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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:115%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Alaska" title="Music of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Alabama" title="Music of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arkansas" title="Music of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colorado" title="Music of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Connecticut" title="Music of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Music of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Delaware" title="Music of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Florida" title="Music of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Music of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii" title="Music of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iowa" title="Music of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Idaho" title="Music of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Illinois" title="Music of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indiana" title="Music of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kansas" title="Music of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kentucky" title="Music of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Louisiana" title="Music of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Massachusetts" title="Music of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maryland" title="Music of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Maine" title="Music of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Michigan" title="Music of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Minnesota" title="Music of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Missouri" title="Music of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mississippi" title="Music of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montana" title="Music of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Carolina" title="Music of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Dakota" title="Music of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nebraska" title="Music of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Hampshire" title="Music of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Mexico" title="Music of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nevada" title="Music of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey" title="Music of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_(state)" title="Music of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ohio" title="Music of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oklahoma" title="Music of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oregon" title="Music of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pennsylvania" title="Music of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Rhode_Island" title="Music of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Carolina" title="Music of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Dakota" title="Music of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tennessee" title="Music of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Texas" title="Music of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Utah" title="Music of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Virginia" title="Music of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vermont" title="Music of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Washington_(state)" title="Music of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wisconsin" title="Music of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Virginia" title="Music of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wyoming" title="Music of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Institutions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tucson_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tucson Symphony Orchestra">Tucson Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Symphony" title="Phoenix Symphony">Phoenix Symphony</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Venues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Wireless_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Cricket Wireless Pavilion">Cricket Wireless Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodge Theater">Dodge Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Congress" title="Hotel Congress">Hotel Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Phoenix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orpheum Theatre (Phoenix)">Orpheum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Symphony_Hall" title="Phoenix Symphony Hall">Phoenix Symphony Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Room" title="Rhythm Room">Rhythm Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrappys" title="Skrappys">Skrappys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_Space" title="Trunk Space">Trunk Space</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Festivals</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li>Tempe Music Festival</li> <li>Red Rocks Music Festival</li> <li>Northwest Region Music Festival</li> <li>McDowell Mountain Music Festival</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; font-size: 100%; margin: 0; border-width: 1px 0 0 0;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">State song</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/State_songs_of_Arizona" title="State songs of Arizona">Arizona March Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/State_songs_of_Arizona" title="State songs of Arizona">Arizona</a>"</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></b> began with <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Indigenous music of North America</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Indigenous peoples of Arizona</a>. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrants</a> popularized <a href="/wiki/Banda_music" title="Banda music">Banda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corridos" class="mw-redirect" title="Corridos">corridos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjunto" title="Conjunto">conjunto</a>. Other major influences come from styles popular throughout the rest of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flagstaff">Flagstaff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Arizona&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Flagstaff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a> has a community (non-professional) orchestra, the Flagstaff Symphony Orchestra. The FSO includes both townspeople and faculty and students from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theater_(Flagstaff)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orpheum Theater (Flagstaff)">Orpheum Theater</a> is the largest performing venue in northern Arizona.