran" title="The Meaning of the Glorious Koran">The Meaning of the Glorious Koran</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 2001 census stated that there were 179,409 Muslims who described themselves as 'white' in the 2001 census.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About one third of white Muslims are of White Slavic and Balkan Muslim origin, and would likely have originated from locations such as <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adyghe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another one third have origins in Turkey, the Middle East and North Africa. The remainder of white Muslims identified themselves as White British and White Irish, including converts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigerian">Nigerian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Nigerian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also a number of Muslim immigrants in England that arrived from <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>. Nigerian Muslims in the UK are represented by several community organizations, including the Nigeria Muslim forum, which is affiliated with the Council of Nigerian Muslim Organisations in UK and Ireland (CNMO) and the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB).<sup id="cite_ref-Nimufouk_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nimufouk-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghrebis">Maghrebis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Maghrebis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></div> <p>Although data is short, findings indicate Maghrebis make up a substantial community in Europe and England. Britain has long ties with Maghrebis, through contact with the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>. Nevertheless, Britain has a far lower count of Maghrebis in comparison to France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain, where the majority of Muslims are Maghrebi.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts">Conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Terrorism in the United Kingdom">Terrorism in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Social disturbance began in the Muslim community in England in 1988 with the publication of the satirical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a></i> in London. <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> condemned the book with a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Satanic Verses controversy"><i>The Satanic Verses</i> controversy</a> led to Muslim men first in Bolton<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then in Bradford<sup id="cite_ref-winder_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winder-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organised book-burnings. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a> were a series of coordinated blasts that hit the public transport system during the morning rush hour, killing 52 people and also the four bombers. The latter were British Muslims, three of Pakistani and one of Jamaican heritage. They were apparently motivated by Britain's involvement in the Iraq War and other conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/Afifi_al-Akiti" title="Afifi al-Akiti">Dr. Afifi al-Akiti</a>, the KFAS Fellow in Islamic Studies at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Islamic_Studies" title="Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies">Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies</a>, and the Islamic Centre Lecturer in Islamic Studies in the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Theology_and_Religion,_University_of_Oxford" title="Faculty of Theology and Religion, University of Oxford">Faculty of Theology</a> – <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">University of Oxford</a>, wrote an internationally acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Fatwa_on_Terrorism" title="Fatwa on Terrorism">Fatwa against terrorism</a> titled "Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2013, <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Lee_Rigby" title="Murder of Lee Rigby">British soldier Lee Rigby was publicly killed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>, London. Two converts to Islam of Nigerian heritage were found guilty of the murder, one of them having claimed to be a soldier of Allah as his unsuccessful legal defence.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, there were four terrorist attacks: the <a href="/wiki/2017_Westminster_attack" title="2017 Westminster attack">Westminster attack</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Arena_bombing" title="Manchester Arena bombing">Manchester Arena bombing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/2017_London_Bridge_attack" title="2017 London Bridge attack">2017 London Bridge attack</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parsons_Green_train_bombing" title="Parsons Green train bombing">Parsons Green train bombing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_in_society">Position in society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Position in society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Markazi_Masjid_-_junction_of_Pentland_Street_%26_South_Street_(geograph_3932877).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Markazi_Masjid_-_junction_of_Pentland_Street_%26_South_Street_%28geograph_3932877%29.jpg/220px-Markazi_Masjid_-_junction_of_Pentland_Street_%26_South_Street_%28geograph_3932877%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Markazi_Masjid_-_junction_of_Pentland_Street_%26_South_Street_%28geograph_3932877%29.jpg/330px-Markazi_Masjid_-_junction_of_Pentland_Street_%26_South_Street_%28geograph_3932877%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Markazi_Masjid_-_junction_of_Pentland_Street_%26_South_Street_%28geograph_3932877%29.jpg/440px-Markazi_Masjid_-_junction_of_Pentland_Street_%26_South_Street_%28geograph_3932877%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Markazi Masjid in <a href="/wiki/Savile_Town" title="Savile Town">Savile Town</a>.The <a href="/wiki/Savile_Town" title="Savile Town">Savile Town</a> is a Muslim majority town in England with 93% being Asian Muslims<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty">Poverty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to analysis based on the 2001 census, Muslims in England face poor standards of housing, poorer levels of education and are more vulnerable to long-term illness,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Muslims in the UK had the highest rate of unemployment, the poorest health, the most disability and fewest educational qualifications among religious groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Carvel_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carvel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figures were, to some extent, explained by the fact that Muslims were the least well-established group, having the youngest age profile.<sup id="cite_ref-Carvel_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carvel-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, Muslim Council of Britain estimates that there are more than 10,000 British Muslim millionaires.