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aria-controls="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biblical_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Biblical texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pseudepigrapha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudepigrapha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pseudepigrapha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudepigrapha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Excavation history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_I_period_(4200–3800_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_I_period_(4200–3800_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Susa I period (4200–3800 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_I_period_(4200–3800_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metallurgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metallurgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Metallurgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metallurgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramic_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramic_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Ceramic objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramic_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_II_and_Uruk_influence_(3800–3100_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_II_and_Uruk_influence_(3800–3100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_II_and_Uruk_influence_(3800–3100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_III,_or_"Proto-Elamite",_period_(3100–2700_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_III,_or_"Proto-Elamite",_period_(3100–2700_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_III,_or_"Proto-Elamite",_period_(3100–2700_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elamites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elamites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Elamites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elamites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700–1500_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700–1500_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700–1500_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kutik-Inshushinak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kutik-Inshushinak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Kutik-Inshushinak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kutik-Inshushinak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indus-Susa_relations_(2400–2100_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indus-Susa_relations_(2400–2100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indus-Susa_relations_(2400–2100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1100_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100–540_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100–540_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100–540_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neo-Assyrians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Assyrians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2.1</span> <span>Neo-Assyrians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Assyrians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susa_after_Achaemenid_Persian_conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susa_after_Achaemenid_Persian_conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Susa after Achaemenid Persian conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susa_after_Achaemenid_Persian_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seleucid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seleucid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Seleucid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seleucid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Parthian period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sassanid_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sassanid_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Sassanid period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sassanid_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_listing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_listing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World Heritage listing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_listing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Excavation_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Excavation reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Susa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%B3" title="ሱሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شوشان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شوشان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="شوش (تاریخی شهر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوش (تاریخی شهر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Сузы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сузы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAsy" title="Súsy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Súsy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Persien)" title="Susa (Persien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Susa (Persien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σούσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzo" title="Suzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(hiria)" title="Susa (hiria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Susa (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="شوش (شهر باستانی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوش (شهر باستانی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suse_(Iran)" title="Suse (Iran) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suse (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%AC_(%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C)" title="수사 (엘람) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수사 (엘람)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%B7_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Շոշ (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոշ (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सूसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza_(Iran)" title="Suza (Iran) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suza (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_(kota)" title="Susan (kota) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susan (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Susa (città antica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Susa (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="שושן (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושן (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="სუზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shushani" title="Shushani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shushani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%BBsa" title="Soûsa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soûsa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Irania)" title="Susa (Irania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Susa (Irania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABsa_(Ir%C4%81na)" title="Sūsa (Irāna) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūsa (Irāna)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABzai" title="Sūzai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sūzai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BAza" title="Szúza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szúza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosa" title="Sosa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sosa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8" title="സൂസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="სუზა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شوشان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شوشان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شوش باستانی شهر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوش باستانی شهر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5" title="スーサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza" title="Suza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza" title="Suza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Suza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C3%A3" title="Susã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Susã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Сузы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сузы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAsy" title="Súsy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súsy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza,_Perzija" title="Suza, Perzija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suza, Perzija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%86%D8%B4" title="شاری کۆنینەی شۆش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شاری کۆنینەی شۆش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Суза (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суза (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="சூசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ซูซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(antik_kent)" title="Susa (antik kent) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Susa (antik kent)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Сузи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сузи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="سوسن (شہر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوسن (شہر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%92%92" title="苏撒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏撒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%96%A9" title="蘇薩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇薩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa,_%C4%B0ran" title="Susa, İran – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Susa, İran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%96%A9" title="蘇薩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇薩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180773#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Susa&params=32_11_26_N_48_15_28_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°11′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">48°15′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.19056°N 48.25778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.19056; 48.25778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient city in Iran</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shushan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shushan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shushan (disambiguation)">Shushan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Susa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Susa (disambiguation)">Susa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Susa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شوش</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Egypt,_Chaldea,_Syria,_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1903)_(14584070300).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/220px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/330px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/440px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">The Palace of Darius in Susa</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa is located in Iran"><img alt="Susa is located in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.383%;left:23.209%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Susa"><img alt="Susa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Susa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Iran</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iran</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Susa is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/250px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/375px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/500px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.57%;left:48.485%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Susa"><img alt="Susa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Susa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Susa (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Susa&params=32_11_26_N_48_15_28_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">32°11′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">48°15′28″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">32.19056°N 48.25778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">32.19056; 48.25778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Susa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">4200 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">1218 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Susa" title="Battle of Susa">Battle of Susa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Abandoned and in ruins</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Susa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455">1455</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 (39th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Susa</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SOO</span>-sə</i></a>) was an ancient city in the lower <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> about 250 km (160 mi) east of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Karkheh_River" title="Karkheh River">Karkheh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dez_River" title="Dez River">Dez</a> Rivers in Iran. One of the most important cities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, Susa served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> and the winter capital of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and remained a strategic centre during the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> periods. </p><p>The site currently consists of three archaeological mounds, covering an area of around 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a> is located on the site of ancient Susa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Susa is of Elamiate origin and has appeared in many languages: </p> <ul><li>Middle <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: <span lang="elx">𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">Šušen</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Middle and Neo-<a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: <span lang="elx">𒋢𒋢𒌦</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">Šušun</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Neo-<a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: <span lang="elx">𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">Šušan</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: <span lang="elx">𒀸𒋗𒐼</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Elamite-language romanization"><i lang="elx-Latn">Šuša</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שׁוּשָׁן</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Šūšān</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σοῦσα</span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Soûsa</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠</span> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language romanization"><i lang="peo-Latn">Çūšā</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: <span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩</span> <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">Sūš</i></span> or <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><span lang="pal" dir="rtl">𐭱𐭥𐭮</span></span> <span title="Middle Persian-language romanization"><i lang="pal-Latn">Šūs</i></span></li> <li>New <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">شوش</span> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Šuš</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʃuʃ]</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܫܘܫ</span> <span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">Šuš</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_Map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/330px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/500px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/600px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the area of the Elamite kingdom (in orange) and the neighboring areas. The approximate <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> extension of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> is shown.</figcaption></figure> <p>Susa was one of the most important cities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historic literature</a>, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records: for example, it is described as one of the places obedient to <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, patron deity of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_texts">Biblical texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biblical texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> by the name Shushan, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, but also once each in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> (Ezra 4:9), <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> (Nehemiah 1:1) and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> (Daniel 8:2). According to these texts, Nehemiah lived in Susa during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> of the 6th century BC (Daniel mentions it in a prophetic vision), while <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> became queen there, married to <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">King Ahasuerus</a>, and saved the Jews from <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as <i>Shush-Daniel</i>. However, a large portion of the current structure is actually a much later construction dated to the late nineteenth century, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1871</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pseudepigrapha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa is further mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></i> (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> and his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Elam,_son_of_Shem" title="Elam, son of Shem">Elam</a>; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Excavation_history">Excavation history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Excavation history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/220px-Susa_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/330px-Susa_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/440px-Susa_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>Site of Susa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/250px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/330px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/500px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Assyria. Ruins of Susa, Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection</figcaption></figure> <p>The site was examined in 1836 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a> and then by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">A. H. Layard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1851, some modest excavation was done by <a href="/wiki/William_Loftus_(archaeologist)" title="William Loftus (archaeologist)">William Loftus</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Fenwick_Williams" title="Fenwick Williams">Fenwick Williams</a>, who identified it as Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his finds was a jar containing around 110 coins, the earliest of which was dated to 697-98 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1885 and 1886 <a href="/wiki/Marcel-Auguste_Dieulafoy" title="Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy">Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dieulafoy" title="Jane Dieulafoy">Jane Dieulafoy</a> began the first French excavations, discovering glazed bricks, column bases, and capitals from the palace of the Achaemenid kings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they failed to identify mudbrick walls, which were then destroyed in the course of excavation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all of the excavations at Susa, post-1885, were organized and authorized by the French government.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1915_82–93_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1915_82–93-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In two treaties in 1894 and 1899, the French gained a monopoly on all archaeological excavations in Iran indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Morgan" title="Jacques de Morgan">Jacques de Morgan</a>, after visiting the site in 1891, conducted major excavations from 1897 until 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The excavations that were conducted in Susa brought many artistic and historical artifacts back to France. These artifacts filled multiple halls in the Museum of the Louvre throughout the late 1890s and early 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters_1915_82–93_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1915_82–93-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Morgan's most important work was the excavation of the Grande Tranchée in the Acropole mound, where he found the stele of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, a collection of Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurrus</a> (boundary stones), the stele bearing the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>, an ornamented bronze table of snakes, the bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Napir-Asu" title="Napir-Asu">Queen Napir-Asu</a>, and thousands of inscribed bricks. His finds showed Susa to be the most important center of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite civilization</a>, which was effectively discovered by the French mission at Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Excavation efforts continued under <a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Mecquenem_(archaeologist)" title="Roland de Mecquenem (archaeologist)">Roland De Mecquenem</a> until 1914, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. French work at Susa resumed after the war, led by De Mecquenem, continuing until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To supplement the original publications of De Mecquenem the archives of his excavation have now been put online thanks to a grant from the Shelby White Levy Program.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghirshman" title="Roman Ghirshman">Roman Ghirshman</a> took over direction of the French efforts in 1946, after the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with his wife <a href="/wiki/Tania_Ghirshman" title="Tania Ghirshman">Tania Ghirshman</a>, he continued there until 1967. The Ghirshmans concentrated on excavating a single part of the site, the hectare sized Ville Royale, taking it all the way down to bare earth.