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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-history_and_medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-history and medieval </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-history_and_medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early modern </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Industrial Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency_and_Victorian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency_and_Victorian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Regency and Victorian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency_and_Victorian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_and_contemporary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_and_contemporary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 20th century and contemporary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_and_contemporary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_structure_and_median_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_structure_and_median_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Age structure and median age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_structure_and_median_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Theatre and performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Art and design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Museums and galleries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Nightlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_drink" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_drink"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Food and drink </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_drink-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Entertainment and leisure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonymy_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonymy_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Demonymy and identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonymy_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Public transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Railway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Tram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_and_coach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_and_coach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.3 Bus and coach </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_and_coach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.4 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Canals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_and_higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_and_higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Further and higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_and_higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Public services </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Public services subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Public_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Library services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Emergency services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Water supply </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_from_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_from_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Energy from waste </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_from_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Commonwealth Games </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Birmingham</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 140 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" > 140 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%83%E1%88%9D" title="በርሚንግሃም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="በርሚንግሃም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beormingaham" title="Beormingaham – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Beormingaham" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="برمنغهام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برمنغهام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminhem" title="Birminhem – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birminhem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بیرمینگام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرمینگام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="বার্মিংহাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বার্মিংহাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бірмінгем – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бірмінгем" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Бірмінггэм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бірмінггэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бирмингам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бирмингам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(kapital_sa_kondado_sa_Hiniusang_Gingharian)" title="Birmingham (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Birmingham (kapital sa kondado sa Hiniusang Gingharian)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Μπέρμιγχαμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέρμιγχαμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بیرمنگام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیرمنگام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بیرمنگام – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بیرمنگام" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE" title="બર્મિંગહામ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બર્મિંગહામ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EB%B0%8D%EC%97%84" title="버밍엄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버밍엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B4" title="Բիրմինգհեմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիրմինգհեմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्मिंघम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्मिंघम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Anglaterra)" title="Birmingham (Anglaterra) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Birmingham (Anglaterra)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D" title="ברמינגהאם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברמינגהאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬರ್ಮಿಂಗ್ಹ್ಯಾಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬರ್ಮಿಂಗ್ಹ್ಯಾಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბირმინგემი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბირმინგემი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмиңгем – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бирмиңгем" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamia" title="Birminghamia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Birminghamia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingema" title="Birmingema – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Birmingema" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingamas" title="Birmingamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Birmingamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ബിർമിങ്ഹാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബിർമിങ്ഹാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्मिंगहॅम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्मिंगहॅम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="برمنجهام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برمنجهام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بیرمنگام – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیرمنگام" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%98%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯕꯔꯃꯤꯡꯘꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯔꯃꯤꯡꯘꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဘာမင်ဂမ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာမင်ဂမ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_(Verenigd_Koninkrijk)" title="Birmingham (Verenigd Koninkrijk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Birmingham (Verenigd Koninkrijk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE" title="बर्मिङ्घम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बर्मिङ्घम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AC%E3%83%A0" title="バーミンガム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーミンガム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermingame" title="Bermingame – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bermingame" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingem" title="Birmingem – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birmingem" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%AE" title="ਬਰਮਿੰਘਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਮਿੰਘਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%85" title="برمنگم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برمنگم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_qalas%C4%B1" title="Birmingham qalası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Birmingham qalası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="बर्मिङ्घम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बर्मिङ्घम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بێرمینگام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێرمینگام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பர்மிங்காம் (ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பர்மிங்காம் (ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghem" title="Birminghem – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Birminghem" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1" title="เบอร์มิงแฮม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์มิงแฮม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бирмингем – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бирмингем" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бірмінгем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бірмінгем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%D9%85" title="برمنگھم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برمنگھم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmin%27gxam" title="Birmin'gxam – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Birmin'gxam" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6rmingem" title="Börmingem – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Börmingem" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Birmingham" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham&params=52_28_48_N_1_54_9_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB">52°28′48″N 1°54′9″W / 52.48000°N 1.90250°W / 52.48000; -1.90250</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in West Midlands, England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in England. For the city in the United States, see <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham, Alabama</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birmingham (disambiguation)">Birmingham (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"B'ham" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bham_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bham (disambiguation)">Bham</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City and metropolitan borough in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Birmingham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:66px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Panorama_of_Birmingham.jpg/258px-Panorama_of_Birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Panorama_of_Birmingham.jpg/387px-Panorama_of_Birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Panorama_of_Birmingham.jpg/516px-Panorama_of_Birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16306" data-file-height="4177" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Birmingham skyline</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Council_House_and_103_Colmore_Row.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Birmingham_Council_House_and_103_Colmore_Row.jpg/135px-Birmingham_Council_House_and_103_Colmore_Row.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Birmingham_Council_House_and_103_Colmore_Row.jpg/203px-Birmingham_Council_House_and_103_Colmore_Row.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Birmingham_Council_House_and_103_Colmore_Row.jpg/270px-Birmingham_Council_House_and_103_Colmore_Row.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1184" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham" title="Council House, Birmingham">Council House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Birmingham" title="Victoria Square, Birmingham">Victoria Square</a><a href="#endnote_infobox_note">†</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_of_Birmingham_reflected_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Library of Birmingham"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Library_of_Birmingham_reflected_Cropped.jpg/119px-Library_of_Birmingham_reflected_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Library_of_Birmingham_reflected_Cropped.jpg/179px-Library_of_Birmingham_reflected_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Library_of_Birmingham_reflected_Cropped.jpg/238px-Library_of_Birmingham_reflected_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2834" data-file-height="2268" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Birmingham" title="Library of Birmingham">Library of Birmingham</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_Church_of_St_Philip_in_Birmingham_(geograph_5342296).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Philips Cathedral"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Philip_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_5342296%29.jpg/126px-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Philip_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_5342296%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Philip_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_5342296%29.jpg/189px-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Philip_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_5342296%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Cathedral_Church_of_St_Philip_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_5342296%29.jpg/252px-Cathedral_Church_of_St_Philip_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_5342296%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="908" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">St Philip's Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lloyds_Bank_on_the_corner_of_New_Street_and_Corporation_Street,_Birmingham_-_July_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corporation Street"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lloyds_Bank_on_the_corner_of_New_Street_and_Corporation_Street%2C_Birmingham_-_July_2022.jpg/128px-Lloyds_Bank_on_the_corner_of_New_Street_and_Corporation_Street%2C_Birmingham_-_July_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lloyds_Bank_on_the_corner_of_New_Street_and_Corporation_Street%2C_Birmingham_-_July_2022.jpg/192px-Lloyds_Bank_on_the_corner_of_New_Street_and_Corporation_Street%2C_Birmingham_-_July_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lloyds_Bank_on_the_corner_of_New_Street_and_Corporation_Street%2C_Birmingham_-_July_2022.jpg/256px-Lloyds_Bank_on_the_corner_of_New_Street_and_Corporation_Street%2C_Birmingham_-_July_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3910" data-file-height="2722" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Stephenson Place on <a href="/wiki/New_Street,_Birmingham" title="New Street, Birmingham">New Street</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Selfridges_Birmingham_from_Park_Street_car_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Selfridges department store in the Bull Ring"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Selfridges_Birmingham_from_Park_Street_car_park.jpg/127px-Selfridges_Birmingham_from_Park_Street_car_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Selfridges_Birmingham_from_Park_Street_car_park.jpg/191px-Selfridges_Birmingham_from_Park_Street_car_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Selfridges_Birmingham_from_Park_Street_car_park.jpg/254px-Selfridges_Birmingham_from_Park_Street_car_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="3761" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Selfridges_Building,_Birmingham" title="Selfridges Building, Birmingham">Selfridges Building</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bullring_Shopping_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullring Shopping Centre">Bullring Shopping Centre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:169px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Joe_Big.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Birmingham"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Joe_Big.jpg/127px-Old_Joe_Big.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Joe_Big.jpg/191px-Old_Joe_Big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Old_Joe_Big.jpg/254px-Old_Joe_Big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain_Memorial_Clock_Tower" title="Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower">Old Joe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style>† Location is 'zero mark' (<a href="/wiki/Kilometre_zero" title="Kilometre zero">km0</a>) of the city</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Birmingham,_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Birmingham"><img alt="Flag of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/100px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/150px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/200px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Birmingham" title="Flag of Birmingham">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Birmingham"><img alt="Coat of arms of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham_City_Council" title="Coat of arms of Birmingham City Council">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Brum</li><li>City of a Thousand Trades</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialling_codes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom">0121</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Second city of the United Kingdom">Second City</a></li><li>The Pen Shop of the World</li><li><a href="/wiki/Venice_of_the_North" title="Venice of the North">Venice of the North</a></li><li>Workshop of the World</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Forward</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham shown within West Midlands county"><img alt="Birmingham shown within West Midlands county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birmingham_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Birmingham_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birmingham_UK_locator_map.svg/375px-Birmingham_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Birmingham_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Birmingham_UK_locator_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="974" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Birmingham shown within <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands county</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham is located in England"><img alt="Birmingham is located in England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_England_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.32%;left:55.4%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Birmingham</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within England</div>Show map of England</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham is located in the United Kingdom"><img alt="Birmingham is located in the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/250px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/375px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg/500px-United_Kingdom_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="886" data-file-height="1369" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:71%;left:68.92%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Birmingham</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within the United Kingdom</div>Show map of the United Kingdom</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham is located in Europe"><img alt="Birmingham is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/250px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/375px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg/500px-Europe_blank_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1198" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.232%;left:19.827%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Birmingham</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Europe</div>Show map of Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham&params=52_28_48_N_1_54_9_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB">52°28′48″N 1°54′9″W / 52.48000°N 1.90250°W / 52.48000; -1.90250</a><a href="#cite_note-OS_coord-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">OS grid reference</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Birmingham&params=52.479267_N_1.903073_W_type:adm3rd_region:GB">SP 0668 8682</a><a href="#cite_note-OS_coord-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_region_(United_Kingdom)" title="City region (United Kingdom)">City region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic county</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> (part)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> (part)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>600</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">1 April 1974</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham" title="Council House, Birmingham">The Council House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Birmingham" title="Victoria Square, Birmingham">Victoria Square</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Areas and Suburbs of the city (Within 4 miles)</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Alum_Rock,_Birmingham" title="Alum Rock, Birmingham">Alum Rock</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ashted" title="Ashted">Ashted</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Aston" title="Aston">Aston</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Balsall_Heath" title="Balsall Heath">Balsall Heath</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Birchfield,_Birmingham" title="Birchfield, Birmingham">Birchfield</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bordesley,_Birmingham" title="Bordesley, Birmingham">Bordesley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Bordesley_Green" title="Bordesley Green">Bordesley Green</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Brindleyplace" title="Brindleyplace">Brindleyplace</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Camp_Hill,_Birmingham" title="Camp Hill, Birmingham">Camp Hill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Quarter,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Quarter, Birmingham">Chinese Quarter</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham City Centre">City Centre</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Deritend" title="Deritend">Deritend</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Digbeth" title="Digbeth">Digbeth</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Duddeston" title="Duddeston">Duddeston</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Eastside,_Birmingham" title="Eastside, Birmingham">Eastside</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways,_Birmingham" title="Five Ways, Birmingham">Five Ways</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gib_Heath" title="Gib Heath">Gib Heath</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gosta_Green" title="Gosta Green">Gosta Green</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Gun_Quarter" title="Gun Quarter">Gun Quarter</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands" title="Handsworth, West Midlands">Handsworth</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Handsworth_Wood" title="Handsworth Wood">Handsworth Wood</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Highgate,_Birmingham" title="Highgate, Birmingham">Highgate</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hockley,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hockley, Birmingham">Hockley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter" title="Jewellery Quarter">Jewellery Quarter</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ladywood" title="Ladywood">Ladywood</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Bank" title="Lee Bank">Lee Bank</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Lozells" title="Lozells">Lozells</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nechells" title="Nechells">Nechells</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Newtown,_Birmingham" title="Newtown, Birmingham">Newtown</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pelham,_Birmingham" title="Pelham, Birmingham">Pelham</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rotton_Park" title="Rotton Park">Rotton Park</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saltley" title="Saltley">Saltley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Small_Heath" title="Small Heath">Small Heath</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham" title="Smithfield, Birmingham">Smithfield</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Soho,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Soho, Birmingham">Soho</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Southside,_Birmingham" title="Southside, Birmingham">Southside</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/South_Yardley" title="South Yardley">South Yardley</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sparkbrook" title="Sparkbrook">Sparkbrook</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sparkhill" title="Sparkhill">Sparkhill</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ward_End" title="Ward End">Ward End</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Westside,_Birmingham" title="Westside, Birmingham">Westside</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Winson_Green" title="Winson Green">Winson Green</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Witton,_Birmingham" title="Witton, Birmingham">Witton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Council_leadership-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a> with <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">leader and cabinet</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Executive_arrangements#Leader_and_cabinet" title="Executive arrangements">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data">John Cotton (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Birmingham" title="List of mayors of Birmingham">Lord Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ken Wood</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">Chief Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Cadman" title="Deborah Cadman">Deborah Cadman</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>10 MPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Ali" title="Tahir Ali">Tahir Ali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Liam_Byrne" title="Liam Byrne">Liam Byrne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Carns" title="Alistair Carns">Alistair Carns</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Preet_Gill" class="mw-redirect" title="Preet Gill">Preet Gill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Paulette_Hamilton" title="Paulette Hamilton">Paulette Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ayoub_Khan" title="Ayoub Khan">Ayoub Khan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">I</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shabana_Mahmood" title="Shabana Mahmood">Shabana Mahmood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mitchell" title="Andrew Mitchell">Andrew Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">C</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jess_Phillips" title="Jess Phillips">Jess Phillips</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Turner_(politician)" title="Laurence Turner (politician)">Laurence Turner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-areastats-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">103 sq mi (268 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">348 sq mi (902 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_area" title="List of English districts by area">131st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-popstats-4">[4]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,157,603</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts_by_population" title="List of English districts by population">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">11,200/sq mi (4,323/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,590,363</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,927,631</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Brummie</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_GDP-5">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data">£35.367 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per head</th><td class="infobox-data">£30,552 (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">£85.192 billion (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode area</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><a href="/wiki/B_postcode_area" title="B postcode area">B</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0121</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-BIR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">E08000025</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level" title="International Territorial Level">ITL code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">TLG31</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://birmingham.gov.uk">birmingham.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Birmingham (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɜːrmɪŋəm/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/En-uk-Birmingham.ogg\/En-uk-Birmingham.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Birmingham.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/En-uk-Birmingham.ogg/En-uk-Birmingham.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Birmingham.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Birmingham.ogg">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BUR-ming-əm</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan borough</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">metropolitan county</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. It is the second-largest city in Britain<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> – commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Second_city_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Second city of the United Kingdom">second city of the United Kingdom</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-LP-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> – with a population of 1.145 million in the <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-popstats-4">[4]</a> Birmingham borders the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> to its west and, together with the city of <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> and towns including <a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a>, forms the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation" title="West Midlands conurbation">West Midlands conurbation</a>. The royal town of <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a> is incorporated within the city limits to the northeast. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area" title="Birmingham metropolitan area">wider metropolitan area</a> has a population of 4.3 million, making it the <a href="/wiki/ESPON_metropolitan_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="ESPON metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom">largest outside London.</a><a href="#cite_note-j-16">[15]</a> Located in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands region</a> of England, Birmingham is considered to be the social, cultural, financial and commercial centre of the <a href="/wiki/Midlands" title="Midlands">Midlands</a>. It is just west of the traditional centre point of England at <a href="/wiki/Meriden,_West_Midlands" title="Meriden, West Midlands">Meriden</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and is the most inland major city in the country,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and lying north of the <a href="/wiki/Cotswolds" title="Cotswolds">Cotswolds</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Hills" title="Shropshire Hills">Shropshire Hills</a>. Distinctively, Birmingham only has small rivers flowing through it, mainly the <a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_West_Midlands" title="River Tame, West Midlands">River Tame</a> and its tributaries <a href="/wiki/River_Rea" title="River Rea">River Rea</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Cole,_West_Midlands" title="River Cole, West Midlands">River Cole</a> – one of the closest main rivers is the <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a>, approximately 20 miles (32 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_city_centre" title="Birmingham city centre">the city centre</a>. The city does however have numerous <a href="/wiki/Canals" class="mw-redirect" title="Canals">canals</a>, collectively named the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Canal_Navigations" title="Birmingham Canal Navigations">Birmingham Canal Navigations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-can-19">[18]</a> Historically a <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a> in the medieval period, Birmingham grew during the 18th century during the <a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands Enlightenment</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, which saw advances in science, technology and economic development, producing a series of innovations that laid many of the foundations of modern <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indsoc-20">[19]</a> By 1791, it was being hailed as "the first manufacturing town in the world".<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Birmingham's distinctive economic profile, with thousands of small workshops practising a wide variety of specialised and highly skilled trades, encouraged exceptional levels of creativity and innovation; this provided an economic base for prosperity that was to last into the final quarter of the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a> was invented in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The resulting high level of <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> also fostered a culture of <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">political radicalism</a> which, under leaders from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(economist)" title="Thomas Attwood (economist)">Thomas Attwood</a> to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, was to give it a political influence unparalleled in Britain outside London and a pivotal role in the development of British democracy.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> From the summer of 1940 to the spring of 1943, Birmingham was bombed heavily by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">German Luftwaffe</a> in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham Blitz</a>. The damage done to the city's infrastructure, in addition to a deliberate policy of demolition and new building by planners, led to extensive <a href="/wiki/Urban_regeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban regeneration">urban regeneration</a> in subsequent decades. Birmingham's economy is now dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nomisweb-24">[23]</a> The city is a major international commercial centre and an important transport, retail, events and conference hub. Its <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_economy" title="Metropolitan economy">metropolitan economy</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_economies_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan economies in the United Kingdom">second-largest in the United Kingdom</a> with a <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of $121.1bn (2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-brookingsgdp-25">[24]</a> Its five universities,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, make it the largest centre of <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> in the country outside London.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Birmingham's major cultural institutions – the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra" title="City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra">City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Royal_Ballet" title="Birmingham Royal Ballet">Birmingham Royal Ballet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre" title="Birmingham Repertory Theatre">Birmingham Repertory Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Birmingham" title="Library of Birmingham">Library of Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barber_Institute_of_Fine_Arts" title="Barber Institute of Fine Arts">Barber Institute of Fine Arts</a> – enjoy international reputations,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> and the city has vibrant and influential grassroots <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Birmingham" title="Art of Birmingham">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Birmingham" title="Popular music of Birmingham">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Birmingham" title="Literature of Birmingham">literary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_in_Birmingham" title="Food and drink in Birmingham">culinary</a> scenes.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Birmingham was the host city for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022 Commonwealth Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-CommonwealthSuccess-31">[30]</a> In 2021, Birmingham was the third most visited city in the UK by people from foreign nations.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy">edit</a>]</div> The name Birmingham comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> Beormingahām,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> meaning the home or settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Beormingas" title="Beormingas">Beormingas</a> – a tribe or clan whose name means 'Beorma's people' and which may have formed an early unit of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> administration.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beorma" title="Beorma">Beorma</a>, after whom the tribe was named, could have been its leader at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement, a shared ancestor, or a mythical tribal figurehead. Place names ending in -ingahām are characteristic of primary settlements established during the early phases of Anglo-Saxon colonisation of an area, suggesting that Birmingham was probably in existence by the early 7th century at the latest.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Surrounding settlements with names ending in -tūn ('farm'), -lēah ('woodland clearing'), -worð ('enclosure') and -field ('open ground') are likely to be secondary settlements created by the later expansion of the Anglo-Saxon population,<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> in some cases possibly on earlier <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">British</a> sites.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Birmingham" title="History of Birmingham">History of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Birmingham" title="Economic history of Birmingham">Economic history of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_invention_in_Birmingham" title="Science and invention in Birmingham">Science and invention in Birmingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Birmingham_history" title="Timeline of Birmingham history">Timeline of Birmingham history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-history_and_medieval">Pre-history and medieval</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-history and medieval">edit</a>]</div> There is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">early human</a> activity in the Birmingham area dating back to around 8000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> artefacts suggesting seasonal settlements, overnight hunting parties and woodland activities such as tree felling.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The many <a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">burnt mounds</a> that can still be seen around the city indicate that <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern humans">modern humans</a> first intensively settled and cultivated the area during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, when a substantial but short-lived influx of population occurred between 1700 BC and 1000 BC, possibly caused by conflict or immigration in the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> During the 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a>, the forested country of the Birmingham Plateau formed a barrier to the advancing Roman legions,<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> who built the large <a href="/wiki/Metchley_Fort" title="Metchley Fort">Metchley Fort</a> in the area of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> in AD 48,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> and made it the focus of a network of <a href="/wiki/Roman_roads_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman roads in Britain">Roman roads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> Birmingham was then later established by the Beormingas around the 6th or 7th century as a small settlement in the then heavily forested <a href="/wiki/Arden,_Warwickshire" title="Arden, Warwickshire">Arden</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Mercia" title="Mercia">Mercia</a>. The development of Birmingham into a significant urban and commercial centre began in 1166, when the <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_Manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of the Manor">Lord of the Manor</a> Peter de Bermingham obtained a charter to hold a market at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Manor_House" title="Birmingham Manor House">his castle</a>, and followed this with the creation of a planned <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_borough" title="Seigneurial borough">seigneurial borough</a> within his <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a> or manorial estate, around the site that became the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> This established Birmingham as the primary commercial centre for the Birmingham Plateau at a time when the area's economy was expanding rapidly, with population growth nationally leading to the clearance, cultivation and settlement of previously marginal land.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Within a century of the charter Birmingham had grown into a prosperous urban centre of merchants and craftsmen.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> By 1327 it was the third-largest town in Warwickshire,<a href="#cite_note-Leather_2001_12-47">[46]</a> a position it would retain for the next 200 years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern">Early modern</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern">edit</a>]</div> The principal governing institutions of medieval Birmingham – including the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_the_Holy_Cross_(Birmingham)" title="Guild of the Holy Cross (Birmingham)">Guild of the Holy Cross</a> and the lordship of the <a href="/wiki/De_Birmingham_family" title="De Birmingham family">de Birmingham family</a> – collapsed between 1536 and 1547,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> leaving the town with an unusually high degree of social and economic freedom and initiating a period of transition and growth.