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city hosts two <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festivals</a>, the Flagstaff Folk Festival and the Flagstaff Music Festival. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Native_American_flute" title="Native American flute">Native American flautist</a> <a href="/wiki/R._Carlos_Nakai" title="R. Carlos Nakai">R. Carlos Nakai</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a> origin, was born in Flagstaff. </p><p>Navajo <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Blackfire_(American_band)" title="Blackfire (American band)">Blackfire</a> formed in Flagstaff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phoenix">Phoenix</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Arizona&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phoenix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Music_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Music of Arizona">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> has been called a "rock mecca" by Jim Adkins of the Phoenix rock band <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World" title="Jimmy Eat World">Jimmy Eat World</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a> (home of <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a> also coexist with Phoenix as part of the Arizona musical scene. Other Phoenix bands include the <a href="/wiki/Meat_Puppets" title="Meat Puppets">Meat Puppets</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Standards" title="American Standards">American Standards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gin_Blossoms" title="Gin Blossoms">Gin Blossoms</a> (lead guitarist <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hopkins" title="Doug Hopkins">Doug Hopkins</a> died in '93 in Tempe), <a href="/wiki/Phunk_Junkeez" title="Phunk Junkeez">Phunk Junkeez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_Future" title="Chronic Future">Chronic Future</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dead_Hot_Workshop" title="Dead Hot Workshop">Dead Hot Workshop</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jetzons" title="The Jetzons">The Jetzons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Clyne_and_the_Peacemakers" title="Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers">Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers</a>. </p><p>In the 1960s, rock and R&B bands inspired by <a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> appeared in Phoenix. Musicians to emerge from this era include <a href="/wiki/Alice_Cooper" title="Alice Cooper">Alice Cooper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Spooner" title="Bill Spooner">Bill Spooner</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Tubes" title="The Tubes">The Tubes</a>. The group <a href="/wiki/Pages_(band)" title="Pages (band)">Pages</a> was formed by Phoenix residents <a href="/wiki/Richard_Page_(musician)" title="Richard Page (musician)">Richard Page</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_George_(keyboardist)" title="Steve George (keyboardist)">Steve George</a>, who later formed the nucleus of the Phoenix pop-rock group <a href="/wiki/Mr._Mister" title="Mr. Mister">Mr. Mister</a> (who had 2 #1 Hot 100 hits, including "<a href="/wiki/Broken_Wings_(Mr._Mister_song)" title="Broken Wings (Mr. Mister song)">Broken Wings</a>" in 1985). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dolan_Ellis" title="Dolan Ellis">Dolan Ellis</a> has lived in Phoenix most of his adult life. He moved to LA in the early 1960s, where he was an original member of the Grammy-winning folk group <a href="/wiki/The_New_Christy_Minstrels" title="The New Christy Minstrels">The New Christy Minstrels</a>. Dolan returned to Phoenix while the group was still at its peak. In February 1966, Governor Sam Goddard appointed Dolan as Arizona's Official State Balladeer, which was renewed under ten consecutive governors. He was selected as the first Arizona Culture Keeper, and Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> read his accomplishments into the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a>. Dolan spent a few years away from Phoenix from about 1993 through 2003, to found the Arizona Folklore Preserve in Ramsey Canyon. He still commutes to the AFP, where he continues to serve as Artist in Residence, about twice a month. </p><p>In the early 1980s, Phoenix <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> bands included <a href="/wiki/The_Feederz" title="The Feederz">The Feederz</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFA_(band)" title="JFA (band)">JFA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jodie_Foster" title="Jodie Foster">Jodie Foster</a>'s Army) and <a href="/wiki/Meat_Puppets" title="Meat Puppets">Meat Puppets</a>, the latter of which had <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> influences and became a major influence on <a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">grunge</a>. Other rock bands of the time included <a href="/wiki/Flotsam_and_Jetsam_(band)" title="Flotsam and Jetsam (band)">Flotsam and Jetsam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Girls" title="Sun City Girls">Sun City Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Reich" title="Sacred Reich">Sacred Reich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caterwaul_(band)" title="Caterwaul (band)">Caterwaul</a>, and Mighty Sphincter. </p><p>During the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Bennington" title="Chester Bennington">Chester Bennington</a> (d.2017), lead singer for <a href="/wiki/Linkin_Park" title="Linkin Park">Linkin Park</a>, spent several years in Phoenix as the lead singer for the <a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">post-grunge</a> band <a href="/wiki/Grey_Daze" title="Grey Daze">Grey Daze</a>. Bennington also collaborated with Phoenix musician <a href="/wiki/DJ_Z-Trip" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Z-Trip">DJ Z-Trip</a>. This period also saw the formation and rise of <a href="/wiki/Pop_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop punk">pop punk</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">emo</a> band <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World" title="Jimmy Eat World">Jimmy Eat World</a>. Bob Stubbs, formerly of <a href="/wiki/Social_Distortion" title="Social