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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Book of Esther</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Book_of_Esther-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Book of Esther subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Esther-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Xerxes_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Xerxes_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Xerxes I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Xerxes_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Ezra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Ezra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Book of Ezra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Ezra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Daniel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Daniel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Book of Daniel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Daniel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_of_Tobit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_of_Tobit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Book of Tobit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_of_Tobit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4" title="أحشويروش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحشويروش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assuer" title="Assuer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assuer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasferws" title="Ahasferws – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ahasferws" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasveros" title="Ahasveros – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahasveros" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igavene_Juut" title="Igavene Juut – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Igavene Juut" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuero" title="Asuero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asuero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asuero" title="Asuero – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Asuero" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="اخشورش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخشورش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assu%C3%A9rus" title="Assuérus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assuérus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-ha%CC%8Dp-s%C3%B9i-l%C3%BB-v%C3%B2ng" title="Â-ha̍p-sùi-lû-vòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-ha̍p-sùi-lû-vòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Ահասֆերուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահասֆերուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasyweros" title="Ahasyweros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahasyweros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assuero" title="Assuero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assuero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9" title="אחשוורוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחשוורוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assuerus" title="Assuerus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Assuerus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasoer%C3%B4sy" title="Ahasoerôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ahasoerôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasveros" title="Ahasveros – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ahasveros" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assuero" title="Assuero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assuero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aha%C8%99vero%C8%99" title="Ahașveroș – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ahașveroș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Ахашверош – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ахашверош" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaseurus" title="Ahaseurus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ahaseurus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasverus" title="Ahasverus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ahasverus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasverus_(Bibeln)" title="Ahasverus (Bibeln) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ahasverus (Bibeln)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ahasuerus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="อาหสุเอรัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาหสุเอรัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Ахашверош – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ахашверош" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="اخسویرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اخسویرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9" title="אחשוורוש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אחשוורוש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%93%88%E9%9A%A8%E9%AD%AF" title="亞哈隨魯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞哈隨魯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1370497#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Name of various rulers in the Hebrew Bible</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ahasverus" redirects here. For the beetle, see <a href="/wiki/Ahasverus_(beetle)" title="Ahasverus (beetle)">Ahasverus (beetle)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_before_Ahasuerus_(1547-48);_Tintoretto,_Jacopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Esther_before_Ahasuerus_%281547-48%29%3B_Tintoretto%2C_Jacopo.jpg/220px-Esther_before_Ahasuerus_%281547-48%29%3B_Tintoretto%2C_Jacopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Esther_before_Ahasuerus_%281547-48%29%3B_Tintoretto%2C_Jacopo.jpg/330px-Esther_before_Ahasuerus_%281547-48%29%3B_Tintoretto%2C_Jacopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Esther_before_Ahasuerus_%281547-48%29%3B_Tintoretto%2C_Jacopo.jpg/440px-Esther_before_Ahasuerus_%281547-48%29%3B_Tintoretto%2C_Jacopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Esther_Before_Ahasuerus_(Tintoretto)" title="Esther Before Ahasuerus (Tintoretto)">Esther Before Ahasuerus</a></i> (1547–48), <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ahasuerus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/u/: 'u' in 'influence'">u</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ə-<span style="font-size:90%">HAZ</span>-ew-<span style="font-size:90%">EER</span>-əs</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span