CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Socialist calculation debate - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"813dfb0b-0238-4c5e-be60-ba6b50a20ed1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Socialist_calculation_debate","wgTitle":"Socialist calculation debate","wgCurRevisionId":1237761495,"wgRevisionId":1237761495,"wgArticleId":44379754,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Criticisms of economics","Comparative economic systems","Economic planning","Economic problems","Market socialism","Neoclassical economics","Socialist calculation","Criticism of socialism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en", "wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Socialist_calculation_debate","wgRelevantArticleId":44379754,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7551848","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList", "mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher" ,"ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Socialist calculation debate - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Socialist_calculation_debate rootpage-Socialist_calculation_debate skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Socialist+calculation+debate" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Socialist+calculation+debate" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Socialist+calculation+debate" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Socialist+calculation+debate" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Foundations_and_early_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundations_and_early_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Foundations and early contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foundations_and_early_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foundations and early contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foundations_and_early_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_neoclassical_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_neoclassical_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early neoclassical contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_neoclassical_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_units_for_accounting_and_calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_units_for_accounting_and_calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Proposed units for accounting and calculation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_units_for_accounting_and_calculation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed units for accounting and calculation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_units_for_accounting_and_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calculation_in_kind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculation_in_kind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Calculation in kind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculation_in_kind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_on_the_use_of_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_on_the_use_of_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Debate on the use of money</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate_on_the_use_of_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor-time_calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor-time_calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Labor-time calculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor-time_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interwar_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interwar_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interwar debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interwar_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interwar debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interwar_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_calculation_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_calculation_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economic calculation problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_calculation_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_calculation_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_calculation_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Criticism of the calculation problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_calculation_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Knowledge problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lange_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lange_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lange model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lange_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Networked_digital_feedback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networked_digital_feedback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Networked digital feedback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networked_digital_feedback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cybernetic_coordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cybernetic_coordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Cybernetic coordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cybernetic_coordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participatory_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participatory_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Participatory economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participatory_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralized_pricing_without_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralized_pricing_without_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Decentralized pricing without markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralized_pricing_without_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Market socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Mechanism design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_to_neoclassical_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_to_neoclassical_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relation to neoclassical economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_to_neoclassical_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist calculation debate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%8A" title="مناظرة الحساب الاشتراكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مناظرة الحساب الاشتراكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialist_iqtisadiyyat%C4%B1nda_iqtisadi_hesablamaya_dair_debat" title="Sosialist iqtisadiyyatında iqtisadi hesablamaya dair debat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosialist iqtisadiyyatında iqtisadi hesablamaya dair debat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debate_sobre_el_c%C3%A1lculo_econ%C3%B3mico_en_el_socialismo" title="Debate sobre el cálculo económico en el socialismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Debate sobre el cálculo económico en el socialismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AB%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="مباحثه محاسبه سوسیالیستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مباحثه محاسبه سوسیالیستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0_%EB%85%BC%EC%9F%81" title="사회주의 계산 논쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회주의 계산 논쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdebatan_kalkulasi_sosialis" title="Perdebatan kalkulasi sosialis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perdebatan kalkulasi sosialis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atreikningsdeilurnar" title="Útreikningsdeilurnar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Útreikningsdeilurnar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Дискуссия об экономическом расчёте в социалистической экономике – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дискуссия об экономическом расчёте в социалистической экономике" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalist_hesaplama_tart%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Sosyalist hesaplama tartışması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyalist hesaplama tartışması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA" title="社会主义计算争论 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社会主义计算争论" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7551848#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Socialist_calculation_debate" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Socialist_calculation_debate" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Socialist_calculation_debate" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&oldid=1237761495" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Socialist_calculation_debate&id=1237761495&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSocialist_calculation_debate"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSocialist_calculation_debate"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Socialist_calculation_debate" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7551848" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Discourse on the applicability of central planning without capital markets</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/75px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/113px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Red_flag_waving.svg/150px-Red_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:0px solid;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_socialism" title="Outline of socialism">Outline</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_equal_liberty#Equal_liberty" title="Law of equal liberty">Equal liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_of_producers" title="Free association of producers">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Freed market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input%E2%80%93output_model" title="Input–output model">Input–output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labour-time calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer‑to‑peer economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">Production for use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">Spontaneism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">Social dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>/<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Relationship_with_socialism" title="Planned economy">Socialist planned economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Decentralized_planning" title="Planned economy">Decentralized planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory economics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">21st-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_socialism" title="Agrarian socialism">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanquism" title="Blanquism">Blanquism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">Democratic road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-utopianism" title="Cyber-utopianism">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary socialism">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhian_socialism" title="Gandhian socialism">Gandhian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire#Socialism" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marhaenism" title="Marhaenism">Marhaenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_socialism" title="Municipal socialism">Municipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular socialism">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon#Ideas" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_socialism" title="Sewer socialism">Sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_socialism" title="Third World socialism">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buonarroti" title="Philippe Buonarroti">Buonarroti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Leroux" title="Pierre Leroux">Leroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Sue" title="Eugène Sue">Sue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Blanqui" title="Louis Auguste Blanqui">Blanqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Herzen" title="Alexander Herzen">Herzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Lavrov" title="Pyotr Lavrov">Lavrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Saltykov-Shchedrin" title="Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin">Saltykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Chernyshevsky" title="Nikolay Chernyshevsky">Chernyshevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Michel" title="Louise Michel">Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ferrer" title="Francisco Ferrer">Ferrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Landauer" title="Gustav Landauer">Landauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volin" title="Volin">Volin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federica_Montseny" title="Federica Montseny">Montseny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takis_Fotopoulos" title="Takis Fotopoulos">Fotopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Varoufakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchi">Gracchi Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiuquan" title="Hong Xiuquan">Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Markievicz" title="Constance Markievicz">Markievicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Blum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Martov" title="Julius Martov">Martov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Durruti" title="Buenaventura Durruti">Durruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Gerhardsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Erlander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_S%C3%A9dar_Senghor" title="Léopold Sédar Senghor">Senghor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinus_van_der_Lubbe" title="Marinus van der Lubbe">van der Lubbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">Mitterrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_organizations" title="Category:Socialist organizations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:International_socialist_organizations" title="Category:International socialist organizations">International socialist organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_parties" title="Category:Socialist parties">Socialist parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_economists" title="List of socialist economists">List of socialist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Marxist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosocialism" title="Nanosocialism">Nanosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Socialism and LGBTQ rights">Socialism and LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Socialist calculation debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party" title="Socialist Party">Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">Workers' council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism-related_lists" title="Category:Socialism-related lists">Related lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_by_country" title="Category:Socialism by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialists" title="Category:Socialists">Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_songs" title="List of socialist songs">Songs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Socialism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Socialism">WikiProject</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/16px-Syndicalism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/24px-Syndicalism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Syndicalism.svg/32px-Syndicalism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Organized_Labour" title="Portal:Organized Labour">Organized Labour portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vlist; align:left;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral science">behavioral sciences</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Glossary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economists" title="Category:Economists">Economists</a></li></ul></div> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Principles_of_Economics" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Principles of Economics">Principles of Economics</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Tools and <a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">methodology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical economics">Economic theory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">Mathematical modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_agent_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational agent model">Rational choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Economic equilibrium</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">Empirical</a> methods</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_series_econometrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Time series econometrics">Time series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_econometrics" title="Spatial econometrics">Spatial</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Normative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative economics">Prescriptive</a> and policy</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_theory" title="Decision theory">Rational choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="JEL classification codes">Branches and subfields</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 100px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mech. design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial org.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_design" title="Market design">Market design</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;colwidth=100px;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Applications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 100px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>socialist calculation debate</b>, sometimes known as the <b>economic calculation debate</b>, was a discourse on the subject of how a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist economy</a> would perform economic calculation given the absence of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">law of value</a>, <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">financial prices</a> for <a href="/wiki/Capital_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital good">capital goods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>. More specifically, the debate was centered on the application of <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> for the allocation of the means of production as a substitute for <a href="/wiki/Capital_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital markets">capital markets</a> and whether or not such an arrangement would be superior to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in terms of efficiency and productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historical debate was cast between the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> represented by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>, who argued against the feasibility of socialism; and between <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian economists">Marxian economists</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A4re_Tisch" title="Cläre Tisch">Cläre Tisch</a> (as a forerunner), <a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Oskar R. Lange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abba_P._Lerner" title="Abba P. Lerner">Abba P. Lerner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Taylor" title="Fred M. Taylor">Fred M. Taylor</a>, Henry Douglas Dickinson and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Dobb" title="Maurice Dobb">Maurice Dobb</a>, who took the position that socialism was both feasible and superior to capitalism. A central aspect of the debate concerned the role and scope of the law of value in a socialist economy. Although contributions to the question of economic