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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_pecan_nut_halves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2_pecan_nut_halves.jpg/220px-2_pecan_nut_halves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2_pecan_nut_halves.jpg/330px-2_pecan_nut_halves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/2_pecan_nut_halves.jpg/440px-2_pecan_nut_halves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>With more than 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) of trees,<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Arizona has the biggest <a href="/wiki/Pecan_grove_(orchard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecan grove (orchard)">pecan grove</a> in the world, and the biggest <a href="/wiki/Date_plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Date plantation">date plantation</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> In 2016, the state produced about 22 million pounds (10.0 kilotonnes) of pecans and earned about $55 million in revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Agriculture in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> is a notable sector in the state's economy, contributing more than $23.3 billion in 2018. Arizona's diverse climate allows it to export all sorts of commodities such as nuts, wheat, cotton, eggs, meat, and dairy to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and 70 other countries. In 2018, the state produced 455.7 million pounds (206.7 kt) of <a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">red meat</a> and ranked 3rd in producing <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> in the United States, occupying 26 million acres (110,000 square kilometres) of land for farms and ranches combined.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to Arizona's four deserts and very low rainfall, the agricultural sector acquires its water from the state's rivers and streams that include the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verde_River" title="Verde River">Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_River_(Arizona)" title="San Pedro River (Arizona)">San Pedro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River_(Arizona)" title="Santa Cruz River (Arizona)">Santa Cruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Little_Colorado_River" title="Little Colorado River">Little Colorado</a> Rivers. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_sunrise_over_Comanche_Point_from_Tanner_Camp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grand_Canyon_sunrise_over_Comanche_Point_from_Tanner_Camp.png/220px-Grand_Canyon_sunrise_over_Comanche_Point_from_Tanner_Camp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grand_Canyon_sunrise_over_Comanche_Point_from_Tanner_Camp.png/330px-Grand_Canyon_sunrise_over_Comanche_Point_from_Tanner_Camp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grand_Canyon_sunrise_over_Comanche_Point_from_Tanner_Camp.png/440px-Grand_Canyon_sunrise_over_Comanche_Point_from_Tanner_Camp.png 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Comanche point, near the Grand Canyon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_Pre_1850">History Pre 1850</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History Pre 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arizona contains the most extended continually farmed land in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research done on <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> east of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand canyon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nankoweap_Formation" title="Nankoweap Formation">Nankoweap</a> sites suggest that early Archaic people lived and farmed on these sites for at least a thousands years. Remnants of crops indicate that <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> may have been grown on the sites.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first proven farms in what is now Arizona, were patches of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> planted by foragers in the floodplains of the Gila River.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This area supported many civilizations like the <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>. These cultures planted maize, squash, cotton, and <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1600s, the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> had brought <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> that later in the century amounted in the hundreds of thousands, eventually making their way to Arizona over time.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_since_1850">History since 1850</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History since 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A large portion of cattle were moved through Arizona en route to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the 1850s. Permanent herds were not present until the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Civil War era in Arizona, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> <a href="/wiki/Piva_(tribe)" title="Piva (tribe)">Pima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a> tribes would grow crops such as wheat, corn, beans, melons, and pumpkins by the millions of pounds due to newly acquired technology. When the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> armies made their way to Arizona, relations with the tribes were mostly business related, with the tribes selling their crops (mostly wheat) to the armies. When the Union took control of Arizona, <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">flour mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a> were built and used wheat bought from the tribes. After the war, settlers saw the potential Arizona had to sustain agriculture and began to move in. As for the tribes, though they had profited from the sales of their crops, the new industry had negatively affected them as settlers would move a little too close to their reservations and use their resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Natives had already mastered the art of farming,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the late 19th century, white settlers struggled to adapt their farming practices to the arid climate. In more recent times, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> Agricultural Experiment Station provided settlers with ways to adapt and increase crop yield. This helped turn the University of Arizona into the center of Agriculture for the American Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> and water rights shaped the development of the industry in the 20th century. Notably, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._California" title="Arizona v. California">Arizona v. California</a> (1962) resulted in the US Supreme Court ruling that Arizonian farmers could draw water from Colorado River tributaries without federal regulation. This caused a boom in agricultural output. However, concerns about sustainability remain.