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a growing substantial British Muslim business community, led by multi-billionaires such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Pervez" title="Anwar Pervez">Anwar Pervez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a study of more than 13,000 young people, approximately 53% of British Muslims choose to attend university.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is higher than the figure for Christians (45%) and Atheists (32%), but lower than the figure of Hindus and Sikhs, who score 77% and 63% respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim schools regularly outperform those of other faiths. In 2015, Over half of Muslim schools have average of students achieving higher GCSEs (71%) than the national figure (64%).(needs better citation)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discrimination">Discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamophobia in the United Kingdom">Islamophobia in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>There have been cases of threats,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one alleged fatal attack,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and non-fatal attacks on Muslims and on Muslim targets, including attacks on Muslim graves<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mosques.<sup id="cite_ref-arabicnews_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arabicnews-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2010, a report from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">University of Exeter</a>'s European Muslim Research Centre noted that the number of anti-Muslim <a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">hate crimes</a> has increased, ranging from "death threats and murder to persistent low-level assaults, such as spitting and name-calling," for which the media and politicians have been blamed with fueling anti-Muslim hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Media_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of the United Kingdom">British media</a> has been criticised for propagating negative <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a> of Muslims and fueling <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a> prejudice.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, several <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">British cabinet</a> ministers were criticised for helping to "unleash a public anti-Muslim backlash" by blaming the Muslim community over issues of integration despite a study commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> on white and Asian-Muslim youths demonstrating otherwise: that Asian-Muslim youths "are in fact the most tolerant of all" and that white youths "have far more intolerant attitudes," concluding that the attitudes held by members of the white community was a greater "barrier to integration."<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another survey by <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a> in 2009 also found that the Muslim community claimed to feel more patriotic about Britain than the general British population as a whole,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another survey found that Muslims assert that they support the role of Christianity in British life more so than British Christians themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2010, the <a href="/wiki/British_Social_Attitudes_Survey" title="British Social Attitudes Survey">British Social Attitudes Survey</a> found that the general public "is far more likely to hold negative views of Muslims than of any other religious group," with "just one in four" feeling "positively about Islam," and a "majority of the country would be concerned if a mosque was built in their area, while only 15 per cent expressed similar qualms about the opening of a church."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">scapegoating</a>" of British Muslims by the media and politicians in the 21st century has been compared in the media to the rise of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Islam_in_London">Views on Islam in London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Views on Islam in London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A poll by the <a href="/wiki/London_Evening_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="London Evening Standard">London Evening Standard</a> in December 2007, which surveyed a range of the capital's communities, including Muslims, found that 49% of those surveyed considered Islam as generally intolerant, while 44% saw it as generally tolerant. A total of 51% felt that Muslims were isolated from other communities to a degree, with 12% believing that the majority of them were. A large majority (81% to 7%) believed that the most holy day in Islam, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid</a>, should not be officially celebrated by the British government, and 88% opposed Muslim teachers covering their faces at work (see <a href="/wiki/British_debate_over_veils" title="British debate over veils">British debate over veils</a>). A majority (55%) wanted immigration of Muslims to be cut, with 33% wanting it cut greatly. Islam was seen as the cause of the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July attacks</a> on the city in 2005 by 52% of the population, with 35% seeing it as a major factor. Views from the survey which were not in line with the largely negative views included that 71% would vote for a Muslim Mayor of London if they were the best candidate (with 16% against such a vote).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_mosques">Notable mosques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notable mosques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_the_United_Kingdom#England" title="List of mosques in the United Kingdom">List of mosques in the United Kingdom § England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_London">In London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Central_Mosque_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/London_Central_Mosque_2.jpg/200px-London_Central_Mosque_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/London_Central_Mosque_2.jpg/300px-London_Central_Mosque_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/London_Central_Mosque_2.jpg/400px-London_Central_Mosque_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2442" data-file-height="3665" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">London Central Mosque</a>, built in 1977.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_London_Mosque" title="East London Mosque">East London Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finsbury_Park_Mosque" title="Finsbury Park Mosque">Finsbury Park Mosque</a>, de-radicalised</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Mills_Mosque" title="Abbey Mills Mosque">Abbey Mills Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Central_Mosque" title="London Central Mosque">London Central Mosque</a>, aka the Islamic Cultural Centre in Regent's Park</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_View_of_Jamea_Masjid.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Front_View_of_Jamea_Masjid.gif/200px-Front_View_of_Jamea_Masjid.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Front_View_of_Jamea_Masjid.gif/300px-Front_View_of_Jamea_Masjid.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Front_View_of_Jamea_Masjid.gif/400px-Front_View_of_Jamea_Masjid.gif 2x" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamea_Masjid,_Preston" title="Jamea Masjid, Preston">Jamea Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a>, known for its architectural design.