coordination and calculation under <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> existed within the socialist movement prior to the 20th century, the phrase socialist calculation debate emerged in the 1920s beginning with Mises' critique of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Companion_to_the_History_of_Economic_Thought,_2006._p._319_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Companion_to_the_History_of_Economic_Thought,_2006._p._319-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the debate was popularly viewed as a debate between proponents of capitalism and proponents of socialism, in reality a significant portion of the debate was between socialists who held differing views regarding the utilization of markets and money in a socialist system and to what degree the law of value would continue to operate in a hypothetical socialist economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Economic_Calculation_under_Socialism:_The_Austrian_Contribution,_1980_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economic_Calculation_under_Socialism:_The_Austrian_Contribution,_1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socialists generally held one of three major positions regarding the unit of calculation, including the view that money would continue to be the unit of calculation under socialism; that <a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">labor time</a> would be a unit of calculation; or that socialism would be based on calculation <i><a href="/wiki/In_natura" title="In natura">in natura</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Calculation_performed_in-kind" class="mw-redirect" title="Calculation performed in-kind">calculation performed in-kind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debate among socialists has existed since the emergence of the broader socialist movement between those advocating <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrally_planned_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrally planned economies">centrally planned economies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning">decentralized planning</a>. Recent contributions to the debate in the late 20th century and early 21st century involve proposals for <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_networking" title="Distributed networking">distributed networking</a> as a basis for decentralized economic planning.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundations_and_early_contributions">Foundations and early contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundations and early contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> held a broad characterization of socialism, characterized by some form of public or <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a> within economic enterprises and where production of economic value for profit would be replaced by an <i>ex ante</i> <a href="/wiki/Production_directly_for_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Production directly for use">production directly for use</a> which implied some form of economic planning and planned growth in place of the dynamic of <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a> and therefore the substitution of commodity-based production and market-based allocation of the factors of production with conscious planning.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning,_p._17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning,_p._17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Marx and Engels never elaborated on the specific institutions that would exist in socialism or on processes for conducting planning in a socialist system, their broad characterizations laid the foundation for the general conception of socialism as an economic system devoid of the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">law of value</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_accumulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of accumulation">law of accumulation</a> and principally where the category of value was replaced by calculation in terms of natural or physical units so that resource allocation, production and distribution would be considered technical affairs to be undertaken by engineers and technical specialists.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative view of socialism prefiguring the neoclassical models of market socialism consisted of conceptions of <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Classical_economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical economic">classical economic</a> theory and <a href="/wiki/Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian socialism</a>, where markets were utilized to allocate capital goods among worker-owned cooperatives in a <a href="/wiki/Free-market_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market economy">free-market economy</a>. The key characteristics of this system involved direct worker ownership of the means of production through producer and consumer cooperatives and the achievement of genuinely <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a> by removing the distorting effects of private property, inequality arising from private appropriation of profits and interest to a <a href="/wiki/Rentier_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Rentier class">rentier class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">regulatory capture</a>, and economic exploitation. This view was expounded by <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a> and was severely criticized by Marxists for failing to address the fundamental issues of capitalism involving instability arising from the operation of the law of value, <a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">crises</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Overaccumulation" title="Overaccumulation">overaccumulation</a> of capital and lack of conscious control over the <a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">surplus product</a>. This perspective played little to no role during the socialist calculation debate in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early arguments against the utilization of central economic planning for a socialist economy were brought up by proponents of <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_economic_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized economic planning">decentralized economic planning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">market socialism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In general, it was argued that centralized forms of economic planning that excluded participation by the workers involved in the industries would not be sufficient at capturing adequate amounts of information to coordinate an economy effectively while also undermining socialism and the concept of workers' self-management and democratic decision-making central to socialism. However, no detailed outlines for decentralized economic planning were proposed by these thinkers at this time. Socialist <a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionists">market abolitionists</a> in favour of decentralized planning also argue that whilst advocates of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> in particular recognize <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_price" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium price">equilibrium prices</a> do not exist, they nonetheless claim that these prices can be used as a rational basis when this is not the case, hence markets are not efficient.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other market abolitionist socialists such as Robin Cox of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party of Great Britain</a> argue that decentralized planning allows for a spontaneously self-regulating system of stock control (relying solely on <a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">calculation in kind</a>) to come about and that in turn decisively overcomes the objections raised by the economic calculation argument that any large scale economy must necessarily resort to a system of market prices.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_neoclassical_contributions">Early neoclassical contributions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early neoclassical contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Barone" title="Enrico Barone">Enrico Barone</a> provided a comprehensive theoretical framework for a planned socialist economy. In his model, assuming perfect computation techniques, simultaneous equations relating inputs and outputs to ratios of equivalence would provide appropriate valuations in order to balance <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_units_for_accounting_and_calculation">Proposed units for accounting and calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proposed units for accounting and calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculation_in_kind">Calculation in kind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Calculation in kind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">Calculation in kind</a></div> <p>Calculation in kind, or calculation in-natura, was often assumed to be the standard form of accounting that would take place in a socialist system where the economy was mobilized in terms of physical or natural units instead of money and financial calculation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a> was adamant that a socialist economy must be moneyless because measures of money failed to capture adequate information regarding material well-being of consumers or failed to factor in all costs and benefits from performing a particular action. He argued that relying on any single unit, whether they be labor-hours or <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt-hours">kilowatt-hours</a>, would be inadequate and that demand and calculations be performed by the relevant disaggregated natural units, i.e. kilowatts, tons, meters and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, Soviet mathematician <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovich" title="Leonid Kantorovich">Leonid Kantorovich</a> demonstrated