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_crops">Notable crops</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable crops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSAZ02062_-_Arizona_(407)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NRCSAZ02062_-_Arizona_%28407%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossless-page1-220px-NRCSAZ02062_-_Arizona_%28407%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NRCSAZ02062_-_Arizona_%28407%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossless-page1-330px-NRCSAZ02062_-_Arizona_%28407%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/NRCSAZ02062_-_Arizona_%28407%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossless-page1-440px-NRCSAZ02062_-_Arizona_%28407%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Lettuce in <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leafy_greens">Leafy greens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leafy greens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contributing $2 billion to Arizona's economy in 2015, the state ranks second in the production of <a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">leafy greens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>. In 2007, producers created the Arizona Leafy greens program assuring that greens produced with the program are produced with food safety in mind by using strict protocols. The program has since set a higher standard and good model for food safety that allowed other commodities and states to follow. <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a> is known as the "Winter Lettuce Capital of the World" due to the county's very high production of lettuce during the winter season having 90% sunshine year-round, rich soil, and the Colorado river. Leafy greens are also produced in Maricopa county. <sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grapes">Grapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Grapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Arizona not receiving much rainfall, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> can still be grown in 1,250 acres (510 hectares) as they don't require much water. Most if not all grapes are then used to produce <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a>, as 300,000 US gallons (1,100,000 litres; 250,000 imperial gallons) of it was produced in 2015, with the market valued at $25 million. Grape <a href="/wiki/Vineyard" title="Vineyard">vineyards</a> can be found in <a href="/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona" title="Cochise County, Arizona">Cochise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_Arizona" title="Santa Cruz County, Arizona">Santa Cruz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_County,_Arizona" title="Yavapai County, Arizona">Yavapai</a> counties.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014._Among_Pecan_Trees,_Fort_McDowell_Yavpai_Nation_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pecan trees in Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation, Maricopa County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/2014._Among_Pecan_Trees%2C_Fort_McDowell_Yavpai_Nation_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-2014._Among_Pecan_Trees%2C_Fort_McDowell_Yavpai_Nation_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/2014._Among_Pecan_Trees%2C_Fort_McDowell_Yavpai_Nation_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-2014._Among_Pecan_Trees%2C_Fort_McDowell_Yavpai_Nation_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/2014._Among_Pecan_Trees%2C_Fort_McDowell_Yavpai_Nation_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-2014._Among_Pecan_Trees%2C_Fort_McDowell_Yavpai_Nation_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pecans">Pecans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pecans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecans</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Staple_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple crop">staple</a> in Arizona's agricultural industry, having the biggest <a href="/wiki/Pecan_grove_(orchard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecan grove (orchard)">pecan grove</a> in the globe spanning some 8,000 acres (3,200 hectares).<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pecans are grown on 22,000 acres (8,900 hectares), with 30,000 more acres (12,000 hectares) of them on the way in the next few years.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, 22 million pounds (10.0 kilotonnes) of pecans were produced and made $55 million in revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pecan trees can be found in Cochise, Gila, Graham, Greenlee, Maricopa, Mohave, Pima, Pinal, and Yavapai counties.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cotton">Cotton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cotton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_Cotton_(32353049285).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cotton plant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Arizona_Cotton_%2832353049285%29.jpg/220px-Arizona_Cotton_%2832353049285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Arizona_Cotton_%2832353049285%29.jpg/330px-Arizona_Cotton_%2832353049285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Arizona_Cotton_%2832353049285%29.jpg/440px-Arizona_Cotton_%2832353049285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2535" data-file-height="1862" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>A great history of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> exists in Arizona, but its greatest development came later on with <a href="/wiki/Gossypium_barbadense" title="Gossypium barbadense">Egyptian cotton</a> (<i>Gossypium barbadense</i>), later called Pima cotton, that is stronger than <a href="/wiki/Short-staple_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-staple cotton">short-staple cotton</a> and still as soft. Every year, the cotton industry earns the state $400-500 million and creates 3,000 new jobs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="3,000 new jobs every year? (December 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Agriculture_in_Arizona#Dubious" title="Talk:Agriculture in Arizona">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Cotton is such a valuable and diverse plant that even its <a href="/wiki/Cotton_seed" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton seed">seed</a>, stalk, and lint have uses, earning its place as one of Arizona's "5 C's." Cotton is grown in Cochise, Graham, Greenlee, La Paz, Maricopa, Mohave, Pima, Pinal and Yuma counties. <sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheat">Wheat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wheat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For more than 100 years, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> has been a large commodity in Arizona. Grown by the Pima and Maricopa tribes during the Civil war, Native Americans would sell wheat to soldiers who later constructed granaries for it, resulting in its bigger industry today. Wheat produces 100 US bushels per acre (8,700 litres per hectare) and earns the state $200-350 million annually. Wheat is grown in Cochise, Graham, La Paz, Maricopa, Pima, Pinal and Yuma counties.