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The importance of the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> goods to Birmingham's economy was recognised as early as 1538, and grew rapidly as the century progressed.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Equally significant was the town's emerging role as a centre for the <a href="/wiki/Ironmongers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironmongers">iron merchants</a> who organised finance, supplied raw materials and traded and marketed the industry's products.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> By the 1600s Birmingham formed the commercial hub of a network of <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a> stretching from <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South Wales</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> and its merchants were selling finished manufactured goods as far afield as the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> These trading links gave Birmingham's metalworkers access to much wider markets, allowing them to diversify away from lower-skilled trades producing basic goods for local sale, towards a broader range of specialist, higher-skilled and more lucrative activities.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westley---East-Prospect-of-Birmingham-1732.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Westley---East-Prospect-of-Birmingham-1732.jpg/220px-Westley---East-Prospect-of-Birmingham-1732.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Westley---East-Prospect-of-Birmingham-1732.jpg/330px-Westley---East-Prospect-of-Birmingham-1732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Westley---East-Prospect-of-Birmingham-1732.jpg/440px-Westley---East-Prospect-of-Birmingham-1732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>The East Prospect of Birmingham (1732), engraving by William Westley</figcaption></figure> By the time of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> Birmingham's booming economy, its expanding population, and its resulting high levels of <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a>, had seen it develop new social structures very different from those of more established areas.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-p9-55">[54]</a> Relationships were built around pragmatic commercial linkages rather than the rigid paternalism and deference of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal society</a>, and loyalties to the traditional hierarchies of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">established church</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_nobility" title="British nobility">aristocracy</a> were weak.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-p9-55">[54]</a> The town's reputation for <a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">political radicalism</a> and its strongly <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> sympathies saw it attacked by <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Birmingham">Battle of Birmingham</a> in 1643,<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and it developed into a centre of <a href="/wiki/Puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritanism">Puritanism</a> in the 1630s<a href="#cite_note-Hughes-p9-55">[54]</a> and as a haven for <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> from the 1660s.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> By 1700 Birmingham's population had increased fifteen-fold and the town was the fifth-largest in England and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Berg_1991_180-58">[57]</a> The 18th century saw this tradition of free-thinking and collaboration blossom into the cultural phenomenon now known as the <a href="/wiki/Midlands_Enlightenment" title="Midlands Enlightenment">Midlands Enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The town developed into a notable centre of <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Birmingham" title="Literature of Birmingham">literary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">musical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Birmingham" title="Art of Birmingham">artistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of Birmingham">theatrical</a> activity;<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> and its leading citizens – particularly the members of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Society_of_Birmingham" title="Lunar Society of Birmingham">Lunar Society of Birmingham</a> – became influential participants in the circulation of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> ideas among Europe's intellectual elite.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> The close relationship between Enlightenment Birmingham's leading thinkers and its major manufacturers<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> – in men like <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Keir" title="James Keir">James Keir</a> they were often in fact the same people<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> – made it particularly important for the exchange of knowledge between pure science and the practical world of manufacturing and technology.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> This created a "chain reaction of innovation",<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> forming a pivotal link between the earlier <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> that would follow.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/170px-Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/255px-Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg/340px-Matthew_Boulton_-_Carl_Frederik_von_Breda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a>, a prominent early industrialist</figcaption></figure> Birmingham's explosive industrial expansion started earlier than that of the <a href="/wiki/Mill_town" title="Mill town">textile-manufacturing towns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a>,<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> and was driven by different factors. Instead of the <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> of a low-paid, unskilled workforce producing a single bulk <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> such as cotton or wool in large, mechanised units of production, Birmingham's industrial development was built on the adaptability and creativity of a highly paid workforce with a strong <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>, practising a broad variety of skilled specialist trades and producing a constantly diversifying range of products, in a highly <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurial" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurial">entrepreneurial</a> economy of small, often self-owned workshops.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> This led to exceptional levels of inventiveness: between 1760 and 1850 – the core years of the Industrial Revolution – Birmingham residents registered over three times as many <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> as those of any other British town or city.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> The demand for <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> to feed rapid economic expansion also saw Birmingham grow into a major <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial centre</a> with extensive international connections.<a href="#cite_note-Berg_1991_183-70">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> was founded in the town in 1765,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ketley%27s_Building_Society" title="Ketley's Building Society">Ketley's Building Society</a>, the world's first <a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">building society</a>, in 1775.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> By 1800 the West Midlands had more banking offices per head than any other region in Britain, including London.<a href="#cite_note-Berg_1991_183-70">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soho_Manufactory_ca_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soho_Manufactory_ca_1800.jpg/220px-Soho_Manufactory_ca_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soho_Manufactory_ca_1800.jpg/330px-Soho_Manufactory_ca_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Soho_Manufactory_ca_1800.jpg/440px-Soho_Manufactory_ca_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory</a> of 1765 – pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">industrial steam engine</a></figcaption></figure> Innovation in 18th-century Birmingham often took the form of incremental series of small-scale improvements to existing products or processes,<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> but also included major developments that lay at the heart of the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indsoc-20">[19]</a> In 1709 the Birmingham-trained <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby I</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> and built the first <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> to successfully smelt iron ore with <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>, transforming the quality, volume and scale on which it was possible to produce <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In 1732 <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Paul" title="Lewis Paul">Lewis Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wyatt_(inventor)" title="John Wyatt (inventor)">John Wyatt</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Roller_spinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Roller spinning">roller spinning</a>, the "one novel idea of the first importance" in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">mechanised cotton industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In 1741 they opened the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Priory_Cotton_Mill" title="Upper Priory Cotton Mill">world's first cotton mill</a> in Birmingham's Upper Priory.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> In 1746 <a href="/wiki/John_Roebuck" title="John Roebuck">John Roebuck</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Lead_chamber_process" title="Lead chamber process">lead chamber process</a>, enabling the large-scale manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Sulphuric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphuric acid">sulphuric acid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hopkins_1989_20-77">[76]</a> and in 1780 James Keir developed a process for the bulk manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">alkali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> together marking the birth of the modern <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In 1765 <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory</a>, pioneering the combination and mechanisation under one roof of previously separate manufacturing activities through a system known as "rational manufacture".<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> As the largest manufacturing unit in Europe, this came to symbolise the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Most significant, however, was the development in 1776 of the <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">industrial steam engine</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> and Matthew Boulton.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Freeing for the first time the manufacturing capacity of human society from the limited availability of hand, water and animal power, this was arguably the pivotal moment of the entire <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and a key factor in the worldwide increases in productivity over the following century.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regency_and_Victorian">Regency and Victorian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regency and Victorian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Haydon_-_Meeting_of_the_Birmingham_Political_Union.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(economist)" title="Thomas Attwood (economist)">Thomas Attwood</a> addressing a 200,000-strong meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Political_Union" title="Birmingham Political Union">Birmingham Political Union</a> during the Days of May 1832 – oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Haydon" title="Benjamin Haydon">Benjamin Haydon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1832–1833)</figcaption></figure> Birmingham rose to national political prominence in the campaign for political reform in the early 19th century, with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Attwood_(economist)" title="Thomas Attwood (economist)">Thomas Attwood</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Political_Union" title="Birmingham Political Union">Birmingham Political Union</a> bringing the country to the brink of civil war during the <a href="/wiki/Days_of_May" title="Days of May">Days of May</a> that preceded the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Act">Great Reform Act</a> in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The Union's meetings on <a href="/wiki/Newhall_Street" title="Newhall Street">Newhall Hill</a> in 1831 and 1832 were the largest political assemblies Britain had ever seen.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">Lord Durham</a>, who drafted the Act, wrote that "the country owed Reform to Birmingham, and its salvation from revolution".<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> This reputation for having "shaken the fabric of privilege to its base" in 1832 led <a href="/wiki/John_Bright" title="John Bright">John Bright</a> to make Birmingham the platform for his successful campaign for the <a href="/wiki/1867_Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="1867 Reform Act">Second Reform Act</a> of 1867, which extended voting rights to the urban working class.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> The original <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Incorporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Incorporation">Charter of Incorporation</a>, dated 31 October 1838, was received in Birmingham on 1 November, then read in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Town Hall</a> on 5 November with elections for the first <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Town Council">Birmingham Town Council</a> being held on 26 December. Sixteen Aldermen and 48 Councillors were elected and the Borough was divided into 13 wards. <a href="/wiki/William_Scholefield" title="William Scholefield">William Scholefield</a> became the first Mayor and William Redfern was appointed as Town Clerk. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Town Police">Birmingham Town Police</a> were established the following year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Birmingham's tradition of innovation continued into the 19th century. Birmingham was the terminus for both of the world's first two long-distance railway lines: the 82-mile (132 km) <a href="/wiki/Grand_Junction_Railway" title="Grand Junction Railway">Grand Junction Railway</a> of 1837 and the 112-mile (180 km) <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> of 1838.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Birmingham schoolteacher <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill" title="Rowland Hill">Rowland Hill</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a> and created the first modern universal <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">postal system</a> in 1839.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Parkes" title="Alexander Parkes">Alexander Parkes</a> invented the first human-made <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter" title="Jewellery Quarter">Jewellery Quarter</a> in 1855.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> By the 1820s, <a href="/wiki/Canals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Canals of the United Kingdom">the country's extensive canal system</a> had been constructed, giving greater access to natural resources and fuel for industries. During the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, the population of Birmingham grew rapidly to well over half a million<a href="#cite_note-historicpopulation-91">[90]</a> and Birmingham became the second largest population centre in England. Birmingham was granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> in 1889 by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Joseph Chamberlain</a>, mayor of Birmingham and later an MP, and his son <a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, who was Lord Mayor of Birmingham and later the British Prime Minister, are two of the most well-known political figures who have lived in Birmingham. The city established <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">its own university</a> in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_and_contemporary">20th century and contemporary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th century and contemporary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_Ring_Blitz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bull_Ring_Blitz.jpg/220px-Bull_Ring_Blitz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bull_Ring_Blitz.jpg/330px-Bull_Ring_Blitz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bull_Ring_Blitz.jpg/440px-Bull_Ring_Blitz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring</a>, destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham Blitz</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham,_England,_1946.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Birmingham%2C_England%2C_1946.png/220px-Birmingham%2C_England%2C_1946.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Birmingham%2C_England%2C_1946.png/330px-Birmingham%2C_England%2C_1946.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Birmingham%2C_England%2C_1946.png/440px-Birmingham%2C_England%2C_1946.png 2x" data-file-width="1874" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>An aerial photograph of Birmingham in 1946</figcaption></figure> The city suffered heavy bomb damage during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blitz" title="Birmingham Blitz">Birmingham Blitz</a>". The city was also the scene of two scientific discoveries that were to prove critical to the outcome of the war.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> first described how a practical <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear weapon</a> could be constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a> of 1940,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> the same year that the <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">cavity magnetron</a>, the key component of <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and later of <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, was invented by <a href="/wiki/John_Randall_(physicist)" title="John Randall (physicist)">John Randall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Boot" title="Henry Boot">Henry Boot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Details of these two discoveries, together with an outline of the first <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</a>, were taken to the United States by the <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a> in September 1940, in a single black box later described by an official American historian as "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> The city was extensively redeveloped during the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> This included the construction of large <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">tower block</a> estates, such as <a href="/wiki/Castle_Vale" title="Castle Vale">Castle Vale</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring</a> was reconstructed and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">New Street station</a> was redeveloped. In the decades following World War II, the ethnic makeup of Birmingham changed significantly, as it received waves of immigration from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The city's population peaked in 1951 at 1,113,000 residents.<a href="#cite_note-historicpopulation-91">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulberry_bush_pub_bomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Mulberry_bush_pub_bomb.jpg/220px-Mulberry_bush_pub_bomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5c/Mulberry_bush_pub_bomb.jpg/330px-Mulberry_bush_pub_bomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5c/Mulberry_bush_pub_bomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the bomb attack on the Mulberry Bush Pub during the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">pub bombings</a> of 1974</figcaption></figure> 21 people were killed and 182 were injured in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">a series of bomb attacks</a> in 1974, thought to be carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a>. The bombings were the worst terror attacks in England up until the <a href="/wiki/2005_London_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 London bombings">2005 London bombings</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> and consisted of bombs being planted in two <a href="/wiki/Public_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Public house">pubs</a> in central Birmingham. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Six" title="Birmingham Six">Six men were convicted</a>, who became known later as the Birmingham Six and sentenced to life imprisonment, who were acquitted after 16 years by the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(England_and_Wales)" title="Court of Appeal (England and Wales)">Court of Appeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The convictions are now considered one of the worst British miscarriages of justice in recent times. The true perpetrators of the attacks are yet to be arrested.<a href="#cite_note-Birmingham_Bombings_1976-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G8_Summit_Birmingham_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/G8_Summit_Birmingham_1998.jpg/220px-G8_Summit_Birmingham_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/G8_Summit_Birmingham_1998.jpg/330px-G8_Summit_Birmingham_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/G8_Summit_Birmingham_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>World leaders meet in Birmingham for the <a href="/wiki/24th_G8_summit" title="24th G8 summit">1998 G8 Summit</a></figcaption></figure>Birmingham remained by far Britain's most prosperous provincial city as late as the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> with household incomes exceeding even those of London and the South East,<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> but its economic diversity and capacity for regeneration declined in the decades that followed World War II as <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Central Government</a> sought to restrict the city's growth and disperse industry and population to the stagnating areas of Wales and <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> These measures hindered "the natural self-regeneration of businesses in Birmingham, leaving it top-heavy with the old and infirm",<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> and the city became increasingly dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Automotive industry in the United Kingdom">motor industry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Early_1980s_recession" title="Early 1980s recession">recession of the early 1980s</a> saw Birmingham's economy collapse, with unprecedented levels of unemployment and <a href="/wiki/1985_Handsworth_riots" title="1985 Handsworth riots">outbreaks of social unrest</a> in inner-city districts.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Since the turn of the 21st century, many parts of Birmingham have been transformed, with the redevelopment of the <a href="/wiki/Bullring,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullring, Birmingham">Bullring Shopping Centre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> the construction of the new Library of Birmingham (the largest public library in Europe) and the regeneration of old industrial areas such as <a href="/wiki/Brindleyplace" title="Brindleyplace">Brindleyplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mailbox_Birmingham" title="Mailbox Birmingham">The Mailbox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Centre,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention Centre, Birmingham">International Convention Centre</a>, as well as the rationalisation of the <a href="/wiki/A4400_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A4400 road">Inner Ring Road</a>. In 1998 Birmingham hosted the <a href="/wiki/24th_G8_summit" title="24th G8 summit">24th G8 summit</a>. The city successfully hosted the <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022 Commonwealth Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-CommonwealthSuccess-31">[30]</a> On 5 September 2023 Birmingham city council issued a Section 114 notice to say that it could not meet its financial commitments. Effectively this meant the council was bankrupt. A major contributing factor is a £1.1b sum that has been paid out since 2010, for equal pay claims. There is still a bill for £760m, increasing by £14m a month. There are also problems with a new IT system that was projected to cost £19m but is now closer to £100m. In addition there is a projected £87m deficit for the financial year 23/24.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Birmingham" title="Government of Birmingham">Government of Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_City_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Birmingham_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Birmingham_City_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Birmingham_City_Hall.jpg/330px-Birmingham_City_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Birmingham_City_Hall.jpg/440px-Birmingham_City_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham" title="Council House, Birmingham">Council House</a>, headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham City Council</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham City Council</a> has 101 <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillors</a> representing 77 <a href="/wiki/Ward_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (politics)">wards</a> as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Its headquarters are at the <a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham" title="Council House, Birmingham">Council House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Birmingham" title="Victoria Square, Birmingham">Victoria Square</a>. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit">[update]</a>, the council has a <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> majority and is led by John Cotton.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Labour replaced the previous <a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">no overall control</a> status at the May 2012 elections.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The honour and dignity of a <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayors_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayors of Birmingham">Lord Mayoralty</a> was conferred on Birmingham by <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters Patent">Letters Patent</a> on 3 June 1896.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> Birmingham's ten <a href="/wiki/Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency">parliamentary constituencies</a> are represented in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit">[update]</a> by one <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>, one independent and eight <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Originally part of <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, Birmingham expanded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, absorbing parts of <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a> to the south and <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a> to the north and west. The city absorbed <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a> in 1974 and became a metropolitan borough in the new <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands county</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lga1972-120">[119]</a> A top-level government body, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Combined_Authority" title="West Midlands Combined Authority">West Midlands Combined Authority</a>, was formed in April 2016. The WMCA holds devolved powers in transport, development planning, and economic growth. The authority is governed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of West Midlands">directly elected mayor</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_London" title="Mayor of London">Mayor of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="List of areas of Birmingham">List of areas of Birmingham</a></div> Birmingham is located in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_region" class="mw-redirect" title="West Midlands region">West Midlands region</a> of England on the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Plateau" title="Birmingham Plateau">Birmingham Plateau</a> – an area of relatively high ground, ranging between 500 and 1,000 feet (150 and 300 metres) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> and crossed by Britain's main north–south <a href="/wiki/Water_divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Water divide">watershed</a> between the basins of the Rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Severn" title="River Severn">Severn</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Trent" title="River Trent">Trent</a>. To the immediate south west of the city lie the <a href="/wiki/Lickey_Hills" title="Lickey Hills">Lickey Hills</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clent_Hills" title="Clent Hills">Clent Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walton_Hill" title="Walton Hill">Walton Hill</a>, which reach 1,033 feet (315 m) and have extensive views over the city. Birmingham is drained only by minor rivers and brooks, primarily the <a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_West_Midlands" title="River Tame, West Midlands">River Tame</a> and its tributaries the <a href="/wiki/River_Cole,_West_Midlands" title="River Cole, West Midlands">Cole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_Rea" title="River Rea">Rea</a>. Birmingham is located significantly inland, and its nearest body of sea is at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Bay" title="Liverpool Bay">Liverpool Bay</a>. It lies at the same latitude as <a href="/wiki/Lowestoft" title="Lowestoft">Lowestoft</a>, Britain's easternmost settlement; it is therefore much more proximate to the western coast of Wales, at <a href="/wiki/Cardigan_Bay" title="Cardigan Bay">Cardigan Bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_UK_Panorama_(Instagram@3johnnyg2022)_%E2%80%93_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Birmingham_UK_Panorama_%28Instagram%403johnnyg2022%29_%E2%80%93_Cropped.jpg/1000px-Birmingham_UK_Panorama_%28Instagram%403johnnyg2022%29_%E2%80%93_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Birmingham_UK_Panorama_%28Instagram%403johnnyg2022%29_%E2%80%93_Cropped.jpg/1500px-Birmingham_UK_Panorama_%28Instagram%403johnnyg2022%29_%E2%80%93_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Birmingham_UK_Panorama_%28Instagram%403johnnyg2022%29_%E2%80%93_Cropped.jpg/2000px-Birmingham_UK_Panorama_%28Instagram%403johnnyg2022%29_%E2%80%93_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Cityscape</figcaption></figure> The City of Birmingham forms a <a href="/wiki/Conurbation" title="Conurbation">conurbation</a> with the borough of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a> to the south east, and with the city of <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> and the industrial towns of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> to the north west, which form the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Built-up_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="West Midlands Built-up Area">West Midlands Built-up Area</a> covering 59,972 ha (600 km2; 232 sq mi).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Surrounding this is <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area" title="Birmingham metropolitan area">Birmingham's metropolitan area</a> – the area to which it is closely economically tied through <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commuting</a> – which includes the town of <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a> in Staffordshire to the north; the city of <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> and the towns of <a href="/wiki/Nuneaton" title="Nuneaton">Nuneaton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedworth,_Warwickshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedworth, Warwickshire">Bedworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitnash,_Warwickshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitnash, Warwickshire">Whitnash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenilworth,_Warwickshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenilworth, Warwickshire">Kenilworth</a>, Rugby, <a href="/wiki/Atherstone,_Warwickshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Atherstone, Warwickshire">Atherstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coleshill,_Warwickshire" title="Coleshill, Warwickshire">Coleshill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick" title="Warwick">Warwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Leamington Spa</a> to the east in Warwickshire and the Worcestershire towns of <a href="/wiki/Redditch" title="Redditch">Redditch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromsgrove" title="Bromsgrove">Bromsgrove</a> to the south west.<a href="#cite_note-espon-125">[124]</a> As the crow flies, Birmingham lies approximately 100 miles (160 km) north-west of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, 85 miles (137 km) north-east of the Welsh capital <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, 45 miles (72 km) south-west of <a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a>, 70 miles (110 km) south of <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, and 75 miles (121 km) north-north-east of <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. Much of the area now occupied by the city was originally a northern reach of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Arden" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest of Arden">Forest of Arden</a> and the city remains relatively densely covered by <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> in a large number of districts such as <a href="/wiki/Moseley" title="Moseley">Moseley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltley" title="Saltley">Saltley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yardley,_Birmingham" title="Yardley, Birmingham">Yardley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stirchley,_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirchley, West Midlands">Stirchley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hockley,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hockley, Birmingham">Hockley</a>. These places, with names ending in "-ley", deriving from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> -lēah meaning "woodland clearing", are named after the former forest.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighbouring_townsCategory:All_articles_with_unsourced_statementsCategory:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024&#91;citation_needed&#93;" style="width:auto; clear:none; display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighbouring_townsCategory:All_articles_with_unsourced_statementsCategory:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2024&#91;citation_needed&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighbouring towns[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walsall" title="Walsall">Walsall</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shenstone,_Staffordshire" title="Shenstone, Staffordshire">Shenstone</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingsbury,_Warwickshire" title="Kingsbury, Warwickshire">Kingsbury</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />Birmingham<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Coleshill,_Warwickshire" title="Coleshill, Warwickshire">Coleshill</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hagley" title="Hagley">Hagley</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alvechurch" title="Alvechurch">Alvechurch</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> Birmingham is dominated by the Birmingham Fault, which runs diagonally through the city from the Lickey Hills in the south west, passing through Edgbaston and the Bull Ring, to <a href="/wiki/Erdington" title="Erdington">Erdington</a> and Sutton Coldfield in the north east.<a href="#cite_note-JPS-127">[126]</a> To the south and east of the fault the ground is largely softer <a href="/wiki/Mercia_Mudstone_Group" title="Mercia Mudstone Group">Mercia Mudstone</a>, interspersed with beds of <a href="/wiki/Bunter_(geology)" title="Bunter (geology)">Bunter pebbles</a> and crossed by the valleys of the Rivers Tame, Rea and Cole and their tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> To the north and west of the fault, between 150 and 600 feet (46 and 183 metres) higher than the surrounding area and underlying much of the city centre, lies a long ridge of harder <a href="/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper">Keuper</a> <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The bedrock underlying Birmingham was mostly laid down during the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> periods.<a href="#cite_note-JPS-127">[126]</a> The area has evidence of <a href="/wiki/Glacial_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial deposit">glacial deposits</a>, with prominent <a href="/wiki/Erratic_boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="Erratic boulder">erratic boulders</a> becoming a tourist attraction in the early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> Birmingham has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">maritime climate</a> (Cfb according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>), like much of the British Isles, with average maximum temperatures in summer (July) being around 21.3 °C (70.3 °F); and in winter (January) around 6.7 °C (44.1 °F).<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> Between 1971 and 2000 the warmest day of the year on average was 28.8 °C (83.8 °F)<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> and the coldest night typically fell to −9.0 °C (15.8 °F).<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> Some 11.2 days each year rose to a temperature of 25.1 °C (77.2 °F) or above<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> and 51.6 nights reported an air frost.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The highest recorded temperature recorded at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham#Edgbaston_campus" title="University of Birmingham">Edgbaston Campus</a> was 37.4 °C (99.3 °F),<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> whilst a temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F) was recorded at Birmingham Airport on the city's eastern edge, both recorded on <a href="/wiki/2022_European_heatwaves" title="2022 European heatwaves">19 July 2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Like most other large cities, Birmingham has a considerable <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> During the coldest night recorded, 14 January 1982, the temperature fell to −20.8 °C (−5.4 °F) at Birmingham Airport, but just −14.3 °C (6.3 °F) at Edgbaston, near the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Birmingham is a snowy city relative to other large UK conurbations, due to its inland location and comparatively high elevation.<a href="#cite_note-RCBI-143">[142]</a> Between 1961 and 1990 <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a> averaged 13.0 days of snow lying annually,<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> compared to 5.33 at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Snow showers often pass through the city via the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Plain" title="Cheshire Plain">Cheshire gap</a> on north westerly airstreams, but can also come off the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> from north easterly airstreams.<a href="#cite_note-RCBI-143">[142]</a> Extreme weather is rare, but the city has been known to experience <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>. On 14 June 1931, an extremely damaging T6/F3 tornado struck the city, carving an 11-mile damage path through Hollywood, Hall Green, Sparkbrook, Tyseley, Greet and Small Heath, causing extensive damage and killing 1 woman. On 23 November 1981, during a record-breaking <a href="/wiki/1981_United_Kingdom_tornado_outbreak" title="1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak">nationwide tornado outbreak</a>, two tornadoes touched down within the Birmingham city limits – in Erdington and <a href="/wiki/Selly_Oak" title="Selly Oak">Selly Oak</a> – with six tornadoes touching down within the boundaries of the wider <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> county.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> More recently, a destructive T6/F3 tornado occurred in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Tornado_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Tornado (UK)">July 2005</a> in the south of the city, damaging homes and businesses in the area. The tornado took an almost parallel path to that of the 1931 tornado.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Notable tornadoes have also struck the city in 1923, 1946, 1951, 1998 and 1999, most of which being of T2-T4/F1-F2 intensity. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Birmingham (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham#Edgbaston_campus" title="University of Birmingham">Winterbourne</a>),<a href="#cite_note-148">[b]</a> elevation: 140 m (459 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1959–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 (58.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8 (73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4 (84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7 (63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 (61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 (50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3 (66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5 (70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 (39.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 (48.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC99; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 (53.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8 (58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8 (62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.6 (34.9) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 (40.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 (53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 (35.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.3 (6.3) </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.4 (15.1) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.3 (17.1) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3 (24.3) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.6 (29.1) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.0 (15.8) </td> <td style="background: #9E9EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.4 (7.9) </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−14.3 (6.