how an economy in purely physical terms could use determinate mathematical procedure to determine which combination of techniques could be used to achieve certain output or plan targets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_on_the_use_of_money">Debate on the use of money</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Debate on the use of money"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to Neurath, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a> argued that money would have to be utilized in a socialist economy. Kautsky states the fundamental difference between socialism and capitalism is not the absence of money in the former; rather, the important difference is in the ability for money to become capital under capitalism. In a socialist economy, there would be no incentive to use money as <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">financial capital</a>, therefore money would have a slightly different role in socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor-time_calculation">Labor-time calculation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Labor-time calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labor-time_calculation" title="Labor-time calculation">Labor-time calculation</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jan_Appel" title="Jan Appel">Jan Appel</a> drafted a contribution to the socialist calculation debate which then went through a discussion process before being published as <i>Foundations of Communist Production and Distribution</i> by the <a href="/wiki/General_Workers%27_Union_of_Germany" title="General Workers' Union of Germany">General Workers' Union of Germany</a> in 1930. An English translation by Mike Baker was published in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interwar_debate">Interwar debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interwar debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_calculation_problem">Economic calculation problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economic calculation problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> believed that private ownership of the means of production was essential for a functional economy, arguing: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every step that takes us away from private ownership of the means of production and from the use of money also takes us away from rational economics.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ludwig von Mises, <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_Calculation_in_the_Socialist_Commonwealth" title="Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth">Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>His argument against socialism was in response to <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a> arguing for the feasibility of central planning.<sup id="cite_ref-Huerta_de_Soto_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huerta_de_Soto-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mises argued that money and market-determined prices for the means of production were essential in order to make rational decisions regarding their allocation and use.<sup id="cite_ref-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._9_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._9-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_calculation_problem">Criticism of the calculation problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism of the calculation problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Caplan" title="Bryan Caplan">Bryan Caplan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> economist, has criticized the version of the calculation problem advanced by Mises arguing that the lack of economic calculation makes socialism impossible and not merely inefficient. Caplan argues that socialism makes economic calculation impossible, yet that problem may not be severe enough to make socialism impossible "beyond the realm of possibility". Caplan points out that the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Soviet Union">fall of the Soviet Union</a> does not prove that calculation was the main issue there. He suggests that more likely the problems resulted from bad incentives arising out of the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> political system and degree of power granted to the party elite.<sup id="cite_ref-Is_socialism_really_'impossible'?,_2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is_socialism_really_'impossible'?,_2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_problem">Knowledge problem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Knowledge problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">decentralized economic planning</a> have also criticized central economic planning. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> believed that central planners, regardless of their intellectual capacity, operated without the input and participation of the millions of people who participate in the economy and so they would be unable to respond to local conditions quickly enough to effectively coordinate all economic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trotsky argued: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If a universal mind existed, of the kind that projected itself into the scientific fancy of Laplace – a mind that could register simultaneously all the processes of nature and society, that could measure the dynamics of their motion, that could forecast the results of their inter-reactions – such a mind, of course, could a priori draw up a faultless and exhaustive economic plan, beginning with the number of acres of wheat down to the last button for a vest. The bureaucracy often imagines that just such a mind is at its disposal; that is why it so easily frees itself from the control of the market and of Soviet democracy. But, in reality, the bureaucracy errs frightfully in its estimate of its spiritual resources. [...] The innumerable living participants in the economy, state and private, collective and individual, must serve notice of their needs and of their relative strength not only through the statistical determinations of plan commissions but by the direct pressure of supply and demand.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leon Trotsky, <i>The Soviet Economy in Danger</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lange_model">Lange model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lange model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Lange" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Lange">Oskar Lange</a> responded to Mises' assertion that socialism and social ownership of the means of production implied that rational calculation was impossible by outlining a model of socialism based on <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a>. Lange conceded that calculations would have to be done in value terms rather than using purely natural or engineering criteria, but he asserted that these values could be attained without capital markets and private ownership of the means of production. In Lange's view, this model qualified as socialist because the means of production would be publicly owned with returns to the public enterprises accruing to society as a whole in a <a href="/wiki/Social_dividend" title="Social dividend">social dividend</a> while workers' self-management could be introduced in the public enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This model came to be referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Lange_model" title="Lange model">Lange model</a>. In this model, a Central Planning Board (CPB) would be responsible for setting prices through a trial-and-error approach to establish equilibrium prices, effectively running a <a href="/wiki/Walrasian_auction" title="Walrasian auction">Walrasian auction</a>. Managers of the state-owned firms would be instructed to set prices to equal <a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">marginal cost</a> (<span class="texhtml">P=MC</span>) so that <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">economic equilibrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a> would be achieved. The Lange model was expanded upon by <a href="/wiki/Abba_Lerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Abba Lerner">Abba Lerner</a> and became known as the Lange–Lerner theorem. </p><p>Paul Auerbach and Dimitris Sotiropoulos have criticized the Lange model for degrading the definition of socialism to a form of "capitalism without capital markets" attempting to replicate capitalism's efficiency achievements through economic planning. Auerbach and Sotiropoulos argue that <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> provided an analysis of the dynamics of capitalism that is more consistent with <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>' analysis because Hayek viewed finance as a fundamental aspect of capitalism and any move through <a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">collective ownership</a> or policy reform to undermine the role of capital markets would threaten the integrity of the capitalist system. According to Auerbach and Sotiropoulos, Hayek gave an unexpected endorsement to socialism that is more sophisticated than Lange's superficial defense of socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_contributions">Contemporary contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Contemporary contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networked_digital_feedback">Networked digital feedback</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Networked digital feedback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Joseph" title="Peter Joseph">Peter Joseph</a> argues for a transition from fragmented economic data relay to fully integrated, sensor-based digital systems, or an <a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">Internet of things</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using an internet of sensory instruments to measure, track and feed back information, this can unify numerous disparate elements and systems, greatly advancing awareness and efficiency potentials.