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pottery found at the various levels enabled a stratigraphy to be developed for Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1969 until 1979 excavations were conducted under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrot" title="Jean Perrot">Jean Perrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 the Susa salvage project was launched to counter the construction of a transportation underpass in the vicinity of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">urban history</a>, Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of the region. Based on calibrated <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-14 dating">carbon-14 dating</a>, the foundation of a settlement there occurred as early as 4200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the region around Susa were a number of towns (with their own platforms) and villages that maintained a trading relationship with the city, especially those along the Zagro frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founding of Susa corresponded with the abandonment of nearby villages. Potts suggests that the settlement may have been founded to try to reestablish the previously destroyed settlement at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a>, about 25 km to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-Potts:_Elam_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts:_Elam-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a> was a very large settlement, and it featured a similar massive platform that was later built at Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another important settlement in the area is <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a>, which was discovered in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_I_period_(4200–3800_BC)"><span id="Susa_I_period_.284200.E2.80.933800_BC.29"></span>Susa I period (4200–3800 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Susa I period (4200–3800 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/330px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/500px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/960px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1753" /></a><figcaption>Goblet and cup, Iran, Susa I style, 4th millennium BC – <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a>; goblet height c. 12 cm; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Cit%C3%A9_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique" title="Sèvres – Cité de la céramique">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></div> <p>Shortly after Susa was first settled over 6000 years ago, its inhabitants erected a monumental platform that rose over the flat surrounding landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exceptional nature of the site is still recognizable today in the artistry of the ceramic vessels that were placed as offerings in a thousand or more graves near the base of the temple platform.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susa's earliest settlement is known as the <i>Susa I</i> period (c. 4200–3900 BC). Two settlements named by archaeologists the <i>Acropolis</i> (7 ha) and the <i>Apadana</i> (6.3 ha), would later merge to form Susa proper (18 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-Potts:_Elam_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potts:_Elam-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Apadana</i> was enclosed by 6 metre thick walls of <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> (this particular place is named <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> because it also contains a late <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> structure of this type). </p><p>Nearly two thousand pots of <i>Susa I</i> style were recovered from the cemetery, most of them now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. The vessels found are eloquent testimony to the artistic and technical achievements of their makers, and they hold clues about the organization of the society that commissioned them.<sup id="cite_ref-Aruz_1992_26_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aruz_1992_26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painted ceramic vessels from Susa in the earliest first style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> ceramic tradition that spread across the Near East during the fifth millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Aruz_1992_26_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aruz_1992_26-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susa I style was very much a product of the past and of influences from contemporary ceramic industries in the mountains of western Iran. The recurrence in close association of vessels of three types—a drinking goblet or beaker, a serving dish, and a small jar—implies the consumption of three types of food, apparently thought to be as necessary for life in the afterworld as it is in this one. Ceramics of these shapes, which were painted, constitute a large proportion of the vessels from the cemetery. Others are coarse cooking-type jars and bowls with simple bands painted on them and were probably the grave goods of the sites of humbler citizens as well as adolescents and, perhaps, children.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pottery is carefully made by hand. Although a slow wheel may have been employed, the asymmetry of the vessels and the irregularity of the drawing of encircling lines and bands indicate that most of the work was done freehand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metallurgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copper metallurgy is also attested during this period, which was contemporary with metalwork at some highland Iranian sites such as <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a>. </p><p>As many as 40 copper axes have been found at the Susa cemetery, as well as 10 round discs probably used as mirrors. Many awls and spatulas were also found. </p> <dl><dd>"Metal finds from the burials in Susa are the major metal assemblage from the end of the 5th millennium BCE. Strata 27 to 25 contained the earliest burials with a large number of axes, made from unalloyed copper and copper with elevated As [Arsenic] levels."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The cemetery of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chega_Sofla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chega Sofla (page does not exist)">Chega Sofla</a>, from the same timeframe, provides a lot of similar material, with many sophisticated metal objects.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chega Sofla is located in the same geographical area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceramic_objects">Ceramic objects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ceramic objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/120px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/180px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/240px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="4518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique,_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/200px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/300px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/400px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2904" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_animals,_Susa_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Master of animals, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246."><img alt="Master of animals, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/198px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/297px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/396px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1775" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of animals">Master of animals</a>, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_and_deities,_Susa_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre"><img alt="Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/164px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/245px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/327px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1657" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_II_and_Uruk_influence_(3800–3100_BC)"><span id="Susa_II_and_Uruk_influence_.283800.E2.80.933100_BC.29"></span>Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa came within the Uruk cultural sphere during the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture is found at Susa. According to some scholars, Susa may have been a colony of Uruk. </p><p>There is some dispute about the comparative <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a> of Susa and Uruk at this time, as well as about the extent of Uruk influence in Susa. Recent research indicates that Early Uruk period corresponds to Susa II period.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daniel T. Potts, argues that the influence from the highland Iranian <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a> area in Susa was more significant at the early period, and also continued later on. Thus, Susa combined the influence of two cultures, from the highland area and from the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial plains">alluvial plains</a>. Potts also stresses the fact that the writing and numerical systems of Uruk were not simply borrowed in Susa wholesale. Rather, only partial and selective borrowing took place, that was adapted to Susa's needs. Despite the fact that Uruk was far larger than Susa at the time, Susa was not its colony, but still maintained some independence for a long time, according to Potts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An architectural link has also been suggested between Susa, Tal-i Malyan, and <a href="/wiki/Godin_Tepe" title="Godin Tepe">Godin Tepe</a> at this time, in support of the idea of the parallel development of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Cuneiform">Proto-Cuneiform</a> and proto-elamite scripts.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars believe that Susa was part of the greater Uruk culture. Holly Pittman, an art historian at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia says, "they Susanians are participating entirely in an Uruk way of life. They are not culturally distinct; the material culture of Susa is a regional variation of that on the Mesopotamian plain". Gilbert Stein, director of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, says that "An expansion once thought to have lasted less than 200 years now apparently went on for 700 years. It is hard to think of any colonial system lasting that long. The spread of Uruk material is not evidence of Uruk domination; it could be local choice".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies,_with_horned_temple_(composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.[43][44]"><img alt="King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.[43][44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/172px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/258px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/344px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="4357" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. The Louvre"><img alt="Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. The Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/120px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/250px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. <a href="/wiki/The_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Louvre">The Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II,_work_in_the_granaries_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.[45]"><img alt="Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/250px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/330px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/500px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.[46]"><img alt="Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/250px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/330px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II,_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.[47]"><img alt="Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.[47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/250px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/330px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/500px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.[48]"><img alt="Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/250px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/330px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/500px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_III,_or_"Proto-Elamite",_period_(3100–2700_BC)"><span id="Susa_III.2C_or_.22Proto-Elamite.22.2C_period_.283100.E2.80.932700_BC.29"></span>Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></div> <p>Susa III (3100–2700 BC) is also known as the '<a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a>' period.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Banesh period pottery is predominant. This is also when the Proto-Elamite tablets first appear in the record. Subsequently, Susa became the centre of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> civilization. </p><p>Ambiguous reference to Elam (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒉏</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn">NIM</i></span>) appear also in this period in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> records. Susa enters recorded history in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Sumer">Early Dynastic period of Sumer</a>. A battle between <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> and Susa is recorded in 2700 BC, when <a href="/wiki/En-me-barage-si" class="mw-redirect" title="En-me-barage-si">En-me-barage-si</a> is said to have "made the land of Elam submit".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1484"><img alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1484" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/300px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/400px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="933" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 1484</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379"><img alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/250px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/330px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166"><img alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/300px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/400px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite script, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC"><img alt="Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite script, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/250px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/330px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Economical tablet in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite script</a>, Suse III, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elamites">Elamites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elamites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22,_Louvre_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/250px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/330px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/500px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1084" /></a><figcaption><i>Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki</i> (<span title="Elamite-language text"><span lang="elx"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠</span></span></span>), "<a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ensi_(Sumerian)" title="Ensi (Sumerian)">Ensi</a> (Governor) of Susa", in the "Table au Lion", dated 2100 BC, Louvre Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> period, Susa was the capital of a state called <b>Susiana</b> (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Kh%C5%ABzest%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khūzestān Province">Khūzestān Province</a> centered on the <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun River</a>. Control of Susiana shifted between <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, Sumer, and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Elamite monarchy</a>, many riches and materials were brought to Susa from the plundering of other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was mainly due to the fact of Susa's location on Iran's South Eastern region, closer to the city of Babylon and cities in Mesopotamia. </p><p>The use of the Elamite language as an administrative language was first attested in texts of ancient Ansan, Tall-e Mal-yan, dated 1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous to the era of Elamites, the Akkadian language was responsible for most or all of the text used in ancient documents. Susiana was incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargon the Great">Sargon the Great</a> into his <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> in approximately 2330 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/250px-Elam_cool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/330px-Elam_cool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Silver cup from <a href="/wiki/Marvdasht" title="Marvdasht">Marvdasht</a>, Iran, with a linear-Elamite inscription from the time of Kutik-Inshushinak. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main goddess of the city was <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>, who had a significant temple in Susa.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700–1500_BC)"><span id="Old_Elamite_period_.28c._2700.E2.80.931500_BC.29"></span>Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/250px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_(transcription).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/112px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/168px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/224px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3372" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Dynastic list of twelve kings of Awan dynasty and twelve kings of the <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>, 1800–1600 BC, Susa, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> Sb 17729.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a> (or <i>Avan</i>; c. 2400–2100 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Simashki</a> (c. 2100–1970 BC), are known from a list from Susa dating to the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian period</a>. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>; and likewise, several of the stronger <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-anne-mundu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a>, are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kutik-Inshushinak">Kutik-Inshushinak</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kutik-Inshushinak"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Susa was the capital of an Akkadian province until ca. 2100 BC, when its governor, <a href="/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutik-Inshushinak">Kutik-Inshushinak</a>, rebelled and made it an independent state and a literary center. Also, he was the last from the <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> according to the Susa kinglist.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He unified the neighbouring territories and became the king of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. He encouraged the use of the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a> script, that remains undeciphered. </p><p>The city was subsequently conquered by the neo-Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> and held until Ur finally collapsed at the hands of the Elamites under <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> in ca. 2004 BC. At this time, Susa was ruled by Elam again and became its capital under the Shimashki dynasty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indus-Susa_relations_(2400–2100_BC)"><span id="Indus-Susa_relations_.282400.E2.80.932100_BC.29"></span>Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> origin have been found in Susa from this period, especially seals and <a href="/wiki/Etched_carnelian_beads" title="Etched carnelian beads">etched carnelian beads</a>, pointing to <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard Indus script signs. Tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 2425.[59][61] Indus script numbering convention per Asko Parpola.[62][63]"><img alt="Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard Indus script signs. Tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 2425.[59][61] Indus script numbering convention per Asko Parpola.[62][63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/250px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/330px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a> signs. <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a> of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 2425.<sup id="cite_ref-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indus script numbering convention per <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[64]"><img alt="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[64]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/250px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/330px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/500px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 5614<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[65][66] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[67]"><img alt="Indian carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[65][66] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/173px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/260px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/346px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1052" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 17751.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus bracelet, front and back, made of Pleuroploca trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[68] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[69] The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.[70]"><img alt="Indus bracelet, front and back, made of Pleuroploca trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[68] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[69] The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/120px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/250px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1293" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus bracelet, front and back, made of <i><a href="/wiki/Pleuroploca_trapezium" title="Pleuroploca trapezium">Pleuroploca trapezium</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Turbinella_pyrum" title="Turbinella pyrum">Turbinella pyrum</a></i> imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This type of bracelet was manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FeniXX_réédition_numérique_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FeniXX_réédition_numérique-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa."><img alt="Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/120px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/250px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1791" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus,_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE,_SB_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601."><img alt="Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/120px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/250px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2860" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1100_BC)"><span id="Middle_Elamite_period_.28c._1500.E2.80.931100_BC.29"></span>Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/220px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/330px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/440px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Middle-Elamite basrelief of warrior gods, Susa, 1600–1100 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1500 BC, the Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While, previously, the Akkadian language was frequently used in inscriptions, the succeeding kings, such as the Igihalkid dynasty of c. 1400 BC, tried to use Elamite. Thus, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This was also the period when the Elamite pantheon was being imposed in Susiana. This policy reached its height with the construction of the political and religious complex at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a>, 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Susa. </p><p>In ca. 1175 BC, the Elamites under <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nahhunte" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutruk-Nahhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte</a> plundered the original <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> bearing the <i><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a></i> and took it to Susa. Archeologists found it in 1901. <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> empire plundered Susa around fifty years later. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC."><img alt="An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/250px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/330px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/500px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil was built by Elamite king Untash-Napirisha circa 1300 BC."><img alt="The Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil was built by Elamite king Untash-Napirisha circa 1300 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/200px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/300px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/400px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10057" data-file-height="2581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Ziggurat at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> was built by Elamite king <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> circa 1300 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual,_circa_1150_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC"><img alt="Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/200px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/300px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/400px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100–540_BC)"><span id="Neo-Elamite_period_.28c._1100.E2.80.93540_BC.29"></span>Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Neo-Assyrians">Neo-Assyrians</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neo-Assyrians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Susa" title="Battle of Susa">Battle of Susa</a></div> <p>In 647 BC, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> leveled the city during a war in which the people of Susa participated on the other side. A tablet unearthed in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> reveals Ashurbanipal as an "avenger", seeking retribution for the humiliations that the Elamites had inflicted on the Mesopotamians over the centuries: </p> <blockquote> <p>"Susa, the great holy city, abode of their gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed. . . .I destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and, on their lands, I sowed salt."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Assyrian rule of Susa began in 647 BC and lasted till <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> capture of Susa in 617 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_after_Achaemenid_Persian_conquest">Susa after Achaemenid Persian conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Susa after Achaemenid Persian conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_(42).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG/220px-National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG/330px-National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG/440px-National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/220px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/330px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/440px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="4098" /></a><figcaption>Archers frieze from <a href="/wiki/Darius%27_palace_at_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius' palace at Susa">Darius' palace at Susa</a>. Detail of the beginning of the frieze</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg/220px-Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg/330px-Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg/440px-Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The 24 countries subject to the Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius, on the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statue_of_Darius_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statue of Darius I">Statue of Darius I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Susa underwent a major <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural">ethnocultural</a> transition when it became part of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> empire between 540 and 539 BC when it was captured by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> during his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> (Susiana), of which Susa was the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle(s), Nabonidus had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict over Susa had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is probable that Cyrus negotiated with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore avoid an armed confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nabonidus was staying in the city at the time and soon fled to the capital, Babylon, which he had not visited in years.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cyrus' conquest of Susa and the rest of Babylonia commenced a fundamental shift, bringing Susa under Persian control for the first time. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> stated that Cyrus made Susa an imperial capital though there was no new construction in that period so this is in dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Cyrus' son <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a>, Susa became a center of political power as one of four capitals of the Achaemenid Persian empire, while reducing the significance of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> as the capital of Persis. Following Cambyses' brief rule, <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> began a major building program in Susa and <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, which included building a large <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he describes his new capital in an inscription: </p><p>"This palace which I built at Susa, from afar its ornamentation was brought. Downward the earth was dug, until I reached rock in the earth. When the excavation had been made, then rubble was packed down, some 40 cubits in depth, another part 20 cubits in depth. On that rubble the palace was constructed."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city forms the setting of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a></i> (472 BC), an <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> playwright <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> that is the oldest surviving play in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">history of theatre</a>. </p><p>Events mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> book of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> are said to have occurred in Susa during the Achaemenid period. The King <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> mentioned in that book may refer to <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> (486-465 BC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seleucid_period">Seleucid period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seleucid period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_weddings_at_Susa,_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_(late_19th_century_engraving).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg/250px-The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg/375px-The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg/500px-The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>The marriages of <a href="/wiki/Stateira_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateira II">Stateira II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> and her sister, <a href="/wiki/Drypteis" class="mw-redirect" title="Drypteis">Drypteis</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Hephaestion" title="Hephaestion">Hephaestion</a> at Susa in 324 BC, as depicted in a late-19th-century engraving.</figcaption></figure> <p>Susa lost much of its importance after the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great of Macedon</a> in 331 BC. In 324 BC he met <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> here, who explored the Persian Gulf<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as he returned from the Indus River by sea. In that same year Alexander celebrated in Susa with a <a href="/wiki/Susa_weddings" title="Susa weddings">mass wedding</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city retained its importance under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucids</a> for approximately one century after Alexander, however Susa lost its position of imperial capital to <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia on the Tigris</a> to become the regional capital of the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> of Susiana.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Susa retained its economic importance to the empire with its vast assortment of merchants conducting trade in Susa,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Charax Spasinou</a> as its port. </p><p>The city was named <b>Seleucia on the Eulaeus</b> or <b>Seleucia ad Eulaeum</b>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> minted coins there in substantial quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susa is rich in Greek inscriptions,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps indicating a significant number of Greeks living in the city. Especially in the royal city large, well-equipped peristyle houses have been excavated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_period">Parthian period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parthian period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 147 BC Susa and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a> broke free from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. The city was at least temporarily ruled by the rulers of the Elymais with <a href="/wiki/Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros" title="Kamnaskires II Nikephoros">Kamnaskires II Nikephoros</a> minting coins there. The city may again have briefly returned to Seleucid rule, but starting with <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> (about 138–127 BC) to <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> (about 40–51 AD) almost all rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> coined coins in the city, indicating that it was firmly in the hands of the Parthians at least during this period. The city however retained a considerable amount of independence and retained its Greek city-state organization well into the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From second half of the first century it was probably partly governed by rulers of Elymais again, but it became Parthian once again in 215.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susa was a frequent place of refuge for Parthian and later, the Persian <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid</a> kings, as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> sacked Ctesiphon five different times between 116 and 297 AD. Susa was briefly captured in 116 AD by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> during the course of his <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign"> Parthian campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sassanid_period">Sassanid period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sassanid period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suzan was conquered and destroyed in 224 AD by the Sassanid <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>, but rebuilt immediately thereafter, and perhaps even temporarily a royal residence. According to a later tradition, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> is said to have spent his twilight years in the city, although this tradition is uncertain and perhaps refers more to <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a>. </p><p>Under the Sassanids, following the founding of <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a> Susa slowly lost its importance. Archaeologically, the Sassanid city is less dense compared to the Parthian period, but there were still significant buildings, with the settlement extending over 400 hectares. Susa was also still very significant economically and a trading center, especially in gold trading. Coins also continued to be minted in the city. The city had a Christian community in a separate district with a Nestorian bishop, whose last representative is attested to in 1265. Archaeologically a stucco panel with the image of a Christian saint has been found. </p><p>During the reign of Shapur II after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in 312, and the identification of Christians as possible collaborators with the enemy Christians living in the Sasanian Empire were persecuted from 339 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapur II also imposed a double tax on the Christians during his war campaign against the Romans. Following a rebellion of Christians living in Susa, the king destroyed the city in 339 using 300 elephants.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later had the city rebuilt and resettled with prisoners of war and weavers, which is believed to have been after his victory over the Romans in Amida in 359. The weaver produced silk brocade.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He renamed it <i>Eran-Khwarrah-Shapur</i> ("Iran's glory [built by] Shapur").<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_period">Islamic period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Islamic period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> an Arab army invaded Khuzistan under the command of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Musa al-Ash'ari">Abu Musa al-Ash'ari</a>. After taking most of the smaller fortified towns the army captured <a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Tustar</a> in 642 before proceeding to besiege Susa. A place of military importance, it also held the tomb of the Jewish prophet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a>. Two stories are given in the Muslim sources of how the city fell. In the first, a Persian priest proclaimed from the walls that only a <i>dajjal</i> was fated to capture the city. A <i>dajjal</i> is an Islamic term for an <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a></i>, a false messiah, compatible to the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> in Christianity. In everyday use, it also means "deceiver" or "imposter". Siyah, a Persian general who had defected to Muslim side, claimed that by converting to Islam he had turned his back on Zoroastrianism and was thus a <i>dajjal</i>. Abu Musa agreed to Siyah's plan. Soon after as the sun came up one morning, the sentries on the walls saw a man in a Persian officer's uniform covered in blood lying on the ground before the main gate. Thinking it he had been left out overnight after a conflict the previous day, they opened the gate and some came out to collect him. As they approached, Siyah jumped up and killed them. Before the other sentries had time to react, Siyah and a small group of Muslim soldiers hidden nearby charged through the open gate. They held the gate open long enough for Muslim reinforcements to arrive and passing through the gate to take the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the other story, once again the Muslims were taunted from the city wall that only an <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a></i> could capture the city, and since there were none in the besieging army then they may as well give up and go home. One of the Muslim commanders was so angry and frustrated at this taunt that he went up to one of the city gates and kicked it. Instantly the chains snapped, the locks broke and it fell open.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following their entry into the city, the Muslims killed all of the Persian nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the city was taken, as Daniel (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">دانيال</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Danyal</i></span>) was not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, the initial reaction of the Muslim was to destroy the cult by confiscating the treasure that had stored at the tomb since the time of the Achaemenids. They then broke open the silver coffin and carried off the mummified corpse, removing from the corpse a signet ring, which carried an image of a man between two lions. However, upon hearing what had happened, the caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> ordered the ring to be returned and the body reburied under the riverbed.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, Daniel became a Muslim cult figure and they as well as Christians began making pilgrimages to the site, despite several other places claiming to be the site of Daniel's grave.<sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy_94-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the capture of Susa, the Muslims moved on to besiege <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Susa recovered following its capture and remained a regional center of more than 400 hectares in size.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mosque was built, but also Nestorian bishops are still testifie. In addition, there was a Jewish community with its own synagogue. The city continued to be a manufacturing center of luxury fabrics during this period. Archaeologically, the Islamic period is characterized mainly by its rich ceramics. <a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syrian_Ecclesiastical_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)">Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)</a> had a significant Christian population during the first millennium, and was a diocese of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> between the 5th and 13th centuries, in the metropolitan province of Beth Huzaye (Elam). </p><p>In 1218, the city was razed by invading <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and was never able to regain its previous importance. The city further degraded in the 15th century when the majority of its population moved to <a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today the ancient center of Susa is unoccupied, with the population living in the adjacent modern Iranian town of <a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a> to the west and north of the historic ruins. Shush is the administrative capital of <a href="/wiki/Shush_County" title="Shush County">Shush County</a> in Iran's <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> province. It had a population of 64,960 in 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_Heritage_listing">World Heritage listing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: World Heritage listing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2015, it was inscribed on the list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letter in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the Seleucid empire). Louvre Museum.[98]"><img alt="Letter in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the Seleucid empire). Louvre Museum.[98]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg/120px-ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg/250px-ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="1285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Letter in Greek of the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid empire">Seleucid empire</a>). <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries"><img alt="Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg/120px-Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg/250px-Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1293" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthropoid sarcophagus"><img alt="Anthropoid sarcophagus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg/120px-Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg/250px-Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthropoid <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace"><img alt="Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg/120px-Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg/180px-Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg/240px-Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion on a decorative panel from <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_at_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Darius at Susa">Darius I the Great's palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_(223%E2%80%93187_BC),_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD,_Louvre_Museum_(7462828632).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble head representing Seleucid King Antiochus III who was born near Susa around 242 BC.[99]"><img alt="Marble head representing Seleucid King Antiochus III who was born near Susa around 242 BC.[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg/120px-Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg/250px-Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="3805" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble head representing <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus III</a> who was born near Susa around 242 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Jonsson,_David_J._2005_566_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jonsson,_David_J._2005_566-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries"><img alt="Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg/79px-Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg/118px-Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg/157px-Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa."><img alt="Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/82px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/123px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/164px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="877" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winged <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> from the palace of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> at Susa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Daniel"><img alt="Tomb of Daniel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG/120px-Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG/250px-Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Tomb of Daniel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninhursag1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ninhursag with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa."><img alt="Ninhursag with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ninhursag1.jpg/120px-Ninhursag1.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ninhursag1.jpg/250px-Ninhursag1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="514" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a> with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century engraving of Daniel's tomb in Susa, from Voyage en Perse Moderne, by Flandin and Coste."><img alt="19th-century engraving of Daniel's tomb in Susa, from Voyage en Perse Moderne, by Flandin and Coste." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg/105px-Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg/157px-Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg/210px-Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century engraving of <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Daniel's tomb</a> in Susa, from <i>Voyage en Perse Modern</i>e, by Flandin and Coste.