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamea_Masjid,_Preston" title="Jamea Masjid, Preston">Jamea Masjid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Preston,_Lancashire" title="Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Woking" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Woking">Shah Jahan Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woking" title="Woking">Woking</a> was the first purpose-built mosque in Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markazi_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi Mosque">Markazi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Mosque" title="Manchester Central Mosque">Manchester Central Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rahma_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Rahma Mosque">Al-Rahma Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Mosque" title="Birmingham Central Mosque">Birmingham Central Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Grand_Mosque" title="Leeds Grand Mosque">Leeds Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_Mosque_(Sheffield)" class="mw-redirect" title="Medina Mosque (Sheffield)">Medina Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Muslims" title="List of British Muslims">List of British Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Britain" title="Islamic Party of Britain">Islamic Party of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Islam in Northern Ireland">Islam in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion in England</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muslim_Weekly" title="The Muslim Weekly">The Muslim Weekly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_London" title="Islam in London">Islam in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/datasets/populationestimatesbyreligionenglandandwales">"Religion (2019)"</a>. ons.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+%282019%29&rft.pub=ons.gov.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Fethnicity%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesbyreligionenglandandwales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/overview.stm?1a_total01_des">"Born Abroad - Countries of birth"</a>. <i>bbc.co.uk</i>. BBC. 2005-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Born+Abroad+-+Countries+of+birth&rft.date=2005-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fshared%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F05%2Fborn_abroad%2Fcountries%2Fhtml%2Foverview.stm%3F1a_total01_des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ks2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ks2011_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ks2011_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ks2011_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262">"2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales"</a>. ons.gov.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+KS209EW+Religion%2C+local+authorities+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=ons.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Fpublications%2Fre-reference-tables.html%3Fedition%3Dtcm%253A77-286262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/immigration/10562574/Almost-a-tenth-of-babies-and-toddlers-in-England-and-Wales-are-Muslim-census-figures-show.html">The Daily Telegraph: "Almost a tenth of babies and toddlers in England and Wales are Muslim, census figures show" By Keith Perry</a> January 10, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021">"Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/equitytrustsrded00huds"><i>Equity and Trusts</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: Cavendish Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/equitytrustsrded00huds/page/n100">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85941-729-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85941-729-9"><bdi>1-85941-729-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equity+and+Trusts&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cavendish+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85941-729-9&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fequitytrustsrded00huds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022091816/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml">"History of Islam in the UK"</a>. BBC. Archived from the original on 2013-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Islam+in+the+UK&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fhistory%2Fuk_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=51&cid=3">Voyager's Tales, 3, The voyage made to Tripolis in Barbary,1584</a>, Richard Haklyut</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees Davies, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">British Slaves on the Barbary Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, 1 July 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Lundy-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Lundy_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Lundy_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lundyisland.co.uk/history.htm">"Lundy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lundy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lundyisland.co.uk%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam2008" class="citation book cs1">Konstam, Angus (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA91"><i>Piracy: the complete history</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-240-0"><bdi>978-1-84603-240-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piracy%3A+the+complete+history&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-240-0&rft.aulast=Konstam&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSiyy1ZA-BsC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Bruxelles2007" class="citation web cs1">de Bruxelles, Simon (2007-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302095231/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1449736.ece">"Pirates who got away with it"</a>. <i>Study of sails on pirate ships</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1449736.ece">the original</a> on March 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+of+sails+on+pirate+ships&rft.atitle=Pirates+who+got+away+with+it&rft.date=2007-02-28&rft.aulast=de+Bruxelles&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Farticle1449736.