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an economic context, this approach could relay and connect data regarding how best to manage resources, production processes, distribution, consumption, recycling, waste disposal behavior, consumer demand and so on. Such a process of networked economic feedback would work on the same principle as modern systems of inventory and distribution found in major commercial warehouses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many companies today use a range of sensors and sophisticated tracking means to understand rates of demands, exactly what they have, where it is or where it may be moving and when it is gone.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is ultimately an issue of detail and scalability to extend this kind of awareness to all sectors of the economy, macro and micro.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not only is price no longer needed to gain critical economic feedback, but the information price communicates is long delayed and incomplete in terms of economic measures required to dramatically increase efficiency. Mechanisms related networked digital feedback systems make it possible to efficiently monitor shifting consumer preference, demand, supply and labor value, virtually in real time. Moreover, it can also be used to observe other technical processes price cannot, such as shifts in production protocols, allocation, recycling means, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of February 2018, it is now possible to track trillions of economic interactions related to the supply chain and consumer behavior by way of sensors and digital relay as seen with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Go" title="Amazon Go">Amazon Go</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cybernetic_coordination">Cybernetic coordination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cybernetic coordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cockshott" title="Paul Cockshott">Paul Cockshott</a>, Allin Cottrell, and Andy Pollack have proposed new forms of coordination based on modern information technology for non-market socialism. They argue that economic planning in terms of physical units without any reference to money or prices is computationally tractable given the high-performance computers available for particle physics and weather forecasting. Cybernetic planning would involve an <i>a priori</i> simulation of the equilibration process that idealized markets are intended to achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participatory_economics">Participatory economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Participatory economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Proposals for decentralized economic planning emerged in the late 20th century in the form of <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">participatory economics</a> and negotiated coordination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decentralized_pricing_without_markets">Decentralized pricing without markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Decentralized pricing without markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/David_McMullen" title="David McMullen">David McMullen</a> argues that social ownership of the means of production and the absence of markets for them is fully compatible with a decentralized price system. In a <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalist_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-capitalist society">post-capitalist society</a>, transactions between enterprises would entail transfers of social property between custodians rather than an exchange of ownership. Individuals would be motivated by the satisfaction from work and the desire to contribute to good economic outcomes rather than material reward. Bids and offer prices would aim to minimize costs and ensure that output is guided by expected final demand for private and collective consumption. Enterprises and startups would receive their investment funding from project assessment agencies. The required change in human behavior would take a number generations and would have to overcome considerable resistance. However, McMullen believes that economic and cultural development increasingly favors the transition.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_socialism">Market socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Market socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James Yunker argues that public ownership of the means of production can be achieved the same way private ownership is achieved in modern capitalism through the <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholder</a> system that separates management from ownership. Yunker posits that social ownership can be achieved by having a public body, designated the Bureau of Public Ownership (BPO), owning the shares of publicly-listed firms without affecting market-based allocation of capital inputs. Yunker termed this model pragmatic market socialism and argued that it would be at least as efficient as modern-day capitalism while providing superior social outcomes as public ownership of large and established enterprises would enable profits to be distributed among the entire population rather than going largely to a class of inheriting <a href="/wiki/Economic_rent" title="Economic rent">rentiers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_design">Mechanism design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mechanism design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1970s, new insights into the socialist calculation debate emerged from <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">mechanism design</a> theory. According to mechanism design theorists, the debate between Hayek and Lange became a stalemate that lasted for forty years because neither side was speaking the same language as the other, partially because the appropriate language for discussing socialist calculation had not yet been invented. According to these theorists, what was needed was a better understanding of the informational problems that prevent coordination between people. By fusing <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> with <a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">information economics</a>, mechanism design provided the language and framework in which both socialists and advocates of capitalism could compare the merits of their arguments. As Palda (2013) writes in his summary of the contributions of mechanism design to the socialist calculation debate, "[i]t seemed that socialism and capitalism were good at different things. Socialism suffered from cheating, or '<a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">moral hazard</a>', more than capitalism because it did not allow company managers to own shares in their own companies. [...] The flip side of the cheating problem in socialism is the lying or '<a href="/wiki/Adverse_selection" title="Adverse selection">adverse selection</a>' problem in capitalism. If potential firm managers are either good or bad, but telling them apart is difficult, bad prospects will lie to become a part of the firm".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_to_neoclassical_economics">Relation to neoclassical economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Relation to neoclassical economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Whither_Socialism%3F" title="Whither Socialism?">Whither Socialism?</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> criticized models of market socialism from the era of the socialist calculation debate in the 1930s as part of a more general criticism of neoclassical <a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">general equilibrium theory</a>, proposing that market models be augmented with insights from information economics.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alec_Nove" class="mw-redirect" title="Alec Nove">Alec Nove</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Kornai" title="János Kornai">János Kornai</a> held similar positions regarding economic equilibrium. Both Nove and Kornai argued that because perfect equilibrium does not exist, a comprehensive economic plan for production cannot be formulated, making planning ineffective just as real-world market economies do not conform to the hypothetical state of perfect competition.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book <i>The Economics of Feasible Socialism</i>, Nove also outlined a solution involving a socialist economy consisting of a mixture of macro-economic planning with market-based coordination for enterprises where large industries would be publicly owned and small- to medium-sized concerns would be organized as cooperatively-owned enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_Soviet-type_economic_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning">Analysis of Soviet-type economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">Economic calculation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm" title="Government by algorithm">Government by algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Input-output_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Input-output model">Input-output model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_programming" title="Linear programming">Linear programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balance planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Cybersyn" title="Project Cybersyn">Project Cybersyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Social peer-to-peer processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource-based_economy" title="Resource-based economy">Resource-based economy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></i> - an essay by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> advocating for a planned economy.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, David M.; Peart, Sandra J. "Socialist calculation debate". <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i> (2nd ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E., eds. (2008). <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. 2 February 2013. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230226203.1570">10.1057/9780230226203.1570</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Companion_to_the_History_of_Economic_Thought,_2006._p._319-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_Companion_to_the_History_of_Economic_Thought,_2006._p._319_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Companion to the History of Economic Thought</i>, Wiley-Blackwell by Biddle, Jeff and Samuels, Warren and Davis, John. 2006. (p. 319): "What became known as the socialist calculation debate started when von Mises (1935 [1920]) launched a critique of socialism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economic_Calculation_under_Socialism:_The_Austrian_Contribution,_1980-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economic_Calculation_under_Socialism:_The_Austrian_Contribution,_1980_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Economic Calculation under Socialism: The Austrian Contribution</i>, by Vaughn, Karen. 2004. Economic Inquiry, vol. 18, issue 4, p. 537. 1980: Although it is conventional to treat the economic calculation controversy as a debate between those who favored socialism and those who opposed it, this is not descriptive of the actual course of events...by that time, the real debate, in so far as one took place in the journals, was among the socialists themselves..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuickLawrence1984" class="citation web cs1">Buick, Adam; Lawrence, Pieter (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141015161214/http://libertyandsocialism.org/2011/08/01/how-socialism-can-organise-production-without-money-adam-buick-pieter-lawrence-1984/">"How Socialism Can Organise Production Without Money"</a>. Libertyandsocialism.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libertyandsocialism.org/2011/08/01/how-socialism-can-organise-production-without-money-adam-buick-pieter-lawrence-1984/">the original</a> on 15 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Socialism+Can+Organise+Production+Without+Money&rft.pub=Libertyandsocialism.org&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Buick&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Pieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibertyandsocialism.org%2F2011%2F08%2F01%2Fhow-socialism-can-organise-production-without-money-adam-buick-pieter-lawrence-1984%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schweickart, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm">"Democratic Socialism"</a>. In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G., eds. <i>Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice</i>. SAGE Publications. p. 448. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452265650" title="Special:BookSources/9781452265650">9781452265650</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617235335/http://orion.it.luc.edu/~dschwei/demsoc.htm">Archived</a> 17 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 6 August 2020. "Virtually all socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with <i>socialism</i> (i.e., the Soviet model of a nonmarket, centrally planned economy. [...] Some have endorsed the concept of <i>market socialism</i>, a postcapitalist economy that retains market competition but socializes the means of production and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a nonmarket, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning,_p._17-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Socialist_Planning,_p._17_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning</i>, Ellman, Michael. (p. 17): "Marx devoted most of his life to the analysis of capitalism and was notoriously opposed to attempts to design utopias. Nevertheless, from his scattered observations about socialism, and from those of his close comrade Engels, his followers drew the idea that in a socialist economy the market mechanism would be replaced by economic planning...Similarly, the superiority of planning, which would enable society as a whole to coordinate production ex ante, became a widespread view in the international Marxist movement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bockman, Johanna (2011). <i>Markets in the name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism</i>. Stanford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-7566-3</bdi></a>. <q>According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+in+the+name+of+Socialism%3A+The+Left-Wing+Origins+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3&rft.aulast=Bockman&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNally1993" class="citation book cs1">McNally, David (1993). <i>Against the Market: Political Economy, Market Socialism and the Marxist Critique</i>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-606-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-606-2"><bdi>978-0-86091-606-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Market%3A+Political+Economy%2C+Market+Socialism+and+the+Marxist+Critique&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-606-2&rft.aulast=McNally&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2008" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Is libertarian communism impossible?". <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. Stirling: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Is+libertarian+communism+impossible%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2008" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Iain, ed. (2008). "Does capitalism efficiently allocate resources?". <i>An Anarchist FAQ</i>. Stirling: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902593-90-6"><bdi>978-1-902593-90-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/182529204">182529204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Does+capitalism+efficiently+allocate+resources%3F&rft.btitle=An+Anarchist+FAQ&rft.place=Stirling&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F182529204&rft.isbn=978-1-902593-90-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cox, Robin (2 March 2020) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialismoryourmoneyback.blogspot.com/2020/03/eca-unravelling-of-myth.html">"The 'Economic Calculation' Controversy: Unravelling of a Myth"</a>. <i>Socialism or Your Money Back</i>. Socialist Party of Great Britain. Retrieved 17 August 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulRobert2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Gregory; Robert, Stuart (2004). <i>Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First Century</i> (Seventh ed.). George Hoffman. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8"><bdi>0-618-26181-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Economic+Systems+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=George+Hoffman&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-618-26181-8&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft.au=Robert%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._12_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cockshott, Paul (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200615123511/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0e3a/443d6fb314eb8b160576faa9928aa151d6fb.pdf">"Calculation in-Natura, from Neurath to Kantorovich"</a>. p. 12. Retrieved 15 June 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKautsky1924" class="citation web cs1">Kautsky, Karl (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1924/labour/ch03_j.htm">"The Economic Revolution"</a>. <i>The Labour Revolution</i>. Ruskin House, 40 Museum Street, W.C.1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Labour+Revolution&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Revolution&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Kautsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkautsky%2F1924%2Flabour%2Fch03_j.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel1990" class="citation cs2">Appel, Jan (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/left-wing/gik/1930/"><i>Fundamental Principles of Communist Production and Distribution</i></a>, London: Movement for Workers' Councils</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Principles+of+Communist+Production+and+Distribution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Movement+for+Workers%27+Councils&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fleft-wing%2Fgik%2F1930%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig von Mises (1920). <i>Economic Calculation in the Socialist Commonwealth</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huerta_de_Soto-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huerta_de_Soto_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuerta_de_Soto2010" class="citation book cs1">Huerta de Soto, Jesús (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OHcxcMHlXdgC&pg=PA103"><i>Socialism, Economic Calculation and Entrepreneurship</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">103–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84980-065-5"><bdi>978-1-84980-065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism%2C+Economic+Calculation+and+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84980-065-5&rft.aulast=Huerta+de+Soto&rft.aufirst=Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOHcxcMHlXdgC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._9-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calculation_in-Natura,_from_Neurath_to_Kantorovich_p._9_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Calculation in-Natura, from Neurath to Kantorovich</i>, Cockshott, Paul. (p. 9): "Mises was initially debating against Otto Neurath. In an article dated 1919 Neurath had argued that a socialist economy would be able to operate calculations in-natura rather than by means of money."