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. Louvre Museum"><img alt="Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/74px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/111px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/149px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="4098" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribbed torc with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1901, found in the Acropole Tomb"><img alt="Ribbed torc with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1901, found in the Acropole Tomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/120px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/250px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ribbed <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a> with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Morgan" title="Jacques de Morgan">Jacques de Morgan</a>, 1901, found in the <a href="/wiki/Acropole_Tomb" title="Acropole Tomb">Acropole Tomb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shush_Castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shush Castle, 2011"><img alt="Shush Castle, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/120px-Shush_Castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/180px-Shush_Castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/240px-Shush_Castle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shush Castle, 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_Susa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Children in Susa"><img alt="Children in Susa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/120px-Children_in_Susa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/250px-Children_in_Susa.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Children in Susa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herm pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa."><img alt="Herm pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/51px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/77px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/103px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">Herm</a> pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abulites" title="Abulites">Abulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choqa_Zanbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Choqa Zanbil">Choqa Zanbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">List of cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">List of oldest continuously inhabited cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khuzestan" title="Muslim conquest of Khuzestan">Muslim conquest of Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/susa/">"Susa timeline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susa+timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Ftimeline%2Fsusa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Curtis2013" class="citation book cs1">John Curtis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDimj7F2VVgC&q=Shush+Susa&pg=PR16">"Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrot" title="Jean Perrot">Perrot, Jean</a> (ed.). <i>The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia</i>. I.B.Tauris. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848856219" title="Special:BookSources/9781848856219"><bdi>9781848856219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Palace+of+Darius+at+Susa%3A+The+Great+Royal+Residence+of+Achaemenid+Persia&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781848856219&rft.au=John+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDimj7F2VVgC%26q%3DShush%2BSusa%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinzKoch1987">Hinz & Koch 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up">1184</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinzKoch1987">Hinz & Koch 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up">1183</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A. 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J. DE MORGAN'S EXCAVATIONS IN THE AKROPOLIS AND PALACES OF SUSA", Scientific American, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 169–70, 1900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. 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The Beginning of Prehistory in Iraq and Iran, Expedition, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 21–34, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mom.fr/mecquenem/">[5]</a> Roland de Mecquenem: Archives de Suse (1912–1939) - Unpublished excavation archive (French)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghirshman, Roman, "The Elamite Levels at Susa and Their Chronological Significance", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 223–25, 1970</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roman Ghirshman, Suse au tournant du III au II millenaire avant notre ere, Arts Asiatiques, vol. 17, pp. 3–44, 1968</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Gasche, "Ville Royale de Suse: vol I : La poterie elamite du deuxieme millenaire A.C.", Mission archéologique en Iran, Mémoires 47, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1973 ISBN 978-9004038264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. 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New York: Abrams. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+City+of+Susa%3A+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Treasures+in+the+Louvre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Abrams&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Aruz&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Rose 2022, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iris.uniroma1.it/retrieve/5172909a-429c-4fc2-901d-f1e82b1465cb/Tesi_dottorato_Rose.pdf">Emergence of copper pyrotechnology in Western Asia.</a> PhD thesis, Beer-Sheva. 342pp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenstock, E., Scharl, S., Schier, W., 2016. Ex oriente lux? 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Cambridge University Press, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1107094690" title="Special:BookSources/1107094690">1107094690</a> p58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel T. Potts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WE62CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.</i></a> Cambridge World Archaeology. 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Volume 302, pp. 977–978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101"><i>The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</i></a>. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChengFeldman2007" class="citation book cs1">Cheng, Jack; Feldman, Marian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-mvCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Ancient Near Eastern Art in Context: Studies in Honor of Irene J. Winter by her Students</i></a>. BRILL. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2085-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2085-9"><bdi>978-90-474-2085-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Near+Eastern+Art+in+Context%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+Irene+J.+Winter+by+her+Students&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2085-9&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-mvCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT93"><i>The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</i></a>. Routledge. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101"><i>The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</i></a>. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97"><i>The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</i></a>. Routledge. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110"><i>The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</i></a>. Routledge. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. T. Potts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lK6l7oF_ccC&pg=PA743"><i>A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.</i></a> Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405189886" title="Special:BookSources/1405189886">1405189886</a> p. 743</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation of the Akkadian portion into French, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoires04franuoft"><i>Mémoires</i></a>. Paris: P. Geuthner. 1899. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoires04franuoft/page/4">4</a>–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=P.+Geuthner&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmmoires04franuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAruzFino2001" class="citation journal cs1">Aruz, Joan; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (2001). "Ancient near Eastern Art". <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin</i>. <b>59</b> (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269163">10.2307/3269163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1521">0026-1521</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269163">3269163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Ancient+near+Eastern+Art&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0026-1521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3269163&rft.aulast=Aruz&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Fino%2C+Elisabetta+Valtz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikołajczak2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mikołajczak, Tytus K. 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Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011. pp. xviii + 493. $89.50 (cloth)". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>72</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">284–</span>289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F671453">10.1086/671453</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Elam+and+Persia.+Edited+by+Javier+%C3%81lvarez-Mon+and+Mark+B.+Garrison.+Winona+Lake%2C+IN%3A+Eisenbrauns%2C+2011.+pp.+xviii+%2B+493.+%2489.50+%28cloth%29.&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F671453&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft.aulast=Miko%C5%82ajczak&rft.aufirst=Tytus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FOSTER, BENJAMIN R, "'International' Trade at Sargonic Susa (Susa in the Sargonic Period III)", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potts: <i>Elam</i>, pp. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803163644/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/dynastic-list-kings-awan-and-simashki">"Awan King List"</a>. 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"Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš". <i>Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale</i>. <b>28</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-6032">0373-6032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23283945">23283945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Assyriologie+et+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=Dynasties+%C3%89lamites+d%27Awan+et+de+Sima%C5%A1&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23283945%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0373-6032&rft.aulast=SCHEIL&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potts: <i>Elam</i>, pp. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13544">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D13544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1996" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA425"><i>Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120611795" title="Special:BookSources/9788120611795"><bdi>9788120611795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro+and+the+Indus+Civilization%3A+Being+an+Official+Account+of+Archaeological+Excavations+at+Mohenjo-Daro+Carried+Out+by+the+Government+of+India+Between+the+Years+1922+and+1927&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120611795&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDs_hazstxY4C%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1996" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA425"><i>Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120611795" title="Special:BookSources/9788120611795"><bdi>9788120611795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro+and+the+Indus+Civilization%3A+Being+an+Official+Account+of+Archaeological+Excavations+at+Mohenjo-Daro+Carried+Out+by+the+Government+of+India+Between+the+Years+1922+and+1927&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120611795&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDs_hazstxY4C%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohenjodaroonline.net/index.php/indus-script/corpus-by-asko-parpola">"Corpus by Asko Parpola"</a>. <i>Mohenjodaro</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mohenjodaro&rft.atitle=Corpus+by+Asko+Parpola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohenjodaroonline.net%2Findex.php%2Findus-script%2Fcorpus-by-asko-parpola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also, for another numbering scheme: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan1987" class="citation book cs1">Mahadevan, Iravatham (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan/The%20Indus%20Script.%20Text%2C%20Concordance%20and%20Tables%20-Iravathan%20Mahadevan#page/n41/mode/2up"><i>The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan</i></a>. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Script.+Text%2C+Concordance+And+Tables+Iravathan+Mahadevan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan%2FThe%2520Indus%2520Script.%2520Text%252C%2520Concordance%2520and%2520Tables%2520-Iravathan%2520Mahadevan%23page%2Fn41%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010179441">"Louvre Museum - cachet -2340 / -2200 (Akkad) - Lieu de création : Vallée de l'Indus - Lieu de découverte : Suse - SB 5614; AS 15374"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louvre+Museum+-+cachet+-2340+%2F+-2200+%28Akkad%29+-+Lieu+de+cr%C3%A9ation+%3A+Vall%C3%A9e+de+l%27Indus+-+Lieu+de+d%C3%A9couverte+%3A+Suse+-+SB+5614%3B+AS+15374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.louvre.fr%2Fark%3A%2F53355%2Fcl010179441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354"><i>Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</i></a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. pp. <span class="nowrap">354–</span>355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n419"><i>Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i></a>. p. 395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ%2Fpage%2Fn419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNandagopal2018" class="citation book cs1">Nandagopal, Prabhakar (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032858/https://www.academia.edu/37860117"><i>Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)</i></a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7"><bdi>978-1-78491-917-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37860117">the original</a> on 20 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorated+Carnelian+Beads+from+the+Indus+Civilization+Site+of+Dholavira+%28Great+Rann+of+Kachchha%2C+Gujarat%29&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78491-917-7&rft.aulast=Nandagopal&rft.aufirst=Prabhakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37860117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532">"Louvre Museum Official Website"</a>. <i>cartelen.louvre.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelen.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Louvre+Museum+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelen.louvre.fr%2Fcartelen%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not%26idNotice%3D13532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeniXX_réédition_numérique-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FeniXX_réédition_numérique_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355"><i>Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</i></a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n422"><i>Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</i></a>. p. 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ%2Fpage%2Fn422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Persians: Masters of Empire" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4">0-8094-9104-4</a> p. 7-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTavernier" class="citation web cs1">Tavernier, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2004.003-Tavernier.pdf">"Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Thoughts+in+Neo-Elamite+Chronology&rft.pages=27&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achemenet.com%2Fressources%2Fenligne%2Farta%2Fpdf%2F2004.003-Tavernier.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV — Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean</i>, pp.112–138. Ed. John Boardman. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2">0-521-22804-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tolini, Gauthier, <i>Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus</i>, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2005.003-Tolini.pdf">p. 10</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Harran Stelae H2 – A, and the <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a> (Seventeenth year) show that Nabonidus had been in Babylon before 10 October 539, because he had already returned from Harran and had participated in the Akitu of Nissanu 1 [4 April], 539 BC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waters, Matt, "CYRUS AND SUSA", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol.102, pp.115–18, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unvala, J. M., "The Palace of Darius the Great and the Apadāna of Artaxerxes II in Susa", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, vol.5, no.2, pp.229–32, 1929</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kent, Roland G., "The Record of Darius's Palace at Susa", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 1933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Oppen de Rutter, Branko F., "THE SUSA MARRIAGES — A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL NOTE", Ancient Society, vol. 44, pp. 25–41, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCapdetrey2007" class="citation book cs1">Capdetrey, Laurent (2007). <i>Le Pouvoir Séleucide</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susa&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphy of Later Parthia, «Voprosy Epigrafiki: Sbornik statei», 7, 2013, pp. 276-284 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Letter-in-Greek-of-king-Artaban-II-to-the-inhabitants-of-Susa-Louvre-Museum_fig1_335679719">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonsson,_David_J._2005_566-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jonsson,_David_J._2005_566_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonsson,_David_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Jonsson, David J. (2005). <i>The Clash of Ideologies</i>. Xulon Press. p. 566. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59781-039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59781-039-5"><bdi>978-1-59781-039-5</bdi></a>. <q>Antiochus III was born in 242 BC, the son of Seleucus II, near Susa, Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Ideologies&rft.pages=566&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59781-039-5&rft.au=Jonsson%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPotts1999" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C"><i>The archaeology of Elam: Formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56496-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56496-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56496-0</bdi></a>. World Archaeology Series.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+transformation+of+an+ancient+Iranian+state&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56496-0&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmc4cfzkRVj4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1975" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1975). <i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20093-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20093-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3+%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20093-6&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/paleo_0153-9345_1988_num_14_1_4439.pdf">[8]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>Charvát, Petr, "Archaeology and social history: the Susa sealings, ca. 4000-2340 BC.", Paléorient, 57-63, 1988</li> <li>Clawson, H. Phelps, "Pottery of Susa I", Parnassus, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 26–27, 1939</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" title="Touraj Daryaee">Daryaee, Touraj</a> (2014). <i>Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</i>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857716668" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857716668"><bdi>978-0857716668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sasanian+Persia%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Empire&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0857716668&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJalalipour2014" class="citation book cs1">Jalalipour, Saeid (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasanika.org/wp-content/uploads/GardPaper11-The-Arab-Conquest-of-Persia-The-Kh%23U00c5zist%23U00c4-n-Province.pdf"><i>The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Sasanika.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Persia%3A+The+Kh%C5%ABzist%C4%81n+Province+before+and+after+the+Muslims+Triumph&rft.pub=Sasanika&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jalalipour&rft.aufirst=Saeid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasanika.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FGardPaper11-The-Arab-Conquest-of-Persia-The-Kh%2523U00c5zist%2523U00c4-n-Province.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Le Breton, L., "The Early Periods at Susa, Mesopotamian Relations", Iraq, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 79–124, 1957</li> <li>Pelzel, Suzanne M., "Dating the Early Dynastic Votive Plaques from Susa", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 1977</li> <li>Jean Perrot, "Le Palais de Darius à Suse. Une résidence royale sur la route de Persépolis à Babylone", SORBONNE PUPS, Paris, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2840506812" title="Special:BookSources/978-2840506812">978-2840506812</a></li> <li>Poebel, Arno, "The Acropolis of Susa in the Elamite Inscriptions", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 125–40, 1933</li> <li>UNVALA, J. M., "Three Panels from Susa", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 179–85, 1928</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWestenholtzGuthartz1996" class="citation book cs1">Westenholtz, J. G.; Guthartz, L. Taylor (1996). <i>Royal Cities of the Biblical World</i>. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9657027011" title="Special:BookSources/978-9657027011"><bdi>978-9657027011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Cities+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Rubin+Mass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9657027011&rft.aulast=Westenholtz&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Guthartz%2C+L.+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woolley, C. Leonard, "The Painted Pottery of Susa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1, pp. 35–50, 1928</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation_reports">Excavation reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Excavation reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although numerous excavation reports have been published so far, many excavations are not or only partially published. Above all, the found architecture was often presented only in short preliminary reports and plans. </p> <ul><li>Pierre Amiet, "Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967", Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran, Paris 1972.