style="white-space:nowrap;" lang="he" dir="rtl"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ</span></span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾĂḥašverōš</i></span></i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a>:</small> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾĂḥašwērōš</i></span></i>, <small>commonly</small> <i>Achashverosh</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀσουήρος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Asouḗros</i></span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Assuerus</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>) is a name applied in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> to three rulers of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persia</a> and to a <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> official (or Median king) first appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> and later in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Book of Tobit</a>. It is a transliteration of either <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>; both are names of multiple <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a> Persian kings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hebrew form is believed to have derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> name of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, <i>Xšayāršā</i> (< <i>xšaya</i> 'king' + <i>aršan</i> 'male' > 'king of all male; Hero among Kings'). That became Babylonian <i>Aḫšiyâršu</i> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒄴𒅆𒐊𒅈𒋗</span></span>, <i>aḫ-ši-ia-ar-šu</i>) and then <i>Akšîwâršu</i> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒀝𒅆𒄿𒈠𒅈𒍪</span></span>, <i>ak-ši-i-wa<sub>6</sub>-ar-šu</i>) and was borrowed as <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֲחַשְׁוֵרוֹשׁ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ăḥašwēroš</i></span> and thence into <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as <i>Ahasuerus</i>, the form traditionally used in English Bibles.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Persian name was independently rendered in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ξέρξης</span></span> <i>Xérxēs</i>. Many newer English translations and paraphrases of the Bible<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have used the name Xerxes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gelder,_Aert_de_-_The_Banquet_of_Ahasuerus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gelder%2C_Aert_de_-_The_Banquet_of_Ahasuerus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Gelder%2C_Aert_de_-_The_Banquet_of_Ahasuerus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gelder%2C_Aert_de_-_The_Banquet_of_Ahasuerus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Gelder%2C_Aert_de_-_The_Banquet_of_Ahasuerus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Gelder%2C_Aert_de_-_The_Banquet_of_Ahasuerus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Gelder%2C_Aert_de_-_The_Banquet_of_Ahasuerus_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4145" data-file-height="3348" /></a><figcaption><i>The Banquet of Ahasuerus</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aert_de_Gelder" title="Aert de Gelder">Aert de Gelder</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Esther">Book of Esther</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Book of Esther"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Ahasuerus" is given as the name of a king, the husband of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></i>. He is said to have “ruled over a hundred and twenty-seven provinces from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>" — that is, over the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider the narrative of <i>Esther</i> was to provide an <a href="/wiki/Aetiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Aetiology">aetiology</a> for <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>, and that the name Ahasuerus is usually understood to refer to <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, who ruled the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> between 486 and 465 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside of the book of Esther, history records that Xerxes was married to Amestris, not <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a> or Esther. Moreover, it is understood that Persian kings did not marry outside a restricted number of Persian noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, the <i>Book of Esther</i> refers to the king as 'Artaxerxes,' who was the younger son of Xerxes (Ancient Greek: <span lang="grc">Ἀρταξέρξης</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Xerxes_I"><span id="Identification_of_.22Ahasuerus.22_as_Xerxes_I"></span>Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Xerxes I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Xerxes I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_woede_van_Ahasverus_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3489.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/De_woede_van_Ahasverus_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3489.jpeg/220px-De_woede_van_Ahasverus_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3489.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/De_woede_van_Ahasverus_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3489.jpeg/330px-De_woede_van_Ahasverus_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3489.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/De_woede_van_Ahasverus_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3489.jpeg/440px-De_woede_van_Ahasverus_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-3489.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6760" data-file-height="5468" /></a><figcaption><i>The wrath of Ahasuerus</i> (anonymous), <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Numerous scholars have proposed theories as to who Ahasuerus represents. Most scholars today identify him with <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>, as did 19th-century Bible commentaries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three factors, among others, contribute to this identification: </p> <ol><li>It is believed the Hebrew 'Ahasuerus' descended from the Persian names for Xerxes I.</li> <li>Historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> describes Xerxes I as being susceptible to women and in the habit of making extravagant offers to them, just as he did to Esther ("up to half my kingdom"). Herodotus mentions that the Persian empire stretched from India to Ethiopia and also refers to the magnificent royal palace in Shushan (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>), corroboration of what is stated in the Book of Esther. In addition Herodotus mentions an assembly of Persian nobles called by Xerxes to advise him on the proposed war against Greece. Although Herodotus does not give the location of this assembly, the date – "after Egypt was subdued" – corresponds to Xerxes' third year when Esther records an assembly of Persian nobility at a feast. (Histories VII.8) Herodotus also mentions that following his <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">defeat at Salamis</a> Xerxes I became involved in <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a> intrigues involving his wife Amestris and his daughter-in-law, with whom he became enamoured. (Histories IX.108) Herodotus relates this occurred in the tenth month of his seventh year as king – the same time Ahasuerus was choosing beautiful women for his harem (Esther 2:16).