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_Norman1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&q=barbary+lundy&pg=PA561"><i>Europe a History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+a+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.au=Davies%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrVW9W9eiYMC%26q%3Dbarbary%2Blundy%26pg%3DPA561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professor Nabil Matar (April 2004), <i>Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Stage Moor</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Wanamaker" title="Sam Wanamaker">Sam Wanamaker</a> Fellowship Lecture, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> Theatre]] (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a> (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/equalities/muslims-in-london.pdf">Muslims in London</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626154647/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/publications/equalities/muslims-in-london.pdf">Archived</a> June 26, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 14-15, Greater London Authority)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanks1997" class="citation book cs1">Blanks, David R., ed. (1997). <i>Images of the other: Europe and the Muslim world before 1700; [2nd Annual Conference on Cross-Cultural Encounters in the Mediterranean held at the American University in Cairo, 5 - 7 May, 1996]</i>. Buḥūṯ al-Qāhira fī 'l-ʿulūm al-iǧtimāʿīya. Cairo: American Univ. in Cairo Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-977-424-388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-977-424-388-2"><bdi>978-977-424-388-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+other%3A+Europe+and+the+Muslim+world+before+1700%3B+%5B2nd+Annual+Conference+on+Cross-Cultural+Encounters+in+the+Mediterranean+held+at+the+American+University+in+Cairo%2C+5+-+7+May%2C+1996%5D&rft.place=Cairo&rft.series=Bu%E1%B8%A5%C5%AB%E1%B9%AF+al-Q%C4%81hira+f%C4%AB+%27l-%CA%BFul%C5%ABm+al-i%C7%A7tim%C4%81%CA%BF%C4%ABya&rft.pub=American+Univ.+in+Cairo+Pr&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-977-424-388-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kupperman-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kupperman_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kupperman_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kupperman, p.39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MziRd4ddZz4C&pg=PA353"><i>The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns, p.353</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+world+history+by+Peter+N.+Stearns%2C+p.353&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMziRd4ddZz4C%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kupperman, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kupperman, p.41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nabil-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nabil_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nabil_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabil I. Matar, "Renaissance England and the Turban."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._A._Russell1994" class="citation book cs1">G. A. Russell (1994). <i>The </i>Arabick<i> interest of the natural philosophers in seventeenth-century England</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09888-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09888-7"><bdi>90-04-09888-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabick+interest+of+the+natural+philosophers+in+seventeenth-century+England&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=90-04-09888-7&rft.au=G.+A.+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jon-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jon_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Mcginnis, <i>Classical Arabic Philosophy: An Anthology of Sources</i>, p. 284, <a href="/wiki/Hackett_Publishing_Company" title="Hackett Publishing Company">Hackett Publishing Company</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220-871-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220-871-0">0-87220-871-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attar-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Attar_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Samar_Attar" class="mw-redirect" title="Samar Attar">Samar Attar</a>, <i>The Vital Roots of European Enlightenment: Ibn Tufayl's Influence on Modern Western Thought</i>, Lexington Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-1989-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-1989-3">0-7391-1989-3</a>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://bookshop.blackwell.co.uk/jsp/id/The_Vital_Roots_of_European_Enlightenment/9780739119891">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), <i>Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature</i>, Al-Rashid House for Publication.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Glasse (2001), <i>New <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a></i>, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7591-0190-6">0-7591-0190-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amber-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amber_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", <i>Journal of Religion and Health</i> <b>43</b> (4): 357-377 [369].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wainwright-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wainwright_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Wainwright, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,918454,00.html">Desert island scripts</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 22 March 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tong-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tong_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tong_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunie_T._Tong2016" class="citation book cs1">Junie T. Tong (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UQGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151"><i>Finance and Society in 21st Century China: Chinese Culture Versus Western Markets</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-13522-7"><bdi>978-1-317-13522-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finance+and+Society+in+21st+Century+China%3A+Chinese+Culture+Versus+Western+Markets&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-13522-7&rft.au=Junie+T.+Tong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UQGDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-esposito-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-esposito_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KZcohRpc4OsC&pg=PT190"><i>The Islamic World: Past and Present</i></a>. Vol. 1: Abba - Hist. Oxford University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516520-3"><bdi>978-0-19-516520-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+World%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516520-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKZcohRpc4OsC%26pg%3DPT190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ray-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ray_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ray_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrajit_Ray2011" class="citation book cs1">Indrajit Ray (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHOrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Bengal Industries and the British Industrial Revolution (1757-1857)</i></a>. 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Delhi: Permanent Black. pp. 140, <span class="nowrap">154–</span>6, <span class="nowrap">160–</span>8, 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-154-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-154-8"><bdi>978-81-7824-154-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterflows+to+Colonialism%3A+Indian+Travellers+and+Settlers+in+Britain%2C+1600-1857&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=140%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E8%2C+172&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-154-8&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiPHqigUD6FUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ansari-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ansari_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsari2004" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Humayun (2004). <i>The Infidel Within: The History of Muslims in Britain, 1800 to the Present</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/18/23/34792376.xls">the original</a> on 2009-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country-of-birth+database&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F18%2F23%2F34792376.