</li> <li>Elizabeth Carter, "Suse, Ville Royale", Paléorient, vol. 4, pp. 197–211, 1979 DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1978.4222</li> <li>Elizabeth Carter, "The Susa Sequence – 3000–2000 B. C. Susa, Ville Royale I", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 451–454, 1979</li> <li>Elizabeth Carter, "Excavations in Ville-Royale-I at Susa: The third Millennium B.C.", Cahiers de la DAFI, vol. 11, pp. 11–139, 1980</li> <li>Roman Ghirshman, "Cinq campagnes de fouilles a Suse (1946–1951)", In: Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale 46, pp 1–18, 1952</li> <li>Ghirshman, Roman, and M. J. STEVE, "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1964-1965: Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 13, pp. 3–32, 1966</li> <li>GHIRSHMAN, R., "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1965-1966 Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 15, pp. 3–27, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Malbran-Labat" title="Florence Malbran-Labat">Florence Malbran-Labat</a>, "Les inscriptions royales de Suse: briques de l'époque paléo-élamite à l 'empire néo-élamite", Paris 1995.</li> <li>Laurianne Martinez-Sève, "Les figurines de Suse", Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7118-4324-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7118-4324-6">2-7118-4324-6</a>.</li> <li>de Mecquenem, R., "LES DERNIERS RÉSULTATS DES FOUILLES DE SUSE", Revue Des Arts Asiatiques, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 73–88, 1929</li> <li>de MECQUENEM, R., "FOUILLES DE SUSE: CAMPAGNES DES ANNÉES 1914-1921-1922", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 109–40, 1922</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/histoireettrava00morggoog/histoireettrava00morggoog.pdf">[9]</a> Jacques de Morgan, "Histoire et travaux de la Délégation en Perse du Ministère de l'instruction publique, 1897-1905", E. Leroux, 1905</li> <li>Jacques de Morgan, G. Jéquier, G. Lampre, "Fouilles à Suse, 1897–1898 et 1898–1899", Paris 1900</li> <li>Perrot, Jean, et al., "Recherches Archéologiques a Suse et En Susiane En 1969 et En 1970", Syria, vol. 48, no. 1/2, pp. 21–51, 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Le_Rider" title="Georges Le Rider">Georges Le Rider</a>, "Suse sous les Séleucides et les Parthes: les trouvailles monétaires et l'histoire de la ville", Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran, Paris 1965.</li> <li>Vincent Scheil, "Inscriptions of Achéménides à Suse. Actes juridiques susiens", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse, vol. 21–24, Paris 1929–1933.</li> <li>Agnes Spycket, "Les figurines de Suse", Paris 1992.</li> <li>Marie-Joseph Steve, Hermann Gasche, "L'Acropole de Suse. Nouvelles fouilles (rapport préliminaire)", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse vol. 46, Leiden 1971.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Susa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Susa">Susa</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinzKoch1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Hinz" class="extiw" title="de:Walther Hinz">Hinz, Walther</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Koch" title="Heidemarie Koch">Koch, Heidemarie</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2"><i>Elamisches Wörterbuch</i></a> [<i>Elamite Wordbook</i>] (in German). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Reimer_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Dietrich Reimer Verlag">Dietrich Reimer Verlag</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elamisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Dietrich+Reimer+Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft.au=Koch%2C+Heidemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FElamischesWorterbuch.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/early-works-on-the-acropolis-at-susa/">"Early Works on the Acropolis at Susa" Expedition Magazine 10.4 1968</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Royal_City_of_Susa_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Treasures_in_the_Louvre.pdf">Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre - Metropolitan Museum - 1992</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/iran-aerial-survey-flights#10G11_72dpi.png">Aerial views of Susa at the Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=&MuseumNumber=&Provenience=susa&Period=&TextSearch=&ObjectID=&requestFrom=Submit+Query">Digital Images of Cuneiform Tablets from Susa – CDLI</a></li> <li>Hamid-Reza Hosseini, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/10032009/frnk/susa_shush"><i>Shush at the foot of Louvre</i></a> (<i>Shush dar dāman-e <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a></i>), in Persian, Jadid Online, 10 March 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/475900/Archaeological-findings-may-push-back-Susa-s-history-by-millennia">Archaeological findings may push back Susa's history by millennia - Tehran Times - August 21, 2022</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_architecture86" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_architecture" title="Template talk:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian architecture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_architecture86" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_style" title="Parthian style">Parthian style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_architecture" title="Sasanian architecture">Sasanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Early Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuk_architecture" title="Great Seljuk architecture">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture#Ilkhanid_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Ilkhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_architecture" title="Timurid architecture">Timurid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perspolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/90px-Perspolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/135px-Perspolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Perspolis.jpg/180px-Perspolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2312" data-file-height="3065" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khaneqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takyeh" title="Takyeh">Takyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_anbar" title="Ab anbar">Ab anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaruni" title="Andaruni">Andaruni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biruni_(Persian_architecture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biruni (Persian architecture) (page does not exist)">Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahartaq_(architecture)" title="Chahartaq (architecture)">Chahartaq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalan_e_Vorudi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalan e Vorudi (page does not exist)">Dalan e Vorudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashti" title="Hashti">Hashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamzadeh" title="Imamzadeh">Imamzadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat#Iran" title="Qanat">Kariz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucheh" title="Kucheh">Kucheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjdari" title="Panjdari">Panjdari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian Garden (<i>hayāt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanat" title="Qanat">Qanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabestan" title="Shabestan">Shabestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">Talar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80ina-k%C4%81ri" class="mw-redirect" title="Āina-kāri">Āina-kāri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amol" title="Amol">Amol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan" title="Andijan">Andijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bam,_Iran" title="Bam, Iran">Bam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbent" title="Derbent">Derbent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganja,_Azerbaijan" title="Ganja, Azerbaijan">Ganja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur-e-Amir" title="Gur-e-Amir">Gur-e-Amir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmar" title="Kashmar">Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrisabz" title="Shahrisabz">Shahrisabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tehran" title="Architecture of Tehran">Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory and analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Persian_residential_architecture" title="Traditional Persian residential architecture">Traditional Persian residential architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_water_sources_of_Persian_antiquity" title="Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity">Traditional water sources of Persian antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">Architects of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Castles_in_Iran" title="Category:Castles in Iran"><i>Arg</i>s, castles, and <i>ghal'eh</i>s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ab_anbars_of_Qazvin" title="List of ab anbars of Qazvin">List of ab anbars of Qazvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Iran" title="List of mosques in Iran">List of mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat#Iran" title="Ziyarat">List of ziyarat-gahs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Khuzestan_province,_Iran128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khuzestan_Province" title="Template:Khuzestan Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Khuzestan_Province" title="Template talk:Khuzestan Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Khuzestan_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Khuzestan Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Khuzestan_province,_Iran128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan province</a>, Iran</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khuzestan_in_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Khuzestan_in_Iran.svg/250px-Khuzestan_in_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Khuzestan_in_Iran.svg/330px-Khuzestan_in_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Counties</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iran">cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abadan_County" title="Abadan County">Abadan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abadan,_Iran" title="Abadan, Iran">Abadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvandkenar" title="Arvandkenar">Arvandkenar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aghajari_County" title="Aghajari County">Aghajari County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghajari" title="Aghajari">Aghajari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz_County" title="Ahvaz County">Ahvaz County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andika_County" title="Andika County">Andika County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh-ye_Khvajeh" title="Qaleh-ye Khvajeh">Qaleh-ye Khvajeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Andimeshk_County" title="Andimeshk County">Andimeshk County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andimeshk" title="Andimeshk">Andimeshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoseyniyeh,_Khuzestan" title="Hoseyniyeh, Khuzestan">Hoseyniyeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Malek_County" title="Bagh-e Malek County">Bagh-e Malek County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagh-e_Malek" title="Bagh-e Malek">Bagh-e Malek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh_Tall" title="Qaleh Tall">Qaleh Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydun" title="Seydun">Seydun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bavi_County" title="Bavi County">Bavi County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollasani" title="Mollasani">Mollasani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheyban,_Iran" title="Sheyban, Iran">Sheyban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veys" title="Veys">Veys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Behbahan_County" title="Behbahan County">Behbahan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behbahan" title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardasht,_Khuzestan" title="Sardasht, Khuzestan">Sardasht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Azadegan_County" title="Dasht-e Azadegan County">Dasht-e Azadegan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susangerd" title="Susangerd">Susangerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bostan,_Iran" title="Bostan, Iran">Bostan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dezful_County" title="Dezful County">Dezful County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezab">Dezab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mianrud" title="Mianrud">Mianrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safiabad,_Khuzestan" title="Safiabad, Khuzestan">Safiabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saland,_Iran" title="Saland, Iran">Saland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gotvand_County" title="Gotvand County">Gotvand County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gotvand" title="Gotvand">Gotvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jannat_Makan" title="Jannat Makan">Jannat Makan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haftkel_County" title="Haftkel County">Haftkel County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haftkel" title="Haftkel">Haftkel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hendijan_County" title="Hendijan County">Hendijan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hendijan" title="Hendijan">Hendijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohreh" title="Zohreh">Zohreh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoveyzeh_County" title="Hoveyzeh County">Hoveyzeh County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoveyzeh" title="Hoveyzeh">Hoveyzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi,_Iran" title="Rafi, Iran">Rafi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Izeh_County" title="Izeh County">Izeh County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izeh" title="Izeh">Izeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehdez" title="Dehdez">Dehdez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karun_County" title="Karun County">Karun County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karun,_Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Karun, Khuzestan">Karun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr_County" title="Khorramshahr County">Khorramshahr County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr" title="Khorramshahr">Khorramshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minushahr" title="Minushahr">Minushahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moqavemat" title="Moqavemat">Moqavemat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lali_County" title="Lali County">Lali County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lali,_Iran" title="Lali, Iran">Lali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahshahr_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahshahr County">Mahshahr County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Mahshahr" title="Bandar-e Mahshahr">Bandar-e Mahshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Emam_Khomeyni" title="Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni">Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamran,_Iran" title="Chamran, Iran">Chamran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masjed_Soleyman_County" title="Masjed Soleyman County">Masjed Soleyman County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masjed_Soleyman" title="Masjed Soleyman">Masjed Soleyman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omidiyeh_County" title="Omidiyeh County">Omidiyeh County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omidiyeh" title="Omidiyeh">Omidiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayezan" title="Jayezan">Jayezan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramhormoz_County" title="Ramhormoz County">Ramhormoz County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramhormoz" title="Ramhormoz">Ramhormoz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramshir_County" title="Ramshir County">Ramshir County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramshir" title="Ramshir">Ramshir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shadegan_County" title="Shadegan County">Shadegan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadegan" title="Shadegan">Shadegan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shush_County" title="Shush County">Shush County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan,_Iran" title="Alvan, Iran">Alvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr,_Iran" title="Horr, Iran">Horr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shushtar_County" title="Shushtar County">Shushtar County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Shushtar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abadan's museum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Gundishapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Gundishapur">Gundishapur</a></li> <li>Acropole of Shush</li> <li>Apadana in Susa</li> <li>Arjan castle, Behbahan</li> <li>Asak ancient city, Hendijan</li> <li>Chagadom tappe fire temple</li> <li>Chogha Mish <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a> site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a></li> <li>Dav o Dokhtar castle, Ramhormoz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dez_Dam" title="Dez Dam">Dez Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshkaft-e_Salman" title="Eshkaft-e Salman">Eshkaft-e Salman</a></li> <li>Gargar bridge, Shushtar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haft_Tepe" title="Haft Tepe">Haft Tepe</a></li> <li>Hoor-al-azim lagoon</li> <li>Imamzadeh Roudband, Dezful</li> <li>Imamzadeh Sabz-e-ghaba, Dezful</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkheh_Dam" title="Karkheh Dam">Karkheh Dam</a></li> <li>Khorramshahr mosque, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khorramshahr_(1980)" title="Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)">Battle of Khorramshahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kul-e_Farah" title="Kul-e Farah">Kul-e Farah</a></li> <li>lake of <a href="/wiki/Karkheh_River" title="Karkheh River">Karkheh</a> dam</li> <li>Lake of <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun</a></li> <li>Lali bridge</li> <li>Meyangaran lagoon</li> <li>Rangooni's mosque</li> <li>Salasel castle, Shushtar</li> <li>Shadegan lagoon</li> <li>Shevi waterfall, Dezful</li> <li>Shush-Daniel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band-e_Kaisar" title="Band-e Kaisar">Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System</a></li> <li>Shushtar Watermills</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shush_Castle" title="Shush Castle">Shush Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taryana" title="Taryana">Taryana</a></li> <li>Tobiron valley, Dezful</li> <li>Tomb of Daniel, Shush</li> <li>White bridge, Ahvaz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qub-i_Laith_Saffari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari">Ya'qub-i Laith</a>'s tomb, Dezful</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities,_towns_and_villages_in_Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities, towns and villages in Khuzestan Province">List of cities, towns and villages in Khuzestan Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">List of World Heritage Sites in Iran</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran" title="Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran">The Armenian Monastic Ensembles</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Monastery">St. Thaddeus Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stepanos_Monastery" title="Saint Stepanos Monastery">St. Stepanos Monastery</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Dzordzor" title="Chapel of Dzordzor">Chapel of Dzordzor</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Chupan" title="Chapel of Chupan">Chapel of Chupan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Mother_of_God,_Darashamb" title="Church of the Holy Mother of God, Darashamb">Church of the Holy Mother of God</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arg-%C3%A9_Bam" class="mw-redirect" title="Arg-é Bam">Bam</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">and its cultural landscape</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">Cultural landscape of</span> <a href="/wiki/Meymand,_Kerman" title="Meymand, Kerman">Maymand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad-e_Qabus_(tower)" title="Gonbad-e Qabus (tower)">Gonbad-e Qabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameh_Mosque_of_Isfahan" title="Jameh Mosque of Isfahan">Jameh Mosque of Isfahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square" title="Naqsh-e Jahan Square">Naqsh-e Jahan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasargadae_Persian_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasargadae Persian Garden (page does not exist)">Pasargadae</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fin_Garden" title="Fin Garden">Fin</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Eram_Garden" title="Eram Garden">Eram</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shazdeh_Garden" title="Shazdeh Garden">Shazdeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolatabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolatabad Garden (page does not exist)">Dolatabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbasabad_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbasabad Garden (page does not exist)">Abbasabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Akbarieh_Garden" title="Akbarieh Garden">Akbarieh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlevanpour_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlevanpour Garden (page does not exist)">Pahlevanpour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Safi_al-Din_Kh%C4%81neg%C4%81h_and_Shrine_Ensemble" title="Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble">Sheikh Safi's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Soltaniyeh" title="Dome of Soltaniyeh">Dome of Soltaniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushtar_Historical_Hydraulic_System" title="Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System">Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar_of_Tabriz" title="Bazaar of Tabriz">Bazaar of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleymān</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Persian_Qanat" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Qanat">Persian Qanat</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Ghasabeh" title="Qanats of Ghasabeh">Ghasabeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qanats_of_Baladeh_Ferdows" title="Qanats of Baladeh Ferdows">Baladeh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zarch_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zarch qanat (page does not exist)">Zarch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Abad_Moshir_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hassan Abad Moshir qanat (page does not exist)">Hassan Abad Moshir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goharriz_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goharriz qanat (page does not exist)">Goharriz</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akbarabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akbarabad qanat (page does not exist)">Akbarabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghasemabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghasemabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ghasemabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moun_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moun qanat (page does not exist)">Moun</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vazvan_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vazvan qanat (page does not exist)">Vazvan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mozdabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mozdabad