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Is_socialism_really_'impossible'?,_2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Is_socialism_really_'impossible'?,_2004_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caplan, Bryan (January 2004). "Is socialism really "impossible"?" <i>Critical Review</i>. <b>16</b>. pp. 33–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a>. <i>Writings of Leon Trotsky (1932-33)</i>. p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeon_Trotsky1932" class="citation web cs1">Leon Trotsky (October 1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1932/10/sovecon.htm">"The Soviet Economy in Danger"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Economy+in+Danger&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.date=1932-10&rft.au=Leon+Trotsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1932%2F10%2Fsovecon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revisiting the Socialist Calculation Debate: The role of markets and finance in Hayek's response to Lange's challenge</i>, by Auerbach, Paul and Sotiropoulos, Dimitris. 2012. Kingston University London, Economics Discussion Paper 2012-6, pp. 1–2: "Lange took up the challenge of Mises’ claim of the impossibility of constructing a socialist economy. He readily acceded to the need for efficiency calculations to be made in value terms rather than using purely natural or engineering criteria, but claimed that these values could emerge along lines consistent with neoclassical value theory, without the need for a market in capital goods and without private ownership over the means of production. Lange drew heavily upon the dominant neoclassical tradition to defend socialism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Revisiting_the_Socialist_Calculation_Debate2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Revisiting the Socialist Calculation Debate: The role of markets and finance in Hayek's response to Lange's challenge</i>, by Auerbach, Paul and Sotiropoulos, Dimitris. 2012. Kingston University London, Economics Discussion Paper 2012-6, pp. 2–3: "Hayek implicitly realized the danger of undermining functional capitalist behaviour and therefore the nature of capitalist relations. If we see economic behaviour in capitalism as the outcome of capitalist social relations of power, then Hayek's perspective renders capital markets as a central arena in the organization of capitalism as a system of exploitation. He also perceives every movement towards collective ownership of the means of production as a real threat to the reproduction of the logic of capitalism. In this sense, he implicitly ends up giving an unexpected endorsement to socialism that is much deeper and sophisticated than the superficial 'defence' of Lange."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2017" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Peter (2017). <i>The New Human Rights Movement: Reinventing The Economy to End Oppression</i>. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942952657" title="Special:BookSources/9781942952657"><bdi>9781942952657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Human+Rights+Movement%3A+Reinventing+The+Economy+to+End+Oppression&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=BenBella+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781942952657&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2017" class="citation book cs1">Peter, Joseph (2017). <i>The New Human Rights Movement: Reinventing The Economy to End Oppression</i>. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942952657" title="Special:BookSources/9781942952657"><bdi>9781942952657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Human+Rights+Movement%3A+Reinventing+The+Economy+to+End+Oppression&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=BenBella+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781942952657&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2010" class="citation web cs1">Davidson, Ellis (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallbusiness.chron.com/uses-computers-inventory-control-2239.html">"The Uses of Computers in Inventory Control"</a>. <i>Chron.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chron.com&rft.atitle=The+Uses+of+Computers+in+Inventory+Control&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Ellis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.chron.com%2Fuses-computers-inventory-control-2239.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplegate" class="citation web cs1">Applegate, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smallbusiness.chron.com/keep-track-computer-inventory-18293.html">"How to Keep Track of Computer Inventory"</a>. <i>Chron.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chron.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Keep+Track+of+Computer+Inventory&rft.aulast=Applegate&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmallbusiness.chron.com%2Fkeep-track-computer-inventory-18293.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnson2016" class="citation web cs1">Burnson, Forrest (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.softwareadvice.com/resources/amazon-supply-chain-management/">"6 Ways Amazon Is Changing Supply Chain Management in 2016"</a>. <i>Software Advice</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Software+Advice&rft.atitle=6+Ways+Amazon+Is+Changing+Supply+Chain+Management+in+2016&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Burnson&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.softwareadvice.com%2Fresources%2Famazon-supply-chain-management%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton2017" class="citation web cs1">Benton, Dale (February 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supplychaindigital.com/scm/supply-chain-40-adidas-and-amazon-re-write-rules-supply-chain-management">"Supply Chain 4.0: Adidas and Amazon re-write the rules on supply chain management"</a>. <i>Supply Chain Digital</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Supply+Chain+Digital&rft.atitle=Supply+Chain+4.0%3A+Adidas+and+Amazon+re-write+the+rules+on+supply+chain+management&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supplychaindigital.com%2Fscm%2Fsupply-chain-40-adidas-and-amazon-re-write-rules-supply-chain-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2017" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Peter (2017). <i>The New Human Rights Movement: Reinventing The Economy to End Oppression</i>. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942952657" title="Special:BookSources/9781942952657"><bdi>9781942952657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Human+Rights+Movement%3A+Reinventing+The+Economy+to+End+Oppression&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.pub=BenBella+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781942952657&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2017" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Peter (2017). <i>The New Human Rights Movement: Reinventing The Economy to End Oppression</i>. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781942952657" title="Special:BookSources/9781942952657"><bdi>9781942952657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Human+Rights+Movement%3A+Reinventing+The+Economy+to+End+Oppression&rft.place=Dallas%2C+TX&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.pub=BenBella+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781942952657&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColdewey2018" class="citation web cs1">Coldewey, Devin (21 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/21/inside-amazons-surveillance-powered-no-checkout-convenience-store/">"Inside Amazon's surveillance-powered, no-checkout convenience store"</a>. <i>Tech Crunch</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tech+Crunch&rft.atitle=Inside+Amazon%27s+surveillance-powered%2C+no-checkout+convenience+store&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft.aulast=Coldewey&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2018%2F01%2F21%2Finside-amazons-surveillance-powered-no-checkout-convenience-store%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockshottCottrell1993" class="citation book cs1">Cockshott, Paul; Cottrell, Allin (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141117115309/http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/new_socialism.pdf"><i>Towards A New Socialism</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Russell Press. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851245455" title="Special:BookSources/0851245455"><bdi>0851245455</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/new_socialism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2014-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+A+New+Socialism&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Russell+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0851245455&rft.aulast=Cockshott&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Cottrell%2C+Allin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fricardo.ecn.wfu.edu%2F~cottrell%2Fsocialism_book%2Fnew_socialism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen2014" class="citation web cs1">McMullen, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economsoc.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/the-economic-case-for-social-ownership.pdf">"The Economic Case for Social Ownership"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Paper no. 1</i>. Post-Capitalism Project, April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper+no.+1&rft.atitle=The+Economic+Case+for+Social+Ownership&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomsoc.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fthe-economic-case-for-social-ownership.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMullen2014" class="citation web cs1">McMullen, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economsoc.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/re-opening-the-debates.pdf">"Re-Opening the Debates on Economic Calculation and Motivation under Socialism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Paper no. 2</i>. Post-Capitalism Project, May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper+no.+2&rft.atitle=Re-Opening+the+Debates+on+Economic+Calculation+and+Motivation+under+Socialism&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=McMullen&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomsoc.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F04%2Fre-opening-the-debates.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunker1992" class="citation book cs1">Yunker, James (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismrevised00yunk/page/29"><i>Socialism Revised and Modernized: The Case for Pragmatic Market Socialism</i></a>. Praeger. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialismrevised00yunk/page/29">29–31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275941345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275941345"><bdi>978-0275941345</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Socialism+Revised+and+Modernized%3A+The+Case+for+Pragmatic+Market+Socialism&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1992-04&rft.isbn=978-0275941345&rft.aulast=Yunker&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialismrevised00yunk%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palda, Filip (2013) The Apprentice Economist: Seven Steps to Mastery. Cooper-Wolfling Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9877880-4-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9877880-4-7">978-0-9877880-4-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStiglitz1996" class="citation book cs1">Stiglitz, Joseph (1996). <i>Whither Socialism?</i>. The MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262691826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262691826"><bdi>978-0262691826</bdi></a>. <q>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whither+Socialism%3F&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0262691826&rft.aulast=Stiglitz&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNove1991" class="citation book cs1">Nove, Alec (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsoffeasi00nove/page/216"><i>The Economics of Feasible Socialism, Revisited</i></a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsoffeasi00nove/page/216">216</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0043350492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0043350492"><bdi>978-0043350492</bdi></a>. <q>The point of all this is to stress that a perfect 'socialist' capital market is just as unimaginable as 'rational' investment under assumptions of neo-classical perfection.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Feasible+Socialism%2C+Revisited&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0043350492&rft.aulast=Nove&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsoffeasi00nove%2Fpage%2F216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNove1991" class="citation book cs1">Nove, Alec (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsoffeasi00nove/page/216"><i>The Economics of Feasible Socialism, Revisited</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0043350492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0043350492"><bdi>978-0043350492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Feasible+Socialism%2C+Revisited&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0043350492&rft.aulast=Nove&rft.aufirst=Alec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsoffeasi00nove%2Fpage%2F216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Boettke, Peter (2000). <i>Socialism and the Market: The Socialist Calculation Debate Revisited</i>. Routledge Library of 20th Century Economics. 978-0415195867.</li> <li>Cockshott, Paul and Cottrell, Allin (1993). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/socialism_book/">Towards a New Socialism</a></i>. Coronet Books Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0851245454" title="Special:BookSources/978-0851245454">978-0851245454</a>.</li> <li>Devine, Pat (2010). <i>Democracy and Economic Planning</i>. Polity. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745634791" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745634791">978-0745634791</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirzner2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Kirzner, Israel</a> (2008). "Socialist Calculation Debate". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">476–</span>479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n291">10.4135/9781412965811.n291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialist+Calculation+Debate&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E479&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n291&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Kirzner&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lavoie, Don (1985). <i>National economic planning: what is left?</i>. Ballinger Pub. Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0887300561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0887300561">978-0887300561</a>.</li> <li>Lavoie, Don (1985). <i>Rivalry and central planning</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mercatus_Center" title="Mercatus Center">Mercatus Center</a> at George Mason University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-942951-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-942951-12-4">978-1-942951-12-4</a>.</li> <li>Mandel, Ernest (1986). "In Defence of Socialist Planning". <i>New Left Review</i>, Issue 159.</li> <li>Nove, Alec (1983). <i>The Economics of Feasible Socialism</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0043350492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0043350492">978-0043350492</a>.</li> <li>Pollack, Andy (September 1997). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.monthlyreview.org/index.php/mr/article/view/MR-049-04-1997-08_4">Information Technology and Socialist Self-Management</a>". <i>Monthly Review</i> 49. 4: 32–50.</li> <li>Rigi, Jakob (2013). "Peer production and Marxian communism: Contours of a new emerging mode of production". <i>Capital & Class</i> 37. 3: 397–416.</li> <li>Rothbard, Murray N. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/end-socialism-and-calculation-debate-revisited">The End of Socialism and the Calculation Debate Revisited</a>. <i>The Review of Austrian Economics</i>.</li> <li>Steele, David Ramsay (1999). <i>From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation</i>. Open Court. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0875484495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0875484495">978-0875484495</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1">White, Lawrence H. (2012). <i>The Clash of Economic Ideas</i>. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107621336" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107621336"><bdi>978-1107621336</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Economic+Ideas&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1107621336&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+calculation+debate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>von Mises, Ludwig (1951). "Socialism: An Economic and Sociological Analysis". New Haven, Yale University Press, Ludwig von Mises Institute. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-913966-62-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-913966-62-2">0-913966-62-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Socialism%20An%20Economic%20and%20Sociological%20Analysis_3.pdf">PDF version</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190616210743/https://mises.org/sites/default/files/Socialism%20An%20Economic%20and%20Sociological%20Analysis_3.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-06-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&oldid=1237761495">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&oldid=1237761495</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criticisms_of_economics" title="Category:Criticisms of economics">Criticisms of economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_economic_systems" title="Category:Comparative economic systems">Comparative economic systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_planning" title="Category:Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_problems" title="Category:Economic problems">Economic problems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Market_socialism" title="Category:Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neoclassical_economics" title="Category:Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Socialist_calculation" title="Category:Socialist calculation">Socialist calculation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Criticism_of_socialism" title="Category:Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 July 2024, at 10:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Socialist_calculation_debate&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist calculation debate</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>10 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-75fbfdcd46-pd9b9","wgBackendResponseTime":1231,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.887","walltime":"1.043","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4900,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":133570,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10551,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":161191,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 866.899 1 -total"," 41.72% 361.705 1 Template:Reflist"," 24.49% 212.268 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 19.98% 173.209 1 Template:Socialism_sidebar"," 14.80% 128.307 10 Template:Cite_web"," 12.36% 107.122 16 Template:Cite_book"," 9.38% 81.280 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.10% 70.189 10 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"," 7.85% 68.075 3 Template:Hlist"," 6.36% 55.154 1 Template:Doi"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.524","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8757755,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Organized Labour portal\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-75fbfdcd46-pd9b9","timestamp":"20250225133219","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Socialist calculation debate","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socialist_calculation_debate","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7551848","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7551848","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-07T06:47:00Z","dateModified":"2024-07-31T10:38:23Z","headline":"question of whether central planners can achieve rational, efficient allocations of economic resources for society"}</script> </body> </html>