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.0 (2.83) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.1 (2.17) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.9 (2.00) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.5 (2.22) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0 (2.40) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 (2.69) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.8 (2.59) </td> <td style="background: #9AFF9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.5 (2.66) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.2 (2.69) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.4 (3.20) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.7 (3.10) </td> <td style="background: #81FF81; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.9 (3.30) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">809.3 (31.86) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #6F6FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #8787FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7D7DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #6767FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.3 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">132.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #606060; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.9 </td> <td style="background: #999999; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5 </td> <td style="background: #B5B566; color:#000000;" class="notheme">117.6 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187.0 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">180.6 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">193.5 </td> <td style="background: #CFCF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">175.0 </td> <td style="background: #C1C11C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140.0 </td> <td style="background: #AEAE8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.5 </td> <td style="background: #777777; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.1 </td> <td style="background: #656565; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">55.6 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,501.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather<a href="#cite_note-Starlings_Roost_Weather-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-starlingsroost.ddns.net-151">[149]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Birmingham (<a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">BHX</a>),<a href="#cite_note-152">[c]</a> elevation: 99 m (325 ft), 1971–2000 normals, extremes 1878–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9 (94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0 (84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1 (64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 (43.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1 (53.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 (60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6 (65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4 (70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8 (64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 (39.0) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 (43.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0 (51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9 (57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5 (61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1 (61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 (50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.5 (49.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1 (34.0) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4 (36.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5 (38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 (43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2 (48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2 (52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 (38.1) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.8 (−5.4) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.0 (5.0) </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.6 (11.1) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6 (20.1) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2 (34.2) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0 (14.0) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.5 (−1.3) </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−20.8 (−5.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.2 (2.53) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.4 (1.91) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.8 (1.96) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.3 (1.74) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.3 (1.98) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.9 (2.36) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.4 (1.83) </td> <td style="background: #A5FFA5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.2 (2.37) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0 (2.20) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.8 (2.16) </td> <td style="background: #A4FFA4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.9 (2.32) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.0 (2.64) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">662.7 (26.09) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 </td> <td style="background: #9393FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9 </td> <td style="background: #9191FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 (36) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 (39) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 (45) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (52) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 (52) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 (50) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 (46) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 (41) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6 (43) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #5A5A5A; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">49.7 </td> <td style="background: #787878; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.0 </td> <td style="background: #ADAD92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">101.5 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC3A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.2 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178.0 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.2 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181.0 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166.8 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.3 </td> <td style="background: #ABAB9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.2 </td> <td style="background: #797979; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.2 </td> <td style="background: #555555; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.9 </td> <td style="background: #B5B564; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,395 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Meteorological_Institute" title="Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute">KNMI</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (Relative humidity, snow days and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather<a href="#cite_note-Starlings_Roost_Weather-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-starlingsroost.ddns.net-151">[149]</a> Meteo Climat<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> Time and Date: Dewpoints (1985–2015)<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Birmingham </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Daytime" title="Daytime">daylight hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF34; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF77; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF62; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-Weather_Atlas-158">[154]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_Birmingham" title="Parks and open spaces in Birmingham">Parks and open spaces in Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Green_Belt" title="West Midlands Green Belt">West Midlands Green Belt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens._-_geograph.org.uk_-_835643.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens._-_geograph.org.uk_-_835643.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens._-_geograph.org.uk_-_835643.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens._-_geograph.org.uk_-_835643.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens._-_geograph.org.uk_-_835643.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens._-_geograph.org.uk_-_835643.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens._-_geograph.org.uk_-_835643.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Botanical Gardens (United Kingdom)">Birmingham Botanical Gardens</a></figcaption></figure> There are 571 parks within Birmingham<a href="#cite_note-Biophilic-159">[155]</a> – more than any other European city<a href="#cite_note-QuickandQuirkyFacts2-160">[156]</a> – totalling over 3,500 hectares (14 sq mi) of public open space.<a href="#cite_note-Biophilic-159">[155]</a> The city has over six million trees,<a href="#cite_note-QuickandQuirkyFacts2-160">[156]</a> and 250 miles (400 kilometres) of urban brooks and streams.<a href="#cite_note-Biophilic-159">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Park,_West_Midlands" title="Sutton Park, West Midlands">Sutton Park</a>, which covers 2,400 acres (971 ha) in the north of the city,<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> is the largest urban park in Europe and a <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserves_in_England" title="National nature reserves in England">national nature reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biophilic-159">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Botanical_Gardens_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Botanical Gardens (United Kingdom)">Birmingham Botanical Gardens</a>, located close to the city centre, retains the <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">regency</a> landscape of its original design by <a href="/wiki/J._C._Loudon" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Loudon">J. C. Loudon</a> in 1829,<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_Botanic_Garden" title="Winterbourne Botanic Garden">Winterbourne Botanic Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> reflects the more informal <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts</a> tastes of its <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> Several green spaces within the borough are designated as <a href="/wiki/Green_belt_(United_Kingdom)" title="Green belt (United Kingdom)">green belt</a>, as a portion of the wider West Midlands Green Belt. This is a strategic local government policy used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and preserve <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield land</a>. Areas included are the aforementioned Sutton Park; land along the borough boundary by the Sutton Coldfield, Walmley and Minworth suburbs; Kingfisher, Sheldon, Woodgate Valley country parks; grounds by the Wake Green football club; Bartley and Frankley reservoirs; and Handsworth cemetery with surrounding golf courses.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Birmingham has many areas of wildlife that lie in both informal settings such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_Country_Park" title="Kingfisher Country Park">Project Kingfisher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodgate_Valley_Country_Park" title="Woodgate Valley Country Park">Woodgate Valley Country Park</a> and in a selection of parks such as <a href="/wiki/Lickey_Hills_Country_Park" title="Lickey Hills Country Park">Lickey Hills Country Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pype_Hayes_Park" title="Pype Hayes Park">Pype Hayes Park</a> & Newhall Valley, <a href="/wiki/Handsworth_Park" title="Handsworth Park">Handsworth Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kings_Heath_Park" title="Kings Heath Park">Kings Heath Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Hill_Park" title="Cannon Hill Park">Cannon Hill Park</a>, the latter also housing the mini zoo, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Wildlife_Conservation_Park" title="Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park">Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Birmingham" title="Demographics of Birmingham">Demographics of Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_population.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Birmingham_population.PNG/220px-Birmingham_population.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Birmingham_population.PNG/330px-Birmingham_population.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Birmingham_population.PNG/440px-Birmingham_population.PNG 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Historical population of Birmingham, between 1651 and 2011<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> The 2021 census recorded 1,144,900 people living in Birmingham, an increase of around 6.7% from 2011 when 1,073,045 were recorded.<a href="#cite_note-auto-167">[163]</a> It is the 27th largest city in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> by population within its city boundary.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Birmingham's continuous urban area extends beyond the city's boundaries: the Birmingham <a href="/wiki/Larger_Urban_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Larger Urban Zone">Larger Urban Zone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> measure of the functional city-region approximated to local government districts, had a population of 2,357,100 in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> In addition to Birmingham itself, the LUZ (<a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation" title="West Midlands conurbation">West Midlands conurbation</a>) includes the Metropolitan Boroughs of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Dudley">Dudley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall" title="Metropolitan Borough of Walsall">Walsall</a>, along with the districts of <a href="/wiki/Lichfield_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichfield (district)">Lichfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Warwickshire" title="North Warwickshire">North Warwickshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromsgrove_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromsgrove (district)">Bromsgrove</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> Beyond this is the wider <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area" title="Birmingham metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> with a population numbering 3,558,916 in 2019 according to Eurostat.<a href="#cite_note-Eurostat-metros-171">[167]</a> Around 305,688 or 26.7% of the population in 2021 were <a href="/wiki/Foreign-born_population_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign-born population of the United Kingdom">foreign-born</a>, making it a city with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_born#Cities_with_largest_foreign_born_populations" title="Foreign born">one of the largest migrant populations in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census-foreign_born-172">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnicity of Birmingham residents, 2021</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">White</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:48.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">48.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Asian</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:31%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">31%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Black</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:10.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mixed</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:4.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:4.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Arab</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:#ccf; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.7%</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="5" style="padding:5px; text-align:left;">Source: 2021 census<a href="#cite_note-census-2021-173">[169]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> According to figures from the 2021 census, 48.7% of the population was <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> (42.9% <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a>, 1.5% <a href="/wiki/Irish_migration_to_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish migration to Great Britain">White Irish</a>, 4.0% <a href="/wiki/Other_White" title="Other White">Other White</a>, 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Romani people in the United Kingdom">Roma</a>, 0.1% <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a>), 31% were <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> (17.0% <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistanis" title="British Pakistanis">Pakistani</a>, 5.8% <a href="/wiki/British_Indians" title="British Indians">Indian</a>, 4.2% <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshis" title="British Bangladeshis">Bangladeshi</a>, 1.1% <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a>, 2.9% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Other Asian</a>), 10.9% were <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> (5.8% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">African</a>, 3.9% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Caribbean</a>, 1.2% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Other Black</a>), 4.8% of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed race</a> (2.2% White and Black Caribbean, 0.4% White and Black African, 1.1% White and Asian, 1.1% Other Mixed), 1.7% <a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a> and 4.6% of Other ethnic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-census-2021-173">[169]</a> The 2021 census showed 26.7% of the population were born outside the UK, an increase of 4.5% percentage points from 2011.<a href="#cite_note-census-foreign_born-172">[168]</a> Figures showed that the five largest foreign-born groups living in Birmingham were born in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Romania and Jamaica.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> In 2011, 57% of primary and 52% of secondary pupils were from non-White British families.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a> As of 2021, 31.6% of school pupils in Birmingham were <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>, 37.7% were <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, 12.6% were <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a>, 9.7% were <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed race</a> and 8.4% were Other.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> There is particularly a large community of Asian descent, especially from Pakistani, Indian and Bangladeshi backgrounds, as well as Afro-Caribbeans from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>, and a solid Chinese presence through migrants from the former colony of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Birmingham also has an older Irish connection,<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a> with the city having the largest population of Irish in mainland Britain and home to its only Irish quarter, <a href="/wiki/Digbeth" title="Digbeth">Digbeth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_structure_and_median_age">Age structure and median age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Age structure and median age">edit</a>]</div> In Birmingham, 65.9% of the population were aged between 15 and 64, higher than when compared to the national average of 64.1% in England and Wales. Furthermore, 20.9% of the population were aged under 15, higher than the national average of 17.4% while the population aged over 65 was 13.1%, which was lower than the national average of 18.6% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-auto-167">[163]</a> Birmingham is one of the youngest cities in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> with 40% of its population below the age of 25<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> and the median age being 34 years of age, below the national average of 40.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Birmingham" title="Religion in Birmingham">Religion in Birmingham</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:lightgrey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 248.00703903113px; border-left-color:darkorchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkorchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkorchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 223.34360795809px; border-left-color:darkkhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkkhaki"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkkhaki"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 219.63310880999px; border-left-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:aqua"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:aqua"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 205.75905061887px; border-left-color:Coral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Coral"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Coral"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 155.40779058166px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:48.725012572533px 87.326245480992px 0 0; border-top-color:honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 63.461929754415px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Birmingham (2021)<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a> (34.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No Religion</a> (24.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a> (29.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a> (2.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a> (1.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a> (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Religions (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Religion not Stated (6.1%)</div> </div> </div></div><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the largest religion within Birmingham, with 34% of residents identifying as Christians in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Census_2021" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Census 2021">2021 Census</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census-religion-183">[179]</a> The city's religious profile is highly diverse: outside London, Birmingham has the United Kingdom's largest <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> communities; its second largest <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> community; and its seventh largest <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-census-religion-183">[179]</a> Between the 2001, 2011, and 2021 censuses, the proportion of Christians in Birmingham decreased from 59.1% to 46.1% to 34%, while the proportion of Muslims increased from 14.3% to 21.8% to 29.9% and the proportion of people with no religious affiliation increased from 12.4% to 19.3% to 24.1%. All other religions remained proportionately similar.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_843908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Birmingham_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_843908.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_843908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Birmingham_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_843908.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_843908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Birmingham_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_843908.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Cathedral_-_geograph.org.uk_-_843908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">St Philip's Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">St Philip's Cathedral</a> was upgraded from church status when the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Birmingham" title="Anglican Diocese of Birmingham">Anglican Diocese of Birmingham</a> was created in 1905. There are two other cathedrals: <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Chad,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Chad, Birmingham">St Chad's</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Birmingham" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Birmingham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Orthodox_Cathedral" title="Birmingham Orthodox Cathedral">Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Dormition of the Mother of God and St Andrew</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Diocese_of_the_Midlands_and_Affiliated_Areas_U.K." class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Midlands and Affiliated Areas U.K.">Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Midlands</a> is also based at Birmingham, with a cathedral under construction. The original parish church of Birmingham, <a href="/wiki/St_Martin_in_the_Bull_Ring" title="St Martin in the Bull Ring">St Martin in the Bull Ring</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II* listed</a>. A short distance from <a href="/wiki/Five_Ways,_Birmingham" title="Five Ways, Birmingham">Five Ways</a> the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a> was completed in 1910 on the site of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Newman">Cardinal Newman</a>'s original foundation. There are several <a href="/wiki/Christadelphian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christadelphian">Christadelphian</a> meeting halls in the city and the Christadelphian Magazine and Publishing Group has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Hall_Green" title="Hall Green">Hall Green</a>. The oldest surviving synagogue in Birmingham is the 1825 <a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Revival">Greek Revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Severn_Street_Synagogue" title="Severn Street Synagogue">Severn Street Synagogue</a>, now a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemasons</a>' Lodge hall. It was replaced in 1856 by the <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade II* listed</a> <a href="/wiki/Singers_Hill_Synagogue" title="Singers Hill Synagogue">Singers Hill Synagogue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Mosque" title="Birmingham Central Mosque">Birmingham Central Mosque</a>, one of the largest in Europe, was constructed in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> During the late 1990s <a href="/wiki/Ghamkol_Shariff_Masjid" title="Ghamkol Shariff Masjid">Ghamkol Shariff Masjid</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Small_Heath,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Heath, Birmingham">Small Heath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> The Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> was built on Soho Road in Handsworth in the late 1970s and the <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhist">Theravada Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Dhamma_Talaka_Peace_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma Talaka Peace Pagoda">Dhamma Talaka Peace Pagoda</a> near <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Reservoir" title="Edgbaston Reservoir">Edgbaston Reservoir</a> in the 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Winners%27_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="Winners' Chapel">Winners' Chapel</a> also maintains physical presence in <a href="/wiki/Digbeth" title="Digbeth">Digbeth</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Economy of Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:127_Colmore_Row.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/127_Colmore_Row.jpg/220px-127_Colmore_Row.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/127_Colmore_Row.jpg/330px-127_Colmore_Row.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/127_Colmore_Row.jpg/440px-127_Colmore_Row.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colmore_Row" title="Colmore Row">Colmore Row</a>, at the heart of Birmingham's Business District, is traditionally the most prestigious business address in the city.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a></figcaption></figure> Birmingham grew to prominence as a centre of manufacturing and engineering. The economy of Birmingham is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector of industry">service sector</a>, which accounted for 88% of the city's employment in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-nomisweb-24">[23]</a> Birmingham is the largest centre in the UK for employment in <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health</a>;<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> and after <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> the second-largest centre outside London for employment in <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial and other business services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gun_Quarter" title="Gun Quarter">Gun Quarter</a> is a district of the city that was, for many years, a centre of the world's gun-manufacturing industry. The first recorded gun maker in Birmingham was in 1630, and locally made muskets were used in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>. The Gun Quarter is an industrial area to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_city_centre" title="Birmingham city centre">city centre</a>, bounded by Steelhouse Lane, Shadwell Street, and Loveday Street, specialising in the production of military firearms and sporting guns. Many buildings in the area are disused but plans are in place for redevelopment including in Shadwell Street and Vesey Street.<a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> The wider <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_economy" title="Metropolitan economy">metropolitan economy</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_economies_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan economies in the United Kingdom">second-largest in the United Kingdom</a> with a <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> of $121.1 billion (2014 estimate, <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>).<a href="#cite_note-brookingsgdp-25">[24]</a> Major companies headquartered in Birmingham include the engineering company <a href="/wiki/IMI_plc" title="IMI plc">IMI plc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobico_Group" title="Mobico Group">Mobico Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patisserie_Valerie" title="Patisserie Valerie">Patisserie Valerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claire%27s" title="Claire's">Claire's</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitchells_%26_Butlers" title="Mitchells & Butlers">Mitchells & Butlers</a>; including the wider metropolitan area, the city has the largest concentration of major companies outside London and the South East.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> hosting headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Gymshark" title="Gymshark">Gymshark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Severn_Trent_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn Trent Water">Severn Trent Water</a>. With major facilities such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Exhibition_Centre" title="National Exhibition Centre">National Exhibition Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Centre,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention Centre, Birmingham">International Convention Centre</a>, Birmingham attracts 42% of the UK's total conference and exhibition trade.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Motor_Show_2012_(8065248951).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Paris_Motor_Show_2012_%288065248951%29.jpg/220px-Paris_Motor_Show_2012_%288065248951%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Paris_Motor_Show_2012_%288065248951%29.jpg/330px-Paris_Motor_Show_2012_%288065248951%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Paris_Motor_Show_2012_%288065248951%29.jpg/440px-Paris_Motor_Show_2012_%288065248951%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_F-Type" title="Jaguar F-Type">Jaguar F-Type</a>, made by <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover" title="Jaguar Land Rover">Jaguar Land Rover</a> at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly" title="Castle Bromwich Assembly">Castle Bromwich Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> In 2012, manufacturing accounted for 8% of the employment in Birmingham, a figure below the average for the UK as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-nomisweb-24">[23]</a> Major industrial plants in the city include <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_Land_Rover" title="Jaguar Land Rover">Jaguar Land Rover</a> in <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich" title="Castle Bromwich">Castle Bromwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadbury" title="Cadbury">Cadbury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a>, with large local producers also supporting a <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> of precision-based small manufacturers and craft industries.<a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> More traditional industries also remain: 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> made in the UK is still produced by the 300 independent manufacturers of the city's <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter" title="Jewellery Quarter">Jewellery Quarter</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a> continuing a trade first recorded in Birmingham in 1308.<a href="#cite_note-Leather_2001_12-47">[46]</a> Birmingham's <a href="/wiki/Gross_Value_Added" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Value Added">GVA</a> was estimated to be £24.8 billion in 2015, economic growth accelerated each successive year between 2013 and 2015, and with an annual growth of 4.2% in 2015, GVA per head grew at the second-fastest rate of England's eight "Core Cities". The value of manufacturing output in the city declined by 21% in real terms between 1997 and 2010, but the value of financial and insurance activities more than doubled.<a href="#cite_note-economist.com-196">[192]</a> With 16,281 <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start-ups</a> registered during 2013, Birmingham has the highest level of entrepreneurial activity outside London,<a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a> while the number of registered businesses in the city grew by 8.1% during 2016.<a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> Birmingham was behind only <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> for private sector job creation between 2010 and 2013.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left: 2em;"> <caption>Nominal GVA for Birmingham 2010–2015. Note 2015 is provisional<a href="#cite_note-Headline_Nominal_GVA-200">[196]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>GVA (£ million)</th> <th>Growth (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>20,795</td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />02.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>21,424</td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />03.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>21,762</td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />01.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>22,644</td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />04.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>23,583</td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />04.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>24,790</td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" />05.2% </td></tr></tbody></table> Economic inequality in Birmingham is greater than in any other major English city, exceeded only by <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> Levels of unemployment are among the highest in the country, with 10% of the economically active population unemployed in June 2016.<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> In the inner-city wards of Aston and Washwood Heath, the figure is higher than 30%. Two-fifths of Birmingham's population live in areas classified as in the 10% most deprived parts of England, and overall Birmingham is the most deprived local authority in England in terms of income and employment deprivation.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> The city's infant mortality rate is high, around 60% worse than the national average.<a href="#cite_note-econbir-204">[200]</a> Meanwhile, just 49% of women have jobs, compared to 65% nationally,<a href="#cite_note-econbir-204">[200]</a> and only 28% of the working-age population in Birmingham have degree level qualifications in contrast to the average of 34% across other core cities.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> According to the 2014 Mercer Quality of Living Survey, Birmingham was placed 51st in the world, which was the second-highest rating in the UK. The city's quality of life rating has continued to improve over the years and Birmingham was ranked 49th in the world in the 2019 survey. This is the first time it has featured in the top 50.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Big City Plan</a> of 2008 aims to move the city into the index's top 20 by 2026.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> An area of the city has been designated an <a href="/wiki/Urban_Enterprise_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban Enterprise Zone">enterprise zone</a>, with tax relief and simplified planning to lure investment.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> According to 2019 property investment research, Birmingham is rated as the number one location for "the best places to invest in property in the UK". This was attributed to a 5% increase in house prices and local investment into infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Birmingham" title="Culture of Birmingham">Culture of Birmingham</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Classical music of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_of_Birmingham" title="Jazz of Birmingham">Jazz of Birmingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Birmingham" title="Popular music of Birmingham">Popular music of Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirga_and_the_CBSO_at_Symphony_Hall_29-01-2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mirga_and_the_CBSO_at_Symphony_Hall_29-01-2017.jpg/220px-Mirga_and_the_CBSO_at_Symphony_Hall_29-01-2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mirga_and_the_CBSO_at_Symphony_Hall_29-01-2017.jpg/330px-Mirga_and_the_CBSO_at_Symphony_Hall_29-01-2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mirga_and_the_CBSO_at_Symphony_Hall_29-01-2017.jpg/440px-Mirga_and_the_CBSO_at_Symphony_Hall_29-01-2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mirga_Gra%C5%BEinyt%C4%97-Tyla" title="Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla">Mirga Gražinytė-Tyla</a> conducting the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra" title="City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra">City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Birmingham" title="Symphony Hall, Birmingham">Symphony Hall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Town_Hall,_Victoria_Square,_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587108.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Town_Hall%2C_Victoria_Square%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587108.jpg/220px-Town_Hall%2C_Victoria_Square%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587108.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Town_Hall%2C_Victoria_Square%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587108.jpg/330px-Town_Hall%2C_Victoria_Square%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Town_Hall%2C_Victoria_Square%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587108.jpg/440px-Town_Hall%2C_Victoria_Square%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3587108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Birmingham Town Hall</a> dating from 1834, one of the most prominent music venues in the city</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra" title="City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra">City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra</a>'s home venue is <a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony Hall (Birmingham)">Symphony Hall</a>. Other notable professional orchestras based in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Contemporary_Music_Group" title="Birmingham Contemporary Music Group">Birmingham Contemporary Music Group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ballet_Sinfonia" title="Royal Ballet Sinfonia">Royal Ballet Sinfonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ex_Cathedra" title="Ex Cathedra">Ex Cathedra</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> chamber choir and <a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">period instrument</a> orchestra. The <a href="/wiki/Orchestra_of_the_Swan" title="Orchestra of the Swan">Orchestra of the Swan</a> is the resident <a href="/wiki/Chamber_orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber orchestra">chamber orchestra</a> at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Birmingham Town Hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> where weekly recitals have also been given by the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Organist" title="Birmingham City Organist">City Organist</a> since 1834.<a href="#cite_note-211">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Triennial_Music_Festival" title="Birmingham Triennial Music Festival">Birmingham Triennial Music Festivals</a> took place from 1784 to 1912. Music was specially composed, conducted or performed by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Mendelssohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sullivan" title="Arthur Sullivan">Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granville_Bantock" title="Granville Bantock">Bantock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>, who wrote four of his most famous choral pieces for Birmingham. Elgar's <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius" title="The Dream of Gerontius">The Dream of Gerontius</a> had its début performance there in 1900. Composers born in the city include <a href="/wiki/Albert_William_Ket%C3%A8lbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert William Ketèlbey">Albert William Ketèlbey</a> and Andrew Glover.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> has been popular in the city since the 1920s,<a href="#cite_note-213">[209]</a> and there are many regular festivals such as the Harmonic Festival, the Mostly Jazz Festival and the annual International Jazz Festival.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> Birmingham's other city-centre music venues include <a href="/wiki/Arena_Birmingham" title="Arena Birmingham">Arena Birmingham</a> (previously known as the National Indoor Arena and the Barclaycard Arena), which was opened in 1991, <a href="/wiki/O2_Academy_Birmingham" title="O2 Academy Birmingham">O2 Academy</a> on Bristol Street, which opened in September 2009 replacing the <a href="/wiki/O2_Academy_Birmingham" title="O2 Academy Birmingham">O2 Academy</a> in Dale End, the <a href="/wiki/CBSO_Centre" title="CBSO Centre">CBSO Centre</a>, opened in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Digbeth_Institute" title="Digbeth Institute">HMV Institute</a> in Digbeth and the Bradshaw Hall at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Birmingham_Conservatoire" title="Royal Birmingham Conservatoire">Royal Birmingham Conservatoire</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sabs.jpg/220px-Sabs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sabs.jpg/330px-Sabs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Sabs.jpg/440px-Sabs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2789" data-file-height="1925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>, pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Elflein_2017-215">[211]</a> formed in Birmingham in 1968.