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robillard_Carporama_086_Phoenix_dactylifera_fruits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two racemes of fruits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Robillard_Carporama_086_Phoenix_dactylifera_fruits.jpg/220px-Robillard_Carporama_086_Phoenix_dactylifera_fruits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Robillard_Carporama_086_Phoenix_dactylifera_fruits.jpg/330px-Robillard_Carporama_086_Phoenix_dactylifera_fruits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Robillard_Carporama_086_Phoenix_dactylifera_fruits.jpg/440px-Robillard_Carporama_086_Phoenix_dactylifera_fruits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4390" data-file-height="6500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dates">Dates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arizona ranks second in the production of <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">dates</a> (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>), and the biggest date plantation in the globe is found in the state. Dates can be harvested in the months of September and October. Dates have a unique history in the state, as they are originally from the Middle East and North Africa, but were brought to North America by Spanish conquistadors and eventually made their way to Arizona. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_commodities">Other commodities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other commodities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eggs">Eggs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Eggs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arizona's commercial <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">egg</a> industry began in Nell Hickman's home not too long ago in 1944, and has since grown to sell 360 million dozens of eggs in the state annually. Egg facilities today use automated machinery to reduce human interaction and hasten the process of packaging, allowing eggs to go from farm to plate in less than a day.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dairy">Dairy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dairy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Shamrock_Farms" title="Shamrock Farms">Shamrock Farms</a> was opened, making agriculture a notable sector in the states economy. In 1960, the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="United_Dairymen_of_Arizona"></span><span class="vanchor-text">United Dairymen of Arizona</span></span> was founded to provide a sustainable supply of <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products and fresh <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> for consumers at the best quality. With the help of modern technology, the UDA's <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a> facility runs 24/7, allowing 1 million US gallons (3.8 megalitres) of milk to be processed daily. The state has more than 205,000 cows for dairy, produces 4.2 billion pounds (1.9 megatonnes) of milk annually, and takes 2 days to get milk from the farm to a store. The dairy industry operates in Cochise, Gila, Greenlee, La Paz, Maricopa, Navajo, Pinal, Yavapai and Yuma counties.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSAZ02092_-_Arizona_(467)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattle"><img alt="Cattle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NRCSAZ02092_-_Arizona_%28467%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/220px-NRCSAZ02092_-_Arizona_%28467%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NRCSAZ02092_-_Arizona_%28467%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/330px-NRCSAZ02092_-_Arizona_%28467%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/NRCSAZ02092_-_Arizona_%28467%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/440px-NRCSAZ02092_-_Arizona_%28467%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Cattle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Livestock">Livestock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Livestock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Out of 20,005 <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a> and farms in Arizona, cattle is raised on more than 30% of them. In 2015, Arizona's cattle industry allowed ranchers to produce 1.4 billion beef meals and feed 8 million people, and in 2018, the state was able to produce 455.7 million pounds (206.7 kt) of red meat. The economic impact contributed by the sale of beef is worth around $521 million. Arizona's cattle industry operates year round and can be found in every county all over the state.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Past_and_Modern_practices">Past and Modern practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Past and Modern practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonization_Agricultural_Practices">Pre-colonization Agricultural Practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pre-colonization Agricultural Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous cultures</a> planted crops along the floodplains of the Gila River.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these, the Hohokam settlement of <a href="/wiki/Snaketown" class="mw-redirect" title="Snaketown">Snaketown</a> was the first to use canals to irrigate. These canals diverted water from the Gila River a few miles upstream from Snaketown and brought it to the crops outside the settlement. The advent of pottery enabled these cultures to store food for longer periods of time, increasing agricultural efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Agricultural_Practices">Modern Agricultural Practices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern Agricultural Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arizona is blessed with many rivers, streams, and tributaries so irrigation is still a major practice today. Water rights are divided among different municipalities. Great care is taken to ensure that water is not wasted. This coordination is facilitated by the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509"><span class="vanchor"><span id="Agribusiness_and_Water_Council_of_Arizona"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Agribusiness and Water Council of Arizona</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of large scale growers today practice <a href="/wiki/Conservation_agriculture" title="Conservation agriculture">conservation agriculture</a>, which includes <a href="/wiki/Reduced_tillage" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced tillage">reduced tillage</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intensive_tillage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intensive tillage (page does not exist)">intensive tillage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cover_cropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Cover cropping">cover cropping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a> application, and commercial <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> application.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resource_use">Resource use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Resource use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of its large deserts, population growth, and ongoing drought, concerns over energy and water use in Arizona increase every year. In response, heads from all over the private sector and government have taken action to sustain the state's water supply. This isn't the first time Arizona has had issues with water, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._California" title="Arizona v. California">Arizona v. California</a> Supreme Court case in 1952 that disputed water use from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>'s lower basin. The use of energy and water go hand in hand as a large portion of the state's available energy is used for irrigation with Arizona being a desert state.