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2008_estimates-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2008_estimates_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605092034/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Jan08-Dec08.zip">"Table 1.3: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth, 60 most common countries of birth, January 2008 to December 2008"</a>. Office for National Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Jan08-Dec08.zip">the original</a> on 2011-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Table+1.3%3A+Estimated+population+resident+in+the+United+Kingdom%2C+by+foreign+country+of+birth%2C+60+most+common+countries+of+birth%2C+January+2008+to+December+2008&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdownloads%2Ftheme_population%2FPopulation-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-Jan08-Dec08.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span> Figure given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent <a href="/wiki/Confidence_interval" title="Confidence interval">confidence intervals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissanayake-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissanayake_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissanayake_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDissanayake2008" class="citation news cs1">Dissanayake, Samanthi (2008-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7747162.stm">"British Somalis play politics from afar"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Arabic News. 3 October 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/061003/2006100304.html">the original</a> on 2011-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslim+teenager+stabbed+during+attack+on+UK+mosque&rft.pub=Arabic+News&rft.date=2006-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabicnews.com%2Fansub%2FDaily%2FDay%2F061003%2F2006100304.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikram_Dood2010" class="citation web cs1">Vikram Dood (28 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jan/28/hate-crimes-muslims-media-politicians">"Media and politicians 'fuel rise in hate crimes against Muslims'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WanqiF2XULsC"><i>(Mis)representing Islam: the racism and rhetoric of British broadsheet newspapers</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-2699-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-2699-7"><bdi>90-272-2699-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%28Mis%29representing+Islam%3A+the+racism+and+rhetoric+of+British+broadsheet+newspapers&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-272-2699-7&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWanqiF2XULsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVikram_Dood2006" class="citation web cs1">Vikram Dood (21 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/21/schools.religion">"White pupils less tolerant, survey shows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=White+pupils+less+tolerant%2C+survey+shows&rft.date=2006-10-21&rft.au=Vikram+Dood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2006%2Foct%2F21%2Fschools.religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/lancashire/6033155.stm">"Muslim students 'more tolerant'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Muslim+students+%27more+tolerant%27&rft.date=2006-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Flancashire%2F6033155.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Dunt2009" class="citation web cs1">Ian Dunt (7 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207201815/http://www.politics.co.uk/news/equality/muslims-more-patriotic-than-brits-$1293822.htm">"Muslims more patriotic than Brits"</a>. Politics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politics.co.uk/news/equality/muslims-more-patriotic-than-brits-$1293822.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muslims+more+patriotic+than+Brits&rft.pub=Politics&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft.au=Ian+Dunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politics.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fequality%2Fmuslims-more-patriotic-than-brits-%241293822.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529225941/http://www.haaretz.com/news/poll-european-muslims-more-patriotic-than-average-populace-1.275583">"Poll: European Muslims more patriotic than average populace"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur" title="Deutsche Presse-Agentur">Deutsche Presse-Agentur</a>. 7 May 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1083892.html">the original</a> on 2016-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Poll%3A+European+Muslims+more+patriotic+than+average+populace&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1083892.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Allen2009" class="citation web cs1">Nick Allen (24 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224071654/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/4799345/79-per-cent-of-Muslims-say-Christianity-should-have-strong-role-in-Britain.html">"79 per cent of Muslims say Christianity should have strong role in Britain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/4799345/79-per-cent-of-Muslims-say-Christianity-should-have-strong-role-in-Britain.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=79+per+cent+of+Muslims+say+Christianity+should+have+strong+role+in+Britain&rft.date=2009-02-24&rft.au=Nick+Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Freligion%2F4799345%2F79-per-cent-of-Muslims-say-Christianity-should-have-strong-role-in-Britain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114211350/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6965276/Britain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html">"Britain divided by Islam, survey finds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. 11 January 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/religion/6965276/Britain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Britain+divided+by+Islam%2C+survey+finds&rft.date=2010-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Freligion%2F6965276%2FBritain-divided-by-Islam-survey-finds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510093750/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6832035.ece">"Login"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article6832035.ece">the original</a> on May 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Login&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Farticle6832035.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net/cumulus_uploads/document/hbqseo7dhf/11.2007%20Evening%20Standard%20-%20Is%20Islam%20good%20for%20London.pdf">"11.2007 Evening Standard - Is Islam good for London"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=11.2007+Evening+Standard+-+Is+Islam+good+for+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd25d2506sfb94s.cloudfront.net%2Fcumulus_uploads%2Fdocument%2Fhbqseo7dhf%2F11.2007%2520Evening%2520Standard%2520-%2520Is%2520Islam%2520good%2520for%2520London.