</figcaption></figure> During the 1960s, Birmingham was the home of a music scene comparable to that of <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMG-IdleRace-216">[212]</a> It was "a seething cauldron of musical activity", and the international success of groups such as <a href="/wiki/The_Move" title="The Move">The Move</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Spencer_Davis_Group" title="The Spencer Davis Group">The Spencer Davis Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Moody_Blues" title="The Moody Blues">The Moody Blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(band)" title="Traffic (band)">Traffic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra" title="Electric Light Orchestra">Electric Light Orchestra</a> had a collective influence that stretched into the 1970s and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-AMG-IdleRace-216">[212]</a> The city was a centre for early <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> with pioneering metal bands from the late 1960s and 1970s such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Sabbath" title="Black Sabbath">Black Sabbath</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Elflein_2017-215">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Judas_Priest" title="Judas Priest">Judas Priest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Elflein_2017-215">[211]</a> and half of <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> having come from Birmingham. The next decade saw the metal bands <a href="/wiki/Napalm_Death" title="Napalm Death">Napalm Death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godflesh" title="Godflesh">Godflesh</a> emerge from the city, as well as <a href="/wiki/Benediction_(band)" title="Benediction (band)">Benediction</a> and the extreme black death metal act <a href="/wiki/Anaal_Nathrakh" title="Anaal Nathrakh">Anaal Nathrakh</a> later. The funeral doom band <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_(band)" title="Esoteric (band)">Esoteric</a> has been operating in the sub-genre since 1992. Birmingham was the birthplace of modern <a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(music)" title="Bhangra (music)">bhangra</a> in the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-EmberEmberSkoggard-218">[214]</a> and by the 1980s had established itself as the global centre of bhangra culture,<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> which has grown into a global phenomenon embraced by members of the <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian diaspora</a> worldwide from <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> to <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EmberEmberSkoggard-218">[214]</a> The 1970s also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a> in the city with such bands as <a href="/wiki/Steel_Pulse" title="Steel Pulse">Steel Pulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/UB40" title="UB40">UB40</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_Youth" title="Musical Youth">Musical Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beat_(British_band)" title="The Beat (British band)">The Beat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beshara_(band)" title="Beshara (band)">Beshara</a>, expounding racial unity with politically leftist lyrics and multiracial line-ups, mirroring social currents in Birmingham at that time. Other popular bands from Birmingham include <a href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Foreigner" title="Johnny Foreigner">Johnny Foreigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_Young_Cannibals" title="Fine Young Cannibals">Fine Young Cannibals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felt_(band)" title="Felt (band)">Felt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_(band)" title="Broadcast (band)">Broadcast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Colour_Scene" title="Ocean Colour Scene">Ocean Colour Scene</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Streets" title="The Streets">The Streets</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twang" title="The Twang">The Twang</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Adora" title="King Adora">King Adora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dexys_Midnight_Runners" title="Dexys Midnight Runners">Dexys Midnight Runners</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnum_(band)" title="Magnum (band)">Magnum</a>. Musicians <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Lynne" title="Jeff Lynne">Jeff Lynne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozzy_Osbourne" title="Ozzy Osbourne">Ozzy Osbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Iommi" title="Tony Iommi">Tony Iommi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Ward_(musician)" title="Bill Ward (musician)">Bill Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geezer_Butler" title="Geezer Butler">Geezer Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/GBH_(band)" title="GBH (band)">GBH</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lodge_(musician)" title="John Lodge (musician)">John Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wood" title="Roy Wood">Roy Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Armatrading" title="Joan Armatrading">Joan Armatrading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyah_Willcox" title="Toyah Willcox">Toyah Willcox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denny_Laine" title="Denny Laine">Denny Laine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukshinder_Shinda" title="Sukshinder Shinda">Sukshinder Shinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache_Indian_(musician)" title="Apache Indian (musician)">Apache Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamelia" title="Jamelia">Jamelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceans_Ate_Alaska" title="Oceans Ate Alaska">Oceans Ate Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyfe_Dangerfield" title="Fyfe Dangerfield">Fyfe Dangerfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laura_Mvula" title="Laura Mvula">Laura Mvula</a> all grew up in the city.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_performing_arts">Theatre and performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Theatre and performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Hippodrome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Birmingham_Hippodrome.jpg/220px-Birmingham_Hippodrome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Birmingham_Hippodrome.jpg/330px-Birmingham_Hippodrome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Birmingham_Hippodrome.jpg/440px-Birmingham_Hippodrome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Hippodrome" title="Birmingham Hippodrome">Birmingham Hippodrome</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Royal_Ballet" title="Birmingham Royal Ballet">Birmingham Royal Ballet</a>, is the UK's busiest single theatre.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre" title="Birmingham Repertory Theatre">Birmingham Repertory Theatre</a> is Britain's longest-established <a href="/wiki/Producing_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Producing theatre">producing theatre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> presenting a wide variety of work in its three auditoria on <a href="/wiki/Centenary_Square,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Centenary Square, Birmingham">Centenary Square</a> and touring nationally and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> Other producing theatres in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Orange_Theatre" title="Blue Orange Theatre">Blue Orange Theatre</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter" title="Jewellery Quarter">Jewellery Quarter</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Old_Rep" title="Old Rep">Old Rep</a>, home stage of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Stage_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Stage Company">Birmingham Stage Company</a>; and <a href="/wiki/@_A._E._Harris" title="@ A. E. Harris">@ A. E. Harris</a>, the base of the experimental <a href="/wiki/Stan%27s_Cafe" title="Stan's Cafe">Stan's Cafe</a> theatre company, located within a working metal fabricators' factory. Touring <a href="/wiki/Theatre_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre company">theatre companies</a> include the politically radical <a href="/wiki/Banner_Theatre" title="Banner Theatre">Banner Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maverick_Theatre_Company" title="Maverick Theatre Company">Maverick Theatre Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kindle_Theatre" title="Kindle Theatre">Kindle Theatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Theatre_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra Theatre (Birmingham)">Alexandra Theatre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Hippodrome" title="Birmingham Hippodrome">Birmingham Hippodrome</a> host large-scale touring productions, while professional drama is performed on a wide range of stages across the city, including the <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Theatre" title="Crescent Theatre">Crescent Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Custard_Factory" title="Custard Factory">Custard Factory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Joint_Stock_Theatre" title="Old Joint Stock Theatre">Old Joint Stock Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Drum_(Arts_Centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Drum (Arts Centre)">the Drum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aston" title="Aston">Aston</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mac_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac (Birmingham)">mac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Hill_Park" title="Cannon Hill Park">Cannon Hill Park</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Royal_Ballet" title="Birmingham Royal Ballet">Birmingham Royal Ballet</a> is one of the United Kingdom's five major <a href="/wiki/Ballet_company" title="Ballet company">ballet companies</a> and one of three based outside London.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> It is resident at the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Hippodrome" title="Birmingham Hippodrome">Birmingham Hippodrome</a> and tours extensively nationally and internationally. The company's associated ballet school – <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_School_for_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Elmhurst School for Dance">Elmhurst School for Dance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> – is the oldest vocational dance school in the country.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Opera_Company" title="Birmingham Opera Company">Birmingham Opera Company</a> under artistic director <a href="/wiki/Graham_Vick" title="Graham Vick">Graham Vick</a> has developed an international reputation for its <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> productions,<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> which often take place in factories, abandoned buildings and other <a href="/wiki/Stage_(theatre)#Created_and_found_spaces" title="Stage (theatre)">found spaces</a> around the city.<a href="#cite_note-227">[223]</a> More conventional seasons by <a href="/wiki/Welsh_National_Opera" title="Welsh National Opera">Welsh National Opera</a> and other visiting opera companies take place regularly at the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Hippodrome" title="Birmingham Hippodrome">Birmingham Hippodrome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[224]</a> The first dedicated comedy club outside London, <a href="/wiki/The_Glee_Club" title="The Glee Club">The Glee Club</a>, was opened in The Arcadian Centre, city centre, in 1994, and continues to host performances by leading regional, national and international acts.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Birmingham" title="Literature of Birmingham">Literature of Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AudenVanVechten1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AudenVanVechten1939.jpg/140px-AudenVanVechten1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AudenVanVechten1939.jpg/210px-AudenVanVechten1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/AudenVanVechten1939.jpg/280px-AudenVanVechten1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1323" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> grew up in the Birmingham area and lived there for much of his early life.</figcaption></figure> Literary figures associated with Birmingham include <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> who stayed in Birmingham for a short period and was born in nearby <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> worked in the Aston area of Birmingham whilst poet <a href="/wiki/Louis_MacNeice" title="Louis MacNeice">Louis MacNeice</a> lived in Birmingham for six years. It was whilst staying in Birmingham that American author <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> produced several of his most famous literary works, such as Bracebridge Hall and The Humorists, A Medley which are based on Aston Hall, as well as <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a> The poet <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> grew up in the Harborne area of the city and during the 1930s formed the core of the <a href="/wiki/Auden_Group" title="Auden Group">Auden Group</a> with Birmingham University lecturer <a href="/wiki/Louis_MacNeice" title="Louis MacNeice">Louis MacNeice</a>. Other influential poets associated with Birmingham include <a href="/wiki/Roi_Kwabena" title="Roi Kwabena">Roi Kwabena</a>, who was the city's sixth poet laureate,<a href="#cite_note-231">[227]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Zephaniah" title="Benjamin Zephaniah">Benjamin Zephaniah</a>, who was born in the city.<a href="#cite_note-232">[228]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg/220px-Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg/330px-Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg/440px-Tolkien%27s_Sarehole_Mill_blue_plaque-persp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="1297" /></a><figcaption>Tolkien's blue plaque at Sarehole Mill, the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/The_Shire" title="The Shire">The Shire</a></figcaption></figure> The author <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> was brought up in the <a href="/wiki/Kings_Heath" title="Kings Heath">Kings Heath</a> area of Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-233">[229]</a> He referred to Birmingham as his home town and to himself as a ‘Birmingham man’. There is a dedicated 'Tolkien Trail' across Birmingham which takes those who follow it to the landmarks which are said to have inspired Tolkien's works.<a href="#cite_note-234">[230]</a> The political playwright <a href="/wiki/David_Edgar_(playwright)" title="David Edgar (playwright)">David Edgar</a> was born in Birmingham,<a href="#cite_note-235">[231]</a> and the science fiction author <a href="/wiki/John_Wyndham" title="John Wyndham">John Wyndham</a> spent his early childhood in the <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> area of the city.<a href="#cite_note-236">[232]</a> Birmingham has a vibrant contemporary literary scene, with local authors including <a href="/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)" title="David Lodge (author)">David Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crace" title="Jim Crace">Jim Crace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Coe" title="Jonathan Coe">Jonathan Coe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Lane" title="Joel Lane">Joel Lane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judith_Cutler" title="Judith Cutler">Judith Cutler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[233]</a> The city's leading contemporary literary publisher is the <a href="/wiki/Tindal_Street_Press" title="Tindal Street Press">Tindal Street Press</a>, whose authors include prize-winning novelists <a href="/wiki/Catherine_O%27Flynn" title="Catherine O'Flynn">Catherine O'Flynn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clare_Morrall" title="Clare Morrall">Clare Morrall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austin_Clarke_(novelist)" title="Austin Clarke (novelist)">Austin Clarke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_design">Art and design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Art and design">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Birmingham" title="Art of Birmingham">Art of Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boys_Fishing_by_David_Cox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Boys_Fishing_by_David_Cox.jpg/220px-Boys_Fishing_by_David_Cox.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Boys_Fishing_by_David_Cox.jpg/330px-Boys_Fishing_by_David_Cox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Boys_Fishing_by_David_Cox.jpg/440px-Boys_Fishing_by_David_Cox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>Boys Fishing (c.1859), by <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(artist)" title="David Cox (artist)">David Cox</a>, a major figure in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_(landscape_artists)" title="Birmingham School (landscape artists)">Birmingham School</a> of landscape artists</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_(landscape_artists)" title="Birmingham School (landscape artists)">Birmingham School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape artists</a> emerged with <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bond" title="Daniel Bond">Daniel Bond</a> in the 1760s and was to last into the mid 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a> Its most important figure was <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(artist)" title="David Cox (artist)">David Cox</a>, whose later works make him an important precursor of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[236]</a> The influence of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Birmingham_Society_of_Artists" title="Royal Birmingham Society of Artists">Royal Birmingham Society of Artists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_of_Art" title="Birmingham School of Art">Birmingham School of Art</a> made Birmingham an important centre of Victorian art, particularly within the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> movements.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a> Major figures included the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(movement)" title="Symbolism (movement)">symbolist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>; <a href="/wiki/Walter_Langley" title="Walter Langley">Walter Langley</a>, the first of the <a href="/wiki/Newlyn_School" title="Newlyn School">Newlyn School</a> painters;<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Southall" title="Joseph Southall">Joseph Southall</a>, leader of the group of artists and craftsmen known as the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Group_(artists)" title="Birmingham Group (artists)">Birmingham Group</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Surrealists" title="Birmingham Surrealists">Birmingham Surrealists</a> were among the "harbingers of surrealism" in Britain in the 1930s and the movement's most active members in the 1940s,<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a> while more abstract artists associated with the city included <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bank" title="Lee Bank">Lee Bank</a>-born <a href="/wiki/David_Bomberg" title="David Bomberg">David Bomberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/CoBrA" class="mw-redirect" title="CoBrA">CoBrA</a> member <a href="/wiki/William_Gear" title="William Gear">William Gear</a>. Birmingham artists were prominent in several post-war developments in art: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips_(artist)" title="Peter Phillips (artist)">Peter Phillips</a> was among the central figures in the birth of <a href="/wiki/Pop_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop Art">Pop Art</a>;<a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Salt" title="John Salt">John Salt</a> was the only major European figure among the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Photo-realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo-realism">photo-realism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BLK_Art_Group" title="BLK Art Group">BLK Art Group</a> used painting, collage and multimedia to examine the politics and culture of <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">Black British</a> identity. Contemporary artists from the city include the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Prize" title="Turner Prize">Turner Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Gillian_Wearing" title="Gillian Wearing">Gillian Wearing</a> and the Turner Prize shortlisted artists <a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingham" title="Richard Billingham">Richard Billingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(painter)" title="John Walker (painter)">John Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hiorns" title="Roger Hiorns">Roger Hiorns</a>, and conceptual artist <a href="/wiki/Pogus_Caesar" title="Pogus Caesar">Pogus Caesar</a> whose work has been acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a>, Wolverhampton Art Gallery and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> Birmingham's role as a manufacturing and printing centre has supported strong local traditions of <a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">graphic design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Product_design" title="Product design">product design</a>. Iconic works by Birmingham designers include the <a href="/wiki/Baskerville" title="Baskerville">Baskerville</a> font,<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Pottery" title="Ruskin Pottery">Ruskin Pottery</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Acme_Whistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Acme Whistles">Acme Thunderer</a> whistle,<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> the Art Deco branding of the <a href="/wiki/Odeon_Cinemas" title="Odeon Cinemas">Odeon Cinemas</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mini" title="Mini">Mini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_galleries">Museums and galleries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Museums and galleries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamberlain_Square_in_Birmingham_(geograph_6830257).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Chamberlain_Square_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_6830257%29.jpg/220px-Chamberlain_Square_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_6830257%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Chamberlain_Square_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_6830257%29.jpg/330px-Chamberlain_Square_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_6830257%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Chamberlain_Square_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_6830257%29.jpg/440px-Chamberlain_Square_in_Birmingham_%28geograph_6830257%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery</a> is a major <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art gallery</a> with a collection of international importance.</figcaption></figure> Birmingham has two major public art collections. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery</a> is best known for its works by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</a>, a collection "of outstanding importance".<a href="#cite_note-fisher-BMAG-252">[248]</a> It also holds a significant selection of <a href="/wiki/Old_master" class="mw-redirect" title="Old master">old masters</a> – including major works by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Rubens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude</a> – and particularly strong collections of 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque_art" title="Italian Baroque art">Italian Baroque painting</a> and English <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fisher-BMAG-252">[248]</a> Its design holdings include Europe's pre-eminent collections of <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_art" title="Ceramic art">ceramics</a> and fine <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fisher-BMAG-252">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Barber_Institute_of_Fine_Arts" title="Barber Institute of Fine Arts">Barber Institute of Fine Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> is one of the finest small art galleries in the world,<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> with a collection of exceptional quality representing <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art</a> from the 13th century to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-254">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museums_Trust" title="Birmingham Museums Trust">Birmingham Museums Trust</a> runs other museums in the city including <a href="/wiki/Aston_Hall" title="Aston Hall">Aston Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blakesley_Hall" title="Blakesley Hall">Blakesley Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Jewellery_Quarter" title="Museum of the Jewellery Quarter">Museum of the Jewellery Quarter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soho_House" title="Soho House">Soho House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarehole_Mill" title="Sarehole Mill">Sarehole Mill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Back_to_Backs" title="Birmingham Back to Backs">Birmingham Back to Backs</a> are the last surviving court of back-to-back houses in the city.<a href="#cite_note-256">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_World,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadbury World, Birmingham">Cadbury World</a> is a museum showing visitors the stages and steps of chocolate production and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_chocolate" title="History of chocolate">history of chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_Schweppes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadbury Schweppes">the company</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ikon_Gallery" title="Ikon Gallery">Ikon Gallery</a> hosts displays of contemporary art, as does <a href="/wiki/Eastside_Projects" title="Eastside Projects">Eastside Projects</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thinktank,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinktank, Birmingham">Thinktank</a> is Birmingham's main <a href="/wiki/Science_museum" title="Science museum">science museum</a>, with a giant screen cinema, a <a href="/wiki/Planetarium" title="Planetarium">planetarium</a> and a collection that includes the <a href="/wiki/Smethwick_Engine" title="Smethwick Engine">Smethwick Engine</a>, the world's oldest working <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> Other science-based museums include the <a href="/wiki/National_Sea_Life_Centre_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Sea Life Centre (Birmingham)">National Sea Life Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brindleyplace" title="Brindleyplace">Brindleyplace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lapworth_Museum_of_Geology" title="Lapworth Museum of Geology">Lapworth Museum of Geology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_the_Earth" title="Centre of the Earth">Centre of the Earth</a> environmental education centre in <a href="/wiki/Winson_Green" title="Winson Green">Winson Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Nightlife">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digbeth_Institute_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Digbeth_Institute_%281%29.jpg/220px-Digbeth_Institute_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Digbeth_Institute_%281%29.jpg/330px-Digbeth_Institute_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Digbeth_Institute_%281%29.jpg/440px-Digbeth_Institute_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digbeth_Institute" title="Digbeth Institute">Digbeth Institute</a>, an influential music venue since the 1960s</figcaption></figure> Nightlife in Birmingham is mainly concentrated along <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street,_Birmingham" title="Broad Street, Birmingham">Broad Street</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Brindleyplace" title="Brindleyplace">Brindleyplace</a>. Although in more recent years, Broad Street has lost its popularity due to the closing of several clubs; the Arcadian now has more popularity in terms of nightlife. Outside the Broad Street area are many stylish and underground venues. The <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Bar" title="Medicine Bar">Medicine Bar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Custard_Factory" title="Custard Factory">Custard Factory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digbeth_Institute" title="Digbeth Institute">hmv Institute</a>, Rainbow Pub and Air are large clubs and bars in <a href="/wiki/Digbeth" title="Digbeth">Digbeth</a>. Around <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Chinatown" title="Birmingham Chinatown">Birmingham Chinatown</a> are areas such as the Arcadian and <a href="/wiki/Hurst_Street,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurst Street, Birmingham">Hurst Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Gay_Village" title="Birmingham Gay Village">Gay Village</a>, that abound with bars and clubs. Summer Row, <a href="/wiki/The_Mailbox" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mailbox">The Mailbox</a>, <a href="/wiki/O2_Academy_Birmingham" title="O2 Academy Birmingham">O2 Academy</a> in Bristol Street, Snobs Nightclub, St Philips/Colmore Row, St Paul's Square and the <a href="/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter" title="Jewellery Quarter">Jewellery Quarter</a> all have a vibrant night life. There are a number of late night pubs in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Quarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Quarter">Irish Quarter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[256]</a> Outside the city centre is <a href="/wiki/Star_City,_Birmingham" title="Star City, Birmingham">Star City</a> entertainment complex on the former site of <a href="/wiki/Nechells" title="Nechells">Nechells</a> Power Station.<a href="#cite_note-261">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Festivals">edit</a>]</div> Birmingham is home to many national, religious and cultural festivals, including a <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St. George's Day</a> party. The city's largest single-day event is its <a href="/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a> parade (Europe's second largest, after <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-262">[258]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nowka_Bais" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowka Bais">Nowka Bais</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Bengali_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali culture">Bengali</a> <a href="/wiki/Boat_racing" title="Boat racing">boat racing</a> festival which takes place annually in Birmingham. It is a leading cultural event in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, United Kingdom attracting not only the <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshi diaspora</a> but a variety of cultures.<a href="#cite_note-263">[259]</a> It is also the largest kind of <a href="/wiki/Boat_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Boat race">boat race</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-264">[260]</a> Other multicultural events include the Bangla Mela and the Vaisakhi Mela. The Birmingham Heritage Festival is a <a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras" title="Mardi Gras">Mardi Gras</a> style event in August. <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="African culture">African culture</a> are celebrated with <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">parades</a> and street performances by <a href="/wiki/Busking" class="mw-redirect" title="Busking">buskers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_International_Carnival" title="Birmingham International Carnival">Birmingham International Carnival</a> takes place in odd-numbered years.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Birmingham_St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/240px-Birmingham_St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Birmingham_St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/360px-Birmingham_St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Birmingham_St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg/480px-Birmingham_St_Patrick%27s_Day_Parade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Birmingham's St Patrick's Day parade, the largest in Europe outside Dublin, is the city's largest single-day event.<a href="#cite_note-265">[261]</a></figcaption></figure>The UK's largest two-day Gay Pride is <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Pride" title="Birmingham Pride">Birmingham Pride</a> (LGBT festival), which is typically held over the <a href="/wiki/Spring_bank_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring bank holiday">spring bank holiday</a> weekend in May.<a href="#cite_note-266">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[263]</a> The streets of Birmingham's gay district pulsate with a carnival parade, live music, a dance arena with DJs, cabaret stage, women's arena and a community village. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Pride" title="Birmingham Pride">Birmingham Pride</a> takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Gay_Village" title="Birmingham Gay Village">gay village</a>. From 1997 until December 2006, the city hosted an annual arts festival, <a href="/wiki/ArtsFest" title="ArtsFest">ArtsFest</a>, the largest free arts festival in the UK at the time.<a href="#cite_note-268">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Tattoo" title="Birmingham Tattoo">Birmingham Tattoo</a> is a long-standing military show held annually at the National Indoor Arena. The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Comedy_Festival" title="Birmingham Comedy Festival">Birmingham Comedy Festival</a> (since 2001; 10 days in October), has been headlined by such acts as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kay" title="Peter Kay">Peter Kay</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Fast_Show" title="The Fast Show">The Fast Show</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carr" title="Jimmy Carr">Jimmy Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Evans_(comedian)" title="Lee Evans (comedian)">Lee Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Henry" title="Lenny Henry">Lenny Henry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-269">[265]</a> Since 2001, Birmingham has been host to the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Christmas_Market,_Birmingham" title="Frankfurt Christmas Market, Birmingham">Frankfurt Christmas Market</a>. Modelled on its <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Christmas_Market" title="Frankfurt Christmas Market">German counterpart</a>, it has grown to become the UK's largest outdoor <a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Christmas market</a> and is the largest German market outside Germany and Austria,<a href="#cite_note-270">[266]</a> attracting over 3.1 million visitors in 2010<a href="#cite_note-271">[267]</a> and over 5 million visitors in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-272">[268]</a> The biennial Birmingham International Dance Festival (BIDF) started in 2008, organised by DanceXchange and involving indoor and outdoor venues across the city.<a href="#cite_note-273">[269]</a> Other festivals in the city include the Birmingham International Jazz Festival. Moseley Folk and Arts Festival, and Mostly Jazz Festival.<a href="#cite_note-274">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_drink">Food and drink</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Food and drink">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_in_Birmingham" title="Food and drink in Birmingham">Food and drink in Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simpsons-Edgbaston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Simpsons-Edgbaston.jpg/220px-Simpsons-Edgbaston.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Simpsons-Edgbaston.jpg/330px-Simpsons-Edgbaston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Simpsons-Edgbaston.jpg/440px-Simpsons-Edgbaston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>Simpsons in Edgbaston, one of the city's five <a href="/wiki/Michelin-starred" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelin-starred">Michelin-starred</a> restaurants</figcaption></figure>Birmingham's development as a commercial town was originally based around its market for agricultural produce, established by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> in 1166. Despite the industrialisation of subsequent centuries this role has been retained and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Wholesale_Markets" title="Birmingham Wholesale Markets">Birmingham Wholesale Markets</a> remain the largest combined wholesale food markets in the country,<a href="#cite_note-post-2009-03-03-275">[271]</a> selling meat, fish, fruit, vegetables and flowers and supplying fresh produce to restaurateurs and independent retailers from as far as 100 miles (161 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-276">[272]</a> Birmingham is the only city outside London to have five <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin starred</a> restaurants: <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Antona" title="Andreas Antona">Simpson's</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, Carters of <a href="/wiki/Moseley" title="Moseley">Moseley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glynn_Purnell" title="Glynn Purnell">Purnell's</a>, Opheem and Adam's in the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-277">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_Birmingham" title="List of breweries in Birmingham">Birmingham based breweries</a> included <a href="/wiki/Ansells" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansells">Ansells</a>, Davenport's and <a href="/wiki/Mitchells_%26_Butlers" title="Mitchells & Butlers">Mitchells & Butlers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aston_Manor_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Aston Manor Brewery">Aston Manor Brewery</a> is currently the only brewery of any significant size. Many fine Victorian pubs and bars can still be found across the city, whilst there is also a plethora of more modern nightclubs and bars, notably along <a href="/wiki/Broad_Street,_Birmingham" title="Broad Street, Birmingham">Broad Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[275]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wing_Yip" title="Wing Yip">Wing Yip</a> food empire first began in the city and now has its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Nechells" title="Nechells">Nechells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a>, was invented in the city, which has received much acclaim for the 'Balti Belt' or '<a href="/wiki/Balti_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Balti Triangle">Balti Triangle</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-281">[277]</a> Famous food brands that originated in Birmingham include <a href="/wiki/Typhoo_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoo tea">Typhoo tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Custard" title="Bird's Custard">Bird's Custard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadbury's">Cadbury's chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/HP_Sauce" title="HP Sauce">HP Sauce</a>. There is also a thriving independent and artisan food sector in Birmingham, encompassing microbreweries like Two Towers,<a href="#cite_note-282">[278]</a> and collective bakeries such as Loaf.<a href="#cite_note-283">[279]</a> Recent years have seen these businesses increasingly showcased at farmers markets,<a href="#cite_note-284">[280]</a> popular <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> events<a href="#cite_note-285">[281]</a> and food festivals including Birmingham Independent Food Fair.<a href="#cite_note-286">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_leisure">Entertainment and leisure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Entertainment and leisure">edit</a>]</div> Birmingham is home to many entertainment and leisure venues, including Europe's largest leisure and entertainment complex <a href="/wiki/Star_City,_Birmingham" title="Star City, Birmingham">Star City</a> as well as Europe's first out-of-city-centre entertainment and leisure complex <a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Birmingham" title="Resorts World Birmingham">Resorts World Birmingham</a> owned by the <a href="/wiki/Genting_Group" title="Genting Group">Genting Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Mailbox" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mailbox">The Mailbox</a> which caters for more affluent clients is based within the city.<a href="#cite_note-288">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Birmingham" title="Architecture of Birmingham">Architecture of Birmingham</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Birmingham_Metropolitan_Area,_West_Midlands" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in the Birmingham Metropolitan Area, West Midlands">List of tallest buildings and structures in the Birmingham Metropolitan Area, West Midlands</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Birmingham" title="Listed buildings in Birmingham">Listed buildings in Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19_Newhall_Street_Birmingham_(4545534233).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/19_Newhall_Street_Birmingham_%284545534233%29.jpg/220px-19_Newhall_Street_Birmingham_%284545534233%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/19_Newhall_Street_Birmingham_%284545534233%29.jpg/330px-19_Newhall_Street_Birmingham_%284545534233%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/19_Newhall_Street_Birmingham_%284545534233%29.jpg/440px-19_Newhall_Street_Birmingham_%284545534233%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3724" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/17_%26_19_Newhall_Street,_Birmingham" title="17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham">17 & 19 Newhall Street</a>, constructed in Birmingham's characteristic Victorian <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_and_terracotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick and terracotta">red brick and terracotta</a> style</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bull_-_By_Laurence_Broderick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Bull_-_By_Laurence_Broderick.jpg/220px-The_Bull_-_By_Laurence_Broderick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Bull_-_By_Laurence_Broderick.jpg/330px-The_Bull_-_By_Laurence_Broderick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/The_Bull_-_By_Laurence_Broderick.jpg/440px-The_Bull_-_By_Laurence_Broderick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption>The Bull by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Broderick" title="Laurence Broderick">Laurence Broderick</a> at the shopping centre "The Bull Ring"</figcaption></figure> Birmingham is chiefly a product of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries; its growth began during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. Consequently, relatively few buildings survive from its earlier history and those that do are protected. There are 1,946 <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed buildings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Birmingham" title="Listed buildings in Birmingham">Birmingham</a> and thirteen <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_ancient_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled ancient monument">scheduled ancient monuments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[285]</a> Birmingham City Council also operate a locally listing scheme for buildings that do not fully meet the criteria for statutorily listed status.