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_River_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colorado_River_2019.jpg/220px-Colorado_River_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colorado_River_2019.jpg/330px-Colorado_River_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Colorado_River_2019.jpg/440px-Colorado_River_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a>, one of the main water supplies</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_use">Water use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Water use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">arid climate</a>, 70% of Arizona's water consumption is used for agriculture with some crops in using about 4.9 million acre-feet (6.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> cubic metres), but with the help of today's technology, farmers are able to use only what they need and water that isn't used goes back into rivers or storage. As an example on just how much water is needed, an average head of <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a> uses around 64 to 107 US gallons (240 to 410 L; 53 to 89 imp gal). <sup id="cite_ref-guide_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Total water use for 13 crops </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>crop </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Acre_feet" class="mw-redirect" title="Acre feet">Acre feet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">m3</a>) high </th> <th>Acre feet (m3) low </th></tr> <tr> <td>Broccoli </td> <td>28,050 (34,600,000) </td> <td>18,563 (22,897,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cabbage </td> <td>11,900 (14,700,000) </td> <td>7,083 (8,737,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cantaloupes </td> <td>59,000 (73,000,000) </td> <td>29,500 (36,400,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cauliflower </td> <td>14,183 (17,494,000) </td> <td>9,583 (11,820,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chiles Peppers </td> <td>24,300 (30,000,000) </td> <td>9,819 (12,112,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dry Onions </td> <td>4,400 (5,400,000) </td> <td>3,107 (3,832,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head Lettuce </td> <td>3,863 (4,765,000) </td> <td>3,075 (3,793,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honeydews </td> <td>8,333 (10,279,000) </td> <td>4,638 (5,721,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leaf Lettuce </td> <td>30,471 (37,585,000) </td> <td>24,258 (29,922,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potato </td> <td>31,000 (38,000,000) </td> <td>12,555 (15,486,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romaine </td> <td>74,246 (91,581,000) </td> <td>59,108 (72,909,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spinach </td> <td>18,000 (22,000,000) </td> <td>7,500 (9,300,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Watermelons </td> <td>26,667 (32,893,000) </td> <td>11,872 (14,644,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>332,413 (410,025,000) </td> <td>200,661 (247,512,000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSAZ02029_-_Arizona_(341)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diesel powered machinery like tractors and harvesters being used" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/NRCSAZ02029_-_Arizona_%28341%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossless-page1-220px-NRCSAZ02029_-_Arizona_%28341%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/NRCSAZ02029_-_Arizona_%28341%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossless-page1-330px-NRCSAZ02029_-_Arizona_%28341%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/NRCSAZ02029_-_Arizona_%28341%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif/lossless-page1-440px-NRCSAZ02029_-_Arizona_%28341%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy_use">Energy use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Energy use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The energy required to grow crops in Arizona can reach a maximum range of about 36 trillion British thermal units (11 million megawatt-hours).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To put into perspective, this amount of energy is the same as 290 million US gallons (1.1 gigalitres) of <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking cabbage as an example again, to grow 1 acre (0.40 hectares) of it requires about 79 US gallons (300 litres; 66 imperial gallons) of diesel fuel to operate farm machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Crop </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">Acres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">ha</a>) </th> <th>Diesel <a href="/wiki/US_gallon" class="mw-redirect" title="US gallon">gallons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">L</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Broccoli </td> <td>9,900 (4,000) </td> <td>2,582,073 (9,774,210) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cabbage </td> <td>3,400 (1,400) </td> <td>594,174 (2,249,190) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cantaloupes </td> <td>17,700 (7,200) </td> <td>3,603,554 (13,640,940) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cauliflower </td> <td>4,600 (1,900) </td> <td>1,012,567 (3,832,980) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chile Peppers </td> <td>5,400 (2,200) </td> <td>585,251 (2,215,420) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dry Onions </td> <td>1,600 (650) </td> <td>301,605 (1,141,700) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Head Lettuce </td> <td>900 (360) </td> <td>293,422 (1,110,720) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honeydews </td> <td>2,500 (1,000) </td> <td>397,349 (1,504,130) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leaf Lettuce </td> <td>7,100 (2,900) </td> <td>2,314,773 (8,762,370) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potato </td> <td>6,200 (2,500) </td> <td>2,304,763 (8,724,480) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romaine </td> <td>17,300 (7,000) </td> <td>5,500,610 (20,822,100) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spinach </td> <td>6,000 (2,400) </td> <td>748,221 (2,832,320) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Watermelons </td> <td>6,400 (2,600) </td> <td>1,583,453 (5,994,020) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_Arizona&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-guide-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agriculture.az.gov/sites/default/files/AZDA_GuideToAZAg_2018.pdf">"Guide to Arizona Agriculture"</a> <span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advanced+Sustainable+Systems&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Agriculture+Practices+as+a+Driver+for+Increased+Harvested+Cropland+among+Large-Scale+Growers+in+Arizona%3A+A+Paradox+for+Small-Scale+Growers&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10150%2F638079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213281134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2366-7486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fadsu.201900143&rft.aulast=Mpanga&rft.aufirst=Isaac+K.&rft.au=Neumann%2C+Gunter&rft.au=Schuch%2C+Ursula+K.