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lewis, Philip: <i>Islamic Britain: religion, politics and identity among British Muslims; Bradford in the 1990s</i>, London: Tauris, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-861-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-861-7">1-85043-861-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLytraBaraç2009" class="citation cs2">Lytra, Vally; Baraç, Taşkın (2009), "Multilingual practices and identity negotiations among Turkish-speaking young people in a diasporic context", in <a href="/wiki/Anna-Brita_Stenstr%C3%B6m" title="Anna-Brita Stenström">Stenström, Anna-Brita</a>; Jørgensen, Annette Myre (eds.), <i>Youngspeak in a Multilingual Perspective</i>, John Benjamins Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-5429-0"><bdi>978-90-272-5429-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Multilingual+practices+and+identity+negotiations+among+Turkish-speaking+young+people+in+a+diasporic+context&rft.btitle=Youngspeak+in+a+Multilingual+Perspective&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-5429-0&rft.aulast=Lytra&rft.aufirst=Vally&rft.au=Bara%C3%A7%2C+Ta%C5%9Fk%C4%B1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Matar, Nabil <i>Turks, Moors, and Englishmen in the Age of Discovery</i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11015-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11015-4">0-231-11015-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHome_Affairs_Committee2011" class="citation cs2">Home Affairs Committee (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statewatch.org/news/2011/aug/eu-hasc-turkey-jha-report.pdf"><i>Implications for the Justice and Home Affairs area of the accession of Turkey to the European Union</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Stationery Office, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-215-56114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-215-56114-5"><bdi>978-0-215-56114-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Implications+for+the+Justice+and+Home+Affairs+area+of+the+accession+of+Turkey+to+the+European+Union&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-215-56114-5&rft.au=Home+Affairs+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statewatch.org%2Fnews%2F2011%2Faug%2Feu-hasc-turkey-jha-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islam_in_England&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">417–</span>424.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mahommedan+Religion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E417-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Griffithes+Wheeler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslam+in+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/rank/ewmuslim.asp">Ranking of Local Authorities in England and Wales according to percentage of Muslim population in the 2001 census</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/Onlineresources/RWWC/themes/1301/1188">Reassessing what we collect website – Muslim London</a> History of Muslim London with objects and images</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090712043802/http://bostonreview.net/BR34.2/bowen.php">Private Arrangements: Recognizing sharia in Britain</a> - anthropologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Bowen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Bowen (page does not exist)">John R. Bowen</a> explores Islamic courts in England</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faizeislam.net/">FaizeIslam</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Islam in southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_of_the_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission of the Classics">Transmission of the Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe">Cultural transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian views on Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_yoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatar yoke">Tatar yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception of Islam in early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism_in_early_modern_France" title="Orientalism in early modern France">Orientalism in early modern France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_the_Arctic_and_Subarctic_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in the Arctic and Subarctic regions">Islam in the Far North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Nazi Germany and the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Islam and secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Islam" title="European Islam">European Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism_in_Europe" title="Islamic terrorism in Europe">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_progressive_Islam_in_Europe" title="Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe">Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_European_Union" title="Religion in the European Union">Religion in the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_and_burka_controversies_in_Europe" title="Hijab and burka controversies in Europe">Hijab and burka controversies in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadi_tourism" title="Jihadi tourism">Jihadi tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Andorra" title="Islam in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Austria" title="Islam in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Azerbaijan" title="Islam in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belarus" title="Islam in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Belgium" title="Islam in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Cyprus" title="Islam in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Islam in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Denmark" title="Islam in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Estonia" title="Islam in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_France" title="Islam in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Germany" title="Islam in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Hungary" title="Islam in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iceland" title="Islam in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Islam in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Italy" title="Islam in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Latvia" title="Islam in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Liechtenstein" title="Islam in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Lithuania" title="Islam in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Luxembourg" title="Islam in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malta" title="Islam in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Moldova" title="Islam in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Netherlands" title="Islam in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Portugal" title="Islam in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Romania" title="Islam in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovakia" title="Islam in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Spain" title="Islam in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a 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