Distortion">Social Distortion</a>, played drums in local bands. In the mid 1990s independent punk rock record labels, Bad Stain Records and Dirty Records both formed, signing various local punk bands at the time. Dirty Records released albums from the punk bands Dirty Laundry, Mandingo, The Twits, and Adam's Alcoholic's. Bad Stain Records released albums from Subject Mad, D-I-X, Corrupt Citizen, and Dirty Laundry, and released a popular series of compilation CD's featuring various local punk and ska bands, as well as popular national bands including <a href="/wiki/Less_Than_Jake" title="Less Than Jake">Less Than Jake</a>, <a href="/wiki/At_The_Drive_In" class="mw-redirect" title="At The Drive In">At The Drive In</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwild_(music_producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckwild (music producer)">Buckwild</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Weakerthans" title="The Weakerthans">The Weakerthans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_80" title="Link 80">Link 80</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowcard" title="Yellowcard">Yellowcard</a>, and more!<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 1990s and early 2000s saw an emerging rock scene in Phoenix and the surrounding areas. <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a> bands included <a href="/wiki/The_Stiletto_Formal" title="The Stiletto Formal">The Stiletto Formal</a>, Gloritone, <a href="/wiki/Fine_China_(band)" title="Fine China (band)">Fine China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peachcake_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peachcake (band)">Peachcake</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Format" title="The Format">The Format</a>. Punk influenced artists included Where Eagles Dare, <a href="/wiki/Authority_Zero" title="Authority Zero">Authority Zero</a>, Bad Stain Recording artists Against The Majority (ATM) and Numbers On Napkins, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit_and_Run_Jimmy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hit and Run Jimmy (page does not exist)">Hit and Run Jimmy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haunted_Cologne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haunted Cologne (page does not exist)">Haunted Cologne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Jihad" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Jackson Jihad">Andrew Jackson Jihad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychostick" title="Psychostick">Psychostick</a>, a comedy style rock band, was formed in Tempe. In 1998 a band from Phoenix toured the midwest called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thee_illuminatix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thee illuminatix (page does not exist)">Thee illuminatix</a>, catching the attention of Jello Biafra. </p><p>There was also a <a href="/wiki/Post-hardcore" title="Post-hardcore">post-hardcore</a> scene including bands like <a href="/wiki/Scary_Kids_Scaring_Kids" title="Scary Kids Scaring Kids">Scary Kids Scaring Kids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blessthefall" title="Blessthefall">Blessthefall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eyes_Set_To_Kill" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyes Set To Kill">Eyes Set To Kill</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Word_Alive" title="The Word Alive">The Word Alive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeley_Estates" title="Greeley Estates">Greeley Estates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Standards_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards (band)">American Standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riff_You_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riff_You-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The middle years of the decade was marked by the transition from <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_punk" title="Hardcore punk">hardcore punk</a> into <a href="/wiki/Death_metal" title="Death metal">death metal</a> with bands such as The Irish Front, <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Abyss" title="Knights of the Abyss">Knights of the Abyss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Job_for_a_Cowboy" title="Job for a Cowboy">Job for a Cowboy</a>. </p><p>Singer <a href="/wiki/CeCe_Peniston" title="CeCe Peniston">CeCe Peniston</a> grew up in Phoenix and began her career in 1991. </p><p>Pop Rock band <a href="/wiki/The_Summer_Set" title="The Summer Set">The Summer Set</a> is based out of Scottsdale. </p><p>Country music star <a href="/wiki/Dierks_Bentley" title="Dierks Bentley">Dierks Bentley</a> is from Phoenix and <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Branch" title="Michelle Branch">Michelle Branch</a> is from Sedona. Country star <a href="/wiki/Marty_Robbins" title="Marty Robbins">Marty Robbins</a> had a #1 Billboard Hot 100 hit with "<a href="/wiki/El_Paso_(song)" title="El Paso (song)">El Paso</a>" in 1959. </p><p>Arizona residents who have had varying success on the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Idol" title="American Idol">American Idol</a></i> show include <a href="/wiki/Jordin_Sparks" title="Jordin Sparks">Jordin Sparks</a> who won the <a href="/wiki/American_Idol_(season_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Idol (season 6)">sixth season</a>. She was later selected to sing the <a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National Anthem</a> at <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII" title="Super Bowl XLII">Super Bowl XLII</a>, which happened to take place in her hometown of <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale, Arizona</a>. On the <a href="/wiki/American_Idol_(season_7)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Idol (season 7)">seventh season</a> of <i>American Idol</i>, Arizona had two contestants make it to the final twelve. <a href="/wiki/David_Hernandez_(singer)" title="David Hernandez (singer)">David Hernandez</a> came in twelfth place while <a href="/wiki/Brooke_White" title="Brooke White">Brooke White</a> made it to fifth place. The <a href="/wiki/American_Idol_(season_8)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Idol (season 8)">eighth season</a> featured a regional audition at the <a href="/wiki/Jobing.com_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Jobing.com Arena">Jobing.com Arena</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a> on July 25, 2008. Several contestants made it to the "Hollywood phase" but only one made it into the final twelve: <a href="/wiki/Scott_MacIntyre" title="Scott MacIntyre">Scott MacIntyre</a>, who came in eighth place. Despite this, Phoenix was called one of the "year's standout cities."