</li> <li>Annals from the reign of Xerxes I mention an otherwise unattested official by the name of "Marduka", which some have proposed refers to <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>, as both are mentioned serving in the king's court.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_I"><span id="Identification_of_.22Ahasuerus.22_as_Artaxerxes_I"></span>Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While today the king of Esther is usually identified as Xerxes I, the ancient traditions identify him with his son, <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>. The Septuagint, the Vulgate, the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a> of <i>Esther Rabbah, I, 3</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Josippon</a> identify him as Artaxerxes. Many historians and exegetes from ancient times and the middle ages also identified Ahasuerus with Artaxerxes I, including, most notably, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who relates that "Artaxerxes" was the name by which he was known to the Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Ethiopic</a> text calls him <i>Arťeksis</i>, usually the Ethiopic equivalent of <i>Artaxerxes</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identification_of_"Ahasuerus"_as_Artaxerxes_II"><span id="Identification_of_.22Ahasuerus.22_as_Artaxerxes_II"></span>Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Identification of "Ahasuerus" as Artaxerxes II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some have speculated that the king was <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>. In his <i>Chronography</i>, the 13th century Syriac historian <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a> also identifies Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II citing the sixth century AD historian <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> in his <i>Lives</i> (AD 75) records alternative names <i>Oarses</i> and <i>Arsicas</i> for Artaxerxes II Mnemon given by <a href="/wiki/Deinon" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinon">Deinon</a> (c. 360–340 BC<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Ctesias" title="Ctesias">Ctesias</a> (Artexerxes II's physician<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These derive from the Persian name <i>Khshayarsha</i> as do "Ahasuerus" ("(Arta)Xerxes") and the <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorism</a> "Arshu" for Artaxerxes II found on a contemporary inscription (<i>LBAT</i> 162<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). These sources thus arguably identify Ahasuerus as Artaxerxes II in light of the names used in the Hebrew and Greek sources and accords with the contextual information from Pseudo-Hecataeus and <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hosch_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosch-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as agreeing with Al-Tabari and Masudi's placement of events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Ezra">Book of Ezra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book of Ezra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Ahasuerus,_Haman_and_Esther_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Ahasuerus%2C_Haman_and_Esther_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Ahasuerus%2C_Haman_and_Esther_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Ahasuerus%2C_Haman_and_Esther_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Ahasuerus%2C_Haman_and_Esther_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Ahasuerus%2C_Haman_and_Esther_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Rembrandt_Harmensz_van_Rijn_-_Ahasuerus%2C_Haman_and_Esther_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3544" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption><i>Ahasuerus and <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus_and_Haman_at_the_Feast_of_Esther" title="Ahasuerus and Haman at the Feast of Esther">Esther's Feast</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Rembrandt" title="Rembrandt">Rembrandt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ahasuerus is also given as the name of a <a href="/wiki/King_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Persia">King of Persia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Book of Ezra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern commentators associate him with <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> who reigned from 486 to 465 BC. Other identifications have been made for <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with <a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya</a> (Greek <i>Smerdis</i>) who reigned (perhaps as an imposter) for seven months between Cambyses II and <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Daniel">Book of Daniel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book of Daniel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentileschi,_Artemisia_-_Esther_before_Ahasuerus_-_c._1628%E2%80%931635.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gentileschi%2C_Artemisia_-_Esther_before_Ahasuerus_-_c._1628%E2%80%931635.jpg/220px-Gentileschi%2C_Artemisia_-_Esther_before_Ahasuerus_-_c._1628%E2%80%931635.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gentileschi%2C_Artemisia_-_Esther_before_Ahasuerus_-_c._1628%E2%80%931635.jpg/330px-Gentileschi%2C_Artemisia_-_Esther_before_Ahasuerus_-_c._1628%E2%80%931635.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Gentileschi%2C_Artemisia_-_Esther_before_Ahasuerus_-_c._1628%E2%80%931635.jpg/440px-Gentileschi%2C_Artemisia_-_Esther_before_Ahasuerus_-_c._1628%E2%80%931635.