<a href="#cite_note-290">[286]</a> Traces of <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> Birmingham can be seen in the oldest churches, notably the original <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish church</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Martin_in_the_Bull_Ring" title="St Martin in the Bull Ring">St Martin in the Bull Ring</a>. A few other buildings from the medieval and <a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor periods</a> survive, among them the <a href="/wiki/Lad_in_the_Lane" title="Lad in the Lane">Lad in the Lane</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[287]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Crown,_Birmingham" title="The Old Crown, Birmingham">The Old Crown</a>, the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Saracen%27s_Head" title="Saracen's Head">Saracen's Head</a> public house and Old Grammar School in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Norton" title="Kings Norton">Kings Norton</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[288]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blakesley_Hall" title="Blakesley Hall">Blakesley Hall</a>. A number of <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> buildings survive, including <a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">St Philip's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soho_House" title="Soho House">Soho House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perrott%27s_Folly" title="Perrott's Folly">Perrott's Folly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Town Hall</a> and much of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Square,_Birmingham" title="St Paul's Square, Birmingham">St Paul's Square</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> saw extensive building across the city. Major civic buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Law_Courts" title="Victoria Law Courts">Victoria Law Courts</a> (in characteristic <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_and_terracotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Red brick and terracotta">red brick and terracotta</a>), the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Council_House" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Birmingham Council House">Council House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_%26_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery">Museum & Art Gallery</a> were constructed.<a href="#cite_note-293">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Chad,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Chad, Birmingham">St Chad's Cathedral</a> was the first Roman Catholic cathedral to be built in the UK since the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[290]</a> Across the city, the need to house the industrial workers gave rise to miles of redbrick streets and terraces, many of <a href="/wiki/Back-to-back_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-to-back houses">back-to-back houses</a>, some of which were later to become inner-city <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[291]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Selfridges_Birmingham_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Selfridges_Birmingham_at_night.jpg/220px-Selfridges_Birmingham_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Selfridges_Birmingham_at_night.jpg/330px-Selfridges_Birmingham_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Selfridges_Birmingham_at_night.jpg/440px-Selfridges_Birmingham_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The iconic <a href="/wiki/Selfridges_Building,_Birmingham" title="Selfridges Building, Birmingham">Selfridges Building</a>, by architects <a href="/wiki/Future_Systems" title="Future Systems">Future Systems</a></figcaption></figure> Postwar redevelopment and anti-Victorianism resulted in the loss of dozens of Victorian buildings like <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">New Street station</a> and the old <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library" title="Birmingham Central Library">Central Library</a>, often replaced by <a href="/wiki/Brutalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalism">brutalist</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-296">[292]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Manzoni" title="Herbert Manzoni">Herbert Manzoni</a>, City Engineer and Surveyor of Birmingham from 1935 until 1963, believed conservation of old buildings was sentimental and that the city did not have any of worth anyway.<a href="#cite_note-297">[293]</a> In inner-city areas too, much Victorian housing was demolished and <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">redeveloped</a>. Existing communities were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Tower_block" title="Tower block">tower block</a> <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">estates</a> like <a href="/wiki/Castle_Vale" title="Castle Vale">Castle Vale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[294]</a> In a partial reaction against the Manzoni years, Birmingham City Council is demolishing some of the brutalist buildings like the Central Library and has an extensive tower block demolition and renovation programme. There has been much redevelopment in the city centre in recent years, including the award-winning<a href="#cite_note-299">[295]</a> <a href="/wiki/Future_Systems" title="Future Systems">Future Systems</a>' <a href="/wiki/Selfridges_Building,_Birmingham" title="Selfridges Building, Birmingham">Selfridges</a> building in the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bullring Shopping Centre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brindleyplace" title="Brindleyplace">Brindleyplace</a> regeneration project, the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Point_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Point (Birmingham)">Millennium Point</a> science and technology centre, and the refurbishment of the iconic <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(Birmingham)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotunda (Birmingham)">Rotunda</a> building. Funding for many of these projects has come from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; the Town Hall for example received £3 million in funding from the <a href="/wiki/European_Regional_Development_Fund" title="European Regional Development Fund">European Regional Development Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-300">[296]</a> Highrise development has slowed since the 1970s and mainly in recent years because of enforcements imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Aviation Authority of the United Kingdom">Civil Aviation Authority</a> on the heights of buildings as they could affect aircraft from the Airport (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Beetham_Tower,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Beetham Tower, Birmingham">Beetham Tower</a>).<a href="#cite_note-301">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonymy_and_identity">Demonymy and identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demonymy and identity">edit</a>]</div> People from Birmingham are called <a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummies</a>, a term derived from the city's nickname of "Brum", which originates from the city's old name, <a href="/wiki/Brummagem" title="Brummagem">Brummagem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[299]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a> <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> are particularly distinctive. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Birmingham" title="Transport in Birmingham">Transport in Birmingham</a></div> Partly due to its central location, Birmingham is a major transport hub for motorway, railway and <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canal</a> networks.<a href="#cite_note-304">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg/220px-Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg/330px-Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg/440px-Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gravelly_Hill_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravelly Hill Interchange">Gravelly Hill Interchange</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6 motorway</a> meets the <a href="/wiki/A38(M)_motorway" title="A38(M) motorway">Aston Expressway</a>, is the newer <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaghetti Junction">Spaghetti Junction</a>.</figcaption></figure> The city is served by the <a href="/wiki/M5_motorway" title="M5 motorway">M5</a>, <a href="/wiki/M6_motorway" title="M6 motorway">M6</a>, <a href="/wiki/M40_motorway" title="M40 motorway">M40</a> and <a href="/wiki/M42_motorway" title="M42 motorway">M42</a> motorways, and possibly the most well known motorway junction in the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Gravelly_Hill_Interchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravelly Hill Interchange">Spaghetti Junction</a>, a colloquial name for the Gravelly Hill Interchange.<a href="#cite_note-305">[301]</a> The M6 passes through the city on the <a href="/wiki/Bromford_Viaduct" title="Bromford Viaduct">Bromford Viaduct</a>, which at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) is the longest bridge in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-306">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Middleway" title="The Middleway">The Middleway</a> (A4540) is a ring road that runs around the city centre. In the past there used to be a smaller ring road in the core of the city named <a href="/wiki/Queensway,_Birmingham" title="Queensway, Birmingham">Inner Ring Road</a>. Birmingham introduced a <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Zone" title="Clean Air Zone">Clean Air Zone</a> from 1 June 2021, which charges polluting vehicles to travel into the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-birminghamcleanair-307">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a>, located 6 miles (9.7 km) east of the city centre in the neighbouring borough of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Busiest_airports_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_total_passenger_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Busiest airports in the United Kingdom by total passenger traffic">seventh busiest airport</a> by passenger traffic in the UK and the third busiest outside the London area, after <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Airport" title="Manchester Airport">Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Airport" title="Edinburgh Airport">Edinburgh</a>. It is a major base for <a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">easyJet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-308">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet2" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet2">Jet2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[305]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ryanair" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[306]</a> and <a href="/wiki/TUI_Airways" title="TUI Airways">TUI Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[307]</a> Airline services operate from Birmingham to many destinations in Europe, Africa, the Americas, Middle East, Asia and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-312">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport">Public transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Public transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2015-09-23_New_St_East_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2015-09-23_New_St_East_Entrance.jpg/220px-2015-09-23_New_St_East_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2015-09-23_New_St_East_Entrance.jpg/330px-2015-09-23_New_St_East_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2015-09-23_New_St_East_Entrance.jpg/440px-2015-09-23_New_St_East_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6116" data-file-height="4082" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham New Street</a> is one of largest and busiest railway stations in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-313">[309]</a></figcaption></figure> Birmingham's local <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> network is co-ordinated by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_West_Midlands" title="Transport for West Midlands">Transport for West Midlands</a> (TfWM) which is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Combined_Authority" title="West Midlands Combined Authority">West Midlands Combined Authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2017_WMtt-314">[310]</a> Birmingham has a high level of public transport usage; in 2015, 63% of morning peak trips into Birmingham were made by public transport, with the remaining 37% made by private car. Rail was the most popular public transport mode, accounting for 36.4% of journeys, followed by buses at 26.3% and the Metro at 0.3%.<a href="#cite_note-2017_WMtt-314">[310]</a> There is currently no underground system in Birmingham; it is the largest city in Europe not to have one. In recent years, ideas of an underground system have started to appear, but none so far have been planned in earnest primarily due to the ongoing expansion of the West Midlands Metro tram network being viewed as a higher priority.<a href="#cite_note-315">[311]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railway">Railway</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Railway">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AWC-AT300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AWC-AT300.jpg/220px-AWC-AT300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AWC-AT300.jpg/330px-AWC-AT300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/AWC-AT300.jpg/440px-AWC-AT300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>High-speed trains in Birmingham. Rail connections are widespread throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-316">[312]</a></figcaption></figure> The main railway station in the city is <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">Birmingham New Street</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_busiest_railway_stations_in_Great_Britain" title="List of busiest railway stations in Great Britain">busiest railway station</a> in the UK outside London, both for passenger entries/exits and for passenger interchanges.<a href="#cite_note-317">[313]</a> It is the national hub for <a href="/wiki/CrossCountry" title="CrossCountry">CrossCountry</a>, the most extensive long-distance train network in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-318">[314]</a> and a major destination for <a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a> services from <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">London Euston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Central_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow Central station">Glasgow Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Waverley_railway_station" title="Edinburgh Waverley railway station">Edinburgh Waverley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Moor_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham Moor Street railway station">Birmingham Moor Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station" title="Birmingham Snow Hill railway station">Birmingham Snow Hill</a> form the northern termini for <a href="/wiki/Chiltern_Railways" title="Chiltern Railways">Chiltern Railways</a> express trains running from <a href="/wiki/Marylebone_station" title="Marylebone station">London Marylebone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Curzon_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham Curzon Street railway station">Curzon Street railway station</a>, currently under construction, will be the terminus for trains to the city on <a href="/wiki/High_Speed_2" title="High Speed 2">High Speed 2</a>, the first phase of which will open around 2030.<a href="#cite_note-:3-321">[317]</a> Birmingham and the surrounding region have a network of <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_in_the_United_Kingdom#Birmingham" title="Urban rail in the United Kingdom">local and suburban railways</a>, mostly operated by <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Trains" title="West Midlands Trains">West Midlands Trains</a>. There are a total of <a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_the_West_Midlands" title="List of railway stations in the West Midlands">70 railway stations</a> within the West Midlands county, <a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Birmingham,_West_Midlands" title="Category:Railway stations in Birmingham, West Midlands">34 of which</a> are within Birmingham's city boundaries. Suburban railway lines in Birmingham include the <a href="/wiki/Cross-City_Line" title="Cross-City Line">Cross-City Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chase_Line" title="Chase Line">Chase Line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Snow_Hill_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Hill Lines">Snow Hill Lines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rugby%E2%80%93Birmingham%E2%80%93Stafford_line" title="Rugby–Birmingham–Stafford line">Birmingham loop</a>. In 2016/17, there were nearly 55 million rail passenger journeys within the TfWM area, a big increase over the 23 million back in 2000/01.<a href="#cite_note-2017_WMtt-314">[310]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brindleyplace_tram_stop_August_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brindleyplace_tram_stop_August_2022.jpg/220px-Brindleyplace_tram_stop_August_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brindleyplace_tram_stop_August_2022.jpg/330px-Brindleyplace_tram_stop_August_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Brindleyplace_tram_stop_August_2022.jpg/440px-Brindleyplace_tram_stop_August_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">West Midlands Metro</a> is the growing tram system in Birmingham.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tram">Tram</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tram">edit</a>]</div> Historically, Birmingham had a substantial <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">tram</a> system operated by <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Corporation_Tramways" title="Birmingham Corporation Tramways">Birmingham Corporation Tramways</a> which was closed in 1953. In 1999, trams returned to the city with the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">West Midlands Metro</a> (formerly known as the Midland Metro) which operates services to the city of <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a>. Since 2015–2016, after extension work, the tram network runs in the streets of central Birmingham, for the first time since 1953; further expansions of the West Midlands Metro system are underway with extensions and new lines being constructed.<a href="#cite_note-2017_WMtt-314">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus_and_coach">Bus and coach</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bus and coach">edit</a>]</div> Bus networks throughout the city and wider region are widespread.<a href="#cite_note-322">[318]</a> 261 million bus journeys were made in the TfWM area in 2016/17.<a href="#cite_note-2017_WMtt-314">[310]</a> Bus routes are mainly operated commercially by private companies, although TfWM subsidises socially necessary services. <a href="/wiki/National_Express_West_Midlands" title="National Express West Midlands">National Express West Midlands</a>, accounts for nearly 80% of all bus journeys in Birmingham,<a href="#cite_note-2017_WMtt-314">[310]</a> with other companies operating within the city including <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Midlands" title="Arriva Midlands">Arriva Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_West_Midlands" title="Diamond West Midlands">Diamond Buses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach_Midlands" title="Stagecoach Midlands">Stagecoach Midlands</a> and other smaller independent operators.<a href="#cite_note-323">[319]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nxwme400.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nxwme400.jpg/220px-Nxwme400.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nxwme400.jpg/330px-Nxwme400.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Nxwme400.jpg/440px-Nxwme400.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>National Express West Midlands operates most of the major bus routes in Birmingham.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Express_West_Midlands_Birmingham_Outer_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="National Express West Midlands Birmingham Outer Circle">number 11 outer circle</a> bus route, run by National Express West Midlands, which operates in both clockwise<a href="#cite_note-324">[320]</a> and anti-clockwise<a href="#cite_note-325">[321]</a> directions around the outskirts of the city, is the longest urban bus route in Europe, being over 26 miles (42 km) long<a href="#cite_note-326">[322]</a> with 272 bus stops.<a href="#cite_note-327">[323]</a> The headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Mobico_Group" title="Mobico Group">Mobico Group</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Digbeth" title="Digbeth">Digbeth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-328">[324]</a> who own both <a href="/wiki/National_Express_West_Midlands" title="National Express West Midlands">National Express West Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express Coaches</a>,<a href="#cite_note-329">[325]</a> are based in offices above <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Coach_Station" title="Birmingham Coach Station">Birmingham Coach Station</a> which also forms the latter's national hub. As well as <a href="/wiki/National_Express_Coaches" title="National Express Coaches">National Express Coaches</a>, the city is also served by <a href="/wiki/Flixbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flixbus">Flixbus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-330">[326]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megabus_(Europe)" title="Megabus (Europe)">Megabus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycling">Cycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sustrans" title="Sustrans">Sustrans</a>' National Cycle Route 5 goes through central Birmingham, connecting with National Cycle Route 81 at Smethwick. National Cycle Route 535 from <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a> terminates just north of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station" title="Birmingham Snow Hill railway station">Birmingham Snow Hill railway station</a>. In 2021, Transport for West Midlands launched a cycle hire scheme involving over 300 bikes and 43 docking stations across the West Midlands, including central Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-332">[328]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canals">Canals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Canals">edit</a>]</div> An extensive <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Birmingham#Canals" title="Transport in Birmingham">canal system</a> still remains in Birmingham from the Industrial Revolution. The city has more miles of canal than <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, though the canals in Birmingham are a less prominent and essential feature due to the larger size of the city and the fact that few of its buildings are accessed by canal.<a href="#cite_note-can-19">[18]</a> The canals are mainly used today for leisure purposes;<a href="#cite_note-333">[329]</a> canalside regeneration schemes such as <a href="/wiki/Brindleyplace" title="Brindleyplace">Brindleyplace</a> have turned the canals into a tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-334">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Birmingham" title="Education in Birmingham">Education in Birmingham</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_and_higher_education">Further and higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further and higher education">edit</a>]</div> Birmingham is home to five universities: <a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_University" title="Birmingham City University">Birmingham City University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Birmingham" title="University College Birmingham">University College Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Birmingham">Newman University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[333]</a> The city also hosts major campuses of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Law" title="University of Law">University of Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/BPP_University" title="BPP University">BPP University</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>'s West Midlands regional base.<a href="#cite_note-338">[334]</a> In 2011 Birmingham had 78,259 full-time students from all over the world aged 18–74 resident in the city during term time, more than any other city in the United Kingdom outside London.<a href="#cite_note-339">[335]</a> Birmingham has 32,690 <a href="/wiki/Academic_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic research">research students</a>, also the highest number of any major city outside London.<a href="#cite_note-340">[336]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Birmingham_Aerial_Photography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/University_of_Birmingham_Aerial_Photography.jpg/220px-University_of_Birmingham_Aerial_Photography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/University_of_Birmingham_Aerial_Photography.jpg/330px-University_of_Birmingham_Aerial_Photography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/University_of_Birmingham_Aerial_Photography.jpg/440px-University_of_Birmingham_Aerial_Photography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3528" data-file-height="2628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> is one of the leading universities and research clusters in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-341">[337]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Business_School_(University_of_Birmingham)" title="Birmingham Business School (University of Birmingham)">Birmingham Business School</a>, established by <a href="/wiki/William_Ashley_(economic_historian)" title="William Ashley (economic historian)">Sir William Ashley</a> in 1902, is the oldest graduate-level <a href="/wiki/Business_school" title="Business school">business school</a> in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-342">[338]</a> Another top business school in the city includes <a href="/wiki/Aston_Business_School" title="Aston Business School">Aston Business School</a>, one of fewer than 1% of business schools globally to be granted <a href="/wiki/Triple_accreditation" title="Triple accreditation">triple accreditation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-343">[339]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Business_School" title="Birmingham City Business School">Birmingham City Business School</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Birmingham_Conservatoire" title="Royal Birmingham Conservatoire">Royal Birmingham Conservatoire</a>, part of Birmingham City University, offers professional training in music and acting. Birmingham is an important centre for religious education. <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_Oscott" title="St Mary's College, Oscott">St Mary's College, Oscott</a> is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church in England and Wales</a>;<a href="#cite_note-344">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodbrooke_Quaker_Study_Centre" title="Woodbrooke Quaker Study Centre">Woodbrooke</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> study centre in Europe;<a href="#cite_note-345">[341]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Edgbaston" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's College, Edgbaston">Queen's College, Edgbaston</a> is an ecumenical <a href="/wiki/Theological_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological college">theological college</a> serving the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a>. <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Metropolitan_College" title="Birmingham Metropolitan College">Birmingham Metropolitan College</a> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> colleges in the country,<a href="#cite_note-346">[342]</a> with fourteen campuses spread across Birmingham and into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-347">[343]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_%26_City_College_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="South & City College Birmingham">South & City College Birmingham</a> has nine campuses spread throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-348">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bournville_College" title="Bournville College">Bournville College</a> is based in a £66 million, 4.2 acre campus in <a href="/wiki/Longbridge" title="Longbridge">Longbridge</a> that opened in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-349">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fircroft_College" title="Fircroft College">Fircroft College</a> is a residential college based in a former Edwardian mansion in <a href="/wiki/Selly_Oak" title="Selly Oak">Selly Oak</a>, founded in 1909 around a strong commitment to social justice, with many courses aimed at students with few prior formal qualifications.<a href="#cite_note-350">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra_College" title="Queen Alexandra College">Queen Alexandra College</a> is a specialist college based in <a href="/wiki/Harborne" title="Harborne">Harborne</a> offering further education to <a href="/wiki/Visually_impaired" class="mw-redirect" title="Visually impaired">visually impaired</a> or <a href="/wiki/Disabled" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled">disabled</a> students from all over the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-351">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moseley_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Moseley_School.jpg/220px-Moseley_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Moseley_School.jpg/330px-Moseley_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Moseley_School.jpg/440px-Moseley_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="1519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Moseley_School" title="Moseley School">Moseley School</a>, one of the largest of the city's 168 secondary schools</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham City Council</a> is England's largest <a href="/wiki/Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">local education authority</a>, directly or indirectly responsible for nursery schools, primary schools, secondary schools,<a href="#cite_note-352">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">special schools</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[349]</a> sixth form colleges, further education colleges, and adult education. It provides around 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a> courses throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-354">[350]</a> Most of Birmingham's state schools are <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">academy schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Community school (England and Wales)">community schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">free schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school" title="Voluntary aided school">voluntary aided schools</a>. Since the 1970s, most secondary schools in Birmingham have been 11-–-16/18 comprehensive schools, while post <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> students have the choice of continuing their education in either a school's sixth form or at a further education college. <a href="/wiki/King_Edward%27s_School,_Birmingham" title="King Edward's School, Birmingham">King Edward's School, Birmingham</a>, founded in 1552 by King Edward VI, is one of the oldest schools in the city, teaching <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">IB</a>, with alumni including J R R Tolkien, author of the Lord of the Rings books and The Hobbit.<a href="#cite_note-355">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[352]</a> Independent schools in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Blue_Coat_School" title="Birmingham Blue Coat School">Birmingham Blue Coat School</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VI_High_School_for_Girls,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VI High School for Girls, Birmingham">King Edward VI High School for Girls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_High_School_for_Girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgbaston High School for Girls">Edgbaston High School for Girls</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Vesey%27s_Grammar_School" title="Bishop Vesey's Grammar School">Bishop Vesey's Grammar School</a> was founded by Bishop Vesey in 1527.<a href="#cite_note-357">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_services">Public services</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Public services">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_services">Library services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Library services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham,_Library_of_Birmingham_(23042834336).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Birmingham%2C_Library_of_Birmingham_%2823042834336%29.jpg/220px-Birmingham%2C_Library_of_Birmingham_%2823042834336%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Birmingham%2C_Library_of_Birmingham_%2823042834336%29.jpg/330px-Birmingham%2C_Library_of_Birmingham_%2823042834336%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Birmingham%2C_Library_of_Birmingham_%2823042834336%29.jpg/440px-Birmingham%2C_Library_of_Birmingham_%2823042834336%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Birmingham" title="Library of Birmingham">Library of Birmingham</a> houses the largest municipal library in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-358">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[355]</a></figcaption></figure> The former <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library" title="Birmingham Central Library">Birmingham Central Library</a>, opened in 1972, was considered to be the largest municipal library in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-360">[356]</a> Six of its collections were <a href="/wiki/Designation_Scheme" title="Designation Scheme">designated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_England" title="Arts Council England">Arts Council England</a> as being "pre-eminent collections of national and international importance", out of only eight collections to be so recognised in local authority libraries nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-361">[357]</a> A new <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Birmingham" title="Library of Birmingham">Library of Birmingham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Centenary_Square" title="Centenary Square">Centenary Square</a>, replacing Central Library, was opened on 3 September 2013. It was designed by the Dutch architects <a href="/wiki/Mecanoo" title="Mecanoo">Mecanoo</a> and has been described as "a kind of public forum ... a memorial, a shrine, to the book and to literature".<a href="#cite_note-362">[358]</a> The librar is viewed by the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham City Council</a> as a flagship project for the <a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">city's redevelopment.</a> It has been described as the largest public library in the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-363">[359]</a> the largest <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public cultural space</a> in Europe,<a href="#cite_note-364">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[362]</a> and the largest regional library in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-MoreThan-367">[363]</a> 2,414,860 visitors came to the library in 2014 making it the 10th most popular visitor attraction in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-368">[364]</a> There are 41 local libraries in Birmingham, plus a regular mobile library service.<a href="#cite_note-369">[365]</a> The library service has 4 million visitors annually.<a href="#cite_note-370">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_services">Emergency services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Emergency services">edit</a>]</div> Law enforcement in Birmingham is carried out by <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Police" title="West Midlands Police">West Midlands Police</a>, whose headquarters are at <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_House,_Birmingham" title="Lloyd House, Birmingham">Lloyd House</a> in the city centre. With 87.92 recorded offences per 1000 population in 2009–10, Birmingham's crime rate is above the average for <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a>, but lower than any of England's other major <a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">core cities</a> and lower than many smaller cities such as <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[368]</a> Fire and rescue services in Birmingham are provided by <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Fire_Service" title="West Midlands Fire Service">West Midlands Fire Service</a> and emergency medical care by <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Ambulance_Service" title="West Midlands Ambulance Service">West Midlands Ambulance Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-373">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Healthcare">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_West_Midlands" title="Healthcare in West Midlands">Healthcare in West Midlands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham,_Edgbaston,_Birmingham,_England-7March2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham%2C_Edgbaston%2C_Birmingham%2C_England-7March2011.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham%2C_Edgbaston%2C_Birmingham%2C_England-7March2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham%2C_Edgbaston%2C_Birmingham%2C_England-7March2011.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham%2C_Edgbaston%2C_Birmingham%2C_England-7March2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham%2C_Edgbaston%2C_Birmingham%2C_England-7March2011.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham%2C_Edgbaston%2C_Birmingham%2C_England-7March2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4692" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a> houses the largest single floor <a href="/wiki/Critical_care_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care unit">critical care unit</a> in the world and in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-374">[370]</a></figcaption></figure> There are several major <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> hospitals in Birmingham. The <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham">Queen Elizabeth Hospital</a>, adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Medical School">Birmingham Medical School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Teaching_hospital" title="Teaching hospital">teaching hospitals</a> in the United Kingdom with over 1,200 beds. It is a major trauma centre offering services to the extended West Midlands region and houses the largest single-floor <a href="/wiki/Critical_care_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical care unit">critical care unit</a> in the world, with 100 beds.<a href="#cite_note-375">[371]</a> The hospital has the largest solid organ transplantation programme in Europe as well as the largest renal transplant programme in the United Kingdom and it is a national specialist centre for liver, heart and lung transplantation, as well as cancer studies. It is the home of the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine for military personnel injured in conflict zones.<a href="#cite_note-376">[372]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/District_General_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="District General Hospital">general hospitals</a> in the city include <a href="/wiki/Heartlands_Hospital" title="Heartlands Hospital">Heartlands Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordesley_Green" title="Bordesley Green">Bordesley Green</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_Hope_Hospital" title="Good Hope Hospital">Good Hope Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/City_Hospital,_Birmingham" title="City Hospital, Birmingham">City Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winson_Green" title="Winson Green">Winson Green</a>. There are also many specialist hospitals, such as <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Birmingham Children's Hospital">Birmingham Children's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Birmingham Women's Hospital">Birmingham Women's Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Dental_Hospital" title="Birmingham Dental Hospital">Birmingham Dental Hospital</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Orthopaedic_Hospital" title="Royal Orthopaedic Hospital">Royal Orthopaedic Hospital</a>. Birmingham saw the first ever use of <a href="/wiki/Radiography" title="Radiography">radiography</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Surgery_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgery operation">operation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-377">[373]</a> and the UK's first ever <a href="/wiki/Atrial_septal_defect" title="Atrial septal defect">hole-in-the-heart</a> operation was performed at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Birmingham Children's Hospital">Birmingham Children's Hospital</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Water supply">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Corporation_Water_Department" title="Birmingham Corporation Water Department">Birmingham Corporation Water Department</a> was set up in 1876 to supply water to Birmingham, up until 1974 when its responsibilities were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Severn_Trent_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn Trent Water">Severn Trent Water</a>. Most of Birmingham's water is supplied by the <a href="/wiki/Elan_aqueduct" title="Elan aqueduct">Elan aqueduct</a>,<a href="#cite_note-378">[374]</a> opened in 1904; water is fed by gravity to <a href="/wiki/Frankley_Reservoir" title="Frankley Reservoir">Frankley Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankley" title="Frankley">Frankley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bartley_Reservoir" title="Bartley Reservoir">Bartley Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartley_Green" title="Bartley Green">Bartley Green</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Elan_Valley_Reservoirs" title="Elan Valley Reservoirs">reservoirs in the Elan Valley</a>, Wales.