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phoenix is home to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Symphony" title="Phoenix Symphony">Phoenix Symphony</a> Orchestra. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino</a> music has a large following here, and numerous import stores exist throughout the city for it. There are also several Spanish-language music radio stations. The annual Fiestas Patrias celebration brings Mexican groups including <a href="/wiki/Los_Tigres_del_Norte" title="Los Tigres del Norte">Los Tigres del Norte</a>. </p><p>Folk musician <a href="/wiki/Joe_Bethancourt" title="Joe Bethancourt">Joe Bethancourt</a> was a long-time resident.<sup id="cite_ref-resident_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resident-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venues">Venues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Arizona&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Venues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phoenix music venues have included <a href="/wiki/Comerica_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Comerica Theatre">Comerica Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Furniture_HomeStore_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashley Furniture HomeStore Pavilion">Ashley Furniture HomeStore Pavilion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Wong%27s" title="Long Wong's">Long Wong's</a>, The Rebel Lounge (formerly <a href="/wiki/The_Mason_Jar" title="The Mason Jar">The Mason Jar</a>), Modified Arts, <a href="/wiki/Trunk_Space" title="Trunk Space">Trunk Space</a>, Paper Heart Gallery, Club Red, <a href="/wiki/Marquee_Theatre" title="Marquee Theatre">Marquee Theatre</a>, The Van Buren, Crescent Ball Room, Valley Bar, the Nile Theater, The Rhythm Room, and Compton Terrace. Local entertainment companies include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizzle_Promotions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizzle Promotions (page does not exist)">Fizzle Promotions</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Dance_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance club">dance clubs</a> in Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a>, and Tempe. Phoenix is still a common place for "<a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">raves</a>", dance parties hosted in typically in warehouses, legal venues, or isolated desert locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tucson">Tucson</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Arizona&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tucson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Music_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Music of Arizona">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The city of <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>, has an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_Troubador_of_Tucson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Official Troubador of Tucson (page does not exist)">Official Troubador</a> position, currently Ted Ramirez. Ramirez is a singer and songwriter who uses both <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> lyrics, as well as singing in <a href="/wiki/O%E2%80%99odham" class="mw-redirect" title="O’odham">O’odham</a>; he is also an Arizona Culture Keeper. The Ronstadt family, which includes <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ronstadt" title="Linda Ronstadt">Linda Ronstadt</a>, are from Tucson. Linda Ronstadt had a #1 Hot 100 hit with "<a href="/wiki/You%27re_No_Good" title="You're No Good">You're No Good</a>" in 1975. </p><p>Tucson's <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">music festivals</a> include the Norteño Music Festival & Street Fair, which celebrates the Mexican-American style of <a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">norteño</a>. Tucson also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Tucson_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tucson Symphony Orchestra">Tucson Symphony Orchestra</a>. </p><p>The first weekend in May each year, the Tucson Kitchen Musicians Association hosts the Tucson Folk Festival, a two-day event on four stages, with about 100 acoustic music acts. The first festival was held in 1986. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lalo_Guerrero" title="Lalo Guerrero">Lalo Guerrero</a>, known as the "Father of Chicano Music" and a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a>, was born in Tucson, where he lived until his early 20s. He died on March 17, 2005, at the age of 89, and was one of the first inductees to the Arizona Music and Entertainment Hall of Fame. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Travis_Edmonson" title="Travis Edmonson">Travis Edmonson</a> was named Tucson's "Singing Ambassador of Goodwill" in 1975, a mayoral appointment that still stands today. Edmonson grew up in <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales</a> and spent time in Mexico developing a talent for singing and playing the native <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">music of Mexico</a>. Edmonson and his friend actor <a href="/wiki/Roger_Smith_(actor)" title="Roger Smith (actor)">Roger Smith</a> were active musicians at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. Edmonson went on to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Singers" title="Gateway Singers">Gateway Singers</a> and was half of the folk and Mexican music duo <a href="/wiki/Bud_%26_Travis" title="Bud & Travis">Bud & Travis</a> that recorded intermittently from about 1958 to 1965, producing 10 albums. Edmonson was inducted as an Arizona Culture Keeper in September 2005, where his citation includes these words: "Edmonson has been at the vanguard of the movement to bring Latin music north of the border." </p><p>Other notable Tucson musicians include <a href="/wiki/Bob_Nolan" title="Bob Nolan">Bob Nolan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katie_Lee_(singer)" title="Katie Lee (singer)">Katie Lee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Allen" title="Rex Allen">Rex Allen</a>. Bob Nolan, a founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Pioneers" title="Sons of the Pioneers">Sons of the Pioneers</a> and the composer of songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Cool_Water_(song)" title="Cool Water (song)">Cool Water</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Tumbling_Tumbleweeds" title="Tumbling Tumbleweeds">Tumbling Tumbleweeds</a>", was a <a href="/wiki/Tucson_High" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson High">Tucson High</a> graduate and wrote "Cool Water" while still in school. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Katie_Lee_(singer)" title="Katie Lee (singer)">Katie Lee</a> moved to Tucson around the age of 1, and is an actress and folk singer. She is also an activist, and her cause is documented in her book, <i>All My Rivers Are Gone</i>. Lee also wrote a book about <a href="/wiki/Cowboy_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowboy music">cowboy music</a> and recorded a double LP (with Travis Edmonson) by the same name, <i>Ten Thousand Goddam Cattle</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rex_Allen" title="Rex Allen">Rex Allen</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">singing cowboy</a> who performed after <a href="/wiki/Roy_Rogers" title="Roy Rogers">Roy Rogers</a>. A native of <a href="/wiki/Willcox,_Arizona" title="Willcox, Arizona">Willcox</a>, he lived in Tucson in his later years. </p><p>At the age of 11, <a href="/wiki/John_Denver" title="John Denver">John Denver</a> received his first guitar from his grandmother while living in Tucson. </p><p>In the 1980s and throughout the 1990s, Tucson was the site of an underground music scene centered on <a href="/wiki/Club_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Congress">Club Congress</a> and a handful of other clubs and backyard parties located in the neighborhoods near the University of Arizona. <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> bands included <a href="/wiki/Giant_Sand" title="Giant Sand">Giant Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bled" title="The Bled">The Bled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machines_of_Loving_Grace" title="Machines of Loving Grace">Machines of Loving Grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Leather" title="Digital Leather">Digital Leather</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Ptacek" title="Rainer Ptacek">Rainer Ptacek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doo_Rag" title="Doo Rag">Doo Rag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Log_III" title="Bob Log III">Bob Log III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malignus_Youth" title="Malignus Youth">Malignus Youth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naked_Prey" title="Naked Prey">Naked Prey</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Sidewinders" title="The Sidewinders">The Sidewinders</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Rubies" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand Rubies">Sand Rubies</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Arizona&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Arizona" title="Category:Musicians from Arizona">Articles on Arizona musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musical_groups_from_Arizona" title="Category:Musical groups from Arizona">Articles on Arizona musical groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_venues_in_Arizona" title="Category:Music venues in Arizona">Articles on Music venues in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America#Southwest" title="Indigenous music of North America">Indigenous music of North America#Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_music" title="Navajo music">Navajo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_music" title="Pueblo music">Pueblo music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_music" title="Yaqui music">Yaqui music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman_music" title="Yuman music">Yuman music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Arizona&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlush2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Blush" title="Steven Blush">Blush, Steven</a> (2001). <i><a href="/wiki/American_Hardcore:_A_Tribal_History" title="American Hardcore: A Tribal History">American Hardcore: A Tribal History</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feral_House" title="Feral House">Feral House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-922915-71-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-922915-71-7"><bdi>0-922915-71-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Riffyou.com&rft.atitle=Getting+to+Know+Arizona+Hardcore+Act+American+Standards&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft.aulast=You&rft.aufirst=Riff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riffyou.com%2Fgetting-know-arizona-hardcore-act-american-standards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVary2009" class="citation news cs1">Vary, Adam B. (January 2, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090118231844/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20249519,00.html">"<i>American Idol</i> Season 8: A Preview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20249519,00.html">the original</a> on January 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=American+Idol+Season+8%3A+A+Preview&rft.date=2009-01-02&rft.aulast=Vary&rft.aufirst=Adam+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ew.com%2Few%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C20249519%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-resident-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-resident_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasley,_Ed" class="citation web cs1">Masley, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/music/2014/08/30/joe-bethancourt-obituary-phoenix-musician/14813943/">"Local musician Joe Bethancourt dies at 68"</a>. Azcentral.