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3771" data-file-height="2875" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Esther_Before_Ahasuerus_(Tintoretto)" title="Esther Before Ahasuerus (Tintoretto)">Esther Before Ahasuerus</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>, c. 1630</figcaption></figure> <p>Ahasuerus is given as the name of the father of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus names <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> as the father of Darius the Mede, and the description of the latter as uncle and father-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> by mediaeval Jewish commentators matches that of <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares_II" title="Cyaxares II">Cyaxares II</a>, who is said to be the son of Astyages by <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. Thus this Ahasuerus is commonly identified with Astyages. He is alternatively identified, together with the Ahasuerus of the Book of Tobit, as Cyaxares I, said to be the father of Astyages. Views differ on how to reconcile the sources in this case. One view is that the description of Ahasuerus as the "father" of Darius the Mede should be understood in the broader sense of "forebear" or "ancestor." Another view notes that on the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>, "Cyaxares" is a family name, and thus considers the description as literal, viewing Astyages as an intermediate ruler wrongly placed in the family line in the Greek sources. </p><p>Most scholars view Darius the Mede as a literary fiction, or possibly a conflation of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> with prophecies about the Medes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2009114_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2009114-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-House2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-House2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Tobit">Book of Tobit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Book of Tobit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some versions of the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanon">deuterocanonical</a> <i>Book of Tobit</i>, Ahasuerus is given as the name of an associate of <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadrezzar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadrezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, who, together with him, destroyed <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> just before Tobit's death.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A traditional <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> view is that he is identical to the Ahasuerus of Daniel 9:1<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> Greek (<a href="/wiki/LXX" class="mw-redirect" title="LXX">LXX</a>) edition, the two names in this verse appear instead as one name, <a href="/wiki/Ahikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahikar">Ahikar</a> (also the name of another character in the story of Tobit). Other Septuagint texts have the name <i>Achiachar</i>. Western scholars have proposed that <i>Achiachar</i> is a variant form of the name "<a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a>", who historically did destroy Nineveh, in 612 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_legends">In legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some versions of the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Wandering_Jew" title="Wandering Jew">Wandering Jew</a>, his true name is held to be Ahasuerus – even though the Biblical King is not described as a Jew and nothing in the Biblical account of him is similar to that myth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the name by which <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> refers to the Wandering Jew in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Only_Possible_Argument_in_Support_of_a_Demonstration_of_the_Existence_of_God" title="The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God">The Only Possible Argument in Support of a Demonstration of the Existence of God</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠𐎴</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Old Persian-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xšaya-ṛšā</a></i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">اخشورش</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Axšoreš</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خشایار</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Xašāyār</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ξέρξης</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Xerxes (disambiguation)">Xérxēs</a></i></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">NASB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amplified_Bible" title="Amplified Bible">Amplified Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Standard_Version" title="English Standard Version">ESV</a>, <a href="/wiki/21st_Century_King_James_Version" title="21st Century King James Version">21st Century King James Version</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Standard_Version" title="American Standard Version">ASV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young%27s_Literal_Translation" title="Young's Literal Translation">Young's Literal Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darby_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Darby Translation">Darby Translation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holman_Christian_Standard_Bible" title="Holman Christian Standard Bible">Holman Christian Standard Bible</a>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichol, F.D., <i>Seventh-day Adventist Bible Commentary</i>, <i>Volume 3</i>, Review and Herald Publishing Association, (Washington, D.C., 1954 edition), p.459, "Historical Setting"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>, The Message, <a href="/wiki/New_Living_Translation" title="New Living Translation">NLT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_English_Version" title="Contemporary English Version">CEV</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Century_Version" title="New Century Version">NCV</a>, <a href="/wiki/NIRV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIRV">NIRV</a>, <a href="/wiki/TNIV" class="mw-redirect" title="TNIV">TNIV</a>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Esther.1">"Esther 1"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Esther+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FEsther.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2009" class="citation cs2">Browning, W. R. F., ed. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001/acref-9780199543984-e-56">"Ahasuerus"</a>, <i>A Dictionary of the Bible</i> (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199543984.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199543984.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954398-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954398-4"><bdi>978-0-19-954398-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>, <q>The story is fictitious and written to provide an account of the origin of the feast of Purim; the book contains no references to the known historical events of the reign of Xerxes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.atitle=Ahasuerus&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199543984.