&rft.au=Schalau%2C+Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fadsu.201900143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAgriculture+in+Arizona" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arizona" title="Template:Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arizona" title="Template talk:Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Arizona" title="Outline of Arizona">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arizona" title="Geography of Arizona">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Arizona" title="Government of Arizona">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Arizona" title="Constitution of Arizona">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Legislature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Arizona-related_articles" title="Index of Arizona-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizona" title="United States congressional delegations from Arizona">Congressional Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona" title="List of United States representatives from Arizona">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Arizona" title="List of museums in Arizona">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arizona" title="Music of Arizona">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Arizona" title="List of people from Arizona">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_state_symbols" title="List of Arizona state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Arizona" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Arizona">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona" title="Transportation in Arizona">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Arizona" title="Abortion in Arizona">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Arizona" title="Climate change in Arizona">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Arizona">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Arizona" title="Crime in Arizona">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arizona" title="Demographics of Arizona">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Arizona" title="Economy of Arizona">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Arizona">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Arizona" title="Gun laws in Arizona">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Arizona">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Arizona">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Arizona">Homelessness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Arizona" title="List of regions of Arizona">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Strip" title="Arizona Strip">Arizona Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Sun_Corridor" title="Arizona Sun Corridor">Arizona Sun Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_Plateau" title="Coconino Plateau">Coconino Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Plateau" title="Mogollon Plateau">Mogollon Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Rim" title="Mogollon Rim">Mogollon Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Arizona" title="North Central Arizona">North Central Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Arizona">Northeast Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona" title="Northern Arizona">Northern Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Creek_Canyon" title="Oak Creek Canyon">Oak Creek Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safford_micropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Safford micropolitan area">Safford area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_volcanic_field" title="San Francisco volcanic field">San Francisco Volcanic Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Arizona" title="Southern Arizona">Southern Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Arizona" title="Traditional Arizona">Traditional Arizona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_transition_zone" title="Arizona transition zone">Transition zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verde_Valley" title="Verde Valley">Verde Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(Arizona)" title="White Mountains (Arizona)">White Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Arizona" title="List of counties in Arizona">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_County,_Arizona" title="Apache County, Arizona">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona" title="Cochise County, Arizona">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_County,_Arizona" title="Coconino County, Arizona">Coconino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_County,_Arizona" title="Gila County, Arizona">Gila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_County,_Arizona" title="Graham County, Arizona">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlee_County,_Arizona" title="Greenlee County, Arizona">Greenlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_County,_Arizona" title="La Paz County, Arizona">La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_County,_Arizona" title="Mohave County, Arizona">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_County,_Arizona" title="Navajo County, Arizona">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_County,_Arizona" title="Pima County, Arizona">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona" title="Pinal County, Arizona">Pinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_Arizona" title="Santa Cruz County, Arizona">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_County,_Arizona" title="Yavapai County, Arizona">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_County,_Arizona" title="Yuma County, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Arizona">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Arizona" title="Avondale, Arizona">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona" title="Buckeye, Arizona">Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona" title="Bullhead City, Arizona">Bullhead City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande,_Arizona" title="Casa Grande, Arizona">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona" title="Goodyear, Arizona">Goodyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona" title="Peoria, Arizona">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona" title="Surprise, Arizona">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Vista,_Arizona" title="Sierra Vista, Arizona">Sierra Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Land_%26_Cattle_Company" title="Aztec Land & Cattle Company">Aztec Land & Cattle Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales" title="Battle of Ambos Nogales">Battle of Ambos Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War" title="Hualapai War">Hualapai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War">Mohave War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pah-Ute_County,_Arizona_Territory" title="Pah-Ute County, Arizona Territory">Pah-Ute County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitgreaves_Expedition" title="Sitgreaves Expedition">Sitgreaves Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Arizona" title="Territorial evolution of Arizona">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Arizona_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Arizona history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mesa,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tucson,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Women's suffrage in Arizona">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, 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