qanat (page does not exist)">Mozdabad</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebrahimabad_qanat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ebrahimabad qanat (page does not exist)">Ebrahimabad</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Historic city of Yazd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Archaeological_Landscape_of_Fars_Region" title="Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region">Sassanid Archaeological Landscape of Fars Region</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Qal%27eh_Dokhtar" title="Qal'eh Dokhtar">Qal'eh Dokhtar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Investiture_Relief&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Investiture Relief (page does not exist)">Ardashir Investiture Relief</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victory_Relief_of_Ardashir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victory Relief of Ardashir (page does not exist)">Victory Relief of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardashir_Khurreh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardashir Khurreh (page does not exist)">Ardashir Khurreh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Ardashir" title="Palace of Ardashir">Palace of Ardashir</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;">City of <a href="/wiki/Bishapur" title="Bishapur">Bishapur</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Colossal_Statue_of_Shapur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Colossal Statue of Shapur I">Colossal Statue of Shapur I</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shapur_cave" title="Shapur cave">Shapur cave</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sarvestan_Palace" title="Sarvestan Palace">Sarvestan Palace</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Iranian_Railway" title="Trans-Iranian Railway">Trans-Iranian Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Landscape_of_Uramanat" title="Cultural Landscape of Uramanat">Cultural Landscape of Uramanat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persian_Caravanserai" title="The Persian Caravanserai">The Persian Caravanserai</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iran"><img alt="Flag of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Iran</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Loot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-e Loot">Lut Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Hyrcanian Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East125" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Template talk:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of the ancient Near East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_the_ancient_Near_East125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div style="overflow:auto"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:0; font-size:96.6%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates<br /><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a><br /></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td rowspan="2">4000–3200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqada I">Naqada I</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Gerzeh_culture" title="Gerzeh culture">Naqada II</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_(front_top_part_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gebel el-Arak Knife"><img alt="Gebel el-Arak Knife" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/60px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg/120px-Gebel_el-Arak_Knife_ivory_handle_%28front_top_part_detail%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" title="Egypt–Mesopotamia relations">Egypt–Mesopotamia relations</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Pre-Dynastic period</a> (4000–2900 BCE) </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susa I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></b><br />(4000–3100 BCE)<br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/120px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg/250px-White_Temple_ziggurat_in_Uruk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1158" /></a></span><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Anu Ziggurat</a>, 4000 BCE)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolzegel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/100px-Rolzegel.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/150px-Rolzegel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rolzegel.JPG/200px-Rolzegel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="714" /></a></span><br />(Anonymous "King-priests") </td> <td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susa II</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows"><img alt="Susa II Priest-King with bow and arrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/40px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/60px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/120px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span><br />(Uruk influence or control) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3200–3100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Proto-Dynastic period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Naqada III</a>)<br />Early or legendary kings: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Pen-Abu</a></i> <i>Animal</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canide_(pharaoh)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canide (pharaoh) (page does not exist)">Canide</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(ruler)" title="Taurus (ruler)">Bull</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Shendjw</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower Egypt</a></b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nat-Hor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nat-Hor (page does not exist)">Nat-Hor</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">3100–2900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narmer Palette"><img alt="Narmer Palette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/60px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/80px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption>Narmer Palette</figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a> <a href="/wiki/Neithhotep" title="Neithhotep">Neithhotep</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a> <a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a> <a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneith" title="Merneith">Merneith</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a> <a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a> <a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(pharaoh)" title="Horus Bird (pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="1" rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanites</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><b><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></b><br />(3100–2900 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_(period)" title="Proto-Elamite (period)">Proto-Elamite<br />period</a></b><br />(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Susa III</a>)<br />(3100–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2900 BCE </td> <td rowspan="8" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(pharaoh)" title="Nebra (pharaoh)">Nebra/Raneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Khasekhemwy"><img alt="Khasekhemwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/40px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG/60px-Khasekhemwy_statue_Ashmolean.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="4103" data-file-height="5203" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period I</a> (2900–2700 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">First Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">First kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Jushur" title="Jushur">Jushur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kullassina-bel" title="Kullassina-bel">Kullassina-bel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nangishlishma" title="Nangishlishma">Nangishlishma</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/En-tarah-ana" title="En-tarah-ana">En-tarah-ana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Babum" title="Babum">Babum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puannum" title="Puannum">Puannum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalibum" title="Kalibum">Kalibum</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2800 BCE <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><i><a href="/wiki/Kalumum" title="Kalumum">Kalumum</a> <a href="/wiki/Zuqaqip" title="Zuqaqip">Zuqaqip</a> <a href="/wiki/Atab" title="Atab">Atab</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mashda" title="Mashda">Mashda</a> <a href="/wiki/Arwium" title="Arwium">Arwium</a> <a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balih" title="Balih">Balih</a> <a href="/wiki/En-me-nuna" title="En-me-nuna">En-me-nuna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melem-Kish" title="Melem-Kish">Melem-Kish</a> <a href="/wiki/Barsal-nuna" title="Barsal-nuna">Barsal-nuna</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> I dynasty</b><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Meshkiangasher" title="Meshkiangasher">Meshkiangasher</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> ("conqueror of <a href="/wiki/Aratta" title="Aratta">Aratta</a>")</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2700 BCE </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period II</a> (2700–2600 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Zamug" title="Zamug">Zamug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tizqar" title="Tizqar">Tizqar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilku" title="Ilku">Ilku</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iltasadum" title="Iltasadum">Iltasadum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid,_the_Fisherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid, the Fisherman">Dumuzid, the Fisherman</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a> ("made the land of Elam submit")<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Aga_of_Kish" title="Aga of Kish">Aga of Kish</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ak_gal-ukkin_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aga of Kish"><img alt="Aga of Kish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/40px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg/60px-Ak_gal-ukkin_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="826" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/15px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/20px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda,_2600_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/30px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/45px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg/60px-Gilgamesh_on_a_seal_of_Mesannapeda%2C_2600_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="595" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Old Elamite period</a></b><br />(2700–1500 BCE)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mesopotamia_relations" title="Indo-Mesopotamia relations">Indo-Mesopotamia relations</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2600 BCE </td> <td rowspan="3" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">Third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saqqara,_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2,_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid"><img alt="Saqqarah Djeser pyramid" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/50px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/75px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg/100px-Saqqara%2C_Pyramid_of_Djoser_2%2C_Ancient_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><br />(First <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">Egyptian pyramids</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a> </td> <td colspan="9" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period III</a> (2600–2340 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sagisu" title="Sagisu">Sagisu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abur-lim (page does not exist)">Abur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agur-lim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agur-lim (page does not exist)">Agur-lim</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibbi-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibbi-Damu (page does not exist)">Ibbi-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baba-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baba-Damu (page does not exist)">Baba-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> II dynasty</b><br />(5 kings)<br /><a href="/wiki/Uhub" title="Uhub">Uhub</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesilim" title="Mesilim">Mesilim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nungal" title="Ur-Nungal">Ur-Nungal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Udul-kalama" title="Udul-kalama">Udulkalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/La-ba%27shum" title="La-ba'shum">Labashum</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/En-hegal" title="En-hegal">En-hegal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalshaengur" title="Lugalshaengur">Lugal-<br />shaengur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Ur I">Ur</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/A-Imdugud" title="A-Imdugud">A-Imdugud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Pabilsag" title="Ur-Pabilsag">Ur-Pabilsag</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Palbisag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/40px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ur-Palbisag.jpg/60px-Ur-Palbisag.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1385" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Puabi" title="Puabi">Puabi</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Akalamdug" title="Akalamdug">Akalamdug</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><i><a href="/wiki/En-nun-tarah-ana" title="En-nun-tarah-ana">Enun-dara-anna</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesh-he" title="Mesh-he">Mesh-he</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Melem-ana" title="Melem-ana">Melem-ana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kitun" title="Lugal-kitun">Lugal-kitun</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nin-kisalsi" title="Nin-kisalsi">Nin-kisalsi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Me-durba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Me-durba (page does not exist)">Me-durba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-dalu" title="Lugal-dalu">Lugal-dalu</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2575 BCE </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a> <a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/60px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kheops-Pyramid.jpg/120px-Kheops-Pyramid.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="971" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="First Dynasty of Ur">Ur I dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mesannepada" title="Mesannepada">Mesannepada</a><br />"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk </td></tr> <tr> <td>2500 BCE </td> <td rowspan="22" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> (2500–539 BCE) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Second kingdom of Mari</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Shamash" title="Ikun-Shamash">Ikun-Shamash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iku-Shamagan" title="Iku-Shamagan">Iku-Shamagan</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Iku-Shamagan"><img alt="Iku-Shamagan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/40px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg/60px-Iku-Shamagan_-_Mari_-_Temple_of_Ninni-Zaza_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="2102" /></a></span><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ansud" title="Ansud">Ansud</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sa%27umu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'umu">Sa'umu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ishar" title="Ishtup-Ishar">Ishtup-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikun-Mari" title="Ikun-Mari">Ikun-Mari</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iblul-Il" title="Iblul-Il">Iblul-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizi (page does not exist)">Nizi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><b>Kish III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ku-Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ku-Baba">Ku-Baba</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Akshak" title="Akshak">Akshak dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unzi (page does not exist)">Unzi</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Undalulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Undalulu (page does not exist)">Undalulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Enshakushanna" title="Enshakushanna">Ensha-<br />kushanna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Mug-si" title="Mug-si">Mug-si</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Pabilgagaltuku" title="Pabilgagaltuku">Pabilgagaltuku</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> I dynasty</b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nanshe" title="Ur-Nanshe">Ur-Nanshe</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-Nanshe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/40px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Ur-Nanshe.jpg/60px-Ur-Nanshe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="918" /></a></span><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurgal" title="Akurgal">Akurgal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/A%27annepada" title="A'annepada">A'annepada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskiagnun" title="Meskiagnun">Meskiagnun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Elulu" title="Elulu">Elulu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balulu" title="Balulu">Balulu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peli_(king_of_Awan)" title="Peli (king of Awan)">Peli</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tata_(king_of_Awan)" title="Tata (king of Awan)">Tata</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukku-Tanhish" title="Ukku-Tanhish">Ukkutahesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hishutash" title="Hishutash">Hishur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2450 BCE </td> <td rowspan="4" colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a> <a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a> <a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a> <a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enar-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enar-Damu (page does not exist)">Enar-Damu</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishar-Malik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishar-Malik (page does not exist)">Ishar-Malik</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ush,_king_of_Umma" title="Ush, king of Umma">Ush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enakalle" title="Enakalle">Enakalle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> invasions<br />(3 kings)<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shushun-Tarana" title="Shushun-Tarana">Shushun-Tarana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Napi-Ilhush" title="Napi-Ilhush">Napi-Ilhush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2425 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/wiki/Kun-Damu" title="Kun-Damu">Kun-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/40px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG/60px-P1130735_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_des_Vautours_rwk.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="2595" /></a></span><br />(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adub-Damu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adub-Damu (page does not exist)">Adub-Damu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Igrish-Halam" title="Igrish-Halam">Igrish-Halam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irkab-Damu" title="Irkab-Damu">Irkab-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Suen" title="Puzur-Suen">Puzur-Suen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Zababa" title="Ur-Zababa">Ur-Zababa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urur (page does not exist)">Urur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kinishe-dudu" title="Lugal-kinishe-dudu">Lugal-kinishe-dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;"><a href="/wiki/E-iginimpa%27e" title="E-iginimpa'e">E-iginimpa'e</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Meskigal" title="Meskigal">Meskigal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Lumma" title="Ur-Lumma">Ur-Lumma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Il,_king_of_Umma" title="Il, king of Umma">Il</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gishakidu" title="Gishakidu">Gishakidu</a><br />(Queen <a href="/wiki/Bara-irnun" title="Bara-irnun">Bara-irnun</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;"><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_I" title="Enannatum I">Enannatum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enannatum_II" title="Enannatum II">Enannatum II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Enentarzi" title="Enentarzi">Enentarzi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> II dynasty</b><br />Nanni<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II (page does not exist)">Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;"><a href="/wiki/Kikku-Siwe-Temti" title="Kikku-Siwe-Temti">Kikku-Siwe-Temti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2380 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a> <a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a> <a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a> <a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I,_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.,_39.121.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I"><img alt="Kneeling statuette of Pepy I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/30px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/45px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg/60px-Kneeling_Statuette_of_Pepy_I%2C_ca._2338-2298_B.C.E.%2C_39.121.