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954398-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199543984.001.0001%2Facref-9780199543984-e-56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2004" class="citation cs2">Tucker, Gene M. (2004) [1993], Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001/acref-9780195046458-e-0232">"Esther, The Book of"</a>, <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780195046458.001.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504645-8"><bdi>978-0-19-504645-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2020</span>, <q>Although the details of its setting are entirely plausible and the story may even have some basis in actual events, in terms of literary genre the book is not history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.atitle=Esther%2C+The+Book+of&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504645-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Gene+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195046458.001.0001%2Facref-9780195046458-e-0232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Littman, Robert J. (1975). "The Religious Policy of Xerxes and the "Book of Esther"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1454354">10.2307/1454354</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454354">1454354</a>. <q>Xerxes could not have wed a Jewess because this was contrary to the practices of Persian monarchs who married only into one of the seven leading Persian families. History records that Xerxes was married to Amestris, not <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a> or Esther. There is no historical record of a personage known as Esther, or a queen called Vashti or a <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a>, or a high placed courtier <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>. Mordecai was said to have been among the exiles deported from Jerusalem by <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebuchadnezzar">Nebuchadnezzar</a>, but that deportation occurred 112 years before Xerxes became king.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Policy+of+Xerxes+and+the+%22Book+of+Esther%22&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=146&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1454354&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1454354%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Littman&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studybible.info/compare/Esther%201:">"Esther 1 And it came to pass in the days of Artaxerxes. This Artaxerxes held a hundred twenty-seven regions from India"</a>. <i>studybible.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studybible.info&rft.atitle=Esther+1+And+it+came+to+pass+in+the+days+of+Artaxerxes.+This+Artaxerxes+held+a+hundred+twenty-seven+regions+from+India.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudybible.info%2Fcompare%2FEsther%25201%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2023" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvnAEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3"><bdi>978-1-009-26612-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Esther+between+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-26612-3&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvnAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamauchi1992" class="citation journal cs1">Yamauchi, Edwin (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1519506">"Mordecai, the Persepolis Tablets, and the Susa Excavations"</a>. <i>Vetus Testamentum</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 272–275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1519506">10.2307/1519506</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1519506">1519506</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=Mordecai%2C+the+Persepolis+Tablets%2C+and+the+Susa+Excavations&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=272-275&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1519506&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1519506%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yamauchi&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1519506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flavius Josephus, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-11.html">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>, Book 11, chapter 6, section 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=967&letter=A">Ahasuerus</a> at the JewishEncyclopedia.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. A. W. Budge, <i>The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus</i>, Gorgias Press LLC, reprinted 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan Jacob van Ginkel, <i>John of Ephesus. A Monophysite Historian in Sixth-century Byzantium</i>, Groningen, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Felix, <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, entry <i>Dinon</i>, 1996–2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jona Lendering, <i>Ctesias of Cnidus</i>, Livius, Articles on Ancient History, 1996–2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Dryden, Arthur Hugh Clough, <i>Plutarch's Lives</i>, Little, Brown and Company, 1885</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. A. Dandamaev, W. J. Vogelsang, <i>A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire</i>, BRILL, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosch-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hosch_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Hoschander, <i>The Book of Esther in the Light of History</i>, Oxford University Press, 1923</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%204:5–7&version=nrsv">Ezra 4:5–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gill's Exposition of the Whole Bible</i>, as quoted by Bible.cc/ezra/4-7.htm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Clarke's Commentary on the Bible</i>, as quoted by Bible.cc/ezra/4-7.htm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Daniel%209:1&version=nrsv">Daniel 9:1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2009114-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2009114_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-House2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-House2018_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2018" class="citation book cs1">House, Paul R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9J2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Daniel: An Introduction and Commentary</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9100-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-9100-9"><bdi>978-0-8308-9100-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-9100-9&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9J2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book of Tobit, 14:15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02005c.htm">Maas, Anthony (1907). Assuerus. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved April 15, 2009 from <i>New Advent</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrei Oişteanu, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080203154217/http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/filologie/hebra/2-5.htm">"The legend of the wandering Jew in Europe and Romania"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unibuc.ro/eBooks/filologie/hebra/2-5.htm">the original</a> on 3 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+legend+of+the+wandering+Jew+in+Europe+and+Romania.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unibuc.ro%2FeBooks%2Ffilologie%2Fhebra%2F2-5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span> Studia Hebraica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant, I. Der einzig mögliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration des Daseins Gottes. 1763. AA 2:76</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Assuerus" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Assuerus">Assuerus</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assuerus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Andrew E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VWQlEQGW-oC&q=%22a+literary+fiction%22%22genre+of+court-contest+tale%22&pg=PA114">"Daniel-Malachi"</a>. In Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (eds.). <i>The Expositor's Bible Commentary</i>. Vol. 8. <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780310590545" title="Special:BookSources/9780310590545"><bdi>9780310590545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel-Malachi&rft.btitle=The+Expositor%27s+Bible+Commentary&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780310590545&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VWQlEQGW-oC%26q%3D%2522a%2Bliterary%2Bfiction%2522%2522genre%2Bof%2Bcourt-contest%2Btale%2522%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ahasuerus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahasuerus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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"Ahasureus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahasureus"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6</i></a>. pp. 634–635.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahasureus&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+6&rft.pages=634-635&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=W.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fahasureus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhasuerus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Esther 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_7" title="Esther 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_8" title="Esther 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_9" title="Esther 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_10" title="Esther 10">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abagtha" title="Abagtha">Abagtha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahasuerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigthan_and_Teresh" title="Bigthan and Teresh">Bigthan and Teresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_(biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (biblical figure)">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegai" title="Hegai">Hegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memucan" title="Memucan">Memucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeresh" title="Zeresh">Zeresh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agagite" title="Agagite">Agagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Megillot" title="Five Megillot">Five Megillot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah (Talmud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">Esther in rabbinic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Haman in rabbinic literature">Haman in rabbinic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_967" title="Papyrus 967">Papyrus 967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Oxyrhynchus_4443" title="Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 4443">Oxyrhynchus 4443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Palau-Ribes_163" title="Papyrus Palau-Ribes 163">Palau-Ribes 163</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Tomb of Esther and Mordechai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Purim_(פּוּרִים)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Purim_footer" title="Template:Purim footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Purim_footer" title="Template talk:Purim footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Purim_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Purim footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Purim_(פּוּרִים)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim  <span class="nobold">(פּוּרִים)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haman_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Haman in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahasuerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigthan_and_Teresh" title="Bigthan and Teresh">Bigthan and Teresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeresh" title="Zeresh">Zeresh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushan_Purim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushan Purim">Shushan Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Meshulash" title="Purim">Purim HaMeshulash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim#Purim_Katan" title="Purim">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Purim" title="Second Purim">Second Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grager" title="Grager">Grager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Purim_foods" title="Category:Purim foods">Purim foods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamantash" title="Hamantash">Hamantash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazuelos" title="Fazuelos">Fazuelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impade" title="Impade">Impade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">Kreplach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">Mishloach manot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purim_humor" title="Purim humor">Purim humor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adloyada" title="Adloyada">Adloyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_spiel" title="Purim spiel">Purim spiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_Torah" title="Purim Torah">Purim Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_rabbi" title="Purim rabbi">Purim rabbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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