<a href="#cite_note-379">[375]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_from_waste">Energy from waste</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Energy from waste">edit</a>]</div> Within Birmingham the <a href="/wiki/Tyseley_Energy_from_Waste_Plant" title="Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant">Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant</a>, a large <a href="/wiki/Incineration" title="Incineration">incineration</a> plant built in 1996 for <a href="/wiki/Veolia" title="Veolia">Veolia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-380">[376]</a> burns some 366,414 tonnes of household waste annually and produces 166,230 MWh of electricity for the <a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Grid (UK)">National Grid</a> along with 282,013 tonnes of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-381">[377]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Birmingham" title="Sport in Birmingham">Sport in Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AstonvillavsBirmingham06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AstonvillavsBirmingham06.JPG/220px-AstonvillavsBirmingham06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AstonvillavsBirmingham06.JPG/330px-AstonvillavsBirmingham06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/AstonvillavsBirmingham06.JPG/440px-AstonvillavsBirmingham06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C." title="Aston Villa F.C.">Aston Villa</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C." title="Birmingham City F.C.">Birmingham City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_City_derby" title="Second City derby">Second City derby</a> at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Park" title="Villa Park">Villa Park</a></figcaption></figure> Birmingham has played an important part in the history of modern sport. The <a href="/wiki/Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League">Football League</a> – the world's first league <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> competition – was founded by Birmingham resident and <a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aston Villa">Aston Villa</a> director <a href="/wiki/William_McGregor_(football)" title="William McGregor (football)">William McGregor</a>, who wrote to fellow club directors in 1888 proposing "that ten or twelve of the most prominent clubs in England combine to arrange home-and-away fixtures each season".<a href="#cite_note-382">[378]</a> The modern game of <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> was developed between 1859 and 1865 by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry Gem">Harry Gem</a> and his friend <a href="/wiki/Augurio_Perera" title="Augurio Perera">Augurio Perera</a> at Perera's house in <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[379]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Archery_and_Lawn_Tennis_Society" title="Edgbaston Archery and Lawn Tennis Society">Edgbaston Archery and Lawn Tennis Society</a> remaining the oldest tennis club in the world.<a href="#cite_note-384">[380]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_and_District_Premier_League" title="Birmingham and District Premier League">Birmingham and District Cricket League</a> is the oldest cricket league in the world,<a href="#cite_note-385">[381]</a> and Birmingham was the host for the first ever Cricket World Cup, a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Cricket_World_Cup" title="Women's Cricket World Cup">Women's Cricket World Cup</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-386">[382]</a> Birmingham was the first city to be named National City of Sport by the <a href="/wiki/UK_Sport" title="UK Sport">Sports Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[383]</a> Birmingham was selected ahead of London and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> to bid for the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-388">[384]</a> but was unsuccessful in the final selection process, which was won by <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[385]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edgbaston_-_view_of_new_stand_from_the_north.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edgbaston_-_view_of_new_stand_from_the_north.jpg/220px-Edgbaston_-_view_of_new_stand_from_the_north.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edgbaston_-_view_of_new_stand_from_the_north.jpg/330px-Edgbaston_-_view_of_new_stand_from_the_north.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Edgbaston_-_view_of_new_stand_from_the_north.jpg/440px-Edgbaston_-_view_of_new_stand_from_the_north.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">Test cricket</a> at <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground" title="Edgbaston Cricket Ground">Edgbaston Cricket Ground</a></figcaption></figure>Today, the city is home of two of the country's oldest professional <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> teams: <a href="/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C." title="Aston Villa F.C.">Aston Villa F.C.</a>, which was founded in 1874 and plays at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Park" title="Villa Park">Villa Park</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C." title="Birmingham City F.C.">Birmingham City F.C.</a>, which was founded in 1875 and plays at <a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_(stadium)" title="St Andrew's (stadium)">St Andrew's</a>. Rivalry between the clubs is fierce and the fixture between the two is called the <a href="/wiki/Second_City_derby" title="Second City derby">Second City derby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-390">[386]</a> Aston Villa currently play in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> while Birmingham City currently play in the <a href="/wiki/EFL_League_One" title="EFL League One">EFL League One</a>. <a href="/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bromwich Albion">West Bromwich Albion</a> also draw support within the Birmingham area, being located at <a href="/wiki/The_Hawthorns" title="The Hawthorns">The Hawthorns</a> just outside the city boundaries in <a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a>. Rival football team <a href="/wiki/Coventry_City_F.C." title="Coventry City F.C.">Coventry City</a> also played briefly at St Andrew's for two seasons between 2019 and 2021 due to an ongoing dispute with <a href="/wiki/Wasps_RFC" title="Wasps RFC">their landlords</a> over use of the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Building_Society_Arena" title="Coventry Building Society Arena">Coventry Building Society Arena</a>. <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Warwickshire County Cricket Club">Warwickshire County Cricket Club</a> play at <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground" title="Edgbaston Cricket Ground">Edgbaston Cricket Ground</a>, which also hosts <a href="/wiki/Test_cricket" title="Test cricket">test cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_day_international" class="mw-redirect" title="One day international">one day internationals</a> and is the largest cricket ground in the United Kingdom after <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s" title="Lord's">Lord's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ECB-391">[387]</a> Edgbaston was the scene of the highest ever score by a batsman in <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first-class cricket</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Brian_Lara" title="Brian Lara">Brian Lara</a> scored 501 not out for Warwickshire in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-392">[388]</a> Birmingham is also home to professional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby Union">Rugby Union</a> clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Moseley_Rugby_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Moseley Rugby Club">Birmingham Moseley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_%26_Solihull_R.F.C." title="Birmingham & Solihull R.F.C.">Birmingham & Solihull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-393">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[390]</a> The city also has a semiprofessional <a href="/wiki/Rugby_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugby League">Rugby League</a> club, the <a href="/wiki/Midlands_Hurricanes" title="Midlands Hurricanes">Midlands Hurricanes</a> as well as an amateur club the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bulldogs" title="Birmingham Bulldogs">Birmingham Bulldogs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[391]</a> The city is also home to one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> teams in the <a href="/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues" title="BAFA National Leagues">BAFA National Leagues</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Bulls_(American_football)" title="Birmingham Bulls (American football)">Birmingham Bulls</a> and a baseball club, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Baseball_Club" title="Birmingham Baseball Club">Birmingham Baseball Club</a>, with two teams, the Metalheads and the Bats.<a href="#cite_note-396">[392]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arena_Birmingham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Arena_Birmingham.jpg/220px-Arena_Birmingham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Arena_Birmingham.jpg/330px-Arena_Birmingham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Arena_Birmingham.jpg/440px-Arena_Birmingham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arena_Birmingham" title="Arena Birmingham">Arena Birmingham</a></figcaption></figure> Two major championship <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf courses</a> lie on the city's outskirts. <a href="/wiki/The_Belfry" title="The Belfry">The Belfry</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a> is the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="Professional Golfers' Association (Great Britain and Ireland)">Professional Golfers' Association</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[393]</a> and has hosted the <a href="/wiki/Ryder_Cup" title="Ryder Cup">Ryder Cup</a> more times than any other venue.<a href="#cite_note-398">[394]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Arden_Hotel_and_Country_Club" title="Forest of Arden Hotel and Country Club">Forest of Arden Hotel and Country Club</a> near <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham Airport, England">Birmingham Airport</a> is also a regular host of tournaments on the <a href="/wiki/PGA_European_Tour" title="PGA European Tour">PGA European Tour</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/British_Masters" title="British Masters">British Masters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/English_Open" title="English Open">English Open</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[395]</a> The <a href="/wiki/AEGON_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="AEGON Classic">AEGON Classic</a> is, alongside <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">Wimbledon</a> and <a href="/wiki/AEGON_International" class="mw-redirect" title="AEGON International">Eastbourne</a>, one of only three UK tennis tournaments on the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">WTA Tour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[396]</a> It is played annually at the <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Priory_Club" title="Edgbaston Priory Club">Edgbaston Priory Club</a>, which in 2010 announced plans for a multimillion-pound redevelopment, including a new showcase centre court and a museum celebrating the game's Birmingham origins.<a href="#cite_note-401">[397]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stadium" title="Alexander Stadium">Alexander Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Perry_Barr" title="Perry Barr">Perry Barr</a> is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/UK_Athletics" title="UK Athletics">UK Athletics</a>,<a href="#cite_note-402">[398]</a> and one of only two British venues to host fixtures in the elite international <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Diamond_League" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF Diamond League">IAAF Diamond League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-403">[399]</a> It is also the home of <a href="/wiki/Birchfield_Harriers" title="Birchfield Harriers">Birchfield Harriers</a>, which has many international athletes among its members. The <a href="/wiki/National_Indoor_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="National Indoor Arena">National Indoor Arena</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2007_European_Athletics_Indoor_Championships" title="2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships">2007 European Athletics Indoor Championships</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Athletics_Indoor_Championships" title="World Athletics Indoor Championships">2003 and 2018 World Indoor Championships</a>, as well as hosting the annual <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Indoor_Grand_Prix" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviva Indoor Grand Prix">Aviva Indoor Grand Prix</a> – the only British indoor athletics fixture to qualify as an <a href="/wiki/IAAF_Indoor_Permit_Meetings" title="IAAF Indoor Permit Meetings">IAAF Indoor Permit Meeting</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[400]</a> – and a wide variety of other sporting events. Professional <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock-car_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock-car racing">stock-car racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">greyhound racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_speedway" title="Motorcycle speedway">speedway</a> also take place within the city. Since 1994 Birmingham has hosted the <a href="/wiki/All_England_Open_Badminton_Championships" title="All England Open Badminton Championships">All England Open Badminton Championships</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arena_Birmingham" title="Arena Birmingham">Arena Birmingham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-405">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_Games">Commonwealth Games</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Games">edit</a>]</div> Birmingham hosted the <a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022 Commonwealth Games</a>, which took place between 28 July and 8 August 2022. This was the first time that Birmingham hosted the Commonwealth Games and the 22nd edition of the Commonwealth Games to take place.<a href="#cite_note-406">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stadium" title="Alexander Stadium">Alexander Stadium</a>, which hosted the opening and closing ceremonies and athletics was renovated, and the capacity was increased to 30,000 seats.<a href="#cite_note-407">[403]</a> The event contributed £1.2 billion to the economy of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-408">[404]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_Birmingham" title="Media in Birmingham">Media in Birmingham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectricCinema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ElectricCinema.jpg/170px-ElectricCinema.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ElectricCinema.jpg/255px-ElectricCinema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ElectricCinema.jpg/340px-ElectricCinema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Electric,_Birmingham" title="The Electric, Birmingham">The Electric</a> is the oldest working cinema in the UK.</figcaption></figure> Birmingham is home evolving media industry, including news and magazine publishers, radio and television networks, film production and specialist educational media training.<a href="#cite_note-409">[405]</a> Birmingham has several major local newspapers – the daily <a href="/wiki/Mailbox_Birmingham" title="Mailbox Birmingham">Birmingham Mail</a> and the weekly <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Post" title="Birmingham Post">Birmingham Post</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mercury" title="Sunday Mercury">Sunday Mercury</a>, all owned by <a href="/wiki/Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach plc</a>. Forward is a <a href="/wiki/Freesheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freesheet">freesheet</a> produced by <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham City Council</a>, which is distributed to homes in the city. Birmingham is also the hub for various national <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> media, lifestyle magazines, digital news platforms, and the base for two regional <a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a> editions (East and West Midlands). Birmingham has three mainstream digital-only news publishers, I Am Birmingham, Birmingham Updates and Second City. Birmingham has a long cinematic history; <a href="/wiki/The_Electric,_Birmingham" title="The Electric, Birmingham">The Electric</a> on Station Street is the oldest working cinema in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-410">[406]</a> Birmingham is the location for several British and international film productions including <a href="/wiki/Felicia%27s_Journey_(film)" title="Felicia's Journey (film)">Felicia's Journey</a> of 1999, which used locations in Birmingham that were used in <a href="/wiki/Take_Me_High" title="Take Me High">Take Me High</a> of 1973 to contrast the changes in the city.<a href="#cite_note-411">[407]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mailbox_at_Night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mailbox_at_Night.jpg/220px-Mailbox_at_Night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mailbox_at_Night.jpg/330px-Mailbox_at_Night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Mailbox_at_Night.jpg/440px-Mailbox_at_Night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="2278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Mailbox" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mailbox">The Mailbox</a>, headquarters of <a href="/wiki/BBC_Birmingham" title="BBC Birmingham">BBC Birmingham</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> has two facilities in the city. <a href="/wiki/The_Mailbox" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mailbox">The Mailbox</a>, in the city centre, is the national headquarters of <a href="/wiki/BBC_English_Regions" title="BBC English Regions">BBC English Regions</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[408]</a> and the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/BBC_West_Midlands" title="BBC West Midlands">BBC West Midlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Birmingham" title="BBC Birmingham">BBC Birmingham</a> network production centre. These were previously located at the <a href="/wiki/Pebble_Mill_Studios" title="Pebble Mill Studios">Pebble Mill Studios</a> in Edgbaston. The BBC Drama Village, based in Selly Oak, is a production facility specialising in <a href="/wiki/BBC_television_drama" title="BBC television drama">television drama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-413">[409]</a> <a href="/wiki/ITV_Central" title="ITV Central">Central/ATV</a> studios in Birmingham was the location for the recording of various programmes for ITV, including <a href="/wiki/Tiswas" title="Tiswas">Tiswas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crossroads_(soap_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossroads (soap opera)">Crossroads</a>, until the complex was closed in 1997,<a href="#cite_note-414">[410]</a> and Central moved to its current Gas Street studios. Central's output from Birmingham now consists of only the West and East editions of the regional news programme <a href="/wiki/ITV_News_Central" title="ITV News Central">ITV News Central</a>. The city is served by numerous national and regional radio stations, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hyperlocal" title="Hyperlocal">hyperlocal</a> radio stations. These include <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_Birmingham" title="Hits Radio Birmingham">Hits Radio Birmingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Birmingham_%26_The_West_Midlands" title="Greatest Hits Radio Birmingham & The West Midlands">Greatest Hits Radio Birmingham & The West Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Midlands" title="Capital Midlands">Capital Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_West_Midlands" title="Heart West Midlands">Heart West Midlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_West_Midlands" title="Smooth West Midlands">Smooth West Midlands</a>. The city has a <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> scene, with stations including <a href="/wiki/BRMB" title="BRMB">BRMB</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Style_Radio_98.7FM" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style Radio 98.7FM">New Style Radio</a>, Brum Radio, <a href="/wiki/Switch_Radio" title="Switch Radio">Switch Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scratch_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Scratch Radio">Scratch Radio</a>, Raaj FM, and Unity FM. <a href="/wiki/The_Archers" title="The Archers">The Archers</a>, the world's longest running radio soap, is recorded in Birmingham for <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-415">[411]</a> BBC Birmingham studios additionally produce shows for <a href="/wiki/BBC_WM" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC WM">BBC Radio WM</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a> in the city. The late night show <a href="/wiki/Late_Night_Lycett" title="Late Night Lycett">Late Night Lycett</a> is filmed in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-416">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main listing: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Birmingham" title="List of people from Birmingham">List of people from Birmingham</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: International relations">edit</a>]</div> Birmingham is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<a href="#cite_note-partnercities-417">[413]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France (since 1951)<a href="#cite_note-Lyon-418">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archant_twinning-419">[415]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_am_Main" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt am Main">Frankfurt am Main</a>, Germany (since 1966)<a href="#cite_note-Frankfurt_am_Main-420">[416]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia" title="Zaporizhzhia">Zaporizhzhia</a>, Ukraine (since 1973)<a href="#cite_note-421">[417]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Italy (since 1974)<a href="#cite_note-Milan-422">[418]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, Germany (since 1992)<a href="#cite_note-Lepzig-423">[419]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States (since 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, South Africa (since 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, China (since 2006)</li></ul> </div> Birmingham also has friendly relations with:<a href="#cite_note-partnercities-417">[413]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, China (since 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirpur,_Azad_Kashmir" title="Mirpur, Azad Kashmir">Mirpur</a>, Pakistan (since 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, China (since 2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freemen_of_the_City_of_Birmingham" title="List of freemen of the City of Birmingham">List of freemen of the City of Birmingham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Although Birmingham is de facto the second-largest city, it is technically the largest "<a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a>" in the UK, because the <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London region</a> (estimated population 8,546,761) has never been granted "<a href="/wiki/City_status" title="City status">city status</a>" by the UK government; both the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">City of Westminster</a> have smaller populations than Birmingham. See the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in England">list of UK cities</a> (sort by Population column).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Weather station is located 2 miles (3 km) from the Birmingham city centre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Weather station is located 7 miles (11 km) from the Birmingham city centre.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Data calculated from raw monthly long term data for BHX.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OS_coord-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OS_coord_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OS_coord_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://getoutside.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/local/birmingham-west-midlands">"Birmingham, West Midlands"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a>. 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Retrieved 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poetry+Archive&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Zephaniah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoetryarchive.org%2Fpoet%2Fbenjamin-zephaniah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Biography, Ch I, "Bloemfontein". At 9 Ashfield Road, King's Heath. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.birmingham.gov.uk/downloads/file/9230/birmingham_tolkien_trail">"Birmingham Tolkien Trail"</a>. Birmingham City Council. 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Marriott International. Retrieved 17 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+of+Arden+Country+Club%3A+Golf+offerings+and+general+information&rft.pub=Marriott+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marriottgolf.com%2Fleisure%2Fgolf-courses%2Fforest-of-arden-country-club%2Fdefault.jsp%3Floc%3DIM59%2A1-1LK67J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110011431/http://www.wtatour.com/page/Calendar/0%2C%2C12781%2C00.html">"2010 WTA Tour Tournament Calendar"</a>. Sony Ericsson WTA Tour – Official Site of Women's Professional Tennis. 2010. 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In Berg, Maxine (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NfkNAAAAQAAJ">Markets and Manufacture in Early Industrial Europe</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 173–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-03720-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-03720-4"><bdi>0-415-03720-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Commerce+and+Creativity+in+Eighteenth-Century+Birmingham&rft.btitle=Markets+and+Manufacture+in+Early+Industrial+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=173-202&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-415-03720-4&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNfkNAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs, Asa</a> (1965) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mWoFbgJsg8C&pg=PA184">"Birmingham: The making of a Civic Gospel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mWoFbgJsg8C">Victorian Cities</a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07922-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07922-1"><bdi>0-520-07922-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birmingham%3A+The+making+of+a+Civic+Gospel&rft.btitle=Victorian+Cities&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-520-07922-1&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Asa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mWoFbgJsg8C%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelling1956" class="citation cs2">Gelling, Margaret (1956), "Some notes on the place-names of Birmingham and the surrounding district", Transactions & Proceedings, Birmingham Archaeological Society (72): 14–17, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-4202">0140-4202</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+%26+Proceedings%2C+Birmingham+Archaeological+Society&rft.atitle=Some+notes+on+the+place-names+of+Birmingham+and+the+surrounding+district&rft.issue=72&rft.pages=14-17&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=0140-4202&rft.aulast=Gelling&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelling1992" class="citation cs2">Gelling, Margaret (1992), The West Midlands in the early Middle Ages, Studies in the early history of Britain, Leicester: Leicester University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1170-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-1170-8"><bdi>978-0-7185-1170-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Midlands+in+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Leicester&rft.series=Studies+in+the+early+history+of+Britain&rft.pub=Leicester+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-1170-8&rft.aulast=Gelling&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodder2004" class="citation book cs1">Hodder, Mike (2004). Birmingham: the hidden history. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-3135-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-3135-8"><bdi>0-7524-3135-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birmingham%3A+the+hidden+history&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7524-3135-8&rft.aulast=Hodder&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1986" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Richard (1986). The early history of the town of Birmingham, 1166–1600. Dugdale Society Occasional Papers. Oxford: Printed for the Dugdale Society by D. Stanford, Printer to the University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85220-062-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85220-062-5"><bdi>0-85220-062-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+the+town+of+Birmingham%2C+1166%E2%80%931600&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Dugdale+Society+Occasional+Papers&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Dugdale+Society+by+D.+Stanford%2C+Printer+to+the+University&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85220-062-5&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkins1989" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Eric (1989). Birmingham: The First Manufacturing Town in the World, 1760–1840. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-79473-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-79473-6"><bdi>0-297-79473-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birmingham%3A+The+First+Manufacturing+Town+in+the+World%2C+1760%E2%80%931840&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-297-79473-6&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Peter M. (2008). Industrial Enlightenment: Science, technology and culture in Birmingham and the West Midlands, 1760–1820. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7770-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-7770-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Industrial+Enlightenment%3A+Science%2C+technology+and+culture+in+Birmingham+and+the+West+Midlands%2C+1760%E2%80%931820&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7770-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Peter+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeather2001" class="citation book cs1">Leather, Peter (2001). A brief history of Birmingham. Studley: Brewin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85858-187-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85858-187-7"><bdi>1-85858-187-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Birmingham&rft.place=Studley&rft.pub=Brewin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85858-187-7&rft.aulast=Leather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1950" class="citation cs2">Thorpe, H. (1950), "The Growth of Settlement before the Norman Conquest", in Kinvig, R. H.; Smith, J. G.; Wise, M. J. (eds.), Birmingham and its Regional Setting: A Scientific Survey, S. R. Publishers Limited (published 1970), pp. 87–97, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85409-607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85409-607-7"><bdi>978-0-85409-607-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Growth+of+Settlement+before+the+Norman+Conquest&rft.btitle=Birmingham+and+its+Regional+Setting%3A+A+Scientific+Survey&rft.pages=87-97&rft.pub=S.+R.+Publishers+Limited&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-85409-607-7&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUglow2011" class="citation book cs1">Uglow, Jenny (2011) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kZcsXTQntrkC">The Lunar Men: The Inventors of the Modern World 1730–1810</a>. London: Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26667-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26667-8"><bdi>978-0-571-26667-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lunar+Men%3A+The+Inventors+of+the+Modern+World+1730%E2%80%931810&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-571-26667-8&rft.aulast=Uglow&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkZcsXTQntrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton1993" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Chris (1993). A History of Birmingham. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-870-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-870-0"><bdi>0-85033-870-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Birmingham&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-85033-870-0&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2005" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Roger (2005). City-state and nation: Birmingham's political history, 1830–1940. Chichester: Phillimore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86077-320-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86077-320-6"><bdi>1-86077-320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City-state+and+nation%3A+Birmingham%27s+political+history%2C+1830%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Phillimore&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86077-320-6&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirmingham" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitbirmingham.com">Visitbirmingham.com - tourism website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x15px&#124;link=Birmingham&#124;alt=Flag_of_Birmingham_Birmingham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:City_of_Birmingham" title="Template:City of Birmingham"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:City_of_Birmingham" title="Template talk:City of Birmingham"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:City_of_Birmingham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:City of Birmingham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x15px&#124;link=Birmingham&#124;alt=Flag_of_Birmingham_Birmingham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham"><img alt="Flag of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/25px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/39px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/50px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Birmingham" title="History of Birmingham">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Birmingham" title="Economic history of Birmingham">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Birmingham" title="Military history of Birmingham">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_invention_in_Birmingham" title="Science and invention in Birmingham">Science and invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Birmingham_history" title="Timeline of Birmingham history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Birmingham_Town_Hall_from_Chamberlain_Square.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Birmingham Town Hall"><img alt="Birmingham Town Hall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Birmingham_Town_Hall_from_Chamberlain_Square.jpg/100px-Birmingham_Town_Hall_from_Chamberlain_Square.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Birmingham_Town_Hall_from_Chamberlain_Square.jpg/150px-Birmingham_Town_Hall_from_Chamberlain_Square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Birmingham_Town_Hall_from_Chamberlain_Square.jpg/200px-Birmingham_Town_Hall_from_Chamberlain_Square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="2819" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_of_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="List of areas of Birmingham">Constituent areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Birmingham" title="Demographics of Birmingham">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_open_spaces_in_Birmingham" title="Parks and open spaces in Birmingham">Parks and open spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_City_Plan" title="Big City Plan">Redevelopment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham">Tall buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Birmingham" title="Transport in Birmingham">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Birmingham" title="Government of Birmingham">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Birmingham" title="Economy of Birmingham">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Birmingham" title="Education in Birmingham">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Birmingham_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Birmingham (England)">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Birmingham" title="List of schools in Birmingham">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Corporation_Water_Department" title="Birmingham Corporation Water Department">Water supply</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Birmingham" title="Architecture of Birmingham">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Birmingham" title="Art of Birmingham">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Birmingham" title="Culture of Birmingham">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_in_Birmingham" title="Food and drink in Birmingham">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_of_Birmingham" title="Jazz of Birmingham">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Birmingham" title="Listed buildings in Birmingham">Listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Birmingham" title="Literature of Birmingham">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Birmingham" title="Media in Birmingham">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Birmingham,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people from Birmingham, England">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_of_Birmingham" title="Popular music of Birmingham">Popular music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Birmingham" title="Religion in Birmingham">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Birmingham" title="List of public art in Birmingham">Public Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Birmingham" title="List of songs about Birmingham">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Birmingham" title="Sport in Birmingham">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Birmingham,_West_Midlands" title="Category:Birmingham, West Midlands">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="x15px&#124;link=Birmingham&#124;alt=Flag_of_Birmingham_Areas_of_Birmingham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Areas_of_Birmingham" title="Template:Areas of Birmingham"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Areas_of_Birmingham" title="Template talk:Areas of Birmingham"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Areas_of_Birmingham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Areas of Birmingham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="x15px&#124;link=Birmingham&#124;alt=Flag_of_Birmingham_Areas_of_Birmingham" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham"><img alt="Flag of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Banner_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Birmingham_%281976%E2%80%93%29.svg/25px-Banner_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Birmingham_%281976%E2%80%93%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Banner_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Birmingham_%281976%E2%80%93%29.svg/39px-Banner_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Birmingham_%281976%E2%80%93%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Banner_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Birmingham_%281976%E2%80%93%29.svg/50px-Banner_of_arms_of_the_City_of_Birmingham_%281976%E2%80%93%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="180" /></a> Areas of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acocks_Green" title="Acocks Green">Acocks Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alum_Rock,_Birmingham" title="Alum Rock, Birmingham">Alum Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashted" title="Ashted">Ashted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston" title="Aston">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Village" title="Austin Village">Austin Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsall_Heath" title="Balsall Heath">Balsall Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartley_Green" title="Bartley Green">Bartley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_Lanes" title="Beech Lanes">Beech Lanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billesley,_West_Midlands" title="Billesley, West Midlands">Billesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birches_Green" title="Birches Green">Birches Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birchfield,_Birmingham" title="Birchfield, Birmingham">Birchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bickenhill" title="Bickenhill">Bickenhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham City Centre">Birmingham City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordesley,_Birmingham" title="Bordesley, Birmingham">Bordesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordesley_Green" title="Bordesley Green">Bordesley Green</a></li> <li>Bordesley Green East</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournbrook" title="Bournbrook">Bournbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandwood_End" title="Brandwood End">Brandwood End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromford" title="Bromford">Bromford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckland_End" title="Buckland End">Buckland End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California,_Birmingham" title="California, Birmingham">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Hill,_Birmingham" title="Camp Hill, Birmingham">Camp Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Vale" title="Castle Vale">Castle Vale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Valley,_Birmingham" title="Chad Valley, Birmingham">Chad Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofton_Common" title="Cofton Common">Cofton Common</a></li> <li>Colehall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotteridge" title="Cotteridge">Cotteridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deritend" title="Deritend">Deritend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digbeth" title="Digbeth">Digbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druids_Heath" title="Druids Heath">Druids Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duddeston" title="Duddeston">Duddeston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdington" title="Erdington">Erdington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lodge" title="Falcon Lodge">Falcon Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Hollies" title="Fox Hollies">Fox Hollies</a></li> <li>Garretts Green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbertstone" title="Gilbertstone">Gilbertstone</a></li> <li>Glebe Farm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosta_Green" title="Gosta Green">Gosta Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravelly_Hill" title="Gravelly Hill">Gravelly Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barr" title="Great Barr">Great Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greet,_Birmingham" title="Greet, Birmingham">Greet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Green" title="Hall Green">Hall Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamstead,_West_Midlands" title="Hamstead, West Midlands">Hamstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsworth,_West_Midlands" title="Handsworth, West Midlands">Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsworth_Wood" title="Handsworth Wood">Handsworth Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harborne" title="Harborne">Harborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkesley" title="Hawkesley">Hawkesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay_Mills" title="Hay Mills">Hay Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelwell" title="Hazelwell">Hazelwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgate,_Birmingham" title="Highgate, Birmingham">Highgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highter%27s_Heath" title="Highter's Heath">Highter's Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hockley,_West_Midlands" title="Hockley, West Midlands">Hockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodge_Hill" title="Hodge Hill">Hodge Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_Quarter" title="Jewellery Quarter">Jewellery Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Heath" title="Kings Heath">Kings Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Norton" title="Kings Norton">Kings Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingstanding" title="Kingstanding">Kingstanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitts_Green" title="Kitts Green">Kitts Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladywood" title="Ladywood">Ladywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lea_Hall" title="Lea Hall">Lea Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bromwich" title="Little Bromwich">Little Bromwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbridge" title="Longbridge">Longbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozells" title="Lozells">Lozells</a></li> <li>Lyndon Green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minworth" title="Minworth">Minworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Pool" title="Moor Pool">Moor Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseley" title="Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechells" title="Nechells">Nechells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frankley" title="New Frankley">New Frankley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Oscott" title="New Oscott">New Oscott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northfield, West Midlands">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Oscott" title="Old Oscott">Oscott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Barr" title="Perry Barr">Perry Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pype_Hayes" title="Pype Hayes">Pype Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton,_Birmingham" title="Quinton, Birmingham">Quinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rednal" title="Rednal">Rednal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotton_Park" title="Rotton Park">Rotton Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughley" title="Roughley">Roughley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubery" title="Rubery">Rubery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltley" title="Saltley">Saltley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selly_Oak" title="Selly Oak">Selly Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selly_Park" title="Selly Park">Selly Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shard_End" title="Shard End">Shard End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon,_West_Midlands" title="Sheldon, West Midlands">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Heath" title="Small Heath">Small Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_Birmingham" title="Smithfield, Birmingham">Smithfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yardley" title="South Yardley">South Yardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkbrook" title="Sparkbrook">Sparkbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkhill" title="Sparkhill">Sparkhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stechford" title="Stechford">Stechford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirchley,_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Stirchley, West Midlands">Stirchley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acocks_Green" title="Acocks Green">Stockfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerfield,_Birmingham" title="Summerfield, Birmingham">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile_Cross" title="Tile Cross">Tile Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turves_Green" title="Turves Green">Turves Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyburn,_West_Midlands" title="Tyburn, West Midlands">Tyburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyseley" title="Tyseley">Tyseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Heath" title="Walker's Heath">Walker's Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmley" title="Walmley">Walmley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_End" title="Ward End">Ward End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warstock" title="Warstock">Warstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washwood_Heath" title="Washwood Heath">Washwood Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weoley_Castle" title="Weoley Castle">Weoley Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Heath,_West_Midlands" title="West Heath, West Midlands">West Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winson_Green" title="Winson Green">Winson Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witton,_Birmingham" title="Witton, Birmingham">Witton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodgate,_Birmingham" title="Woodgate, Birmingham">Woodgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardley,_Birmingham" title="Yardley, Birmingham">Yardley</a></li> <li>Yardley Fields</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardley_Wood" title="Yardley Wood">Yardley Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham" title="City of Birmingham"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WMids-Birmingham.png/150px-WMids-Birmingham.