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DCDCDC;" colspan="10" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a> dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-Anne-Mundu</a><br />"King of the four quarters of the world" </td></tr> <tr> <td>2370 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Isar-Damu" title="Isar-Damu">Isar-Damu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enna-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enna-Dagan (page does not exist)">Enna-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikun-Ishar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikun-Ishar (page does not exist)">Ikun-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishqi-Mari" title="Ishqi-Mari">Ishqi-Mari</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="4" rowspan="1">Invasion by <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a><br />Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter<sup id="cite_ref-SKL_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKL-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ukush" title="Ukush">Ukush</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugalanda" title="Lugalanda">Lugalanda</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Luh-ishan" title="Luh-ishan">Luh-ishan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2350 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-Nirah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-Nirah (page does not exist)">Puzur-Nirah</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishu-Il&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishu-Il (page does not exist)">Ishu-Il</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Sin_(Akshak)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Sin (Akshak) (page does not exist)">Shu-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> III dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugal-zage-si</a><br />(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2340 BCE </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="10" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Period</a> (2340–2150 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush" title="Rimush">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Manishtushu" title="Manishtushu">Manishtushu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b>Akkadian Governors:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eshpum" title="Eshpum">Eshpum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilshu-rabi" title="Ilshu-rabi">Ilshu-rabi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Epirmupi" title="Epirmupi">Epirmupi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-ishmani" title="Ili-ishmani">Ili-ishmani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2250 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_Naram-Sin_(portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/25px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/38px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg/50px-Relief_of_Naram-Sin_%28portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lugal-ushumgal" title="Lugal-ushumgal">Lugal-ushumgal</a><br />(vassal of the Akkadians) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">2200 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare Neby</a> <a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare Khendu</a> <a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare Tereru</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare Pepiseneb</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a> <a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Ibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="6"><b>Second <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Third kingdom of Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakku</a><br />dynasty)<br /><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ididish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ididish (page does not exist)">Ididish</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shu-Dagan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shu-Dagan (page does not exist)">Shu-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishma-Dagan" title="Ishma-Dagan">Ishma-Dagan</a><br />(vassals of the Akkadians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="5"><br /><a href="/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri" title="Shar-Kali-Sharri">Shar-Kali-Sharri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Igigi_of_Akkad" title="Igigi of Akkad">Igigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imi" title="Imi">Imi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanum_of_Akkad" title="Nanum of Akkad">Nanum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilulu" title="Ilulu">Ilulu</a> (3 years)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dudu_of_Akkad" title="Dudu of Akkad">Dudu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shu-turul" title="Shu-turul">Shu-turul</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> IV dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-nigin" title="Ur-nigin">Ur-nigin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gigir" title="Ur-gigir">Ur-gigir</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#C0C0C0;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="1" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzer-Mama" title="Puzer-Mama">Puzer-Mama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu_I" title="Ur-Ningirsu I">Ur-Ningirsu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pirig-me" title="Pirig-me">Pirig-me</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-Baba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-Baba (page does not exist)">Lu-Baba</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu-gula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lu-gula (page does not exist)">Lu-gula</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaku_of_Lagash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaku of Lagash (page does not exist)">Ka-ku</a><br /> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Hishep-ratep" title="Hishep-ratep">Hishep-ratep</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helu_(Awan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helu (Awan) (page does not exist)">Helu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khita" title="Khita">Khita</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">2150 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_(9th_dynasty)" title="Neferkare (9th dynasty)">Neferkare VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a> </td> <td colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5;"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III period</a> (2150–2000 BCE)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BBr-M%C3%AAr" title="Nûr-Mêr">Nûr-Mêr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum" title="Ishtup-Ilum">Ishtup-Ilum</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtup-Ilum_statue_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/40px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg/60px-Ishtup-Ilum_statue_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishgum-Addu" title="Ishgum-Addu">Ishgum-Addu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Apil-kin" title="Apil-kin">Apil-kin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dynasty_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian dynasty of Sumer">Gutian dynasty</a></b><br />(21 kings)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/La-erabum" title="La-erabum">La-erabum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Si%27um" title="Si'um">Si'um</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" rowspan="1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuda_(Uruk)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuda (Uruk) (page does not exist)">Kuda (Uruk)</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puzur-ili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puzur-ili (page does not exist)">Puzur-ili</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ur-Utu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ur-Utu (page does not exist)">Ur-Utu</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE; rowspan=2"><b><a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a> II dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lugalannatum" title="Lugalannatum">Lugalannatum</a><br />(vassal of the Gutians) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FAEBD7;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ur-Baba" title="Ur-Baba">Ur-Baba</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/45px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/60px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Ningirsu" title="Ur-Ningirsu">Ur-Ningirsu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-gar" title="Ur-gar">Ur-gar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nam-mahani" title="Nam-mahani">Nam-mahani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#A9A9A9;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><br /><a href="/wiki/Tirigan" title="Tirigan">Tirigan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2125 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">Tenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a> <a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a> <a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merikare</a> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="7"><b><a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> V dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Utu-hengal" title="Utu-hengal">Utu-hengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2100 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1">(Vassals of UR III) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iddi-ilum" title="Iddi-ilum">Iddi-ilum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ili-Ishar" title="Ili-Ishar">Ili-Ishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tura-Dagan" title="Tura-Dagan">Tura-Dagan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ishtar" title="Puzur-Ishtar">Puzur-Ishtar</a><br />(vassals of Ur III)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III dynasty</a></b><br />"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_space.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/5px-Blank_space.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/8px-Blank_space.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Blank_space.png/10px-Blank_space.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/35px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/53px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/King_Ur-Nammu.jpg/70px-King_Ur-Nammu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="632" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a> <a href="/wiki/Amar-Sin" title="Amar-Sin">Amar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Sin" title="Shu-Sin">Shu-Sin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2025–1763 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> invasions</b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ADD8E6;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ibbi-Sin" title="Ibbi-Sin">Ibbi-Sin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Elamite</a> invasions</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a> <a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Third Eblaite</a><br />Kingdom</b><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ibbit-Lim" title="Ibbit-Lim">Ibbit-Lim</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ibbit-Lim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/40px-Ibbit-Lim.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Ibbit-Lim.png/60px-Ibbit-Lim.png 1.5x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="345" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Immeya" title="Immeya">Immeya</a> <a href="/wiki/Indilimma" title="Indilimma">Indilimma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" rowspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite</a> <a href="/wiki/Shakkanakku" title="Shakkanakku">Shakkanakkus</a>)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitial-Erra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitial-Erra (page does not exist)">Hitial-Erra</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanun-Dagan" title="Hanun-Dagan">Hanun-Dagan</a><br />(...)<br /><br /><br /><b>Lim Dynasty</b><br /><b>of <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Yaggid-Lim" title="Yaggid-Lim">Yaggid-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yahdun-Lim" title="Yahdun-Lim">Yahdun-Lim</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasmah-Adad" title="Yasmah-Adad">Yasmah-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Zimri-Lim" title="Zimri-Lim">Zimri-Lim</a> (Queen <a href="/wiki/Shibtu" title="Shibtu">Shibtu</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shalim-ahum" title="Shalim-ahum">Shalim-ahum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilu-shuma" title="Ilu-shuma">Ilu-shuma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ikunum" title="Ikunum">Ikunum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_II" title="Puzur-Ashur II">Puzur-Ashur II</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Assyria" title="Naram-Sin of Assyria">Naram-Sin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erishum_II" title="Erishum II">Erishum II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="6" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)<br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_(1940).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/45px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/60px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Dynasty_of_Isin" title="Dynasty of Isin">Dynasty of Isin</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ishbi-Erra" title="Ishbi-Erra">Ishbi-Erra</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ilishu" title="Shu-Ilishu">Shu-Ilishu</a> <a href="/wiki/Iddin-Dagan" title="Iddin-Dagan">Iddin-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Ishtar" title="Lipit-Ishtar">Lipit-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-Ninurta" title="Ur-Ninurta">Ur-Ninurta</a> <a href="/wiki/Bur-Suen" title="Bur-Suen">Bur-Suen</a> <a href="/wiki/Lipit-Enlil" title="Lipit-Enlil">Lipit-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Erra-imitti" title="Erra-imitti">Erra-imitti</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-bani" title="Enlil-bani">Enlil-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Zambiya" title="Zambiya">Zambiya</a> <a href="/wiki/Iter-pisha" title="Iter-pisha">Iter-pisha</a> <a href="/wiki/Ur-du-kuga" title="Ur-du-kuga">Ur-du-kuga</a> <a href="/wiki/Suen-magir" title="Suen-magir">Suen-magir</a> <a href="/wiki/Damiq-ilishu" title="Damiq-ilishu">Damiq-ilishu</a><br /><b>Dynasty of Larsa</b>: <a href="/wiki/Naplanum" title="Naplanum">Naplanum</a> <a href="/wiki/Emisum" title="Emisum">Emisum</a> <a href="/wiki/Samium" title="Samium">Samium</a> <a href="/wiki/Zabaia" title="Zabaia">Zabaia</a> <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abisare" title="Abisare">Abisare</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumuel" title="Sumuel">Sumuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-Adad" title="Nur-Adad">Nur-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iddinam" title="Sin-Iddinam">Sin-Iddinam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Eribam" title="Sin-Eribam">Sin-Eribam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Iqisham" title="Sin-Iqisham">Sin-Iqisham</a> <a href="/wiki/Silli-Adad" title="Silli-Adad">Silli-Adad</a> <a href="/wiki/Warad-Sin" title="Warad-Sin">Warad-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin I">Rim-Sin I</a> (...) <a href="/wiki/Rim-Sin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rim-Sin II">Rim-Sin II</a><br /><b>Uruk VI dynasty</b>: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-k%C4%81%C5%A1id" title="Sîn-kāšid">Sîn-kāšid</a> Sîn-iribam <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AEn-g%C4%81mil" title="Sîn-gāmil">Sîn-gāmil</a> Ilum-gamil <a href="/wiki/An-am" title="An-am">An-am</a> <a href="/wiki/Irdanene" title="Irdanene">Irdanene</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%AEm-Anum" title="Rîm-Anum">Rîm-Anum</a> Nabi-ilišu </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="4"><b><a href="/wiki/Sukkalmah_dynasty" title="Sukkalmah dynasty">Sukkalmah dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Siwe-Palar-Khuppak" title="Siwe-Palar-Khuppak">Siwe-Palar-Khuppak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a> <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1800–1595 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Biblical" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical">Biblical</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Yamhad_dynasty" title="Yamhad dynasty">Yamhad dynasty</a>)<br />(Amorites) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyria</a></b><br /> <p>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings" title="List of Assyrian kings">Shamshi-Adad</a> dynasty<br />1808–1736 BCE)<br />(Amorites)<br /><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mut-Ashkur" title="Mut-Ashkur">Mut-Ashkur</a> <a href="/wiki/Rimush_of_Assyria" title="Rimush of Assyria">Rimush</a> <a href="/wiki/Asinum" title="Asinum">Asinum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (Non-dynastic usurpers<br />1735–1701 BCE)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Sin" title="Puzur-Sin">Puzur-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dugul" title="Ashur-dugul">Ashur-dugul</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-apla-idi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-apla-idi">Ashur-apla-idi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-Sin">Nasir-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-namir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-namir">Sin-namir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ipqi-Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipqi-Ishtar">Ipqi-Ishtar</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-salulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad-salulu">Adad-salulu</a> <a href="/wiki/Adasi_(Assyria)" title="Adasi (Assyria)">Adasi</a><br /><br /> (<a href="/wiki/Adaside_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaside dynasty">Adaside dynasty</a><br />1700–722 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bel-bani" title="Bel-bani">Bel-bani</a> <a href="/wiki/Libaya" title="Libaya">Libaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad I">Sharma-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Iptar-Sin" title="Iptar-Sin">Iptar-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Bazaya" title="Bazaya">Bazaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Lullaya" title="Lullaya">Lullaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Shu-Ninua" title="Shu-Ninua">Shu-Ninua</a> <a href="/wiki/Sharma-Adad_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharma-Adad II">Sharma-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Erishum_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Erishum III">Erishum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_II" title="Shamshi-Adad II">Shamshi-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_II" title="Ishme-Dagan II">Ishme-Dagan II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_III" title="Shamshi-Adad III">Shamshi-Adad III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_I" title="Ashur-nirari I">Ashur-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nasir_I" title="Enlil-nasir I">Enlil-nasir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nur-ili" title="Nur-ili">Nur-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-shaduni" title="Ashur-shaduni">Ashur-shaduni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_I" title="Ashur-rabi I">Ashur-rabi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_I" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe I">Ashur-nadin-ahhe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-Nasir_II" title="Enlil-Nasir II">Enlil-Nasir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_II" title="Ashur-nirari II">Ashur-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-nisheshu" title="Ashur-bel-nisheshu">Ashur-bel-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rim-nisheshu" title="Ashur-rim-nisheshu">Ashur-rim-nisheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-ahhe_II" title="Ashur-nadin-ahhe II">Ashur-nadin-ahhe II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D2B48C;" colspan="4" rowspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/60px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/80px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3170" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a><br />("Old Babylonian Period")<br />(<a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sumu-abum" title="Sumu-abum">Sumu-abum</a> <a href="/wiki/Sumu-la-El" title="Sumu-la-El">Sumu-la-El</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabium" title="Sabium">Sabium</a> <a href="/wiki/Apil-Sin" title="Apil-Sin">Apil-Sin</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-Muballit" title="Sin-Muballit">Sin-Muballit</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> <a href="/wiki/Abi-Eshuh" title="Abi-Eshuh">Abi-Eshuh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-Ditana" title="Ammi-Ditana">Ammi-Ditana</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammi-Saduqa" title="Ammi-Saduqa">Ammi-Saduqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsu-Ditana" title="Samsu-Ditana">Samsu-Ditana</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Early_Kassite_rulers" title="Early Kassite rulers">Early Kassite rulers</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><br /><br /><b>Second Babylonian dynasty<br />("<a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty">Sealand Dynasty</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ilum-ma-ili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilum-ma-ili">Ilum-ma-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-ili-nibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Itti-ili-nibi">Itti-ili-nibi</a> <a href="/wiki/Damqi-ilishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Damqi-ilishu">Damqi-ilishu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ishkibal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkibal">Ishkibal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shushushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushushi">Shushushi</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulkishar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulkishar">Gulkishar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sealand_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sealand Dynasty"><sup>m</sup>DIŠ+U-EN</a> <a href="/wiki/Peshgaldaramesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Peshgaldaramesh">Peshgaldaramesh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayadaragalama" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayadaragalama">Ayadaragalama</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Akurduana" class="mw-redirect" title="Akurduana">Akurduana</a> <a href="/wiki/Melamkurkurra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melamkurkurra">Melamkurkurra</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-gamil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea-gamil">Ea-gamil</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth<br />Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos<br />Dynasty</a></b><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">Seventeenth<br />Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />("<a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>")<br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_(axe_of_Ahmose_I,_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II)_Colorized_per_source.