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+musician+Joe+Bethancourt+dies+at+68&rft.pub=Azcentral.com&rft.au=Masley%2C+Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2F2014%2F08%2F30%2Fjoe-bethancourt-obituary-phoenix-musician%2F14813943%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Arizona" title="Outline of Arizona">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Arizona" title="Agriculture in Arizona">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arizona" title="Geography of Arizona">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Arizona" title="Government of Arizona">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Arizona" title="Constitution of Arizona">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Legislature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Arizona-related_articles" title="Index of Arizona-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizona" title="United States congressional delegations from Arizona">Congressional Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona" title="List of United States representatives from Arizona">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Arizona" title="List of museums in Arizona">Museums</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Arizona" title="List of people from Arizona">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_state_symbols" title="List of Arizona state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Arizona" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Arizona">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona" title="Transportation in Arizona">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Arizona" title="Abortion in Arizona">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Arizona" title="Climate change in Arizona">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Arizona">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Arizona" title="Crime in Arizona">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arizona" title="Demographics of Arizona">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Arizona" title="Economy of Arizona">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Arizona">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Arizona" title="Gun laws in Arizona">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Arizona">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Arizona">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Arizona">Homelessness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Arizona" title="List of regions of Arizona">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Strip" title="Arizona Strip">Arizona Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Sun_Corridor" title="Arizona Sun Corridor">Arizona Sun Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_Plateau" title="Coconino Plateau">Coconino Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Plateau" title="Mogollon Plateau">Mogollon Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Rim" title="Mogollon Rim">Mogollon Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Arizona" title="North Central Arizona">North Central Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Arizona">Northeast Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona" title="Northern Arizona">Northern Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Creek_Canyon" title="Oak Creek Canyon">Oak Creek Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safford_micropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Safford micropolitan area">Safford area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_volcanic_field" title="San Francisco volcanic field">San Francisco Volcanic Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Arizona" title="Southern Arizona">Southern Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Arizona" title="Traditional Arizona">Traditional Arizona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_transition_zone" title="Arizona transition zone">Transition zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verde_Valley" title="Verde Valley">Verde Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(Arizona)" title="White Mountains (Arizona)">White Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Arizona" title="List of counties in Arizona">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_County,_Arizona" title="Apache County, Arizona">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona" title="Cochise County, Arizona">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_County,_Arizona" title="Coconino County, Arizona">Coconino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_County,_Arizona" title="Gila County, Arizona">Gila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_County,_Arizona" title="Graham County, Arizona">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlee_County,_Arizona" title="Greenlee County, Arizona">Greenlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_County,_Arizona" title="La Paz County, Arizona">La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_County,_Arizona" title="Mohave County, Arizona">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_County,_Arizona" title="Navajo County, Arizona">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_County,_Arizona" title="Pima County, Arizona">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona" title="Pinal County, Arizona">Pinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_Arizona" title="Santa Cruz County, Arizona">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_County,_Arizona" title="Yavapai County, Arizona">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_County,_Arizona" title="Yuma County, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Arizona">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Arizona" title="Avondale, Arizona">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona" title="Buckeye, Arizona">Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona" title="Bullhead City, Arizona">Bullhead City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande,_Arizona" title="Casa Grande, Arizona">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona" title="Goodyear, Arizona">Goodyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona" title="Peoria, Arizona">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona" title="Surprise, Arizona">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Vista,_Arizona" title="Sierra Vista, Arizona">Sierra Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Land_%26_Cattle_Company" title="Aztec Land & Cattle Company">Aztec Land & Cattle Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales" title="Battle of Ambos Nogales">Battle of Ambos Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War" title="Hualapai War">Hualapai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War">Mohave War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pah-Ute_County,_Arizona_Territory" title="Pah-Ute County, Arizona Territory">Pah-Ute County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitgreaves_Expedition" title="Sitgreaves Expedition">Sitgreaves Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Arizona" title="Territorial evolution of Arizona">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Arizona_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Arizona history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mesa,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tucson,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Women's suffrage in Arizona">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border 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