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/WMids-Birmingham.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="134" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wards_of_Birmingham,_West_Midlands" title="Category:Wards of Birmingham, West Midlands">Wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parliamentary_constituencies_in_the_West_Midlands_(region)" title="Category:Parliamentary constituencies in the West Midlands (region)">Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Birmingham" title="Government of Birmingham">Governance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Birmingham&#124;link=Birmingham_Buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham,_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham,_England" title="Template:Buildings and structures in Birmingham, England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham,_England" title="Template talk:Buildings and structures in Birmingham, England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham,_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buildings and structures in Birmingham, England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Birmingham&#124;link=Birmingham_Buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham,_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham"><img alt="Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_Birmingham%2C_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1800" /></a> Buildings and structures in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a>, England</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham">Highrise</a> (in height order)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield_transmitting_station" title="Sutton Coldfield transmitting station">Sutton Coldfield mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Tower,_Birmingham" title="BT Tower, Birmingham">BT Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Holloway_Circus" title="10 Holloway Circus">10 Holloway Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain_Memorial_Clock_Tower" title="Joseph Chamberlain Memorial Clock Tower">Chamberlain Clock Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tower" title="Alpha Tower">Alpha Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Building" title="Orion Building">Orion Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sentinels" title="The Sentinels">Sentinels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda,_Birmingham" title="Rotunda, Birmingham">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/103_Colmore_Row" title="103 Colmore Row">103 Colmore Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cube,_Birmingham" title="The Cube, Birmingham">The Cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_Birmingham" title="Hyatt Regency Birmingham">Hyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_City_Tower,_Birmingham" title="Centre City Tower, Birmingham">Centre City Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowhill" title="Snowhill">Two Snowhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Snow_Hill_Plaza" title="One Snow Hill Plaza">One Snow Hill Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quayside_Tower" title="Quayside Tower">Quayside Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmore_Gate" title="Colmore Gate">Colmore Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_McLaren_Building" title="The McLaren Building">McLaren Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_House" title="Metropolitan House">Metropolitan House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_House" title="Edgbaston House">Edgbaston House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Colmore_Building" title="The Colmore Building">The Colmore Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurys_Inn_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurys Inn Birmingham">Jury's Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_House,_Birmingham" title="Lloyd House, Birmingham">Lloyd House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Library" title="Aston Library">Aston Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baskerville_House" title="Baskerville House">Baskerville House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelhouse_Lane_police_station" title="Steelhouse Lane police station">Central Police Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_Clock" title="Chamberlain Clock">Chamberlain Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_Memorial" title="Chamberlain Memorial">Chamberlain Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_House,_Birmingham" title="Council House, Birmingham">Council House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Waterworks" title="Edgbaston Waterworks">Edgbaston Waterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyseley_Energy_from_Waste_Plant" title="Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant">Energy from Waste Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Memory,_Birmingham" title="Hall of Memory, Birmingham">Hall of Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Birmingham" title="Library of Birmingham">Library of Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Library_and_Baths,_Balsall_Heath" title="Public Library and Baths, Balsall Heath">Moseley Road Baths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Baths_Committee" title="Birmingham Baths Committee">Other baths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Municipal_Bank_headquarters" title="Birmingham Municipal Bank headquarters">Municipal Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield_Town_Hall" title="Sutton Coldfield Town Hall">Town Hall (Sutton Coldfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Wildlife_Conservation_Park" title="Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park">Birmingham Wildlife Conservation Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main railway stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Moor_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham Moor Street railway station">Moor Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_railway_station" title="Birmingham New Street railway station">New Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Snow_Hill_railway_station" title="Birmingham Snow Hill railway station">Snow Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Birmingham,_West_Midlands" title="Category:Railway stations in Birmingham, West Midlands">Other stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_University" title="Birmingham City University">Birmingham City University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_School_of_Art_building" title="Birmingham School of Art building">Birmingham School of Art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Birmingham">Newman University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_Birmingham" title="University College Birmingham">University College Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Institute_of_Fine_Arts" title="Barber Institute of Fine Arts">Barber Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_College,_Birmingham" title="Queen's College, Birmingham">Queen's College, Birmingham</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Birmingham Children's Hospital">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hospital,_Birmingham" title="City Hospital, Birmingham">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Hope_Hospital" title="Good Hope Hospital">Good Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Orthopaedic_Hospital" title="Royal Orthopaedic Hospital">Orthopaedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham">Queen Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Women%27s_Hospital" title="Birmingham Women's Hospital">Women's</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Accident_Hospital" title="Birmingham Accident Hospital">Accident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_General_Hospital" title="Birmingham General Hospital">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Hospital_Birmingham_(1933%E2%80%932010)" title="Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham (1933–2010)">Old Queen Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selly_Oak_Hospital" title="Selly Oak Hospital">Selly Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witton_Isolation_Hospital" title="Witton Isolation Hospital">Witton Isolation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Ascension,_Hall_Green" title="Church of the Ascension, Hall Green">Ascension, Hall Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Agatha%27s_Church,_Sparkbrook" title="St Agatha's Church, Sparkbrook">St Agatha, Sparkbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Agnes%27_Church,_Moseley" title="St Agnes' Church, Moseley">St Agnes, Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Alban_the_Martyr,_Birmingham" title="St Alban the Martyr, Birmingham">St Alban, Highgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Church,_Handsworth" title="St Andrew's Church, Handsworth">St Andrew, Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Church,_Moseley" title="St Anne's Church, Moseley">St Anne, Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Church,_Birmingham" title="St Anne's Church, Birmingham">St Anne, Digbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Church,_Edgbaston" title="St Augustine's Church, Edgbaston">St Augustine, Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Barnabas%27_Church,_Erdington" title="St Barnabas' Church, Erdington">St Barnabas, Erdington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Bartholomew%27s_Church,_Edgbaston" title="St Bartholomew's Church, Edgbaston">St Bartholomew, Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Benedict%27s_Church,_Bordesley" title="St Benedict's Church, Bordesley">St Benedict's, Bordesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Latimer_Memorial_Church,_Winson_Green" title="Bishop Latimer Memorial Church, Winson Green">Bishop Latimer, Winson Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Catherine_of_Siena_Church,_Birmingham" title="St Catherine of Siena Church, Birmingham">St Catherine, Bristol Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham">St Chad's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Cyprian%27s_Church,_Hay_Mills" title="St Cyprian's Church, Hay Mills">St Cyprian, Hay Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_David%27s_Church,_Shenley_Green" title="St David's Church, Shenley Green">St David, Shenley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edburgha%27s_Church,_Yardley" title="St Edburgha's Church, Yardley">St Edburgha, Yardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Church,_Selly_Park,_Birmingham" title="St Edward's Church, Selly Park, Birmingham">St Edward, Selly Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdington_Abbey" title="Erdington Abbey">Erdington Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Faith_and_St_Laurence%27s_Church,_Harborne" title="St Faith and St Laurence's Church, Harborne">SS Faith & Laurence, Harborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_of_Assisi%27s_Church,_Bournville" title="St Francis of Assisi's Church, Bournville">St Francis, Bournville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_of_Assisi_Church,_Handsworth" title="St Francis of Assisi Church, Handsworth">St Francis, Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Gabriel%27s_Church,_Weoley_Castle" title="St Gabriel's Church, Weoley Castle">St Gabriel, Weoley Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Edgbaston" title="St George's Church, Edgbaston">St George, Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27_Church,_Sheldon" title="St Giles' Church, Sheldon">St Giles, Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortuary_Chapel,_Handsworth_Cemetery" title="Mortuary Chapel, Handsworth Cemetery">Handsworth Cemetery Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Birchfield" title="Holy Trinity Church, Birchfield">Holy Trinity, Birchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_and_St_Luke" title="Greek Orthodox Church of the Holy Trinity and St Luke">Holy Trinity & St Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Sutton_Coldfield" title="Holy Trinity Church, Sutton Coldfield">Holy Trinity, Sutton Coldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Church,_Handsworth" title="St James' Church, Handsworth">St James, Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Ladywood" title="St John's Church, Ladywood">St John, Ladywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist%27s_Church,_Perry_Barr" title="St John the Evangelist's Church, Perry Barr">St John, Perry Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Church,_Sparkhill" title="St John's Church, Sparkhill">St John, Sparkhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Laurence%27s_Church,_Northfield" title="St Laurence's Church, Northfield">St Laurence, Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Prince_Lazar,_Birmingham" title="Church of the Holy Prince Lazar, Birmingham">St Lazar, Bournville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Martin_in_the_Bull_Ring" title="St Martin in the Bull Ring">St Martin, Bull Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Washwood_Heath" title="St Mark's Church, Washwood Heath">St Mark, Washwood Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary_the_Virgin,_Acocks_Green" title="St Mary the Virgin, Acocks Green">St Mary, Acocks Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Handsworth" title="St Mary's Church, Handsworth">St Mary, Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Moseley" title="St Mary's Church, Moseley">St Mary, Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Selly_Oak" title="St Mary's Church, Selly Oak">St Mary, Selly Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Convent,_Handsworth" title="St Mary's Convent, Handsworth">St Mary's Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Central_Hall,_Birmingham" title="Methodist Central Hall, Birmingham">Methodist Central Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael_and_All_Angels%27_Church,_Bartley_Green" title="St Michael and All Angels' Church, Bartley Green">St Michael & All Angels, Bartley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Church,_Handsworth" title="St Michael's Church, Handsworth">St Michael, Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s_Catholic_Church,_Moor_Street" title="St Michael's Catholic Church, Moor Street">St Michael, Moor Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicolas%27_Church,_Kings_Norton" title="St Nicolas' Church, Kings Norton">St Nicolas, Kings Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Oratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Birmingham" title="St Paul's Church, Birmingham">St Paul, Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Church,_Lozells" title="St Paul's Church, Lozells">St Paul, Lozells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Harborne" title="St Peter's Church, Harborne">St Peter, Harborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_SS_Peter_%26_Paul,_Aston" title="Church of SS Peter & Paul, Aston">SS Peter & Paul, Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Philip%27s_Cathedral,_Birmingham" title="St Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham">St Philip's Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Silas%27_Church,_Lozells" title="St Silas' Church, Lozells">St Silas, Lozells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stechford_Baptist_Church" title="Stechford Baptist Church">Stechford Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Mosque" title="Birmingham Central Mosque">Central Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darul_Barakaat_Mosque" title="Darul Barakaat Mosque">Darul Barakaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghamkol_Shariff_Masjid" title="Ghamkol Shariff Masjid">Ghamkol Shariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Lane_Masjid" title="Green Lane Masjid">Green Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_Masjid_and_Islamic_Centre_Birmingham" title="Jami Masjid and Islamic Centre Birmingham">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Synagogue" title="Birmingham Central Synagogue">Central Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singers_Hill_Synagogue" title="Singers Hill Synagogue">Singers Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sikh</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak_Nishkam_Sevak_Jatha" title="Guru Nanak Nishkam Sevak Jatha">Guru Nanak, Handsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hindu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shree_Geeta_Bhawan" title="Shree Geeta Bhawan">Shree Geeta Bhawan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anchorage,_Birmingham" title="The Anchorage, Birmingham">Anchorage, The</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wray_Lighting_works" title="Christopher Wray Lighting works">Christopher Wray Lighting works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Hall" title="Edgbaston Hall">Edgbaston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Endwood" title="The Endwood">The Endwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hay_Hall,_Birmingham" title="Hay Hall, Birmingham">Hay Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highbury_Hall" title="Highbury Hall">Highbury Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moat_House,_Sutton_Coldfield" title="Moat House, Sutton Coldfield">Moat House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Hall" title="Moor Hall">Moor Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseley_Hall,_Birmingham" title="Moseley Hall, Birmingham">Moseley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hall_Manor" title="New Hall Manor">New Hall Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield_Manor_House" title="Northfield Manor House">Northfield Manor House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peddimore_Hall" title="Peddimore Hall">Peddimore Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penns_Hall" title="Penns Hall">Penns Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pype_Hayes_Hall" title="Pype Hayes Hall">Pype Hayes Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Hall" title="Sheldon Hall">Sheldon Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_House_(Birmingham)" title="Stratford House (Birmingham)">Stratford House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_Botanic_Garden" title="Winterbourne Botanic Garden">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel,_Birmingham" title="Grand Hotel, Birmingham">Grand Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyatt_Regency_Birmingham" title="Hyatt Regency Birmingham">Hyatt Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cube,_Birmingham" title="The Cube, Birmingham">Hotel Indigo (The Cube)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurys_Inn_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurys Inn Birmingham">Jurys Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Holloway_Circus" title="10 Holloway Circus">Radisson Blu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resorts_World_Birmingham" title="Resorts World Birmingham">Resorts World Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hotels_in_Birmingham,_West_Midlands" title="Category:Hotels in Birmingham, West Midlands">Other hotels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_%26_Eve,_Birmingham" title="Adam & Eve, Birmingham">Adam & Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_Inn,_Birmingham" title="Anchor Inn, Birmingham">Anchor Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Antelope,_Birmingham" title="The Antelope, Birmingham">Antelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bartons_Arms" title="The Bartons Arms">Bartons Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Horse,_Northfield" title="Black Horse, Northfield">Black Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookhill_Tavern" title="Brookhill Tavern">Brookhill Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown,_Birmingham" title="The Crown, Birmingham">Crown</a> (closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_Inn,_Birmingham" title="The Crown Inn, Birmingham">Crown Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Cocks,_Moseley" title="Fighting Cocks, Moseley">Fighting Cocks, Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_and_Grapes,_Birmingham" title="Fox and Grapes, Birmingham">Fox and Grapes</a> (demolished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Eagle,_Birmingham" title="Golden Eagle, Birmingham">Golden Eagle</a> (demolished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lad_in_the_Lane" title="Lad in the Lane">Lad in the Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Crown,_Birmingham" title="The Old Crown, Birmingham">Old Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Arms,_Birmingham" title="Queen's Arms, Birmingham">Queen's Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion,_Handsworth" title="Red Lion, Handsworth">Red Lion</a> (Handsworth; closed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Woodman" title="The Woodman">Woodman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brindleyplace" title="Brindleyplace">Brindleyplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Ring,_Birmingham" title="Bull Ring, Birmingham">Bull Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends%27_Institute_buildings" title="Friends' Institute buildings">Friends' Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_Birmingham" title="ICC Birmingham">International Convention Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_Birmingham" title="Mailbox Birmingham">Mailbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central,_Birmingham" title="Grand Central, Birmingham">Grand Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbridge_plant" title="Longbridge plant">Longbridge plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise,_Birmingham" title="Paradise, Birmingham">Paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Shopping_Centre" title="Swan Shopping Centre">Swan Shopping Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Alexandra,_Birmingham" title="The Alexandra, Birmingham">The Alexandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barber_Institute_of_Fine_Arts" title="Barber Institute of Fine Arts">Barber Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Odeon" title="Birmingham Odeon">Birmingham Odeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescent_Theatre" title="Crescent Theatre">Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Drum,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="The Drum, Birmingham">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Cinema,_Sutton_Coldfield" title="Empire Cinema, Sutton Coldfield">Empire Cinema, Sutton Coldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Hippodrome" title="Birmingham Hippodrome">Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac,_Birmingham" title="Mac, Birmingham">mac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre" title="Birmingham Repertory Theatre">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Cinema" title="Oak Cinema">Oak Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odeon,_Kingstanding" title="Odeon, Kingstanding">Odeon, Kingstanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Rep" title="Old Rep">Old Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccadilly_Cinema,_Birmingham" title="Piccadilly Cinema, Birmingham">Piccadilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Hall,_Birmingham" title="Symphony Hall, Birmingham">Symphony Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Hall" title="Aston Hall">Aston Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Back_to_Backs" title="Birmingham Back to Backs">Back to Backs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Museum_and_Art_Gallery" title="Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery">Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blakesley_Hall" title="Blakesley Hall">Blakesley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hall_Mill" title="New Hall Mill">New Hall Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman_Brothers_Coffin_Furniture_Factory" title="Newman Brothers Coffin Furniture Factory">Newman Bros Coffin Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarehole_Mill" title="Sarehole Mill">Sarehole Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selly_Manor" title="Selly Manor">Selly Manor</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Minworth_Greaves" title="Minworth Greaves">Minworth Greaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soho_House" title="Soho House">Soho House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weoley_Castle_(house)" title="Weoley Castle (house)">Weoley Castle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stadium" title="Alexander Stadium">Alexander Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Cricket_Ground" title="Edgbaston Cricket Ground">Edgbaston (cricket)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_Priory_Club" title="Edgbaston Priory Club">Edgbaston Priory Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_(stadium)" title="St Andrew's (stadium)">St Andrew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Park" title="Villa Park">Villa Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1%E2%80%937_Constitution_Hill,_Birmingham" title="1–7 Constitution Hill, Birmingham">1–7 Constitution Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_%26_19_Newhall_Street,_Birmingham" title="17 & 19 Newhall Street, Birmingham">17 & 19 Newhall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Birmingham" title="Arena Birmingham">Arena Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Ashford_%26_Son_building" title="J. Ashford & Son building">Ashford & Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Assay_Office" title="Birmingham Assay Office">Assay Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Banking_Company" title="Birmingham Banking Company">Birmingham Banking Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Crematorium" title="Birmingham Crematorium">Birmingham Crematorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromford_Viaduct" title="Bromford Viaduct">Bromford Viaduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Assembly" title="Castle Bromwich Assembly">Castle Bromwich Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Pagoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Pagoda">Chinese Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dunlop" title="Fort Dunlop">Fort Dunlop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Retort_House" title="Gas Retort House">Gas Retort House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Street_Studios" title="Gas Street Studios">Gas Street Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Arcade" title="Great Western Arcade">Great Western Arcade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holliday_Street_Aqueduct" title="Holliday Street Aqueduct">Holliday Street Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICC_Birmingham" title="ICC Birmingham">ICC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Point,_Birmingham" title="Millennium Point, Birmingham">Millennium Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_New_Street_Signal_Box" title="Birmingham New Street Signal Box">New Street Signal Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perrott%27s_Folly" title="Perrott's Folly">Perrott's Folly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Bridge" title="Perry Bridge">Perry Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Birmingham" title="HM Prison Birmingham">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Proof_House" title="Birmingham Proof House">Proof House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringway_Centre" title="Ringway Centre">Ringway Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse,_Birmingham" title="Roundhouse, Birmingham">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saracen%27s_Head" title="Saracen's Head">Saracen's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfridges_Building,_Birmingham" title="Selfridges Building, Birmingham">Selfridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_House,_Birmingham" title="St James's House, Birmingham">St James's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square_House" title="Victoria Square House">Victoria Square House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Law_Courts" title="Victoria Law Courts">Victoria Law Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Works,_Birmingham" title="Victoria Works, Birmingham">Victoria Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock_Street_Baths" title="Woodcock Street Baths">Woodcock Street Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demolished</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Hippodrome" title="Aston Hippodrome">Aston Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Manor_House" title="Birmingham Manor House">Birmingham Manor House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_House,_Birmingham" title="Bishop's House, Birmingham">Bishop's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Ryder_Church,_Birmingham" title="Bishop Ryder Church, Birmingham">Bishop Ryder Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordesley_Hall,_Birmingham" title="Bordesley Hall, Birmingham">Bordesley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Goods_railway_station" title="Central Goods railway station">Central Goods railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library" title="Birmingham Central Library">Central Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Birmingham" title="Christ Church, Birmingham">Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Messiah,_Birmingham" title="Church of the Messiah, Birmingham">Church of the Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crescent,_Birmingham" title="The Crescent, Birmingham">The Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exchange,_Birmingham" title="The Exchange, Birmingham">The Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_Tower" title="Five Ways Tower">Five Ways Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Hollies_Hall" title="Fox Hollies Hall">Fox Hollies Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathfield_Hall" title="Heathfield Hall">Heathfield Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highfield,_Birmingham" title="Highfield, Birmingham">Highfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_House,_Birmingham" title="Island House, Birmingham">Island House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_James_the_Less%27_Church,_Ashted" title="St James the Less' Church, Ashted">St James the Less' Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Hall,_West_Midlands" title="Langley Hall, West Midlands">Langley Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Market_Hall" title="Birmingham Market Hall">Market Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Whittall_Street,_Birmingham" title="St Mary's Church, Whittall Street, Birmingham">St Mary's, Whittall St.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metchley_Fort" title="Metchley Fort">Metchley Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble_Mill_Studios" title="Pebble Mill Studios">Pebble Mill Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_and_Mail_building,_Birmingham" title="Post and Mail building, Birmingham">Post & Mail Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Office,_Birmingham" title="Public Office, Birmingham">Public Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Union_Workhouse" title="Birmingham Union Workhouse">Union Workhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Birmingham" title="Architecture of Birmingham">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings and structures in Birmingham">Tallest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Birmingham_board_schools" title="List of Birmingham board schools">Board schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listed_buildings_in_Birmingham" title="Listed buildings in Birmingham">Listed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_Birmingham" title="Scheduled monuments in Birmingham">Scheduled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Birmingham,_West_Midlands" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Birmingham, West Midlands">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_the_City_of_Birmingham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_the_City_of_Birmingham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to the City of Birmingham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Birmingham&#124;alt=Flag_of_Birmingham_Government_of_Birmingham" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wards_of_Birmingham" title="Template:Wards of Birmingham"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wards_of_Birmingham" title="Template talk:Wards of Birmingham"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wards_of_Birmingham" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wards of Birmingham"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Birmingham&#124;alt=Flag_of_Birmingham_Government_of_Birmingham" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham"><img alt="Flag of Birmingham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Birmingham.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Birmingham" title="Government of Birmingham">Government of Birmingham</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham</a> UK parliamentary constituencies (left) and city council wards</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Edgbaston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Edgbaston (UK Parliament constituency)">Edgbaston</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartley_Green" title="Bartley Green">Bartley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston_(ward)" title="Edgbaston (ward)">Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harborne_(ward)" title="Harborne (ward)">Harborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinton,_Birmingham" title="Quinton, Birmingham">Quinton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/City_of_Birmingham" title="City of Birmingham"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/BirminghamConstituencies.png/150px-BirminghamConstituencies.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/BirminghamConstituencies.