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos"><img alt="Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/53px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/70px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos</figcaption></figure><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i> <i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a> <a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></b><br />(1600–1260 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kirta" title="Kirta">Kirta</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuttarna_I" title="Shuttarna I">Shuttarna I</a> <a href="/wiki/Baratarna" title="Baratarna">Baratarna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1531–1155 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tutankhamun"><img alt="Tutankhamun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/45px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/60px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Tutankhamun</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/45px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/60px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="3973" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Third Babylonian dynasty (<a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Agum_II" title="Agum II">Agum-Kakrime</a> <a href="/wiki/Burnaburiash_I" title="Burnaburiash I">Burnaburiash I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_III" title="Kashtiliash III">Kashtiliash III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulamburiash" title="Ulamburiash">Ulamburiash</a> <a href="/wiki/Agum_III" title="Agum III">Agum III</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaindash" title="Karaindash">Karaindash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_I" title="Kadashman-Harbe I">Kadashman-Harbe I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_I" title="Kurigalzu I">Kurigalzu I</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_I" title="Kadashman-Enlil I">Kadashman-Enlil I</a> <a href="/wiki/Burna-Buriash_II" title="Burna-Buriash II">Burna-Buriash II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kara-hardash" title="Kara-hardash">Kara-hardash</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Bugash" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi-Bugash">Nazi-Bugash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurigalzu_II" title="Kurigalzu II">Kurigalzu II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maruttash" title="Nazi-Maruttash">Nazi-Maruttash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Turgu" title="Kadashman-Turgu">Kadashman-Turgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Enlil_II" title="Kadashman-Enlil II">Kadashman-Enlil II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kudur-Enlil" title="Kudur-Enlil">Kudur-Enlil</a> <a href="/wiki/Shagarakti-Shuriash" title="Shagarakti-Shuriash">Shagarakti-Shuriash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashtiliash_IV" title="Kashtiliash IV">Kashtiliash IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-shumi" title="Enlil-nadin-shumi">Enlil-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadashman-Harbe_II" title="Kadashman-Harbe II">Kadashman-Harbe II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-iddina" title="Adad-shuma-iddina">Adad-shuma-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-shuma-usur" title="Adad-shuma-usur">Adad-shuma-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Meli-Shipak_II" title="Meli-Shipak II">Meli-Shipak II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_I" title="Marduk-apla-iddina I">Marduk-apla-iddina I</a> <a href="/wiki/Zababa-shuma-iddin" title="Zababa-shuma-iddin">Zababa-shuma-iddin</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-ahi" title="Enlil-nadin-ahi">Enlil-nadin-ahi</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Middle Elamite period</a> <p>(1500–1100 BCE)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Kidinuid dynasty</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Igehalkid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a> <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a> <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a></b> (1450–1180 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma I">Suppiluliuma I</a> <a href="/wiki/Mursili_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili II">Mursili II</a> <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mursili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursili III">Mursili III</a> <a href="/wiki/Hattusili_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusili III">Hattusili III</a> <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya IV">Tudhaliya IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Suppiluliuma_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppiluliuma II">Suppiluliuma II</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> (vassal of Hittites) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a> <a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a> <a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elamite Empire</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Shutrukid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutrukid Dynasty">Shutrukid dynasty</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nakhunte" title="Shutruk-Nakhunte">Shutruk-Nakhunte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1155–1025 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a> <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a></b><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a> <a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a><br /><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ish-bosheth" title="Ish-bosheth">Ish-bosheth</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyria</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_I" title="Eriba-Adad I">Eriba-Adad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nirari" title="Enlil-nirari">Enlil-nirari</a> <a href="/wiki/Arik-den-ili" title="Arik-den-ili">Arik-den-ili</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_I" title="Adad-nirari I">Adad-nirari I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-apli" title="Ashur-nadin-apli">Ashur-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_III" title="Ashur-nirari III">Ashur-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-kudurri-usur" title="Enlil-kudurri-usur">Enlil-kudurri-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apal-Ekur" title="Ninurta-apal-Ekur">Ninurta-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_I" title="Ashur-dan I">Ashur-dan I</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur" title="Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur">Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutakkil-Nusku" title="Mutakkil-Nusku">Mutakkil-Nusku</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_I" title="Ashur-resh-ishi I">Ashur-resh-ishi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> <a href="/wiki/Asharid-apal-Ekur" title="Asharid-apal-Ekur">Asharid-apal-Ekur</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-bel-kala" title="Ashur-bel-kala">Ashur-bel-kala</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Adad_II" title="Eriba-Adad II">Eriba-Adad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_IV" title="Shamshi-Adad IV">Shamshi-Adad IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_I" title="Ashurnasirpal I">Ashurnasirpal I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_II" title="Shalmaneser II">Shalmaneser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_IV" title="Ashur-nirari IV">Ashur-nirari IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-rabi_II" title="Ashur-rabi II">Ashur-rabi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-resh-ishi_II" title="Ashur-resh-ishi II">Ashur-resh-ishi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_II" title="Tiglath-Pileser II">Tiglath-Pileser II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_II" title="Ashur-dan II">Ashur-dan II</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("<a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Isin" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Dynasty of Isin">Second Dynasty of Isin</a>")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Marduk-kabit-ahheshu" title="Marduk-kabit-ahheshu">Marduk-kabit-ahheshu</a> <a href="/wiki/Itti-Marduk-balatu_(king)" title="Itti-Marduk-balatu (king)">Itti-Marduk-balatu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-nadin-shumi" title="Ninurta-nadin-shumi">Ninurta-nadin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil-nadin-apli" title="Enlil-nadin-apli">Enlil-nadin-apli</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-nadin-ahhe" title="Marduk-nadin-ahhe">Marduk-nadin-ahhe</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-shapik-zeri" title="Marduk-shapik-zeri">Marduk-shapik-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Adad-apla-iddina" title="Adad-apla-iddina">Adad-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-ahhe-eriba" title="Marduk-ahhe-eriba">Marduk-ahhe-eriba</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zer-X" title="Marduk-zer-X">Marduk-zer-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shum-libur" title="Nabu-shum-libur">Nabu-shum-libur</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Neo-Elamite period</a> (1100–540 BCE) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1025–934 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><b>Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simbar-shipak" title="Simbar-shipak">Simbar-shipak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ea-mukin-zeri" title="Ea-mukin-zeri">Ea-mukin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Kashshu-nadin-ahi" title="Kashshu-nadin-ahi">Kashshu-nadin-ahi</a> <a href="/wiki/Eulmash-shakin-shumi" title="Eulmash-shakin-shumi">Eulmash-shakin-shumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_I" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur I">Ninurta-kudurri-usur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shirikti-shuqamuna" title="Shirikti-shuqamuna">Shirikti-shuqamuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-apla-usur" title="Mar-biti-apla-usur">Mar-biti-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Nab%C3%BB-mukin-apli" title="Nabû-mukin-apli">Nabû-mukin-apli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>911–745 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a><br /><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a> <a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a> <a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a><br /><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a> <a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Samaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Samaria">Kingdom of Samaria</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_II" title="Adad-nirari II">Adad-nirari II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_II" title="Tukulti-Ninurta II">Tukulti-Ninurta II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_III" title="Shalmaneser III">Shalmaneser III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_V" title="Shamshi-Adad V">Shamshi-Adad V</a> <a href="/wiki/Shammuramat" title="Shammuramat">Shammuramat</a><sup>♀</sup> (regent) <a href="/wiki/Adad-nirari_III" title="Adad-nirari III">Adad-nirari III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_IV" title="Shalmaneser IV">Shalmaneser IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-dan_III" title="Ashur-dan III">Ashur-Dan III</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nirari_V" title="Ashur-nirari V">Ashur-nirari V</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="6"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/68px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/90px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="937" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>Eight Babylonian Dynasty</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ninurta-kudurri-usur_II" title="Ninurta-kudurri-usur II">Ninurta-kudurri-usur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina" title="Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina">Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamash-mudammiq" title="Shamash-mudammiq">Shamash-mudammiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_I" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin I">Nabu-shuma-ukin I</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-apla-iddina" title="Nabu-apla-iddina">Nabu-apla-iddina</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_I" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi I">Marduk-zakir-shumi I</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-balassu-iqbi" title="Marduk-balassu-iqbi">Marduk-balassu-iqbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Baba-aha-iddina" title="Baba-aha-iddina">Baba-aha-iddina</a> (five kings) <a href="/wiki/Ninurta-apla-X" title="Ninurta-apla-X">Ninurta-apla-X</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-bel-zeri" title="Marduk-bel-zeri">Marduk-bel-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-usur" title="Marduk-apla-usur">Marduk-apla-usur</a> <a href="/wiki/Eriba-Marduk" title="Eriba-Marduk">Eriba-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ishkun" title="Nabu-shuma-ishkun">Nabu-shuma-ishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonassar" title="Nabonassar">Nabonassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-nadin-zeri" title="Nabu-nadin-zeri">Nabu-nadin-zeri</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-shuma-ukin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabu-shuma-ukin II">Nabu-shuma-ukin II</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabu-mukin-zeri" title="Nabu-mukin-zeri">Nabu-mukin-zeri</a><br /> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Humban-Tahrid dynasty</a></b><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Urtak_(king_of_Elam)" title="Urtak (king of Elam)">Urtak</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Teumman" title="Teumman">Teumman</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ummanigash_(son_of_Urtak)" title="Ummanigash (son of Urtak)">Ummanigash</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tammaritu_I" title="Tammaritu I">Tammaritu I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Indabibi" title="Indabibi">Indabibi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humban-haltash_III" title="Humban-haltash III">Humban-haltash III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">745–609 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taharqa"><img alt="Taharqa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/45px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/60px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Taharqa</figcaption></figure>("<a href="/wiki/Black_Pharaohs" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Pharaohs">Black Pharaohs</a>")<br /><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a> <a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a> <a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a> <a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></b><br /> <p><b>(<a href="/wiki/Sargonid_dynasty" title="Sargonid dynasty">Sargonid dynasty</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_III" title="Tiglath-Pileser III">Tiglath-Pileser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_V" title="Shalmaneser V">Shalmaneser</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-zakir-shumi_II" title="Marduk-zakir-shumi II">Marduk-zakir-shumi II</a> <a href="/wiki/Marduk-apla-iddina_II" title="Marduk-apla-iddina II">Marduk-apla-iddina II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bel-ibni" title="Bel-ibni">Bel-ibni</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nadin-shumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nadin-shumi">Ashur-nadin-shumi</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Nergal-ushezib" title="Nergal-ushezib">Nergal-ushezib</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushezib-Marduk" title="Mushezib-Marduk">Mushezib-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a><sup>†</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-etil-ilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-etil-ilani">Ashur-etil-ilani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinsharishkun" title="Sinsharishkun">Sinsharishkun</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin-shumu-lishir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-shumu-lishir">Sin-shumu-lishir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_II" title="Ashur-uballit II">Ashur-uballit II</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Assyrian conquest of Egypt">Assyrian conquest of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#AFEEEE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_conquest_of_Elam" title="Assyrian conquest of Elam">Assyrian conquest of Elam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a> <a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a> <a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a> <a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a> <a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Amel-Marduk" title="Amel-Marduk">Amel-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Neriglissar" title="Neriglissar">Neriglissar</a> <a href="/wiki/Labashi-Marduk" title="Labashi-Marduk">Labashi-Marduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10"><b><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt" title="First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt">First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Byblos" title="Kings of Byblos">Kings of Byblos</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Tyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Tyre">Kings of Tyre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Sidon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Sidon">Kings of Sidon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="10" rowspan="3"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunus" title="Ptolemy Ceraunus">Ptolemy Ceraunus</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe II</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II Euergetis</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe III of Egypt">Arsinoe III Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II Philometor Soteira</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_IV" title="Cleopatra IV">Cleopatra IV</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="11"><b>Hellenistic Period</b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> <br /><b><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander III</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>141–30 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Kingdom of Judea</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thassi" title="Simon Thassi">Simon Thassi</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Hyrcanus" title="John Hyrcanus">John Hyrcanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_I" title="Aristobulus I">Aristobulus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jannaeus" title="Alexander Jannaeus">Alexander Jannaeus</a> <a href="/wiki/Salome_Alexandra" title="Salome Alexandra">Salome Alexandra</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus II Mattathias</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDAB9;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a> <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="9" rowspan="3"><b><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II" title="Gotarzes II">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">30 BCE–116 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">(<a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Egypt">Roman conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">116–117 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="6" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates of Parthia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117–224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>224–270 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="6"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/120px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>270–273 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#48D1CC;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Vaballathus" title="Vaballathus">Vaballathus</a> <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Antiochus" title="Septimius Antiochus">Antiochus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">273–395 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Province of Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Province of Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">395–618 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>618–628 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2">(<a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Sasanian conquest of Egypt">Sasanian conquest of Egypt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Egypt" title="Sasanian Egypt">Province of Egypt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahralanyozan" title="Shahralanyozan">Shahralanyozan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Province of Asoristan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">628–641 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="8" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a><sup>♀</sup> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Mesopotamia">Byzantine Mesopotamia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>639–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest of Egypt">Muslim conquest of Egypt</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="9"><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" rowspan="1" colspan="7"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_arrow-up.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"> Chronology of the Neolithic period</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; background:#F5F5F5; border:0px" colspan="7" align="right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/20px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg/40px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-right.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of ancient Central Asia">Rulers of ancient Central Asia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalloSimpson1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_W._Hallo" title="William W. Hallo">Hallo, William W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Kelly_Simpson" title="William Kelly Simpson">Simpson, William Kelly</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareasth0000hall/page/48/mode/2up"><i>The Ancient Near East: A History</i></a>. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-502755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-502755-8"><bdi>978-0-15-502755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-15-502755-8&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+William+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareasth0000hall%2Fpage%2F48%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/rulers_of_mesopotamia">"Rulers of Mesopotamia"</a>. <i>CDLI:wiki</i>. Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDLI%3Awiki&rft.atitle=Rulers+of+Mesopotamia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdli.ox.ac.uk%2Fwiki%2Frulers_of_mesopotamia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomasPotts2020" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Ariane; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Potts" title="Timothy Potts">Potts, Timothy</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsHEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14"><i>Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins</i></a>. Los Angeles: The J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60606-649-2"><bdi>978-1-60606-649-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia%3A+Civilization+Begins&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=The+J.+Paul+Getty+Museum&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-60606-649-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsHEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoux1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Roux" title="Georges Roux">Roux, Georges</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=klZX8B_RzzYC&pg=PT534"><i>Ancient Iraq</i></a>. London: Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-193825-7"><bdi>978-0-14-193825-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Iraq&rft.place=London&rft.pages=532-534+%28Chronological+Tables%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-14-193825-7&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DklZX8B_RzzYC%26pg%3DPT534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKL-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKL_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Per the <i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnger2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Unger" title="Merrill Unger">Unger, Merrill F.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qw6vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62564-606-4"><bdi>978-1-62564-606-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Aramaeans+of+Damascus%3A+A+Study+in+Archaeological+Illumination+of+Bible+History&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62564-606-4&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Merrill+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqw6vCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" 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