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="230" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Erdington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Erdington (UK Parliament constituency)">Erdington</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erdington" title="Erdington">Erdington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingstanding" title="Kingstanding">Kingstanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockland_Green" title="Stockland Green">Stockland Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyburn,_West_Midlands" title="Tyburn, West Midlands">Tyburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Hall_Green_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Hall Green (UK Parliament constituency)">Hall Green</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Green" title="Hall Green">Hall Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseley_and_Kings_Heath_(ward)" title="Moseley and Kings Heath (ward)">Moseley and Kings Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparkbrook" title="Sparkbrook">Sparkbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Birmingham" title="Springfield, Birmingham">Springfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Hodge_Hill_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Hodge Hill (UK Parliament constituency)">Hodge Hill</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bordesley_Green" title="Bordesley Green">Bordesley Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodge_Hill" title="Hodge Hill">Hodge Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shard_End" title="Shard End">Shard End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washwood_Heath" title="Washwood Heath">Washwood Heath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Ladywood_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Ladywood (UK Parliament constituency)">Ladywood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_(Birmingham_ward)" title="Aston (Birmingham ward)">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordesley_and_Highgate" title="Bordesley and Highgate">Bordesley and Highgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladywood" title="Ladywood">Ladywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechells" title="Nechells">Nechells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soho,_West_Midlands" title="Soho, West Midlands">Soho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Northfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Northfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Northfield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Norton" title="Kings Norton">Kings Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbridge" title="Longbridge">Longbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Birmingham" title="Northfield, Birmingham">Northfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weoley_(ward)" title="Weoley (ward)">Weoley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Perry_Barr_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Perry Barr (UK Parliament constituency)">Perry Barr</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handsworth_Wood" title="Handsworth Wood">Handsworth Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozells_and_East_Handsworth_(ward)" title="Lozells and East Handsworth (ward)">Lozells and East Handsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscott_(ward)" title="Oscott (ward)">Oscott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Barr" title="Perry Barr">Perry Barr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Selly_Oak_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Selly Oak (UK Parliament constituency)">Selly Oak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billesley,_West_Midlands" title="Billesley, West Midlands">Billesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandwood_(ward)" title="Brandwood (ward)">Brandwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selly_Oak_(ward)" title="Selly Oak (ward)">Selly Oak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sutton Coldfield (UK Parliament constituency)">Sutton Coldfield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Four_Oaks_(ward)" title="Sutton Four Oaks (ward)">Sutton Four Oaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_New_Hall_(ward)" title="Sutton New Hall (ward)">Sutton New Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Trinity_(ward)" title="Sutton Trinity (ward)">Sutton Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Vesey_(ward)" title="Sutton Vesey (ward)">Sutton Vesey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Yardley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Birmingham Yardley (UK Parliament constituency)">Yardley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acocks_Green_(ward)" title="Acocks Green (ward)">Acocks Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon,_West_Midlands" title="Sheldon, West Midlands">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yardley" title="South Yardley">South Yardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stechford_and_Yardley_North_(ward)" title="Stechford and Yardley North (ward)">Stechford and Yardley North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ceremonial_county_of_West_Midlands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist vcard mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Midlands_County" title="Template:West Midlands County"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Midlands_County" title="Template talk:West Midlands County"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Midlands_County" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Midlands County"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ceremonial_county_of_West_Midlands" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial county</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Coventry">City of Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Dudley">Metropolitan Borough of Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Metropolitan Borough of Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Metropolitan Borough of Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall" title="Metropolitan Borough of Walsall">Metropolitan Borough of Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">City of Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major settlements (cities in italics)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldridge" title="Aldridge">Aldridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilston" title="Bilston">Bilston</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_West_Midlands" title="Blackheath, West Midlands">Blackheath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloxwich" title="Bloxwich">Bloxwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brierley_Hill" title="Brierley Hill">Brierley Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownhills" title="Brownhills">Brownhills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelmsley_Wood" title="Chelmsley Wood">Chelmsley Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coseley" title="Coseley">Coseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradley_Heath" title="Cradley Heath">Cradley Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlaston" title="Darlaston">Darlaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorridge" title="Dorridge">Dorridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley" title="Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdington" title="Erdington">Erdington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gornal,_West_Midlands" title="Gornal, West Midlands">Gornal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halesowen" title="Halesowen">Halesowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingswinford" title="Kingswinford">Kingswinford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowle,_West_Midlands" title="Knowle, West Midlands">Knowle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longbridge" title="Longbridge">Longbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherton,_West_Midlands" title="Netherton, West Midlands">Netherton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldbury,_West_Midlands" title="Oldbury, West Midlands">Oldbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelsall" title="Pelsall">Pelsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensnett" title="Pensnett">Pensnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank" title="Quarry Bank">Quarry Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowley_Regis" title="Rowley Regis">Rowley Regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedgley" title="Sedgley">Sedgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selly_Oak" title="Selly Oak">Selly Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley,_West_Midlands" title="Shirley, West Midlands">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smethwick" title="Smethwick">Smethwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull" title="Solihull">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stourbridge" title="Stourbridge">Stourbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetly" title="Streetly">Streetly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Coldfield" title="Sutton Coldfield">Sutton Coldfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton" title="Tipton">Tipton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tividale" title="Tividale">Tividale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall" title="Walsall">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesbury" title="Wednesbury">Wednesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesfield" title="Wednesfield">Wednesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bromwich" title="West Bromwich">West Bromwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willenhall" title="Willenhall">Willenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordsley" title="Wordsley">Wordsley</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_West_Midlands_(county)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of civil parishes in West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_Blythe" title="River Blythe">River Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Cole,_West_Midlands" title="River Cole, West Midlands">River Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Penk" title="River Penk">River Penk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Rea" title="River Rea">River Rea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saredon_Brook" title="Saredon Brook">Saredon Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smestow_Brook" title="Smestow Brook">Smestow Brook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sherbourne" title="River Sherbourne">River Sherbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sow" title="River Sow">River Sow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Sowe" title="River Sowe">River Sowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Stour,_Worcestershire" title="River Stour, Worcestershire">River Stour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tame,_West_Midlands" title="River Tame, West Midlands">River Tame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Canal_Navigations" title="Birmingham Canal Navigations">Birmingham Canal Navigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_Union_Canal" title="Shropshire Union Canal">Shropshire Union Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_and_Worcestershire_Canal" title="Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal">Staffordshire & Worcestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester_and_Birmingham_Canal" title="Worcester and Birmingham Canal">Worcester & Birmingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in West Midlands">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_West_Midlands_(county)_by_population" title="List of settlements in West Midlands (county) by population">Population of major settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliamentary_constituencies_in_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliamentary constituencies in West Midlands">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_the_West_Midlands" title="List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the West Midlands">SSSIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Country_houses_in_the_West_Midlands_(county)" title="Category:Country houses in the West Midlands (county)">Country houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grade_I_listed_buildings_in_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Grade I listed buildings in West Midlands">Grade I listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_II*_listed_buildings_in_West_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade II* listed buildings in West Midlands">Grade II* listed buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monuments_in_the_West_Midlands" title="Scheduled monuments in the West Midlands">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservation_areas_in_the_West_Midlands_(county)" title="List of conservation areas in the West Midlands (county)">Conservation areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Midlands_County" class="mw-redirect" title="History of West Midlands County">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_West_Midlands" title="Lord Lieutenant of the West Midlands">Lord Lieutenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_the_West_Midlands" title="High Sheriff of the West Midlands">High Sheriffs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_the_West_Midlands" title="List of museums in the West Midlands">Museums</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Airport" title="Birmingham Airport">Birmingham Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry/Bedworth_Urban_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Coventry/Bedworth Urban Area">Coventry/Bedworth Urban Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_for_West_Midlands" title="Transport for West Midlands">Transport for West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_conurbation" title="West Midlands conurbation">West Midlands conurbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Combined_Authority" title="West Midlands Combined Authority">West Midlands Combined Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_West_Midlands" title="Mayor of the West Midlands">Mayor of the West Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Police" title="West Midlands Police">West Midlands Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_the_West_Midlands_Region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Midlands" title="Template:West Midlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Midlands" title="Template talk:West Midlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Midlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Midlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_the_West_Midlands_Region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:West_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/West_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg/153px-West_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/West_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg/230px-West_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/West_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg/306px-West_Midlands_districts_2011_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1306" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_(district)" title="Shropshire (district)">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telford_and_Wrekin" title="Telford and Wrekin">Telford and Wrekin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannock_Chase_District" title="Cannock Chase District">Cannock Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Staffordshire" title="East Staffordshire">East Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_District" title="Lichfield District">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Newcastle-under-Lyme" title="Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme">Newcastle-under-Lyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire" title="South Staffordshire">South Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stafford" title="Borough of Stafford">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_Moorlands" title="Staffordshire Moorlands">Staffordshire Moorlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamworth,_Staffordshire" title="Tamworth, Staffordshire">Tamworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Warwickshire" title="North Warwickshire">North Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuneaton_and_Bedworth" title="Nuneaton and Bedworth">Nuneaton and Bedworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Rugby" title="Borough of Rugby">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-on-Avon_District" title="Stratford-on-Avon District">Stratford-on-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_District" title="Warwick District">Warwick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall" title="Metropolitan Borough of Walsall">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromsgrove_District" title="Bromsgrove District">Bromsgrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvern_Hills_District" title="Malvern Hills District">Malvern Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redditch" title="Redditch">Redditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wychavon" title="Wychavon">Wychavon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyre_Forest_District" title="Wyre Forest District">Wyre Forest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Core_Cities_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Core_Cities_Group" title="Template:Core Cities Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Core_Cities_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Core Cities Group (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Core_Cities_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Core Cities Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Core_Cities_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Core_Cities_Group" title="Core Cities Group">Core Cities Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metropolitan_districts_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Template:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Template talk:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan_districts_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metropolitan districts of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metropolitan_districts_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan districts of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Barnsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bolton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Bury" title="Metropolitan Borough of Bury">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale" title="Calderdale">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Dudley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Knowsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Oldham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Oldham">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rochdale" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rotherham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell" title="Sandwell">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Sefton" title="Metropolitan Borough of Sefton">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Solihull" title="Metropolitan Borough of Solihull">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_St_Helens" title="Metropolitan Borough of St Helens">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Stockport" title="Metropolitan Borough of Stockport">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside" title="Tameside">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Walsall" title="Metropolitan Borough of Walsall">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wigan" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wigan">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Wirral" title="Metropolitan Borough of Wirral">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/125px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/188px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg/250px-English_metropolitan_boroughs_map_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council" title="Birmingham City Council">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Council" title="Bolton Council">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford_Metropolitan_District_Council" title="City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Bury Metropolitan Borough Council">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_City_Council" title="Coventry City Council">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Doncaster Council">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees_Council" title="Kirklees Council">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Council" title="Leeds City Council">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council" title="Liverpool City Council">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council" title="Newcastle City Council">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Council" title="North Tyneside Council">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Council" title="Oldham Council">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Borough_Council" title="Rochdale Borough Council">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council" title="Salford City Council">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefton_Council" title="Sefton Council">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside_Council" title="South Tyneside Council">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helens Council">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Council" title="Sunderland City Council">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Council" title="Trafford Council">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Council" title="Wakefield Council">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Council" title="Walsall Council">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council" title="Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirral_Council" title="Wirral Council">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton City Council">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council_elections" title="Birmingham City Council elections">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolton_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bolton Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford_Metropolitan_District_Council_elections" title="City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council elections">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bury_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Bury Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Bury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calderdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Calderdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_City_Council_elections" title="Coventry City Council elections">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Doncaster Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Gateshead Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Gateshead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirklees_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Kirklees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowsley_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Knowsley Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Knowsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_City_Council_elections" title="Leeds City Council elections">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council_elections" title="Liverpool City Council elections">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council_elections" title="Manchester City Council elections">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_City_Council_elections" title="Newcastle City Council elections">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council elections">North Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Oldham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Rotherham Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salford_City_Council_elections" title="Salford City Council elections">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwell_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Sandwell Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Sandwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefton_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Sefton Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Sefton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council_elections" title="Sheffield City Council elections">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solihull_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Solihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="South Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council elections">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helens_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council elections">St Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockport_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Stockport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_City_Council_elections" title="Sunderland City Council elections">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tameside_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Tameside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafford_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Trafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Metropolitan_District_Council_elections" title="Wakefield Metropolitan District Council elections">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walsall_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Walsall Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Walsall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirral_Metropolitan_Borough_Council_elections" title="Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council elections">Wirral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton_City_Council_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolverhampton City Council elections">Wolverhampton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurovision_Song_Contest" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Template:Eurovision Song Contest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Template talk:Eurovision Song Contest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurovision Song Contest"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eurovision_Song_Contest" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_entries_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Eurovision Song Contest entries (disambiguation)">Entries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_entries_(1956%E2%80%932003)" title="List of Eurovision Song Contest entries (1956–2003)">1956–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_entries_(2004%E2%80%93present)" title="List of Eurovision Song Contest entries (2004–present)">2004–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="History of the Eurovision Song Contest">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_host_cities" title="List of Eurovision Song Contest host cities">Host cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="List of languages in the Eurovision Song Contest">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_visibility_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="LGBT visibility in the Eurovision Song Contest">LGBT visibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_participants_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="List of LGBT participants in the Eurovision Song Contest">LGBT participants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_controversies_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="Political controversies in the Eurovision Song Contest">Political controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_presenters" title="List of Eurovision Song Contest presenters">Presenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rules_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Rules of the Eurovision Song Contest">Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_at_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest">Voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eurovision_Song_Contest_winners" title="List of Eurovision Song Contest winners">Winners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_winners_discography" title="Eurovision Song Contest winners discography">Discography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1956">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1957" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1957">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1958" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1958">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1959" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1959">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1960" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1960">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1961" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1961">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1962" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1962">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1963" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1963">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1964" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1965" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1965">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1966" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1966">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1967" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1967">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1968" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1968">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1969" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1970" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1970">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1971" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1971">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1972" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1972">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1973" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1973">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1974" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1974">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1975" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1976" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1977" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1978" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1979" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1980" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1981" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1982" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1983" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1984" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1985" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1986" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1987" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1988" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1990" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1991" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1992" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1993" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1994" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1996" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1997" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1998" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1999" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2000" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2001" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2002" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2003" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2004" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2005" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2006" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2007" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2010" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2011" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2014" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2015" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2016" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2019">2019</a></li> <li><s><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2020">2020</a></s></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2022" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2023" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2024" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2025" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2025">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="List of countries in the Eurovision Song Contest">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Austria in the Eurovision Song Contest">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Azerbaijan in the Eurovision Song Contest">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Croatia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Czech Republic in the Eurovision Song Contest">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Estonia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="France in the Eurovision Song Contest">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Georgia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Germany in the Eurovision Song Contest">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Iceland in the Eurovision Song Contest">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Latvia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Lithuania in the Eurovision Song Contest">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Luxembourg in the Eurovision Song Contest">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Malta in the Eurovision Song Contest">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Moldova in the Eurovision Song Contest">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Poland in the Eurovision Song Contest">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="San Marino in the Eurovision Song Contest">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Andorra in the Eurovision Song Contest">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Eurovision Song Contest">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Bulgaria in the Eurovision Song Contest">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contest">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Morocco in the Eurovision Song Contest">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="North Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Romania in the Eurovision Song Contest">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Slovakia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ineligible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Belarus in the Eurovision Song Contest">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Russia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Serbia and Montenegro in the Eurovision Song Contest">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Debut attempts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Lebanon in the Eurovision Song Contest">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in the Eurovision Song Contest">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations in the Eurovision Song Contest">Armenia–Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest">Russia–Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National selections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festivali_i_K%C3%ABng%C3%ABs" title="Festivali i Këngës">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansk_Melodi_Grand_Prix" title="Dansk Melodi Grand Prix">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Laul" title="Eesti Laul">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uuden_Musiikin_Kilpailu" title="Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_Georgia" title="The Voice Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ngvakeppnin" title="Söngvakeppnin">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Late_Late_Show_(Irish_talk_show)" title="The Late Late Show (Irish talk show)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(Israeli_TV_series)" title="Rising Star (Israeli TV series)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival" title="Sanremo Music Festival">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_(Latvian_TV_series)" title="Supernova (Latvian TV series)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodi_Grand_Prix" title="Melodi Grand Prix">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Festival da Canção">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesma_za_Evroviziju" title="Pesma za Evroviziju">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidorm_Fest" title="Benidorm Fest">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodifestivalen" title="Melodifestivalen">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidbir" title="Vidbir">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depi_Evratesil" title="Depi Evratesil">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_%E2%80%93_Australia_Decides" title="Eurovision – Australia Decides">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geostar" title="Geostar">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellinik%C3%B3s_Telik%C3%B3s" title="Ellinikós Telikós">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Dal" title="A Dal">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Star" title="You're a Star">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzonissima" title="Canzonissima">Italy</a></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Song_Festival" title="Israel Song Festival">Israel Song Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kdam_Eurovision" title="Kdam Eurovision">Kdam Eurovision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor_Israel" title="The X Factor Israel">The X Factor Israel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Factor_Malta" title="X Factor Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationaal_Songfestival" title="Nationaal Songfestival">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje_Fest" title="Skopje Fest">North Macedonia</a></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krajowe_Eliminacje" title="Krajowe Eliminacje">Krajowe Eliminacje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szansa_na_Sukces" title="Szansa na Sukces">Szansa na Sukces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evrovidenie" title="Evrovidenie">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evropesma" title="Evropesma">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beovizija" title="Beovizija">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislavsk%C3%A1_l%C3%BDra" title="Bratislavská lýra">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Triunfo_(Spanish_TV_series)" title="Operación Triunfo (Spanish TV series)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_national_selection_for_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugovizija" title="Jugovizija">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bezen%C3%A7on_Awards" title="Marcel Bezençon Awards">Marcel Bezençon Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAE" title="OGAE">OGAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OGAE_Second_Chance_Contest" title="OGAE Second Chance Contest">OGAE Second Chance Contest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Dex_Award" title="Barbara Dex Award">Barbara Dex Award</a> (1997–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You%27re_a_Vision_Award" title="You're a Vision Award">You're a Vision Award</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">EBU</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_Previews" title="Eurovision Song Contest Previews">Eurovision Song Contest Previews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Europe_(1981_concert)" title="Songs of Europe (1981 concert)">Songs of Europe</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvalifikacija_za_Millstreet" title="Kvalifikacija za Millstreet">Kvalifikacija za Millstreet</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congratulations:_50_Years_of_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest">Congratulations: 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest%27s_Greatest_Hits" title="Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits">Eurovision Song Contest's Greatest Hits</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EurovisionAgain" title="EurovisionAgain">EurovisionAgain</a> (2020–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision:_Europe_Shine_a_Light" title="Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light">Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Grand_Prix_Hitliste" title="Die Grand Prix Hitliste">Die Grand Prix Hitliste</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Grote_Songfestivalfeest" title="Het Grote Songfestivalfeest">Het Grote Songfestivalfeest</a> (2019, 2022–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_kleine_Song_Contest" title="Der kleine Song Contest">Der kleine Song Contest</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2020_%E2%80%93_das_deutsche_Finale" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2020 – das deutsche Finale">ESC 2020 – das deutsche Finale</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurovision:_Come_Together" title="Eurovision: Come Together">Eurovision: Come Together</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sveriges_12:a" title="Sveriges 12:a">Sveriges 12:a</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Category:Eurovision Song Contest">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Template talk:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_Games_Host_Cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth Games Host Cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_Games_host_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a> host cities</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930_British_Empire_Games" title="1930 British Empire Games">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_British_Empire_Games" title="1934 British Empire Games">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_British_Empire_Games" title="1938 British Empire Games">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_British_Empire_Games" title="1950 British Empire Games">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1958_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales"><img alt="Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales_%281953%E2%80%931959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="827" data-file-height="496" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Games" title="1966 British Empire and Commonwealth Games">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1970 British Commonwealth Games">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Commonwealth_Games" title="1974 British Commonwealth Games">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Commonwealth_Games" title="1986 Commonwealth Games">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Commonwealth_Games" title="1990 Commonwealth Games">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Commonwealth_Games" title="1994 Commonwealth Games">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Commonwealth_Games" title="1998 Commonwealth Games">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Commonwealth_Games" title="2002 Commonwealth Games">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Commonwealth_Games" title="2010 Commonwealth Games">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Commonwealth_Games" title="2014 Commonwealth Games">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em; white-space:nowrap;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Commonwealth_Games" title="2018 Commonwealth Games">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Commonwealth_Games" title="2022 Commonwealth Games">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Commonwealth_Games" title="2026 Commonwealth Games">2026</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_Commonwealth_Games" title="2030 Commonwealth Games">2030</a>: <a href="/wiki/TBA" class="mw-redirect" title="TBA">TBA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Birmingham at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Birmingham">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Birmingham" class="extiw" title="c:Birmingham">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Birmingham" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Birmingham">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Birmingham">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Birmingham">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Birmingham">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Birmingham" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Birmingham">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Birmingham_(England)" class="extiw" title="voy:Birmingham (England)">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256" class="extiw" title="d:Q2256">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316733682">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4006934-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084311">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936194c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936194c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge261476&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX455479">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000326294&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548076905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/226c4dca-ef2a-4d4b-ba25-4118d116557a">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/199240108">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045666">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&oldid=1258022309">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birmingham&oldid=1258022309</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Birmingham,_West_Midlands" title="Category:Birmingham, West Midlands">Birmingham, West 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href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_establishments_in_England" title="Category:6th-century establishments in England">6th-century establishments in England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_civil_parishes_in_the_West_Midlands_(county)" title="Category:Former civil parishes in the West Midlands (county)">Former civil parishes in the West Midlands (county)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFMorley2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neill2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelham1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPillement1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRex2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyle2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkipp1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencerTaylorSmithMawson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephens1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutcliffeSmith1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorpe1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTomlinson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooheyJames_Veal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrilling2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyzack2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUglow2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVescovi2013\"] = 1,\n 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